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21 point

I 1. [pɔɪnt]
nome

1) (of knife, needle, pencil) punta f.

to have a sharp point — essere molto appuntito

2) (location, position on scale) punto m.; (less specific) posto m.

boiling point — punto di ebollizione

compass point — punto cardinale

embarkation point — luogo di imbarco

point of entry — (into country) punto di sbarco; (into atmosphere) punto di impatto

point of no return — punto di non ritorno

3) (extent) punto m.

I've got to the point where I can't take any more — sono arrivato al punto di non poterne più

up to a point — fino a un certo punto

he was frank to the point of brutality o of being brutal — la sua franchezza rasentava la brutalità

4) (moment) (precise) punto m., momento m.; (stage) punto m., stadio m.

to be on the point of doing — essere sul punto di fare

on the point of bankruptcy — sull'orlo del fallimento

at this point I gave up — a quel punto mi sono arreso

at some point in the future — prima o poi

at one point — a un certo punto

when it came to the point of deciding — quando è arrivato il momento di decidere

at this point in time — in questo momento

5) (question) punto m., questione f.; (idea) opinione f.; (in discussion) commento m.

to make a point — fare una considerazione

to make the point that — fare notare che

you've made your point, please let me speak — hai espresso la tua opinione, (adesso) per favore fammi parlare

to make a point of doing — (make sure one does) sforzarsi di fare; (do proudly) ritenere doveroso fare

to raise a point about sth. — fare di qcs. una questione essenziale

my point is that — ciò che voglio dire è che

point by point — punto per punto

that's a good point — questo è interessante

I take your point — (agreeing) sono d'accordo con te

I take your point, but — ho capito quello che vuoi dire, ma

all right, point taken! — bene, ne terrò conto!

you've got a point there — su questo punto hai ragione

in point of fact — effettivamente

6) (central idea) punto m.

the point is (that)... — il punto o fatto è che...

to come straight to the point — venire al punto o al sodo o al dunque

to keep to o stick to the point restare in tema, non divagare; to get, miss the point cogliere, non cogliere il nocciolo della questione; what he said was short and to the point ha fatto un discorso breve e pertinente; that's beside the point questo non è pertinente; that's not the point — non è questo il punto

7) (purpose) motivo m., scopo m., utilità f.

what's the point (of doing)? — a che scopo o a cosa serve (fare)?

there's no point in doing — non c'è motivo di o non serve fare

8) (feature) lato m., punto m., caratteristica f.

good points — lati positivi

it has its points — ha le sue qualità

punctuality is not her strong point — la puntualità non è il suo (punto) forte

9) sport punto m.

to win by 4 points — vincere per 4 punti

to win on points — (in boxing) vincere ai punti

10) econ.

to be up, down 3 points — guadagnare, perdere 3 punti

Smurfit gained 4 points — le Smurfit hanno guadagnato 4 punti

11) (dot) punto m.; (decimal point) virgola f.; (diacritic) segno m. diacritico

12) mat. (in geometry) punto m.

13) geogr. promontorio m.
2.
nome plurale points

1) BE ferr. ago m.sing. dello scambio

2) aut. puntine f. (platinate)

3) (in ballet)

to dance on point(s) — ballare sulle punte
II 1. [pɔɪnt]
verbo transitivo

1) (aim, direct)

to point sth. at sb. — puntare [qcs.] contro qcn. [ gun]; puntare [qcs.] verso qcn. [ camera]

to point one's finger at sb. — indicare o mostrare qcn. (col dito), additare qcn.

to point the finger at sb. — (accuse) puntare il dito contro qcn.

to point the car towards — dirigere l'auto verso

to point sb. in the right direction — indicare a qcn. la direzione giusta; fig. mettere qcn. sulla buona strada

2) (show)

to point the way to — [person, signpost] indicare la direzione per

to point the way to a fairer system — mostrare la via per rendere il sistema più equo

3) (in ballet, gym)

to point one's toes — ballare sulle punte

4) edil. rabboccare [ wall]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (indicate)

to point at sb., sth. — indicare qcn., qcs. (col dito)

2) [signpost, arrow, needle] indicare

to point at sb. o in sb.'s direction [ gun] essere puntato verso qcn.; [ camera] inquadrare qcn.; everything points in that direction — (suggest) tutto fa pensare che sia così

3) inform.

to point at sth. — puntare qcs. (col mouse)

•

- point out

- point up

* * *
[point] 1. noun
1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) punta

2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) punta

3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) punto

4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) punto

5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) momento, istante

6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) punto

7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) punto

8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) punto

9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) punto

10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) motivo

11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) qualità

12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) presa
2. verb
1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) puntare

2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) additare, indicare

3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) stuccare

•

- pointed
- pointer
- pointless
- pointlessly
- points
- be on the point of
- come to the point
- make a point of
- make one's point
- point out
- point one's toes
* * *
I 1. [pɔɪnt]
nome

1) (of knife, needle, pencil) punta f.

to have a sharp point — essere molto appuntito

2) (location, position on scale) punto m.; (less specific) posto m.

boiling point — punto di ebollizione

compass point — punto cardinale

embarkation point — luogo di imbarco

point of entry — (into country) punto di sbarco; (into atmosphere) punto di impatto

point of no return — punto di non ritorno

3) (extent) punto m.

I've got to the point where I can't take any more — sono arrivato al punto di non poterne più

up to a point — fino a un certo punto

he was frank to the point of brutality o of being brutal — la sua franchezza rasentava la brutalità

4) (moment) (precise) punto m., momento m.; (stage) punto m., stadio m.

to be on the point of doing — essere sul punto di fare

on the point of bankruptcy — sull'orlo del fallimento

at this point I gave up — a quel punto mi sono arreso

at some point in the future — prima o poi

at one point — a un certo punto

when it came to the point of deciding — quando è arrivato il momento di decidere

at this point in time — in questo momento

5) (question) punto m., questione f.; (idea) opinione f.; (in discussion) commento m.

to make a point — fare una considerazione

to make the point that — fare notare che

you've made your point, please let me speak — hai espresso la tua opinione, (adesso) per favore fammi parlare

to make a point of doing — (make sure one does) sforzarsi di fare; (do proudly) ritenere doveroso fare

to raise a point about sth. — fare di qcs. una questione essenziale

my point is that — ciò che voglio dire è che

point by point — punto per punto

that's a good point — questo è interessante

I take your point — (agreeing) sono d'accordo con te

I take your point, but — ho capito quello che vuoi dire, ma

all right, point taken! — bene, ne terrò conto!

you've got a point there — su questo punto hai ragione

in point of fact — effettivamente

6) (central idea) punto m.

the point is (that)... — il punto o fatto è che...

to come straight to the point — venire al punto o al sodo o al dunque

to keep to o stick to the point restare in tema, non divagare; to get, miss the point cogliere, non cogliere il nocciolo della questione; what he said was short and to the point ha fatto un discorso breve e pertinente; that's beside the point questo non è pertinente; that's not the point — non è questo il punto

7) (purpose) motivo m., scopo m., utilità f.

what's the point (of doing)? — a che scopo o a cosa serve (fare)?

there's no point in doing — non c'è motivo di o non serve fare

8) (feature) lato m., punto m., caratteristica f.

good points — lati positivi

it has its points — ha le sue qualità

punctuality is not her strong point — la puntualità non è il suo (punto) forte

9) sport punto m.

to win by 4 points — vincere per 4 punti

to win on points — (in boxing) vincere ai punti

10) econ.

to be up, down 3 points — guadagnare, perdere 3 punti

Smurfit gained 4 points — le Smurfit hanno guadagnato 4 punti

11) (dot) punto m.; (decimal point) virgola f.; (diacritic) segno m. diacritico

12) mat. (in geometry) punto m.

13) geogr. promontorio m.
2.
nome plurale points

1) BE ferr. ago m.sing. dello scambio

2) aut. puntine f. (platinate)

3) (in ballet)

to dance on point(s) — ballare sulle punte
II 1. [pɔɪnt]
verbo transitivo

1) (aim, direct)

to point sth. at sb. — puntare [qcs.] contro qcn. [ gun]; puntare [qcs.] verso qcn. [ camera]

to point one's finger at sb. — indicare o mostrare qcn. (col dito), additare qcn.

to point the finger at sb. — (accuse) puntare il dito contro qcn.

to point the car towards — dirigere l'auto verso

to point sb. in the right direction — indicare a qcn. la direzione giusta; fig. mettere qcn. sulla buona strada

2) (show)

to point the way to — [person, signpost] indicare la direzione per

to point the way to a fairer system — mostrare la via per rendere il sistema più equo

3) (in ballet, gym)

to point one's toes — ballare sulle punte

4) edil. rabboccare [ wall]
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (indicate)

to point at sb., sth. — indicare qcn., qcs. (col dito)

2) [signpost, arrow, needle] indicare

to point at sb. o in sb.'s direction [ gun] essere puntato verso qcn.; [ camera] inquadrare qcn.; everything points in that direction — (suggest) tutto fa pensare che sia così

3) inform.

to point at sth. — puntare qcs. (col mouse)

•

- point out

- point up

English-Italian dictionary > point
22 worst

I 1. [wɜːst]
aggettivo (superl. di 1.bad)

1) (most unsatisfactory, unpleasant, serious etc.) peggiore

the worst book I've ever read — il peggior libro o il libro più brutto che abbia mai letto

the worst hotel in town — il peggiore hotel della città

and the worst thing about it is (that) — e ciò che è peggio è (che)

the worst mistake you could have made — l'errore più grave che si potesse fare

2) (most inappropriate) peggiore, meno adatto

the worst possible place to do — il peggiore posto possibile per fare, il posto meno adatto per fare

she rang at the worst possible time — telefonò nel momento peggiore
2.
nome

1) (most difficult, unpleasant etc.)

the worst — il peggiore, la peggiore

last year was the worst for strikes — per quanto riguarda gli scioperi l'anno scorso è stato il peggiore

they're the worst of all — (people) sono i peggiori (di tutti); (things, problems, ideas) è ciò che c'è di peggio

we're over the worst now — adesso il peggio è passato

the worst was yet to come — il peggio doveva ancora venire

the worst of it is,... — la cosa peggiore è che...

that's the worst of waiting till the last minute — questo è il brutto di aspettare fino all'ultimo minuto

during the worst of the recession — nel momento più critico della recessione

the worst of the heat is over — il caldo peggiore è passato

do your worst! — fa' pure quello che ti pare!

2) (expressing the most pessimistic outlook)

the worst — il peggio

to think the worst of sb. — avere una pessima opinione di qcn.

if the worst were to happen if the worst came to the worst (in serious circumstances) nel peggiore dei casi, nel caso peggiore; (involving fatality) se il peggio dovesse succedere; at worst — alla peggio, nella peggiore delle ipotesi

3) (most unbearable)

at its worst, the noise could be heard everywhere — quando raggiungeva il suo massimo, il rumore si sentiva ovunque

when the heat is at its worst — quando il calore raggiunge il suo massimo

these are fanatics at their worst — sono fanatici della peggior specie

when you see people at their worst — quando vedi le persone nel loro momento peggiore o nelle condizioni peggiori

I'm at my worst in the morning — (in temper) è di mattina che sono più di cattivo umore

to bring out the worst in sb. — tirare fuori il peggio di qcn
II [wɜːst]
avverbio

the children suffer (the) worst — sono i bambini che soffrono di più

they were (the) worst hit by the strike — sono quelli che hanno subito i disagi più gravi a causa dello sciopero

to come off worst — avere la peggio

the worst-behaved child he'd ever met — il bambino più maleducato che avesse mai incontrato

worst of all,... — e quel che è peggio...

they did (the) worst of all the group in the exam — nel loro gruppo d'esame sono quelli che hanno fatto peggio

* * *
[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) peggiore
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) il peggio, il peggiore
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) il peggiore; alla peggio

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is
* * *
I 1. [wɜːst]
aggettivo (superl. di 1.bad)

1) (most unsatisfactory, unpleasant, serious etc.) peggiore

the worst book I've ever read — il peggior libro o il libro più brutto che abbia mai letto

the worst hotel in town — il peggiore hotel della città

and the worst thing about it is (that) — e ciò che è peggio è (che)

the worst mistake you could have made — l'errore più grave che si potesse fare

2) (most inappropriate) peggiore, meno adatto

the worst possible place to do — il peggiore posto possibile per fare, il posto meno adatto per fare

she rang at the worst possible time — telefonò nel momento peggiore
2.
nome

1) (most difficult, unpleasant etc.)

the worst — il peggiore, la peggiore

last year was the worst for strikes — per quanto riguarda gli scioperi l'anno scorso è stato il peggiore

they're the worst of all — (people) sono i peggiori (di tutti); (things, problems, ideas) è ciò che c'è di peggio

we're over the worst now — adesso il peggio è passato

the worst was yet to come — il peggio doveva ancora venire

the worst of it is,... — la cosa peggiore è che...

that's the worst of waiting till the last minute — questo è il brutto di aspettare fino all'ultimo minuto

during the worst of the recession — nel momento più critico della recessione

the worst of the heat is over — il caldo peggiore è passato

do your worst! — fa' pure quello che ti pare!

2) (expressing the most pessimistic outlook)

the worst — il peggio

to think the worst of sb. — avere una pessima opinione di qcn.

if the worst were to happen if the worst came to the worst (in serious circumstances) nel peggiore dei casi, nel caso peggiore; (involving fatality) se il peggio dovesse succedere; at worst — alla peggio, nella peggiore delle ipotesi

3) (most unbearable)

at its worst, the noise could be heard everywhere — quando raggiungeva il suo massimo, il rumore si sentiva ovunque

when the heat is at its worst — quando il calore raggiunge il suo massimo

these are fanatics at their worst — sono fanatici della peggior specie

when you see people at their worst — quando vedi le persone nel loro momento peggiore o nelle condizioni peggiori

I'm at my worst in the morning — (in temper) è di mattina che sono più di cattivo umore

to bring out the worst in sb. — tirare fuori il peggio di qcn
II [wɜːst]
avverbio

the children suffer (the) worst — sono i bambini che soffrono di più

they were (the) worst hit by the strike — sono quelli che hanno subito i disagi più gravi a causa dello sciopero

to come off worst — avere la peggio

the worst-behaved child he'd ever met — il bambino più maleducato che avesse mai incontrato

worst of all,... — e quel che è peggio...

they did (the) worst of all the group in the exam — nel loro gruppo d'esame sono quelli che hanno fatto peggio

English-Italian dictionary > worst
23 scale

I noun
1) (of fish, reptile) Schuppe, die

2) no pl. (deposit) (in kettles, boilers, etc.) Kesselstein, der; (on teeth) Zahnstein, der
II noun
1) in sing. or pl. (weighing instrument)

scale[s] — Waage, die

a pair or set of scales — eine Waage

bathroom/kitchen scale[s] — Personen-/Küchenwaage, die

the scales are evenly balanced — (fig.) die Chancen sind ausgewogen

2) (dish of balance) Waagschale, die

tip or turn the scale[s] — (fig.) den Ausschlag geben
III 1. noun
1) (series of degrees) Skala, die

the social scale — die gesellschaftliche Stufenleiter

2) (Mus.) Tonleiter, die

3) (dimensions) Ausmaß, das

on a grand scale — im großen Stil

on a commercial scale — gewerbsmäßig

plan on a large scale — in großem Rahmen planen

on an international scale — auf internationaler Ebene; [Katastrophe] von internationalem Außmaß

4) (ratio of reduction) Maßstab, der; attrib. maßstab[s]gerecht [Modell, Zeichnung]

a map with a scale of 1: 250,000 — eine Karte im Maßstab 1: 250 000

to scale — maßstab[s]gerecht

be out of scale — im Maßstab nicht passen ( with zu)

5) (indication) (on map, plan) Maßstab, der; (on thermometer, ruler, exposure meter) [Anzeige]skala, die; (instrument) Messstab, der
2. transitive verb
1) (climb, clamber up) ersteigen [Festung, Mauer, Leiter, Gipfel]; erklettern [Felswand, Leiter, Gipfel]

2) [ab]stufen, staffeln [Fahrpreise]; maßstab[s]gerecht anfertigen [Zeichnung]

scale production to demand — die Produktion an die Nachfrage anpassen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/91220/scale_down">scale down

- scale up

* * *
I [skeil] noun
1) (a set of regularly spaced marks made on something (eg a thermometer or a ruler) for use as a measure; a system of numbers, measurement etc: This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and one in Centigrade.) die Skala

2) (a series or system of items of increasing or decreasing size, value etc: a wage/salary scale.) der Tarif

3) (in music, a group of notes going up or down in order: The boy practised his scales on the piano.) die Tonleiter

4) (the size of measurements on a map etc compared with the real size of the country etc shown by it: In a map drawn to the scale 1:50,000, one centimetre represents half a kilometre.) der Maßstab

5) (the size of an activity: These guns are being manufactured on a large scale.) der Umfang
II [skeil] verb
(to climb (a ladder, cliff etc): The prisoner scaled the prison walls and escaped.) erklimmen
III [skeil] noun
(any of the small thin plates or flakes that cover the skin of fishes, reptiles etc: A herring's scales are silver in colour.) die Schuppe

- scaly

* * *

scale¹

[skeɪl]

I. n

1. (on skin) Schuppe f

2. no pl (mineral coating) Ablagerung f

3. ( spec: dental plaque) Zahnstein m kein pl

4.

▶ the \scales fall from sb's eyes ( liter) es fällt jdm wie Schuppen von den Augen

II. vt

1. (remove scales)

to \scale a fish einen Fisch abschuppen

2. (remove tartar)

to \scale teeth Zahnstein entfernen

III. vi skin sich akk schuppen; paint abblättern

scale²

[skeɪl]

n

1. usu pl (weighing device) Waage f

bathroom/kitchen/letter \scale Personen-/Küchen-/Briefwaage f

a pair of \scales ( form) eine [Balken]waage

to tip [or turn] the \scales [at sth] [etw] auf die Waage bringen

he tipped the \scale at 210 pounds er wog 210 Pfund

to tip the \scales ( fig) den [entscheidenden] Ausschlag geben

2. ASTROL

▪ the \scales pl Waage f kein pl

3.

▶ to throw sth into the \scale etw in die Waagschale werfen

scale³

[skeɪl]

I. n

1. (system of gradation) Skala f; (of map) Maßstab m

how would you rate his work on a \scale of 1 to 5? wie würden Sie seine Arbeit auf einer Skala von 1 bis 5 beurteilen?

what \scale is this map? welchen Maßstab hat diese Karte?

\scale of charges Taxe f

\scale of fees Gebührenstaffel f

\scale division Skalenteilung f

\scale of values Wert[e]skala f

a sliding \scale ECON eine Gleitskala

remuneration is on a sliding \scale die Bezahlung ist gestaffelt

2. no pl

▪ to be in [or to] \scale building, drawing maßstab[s]getreu [o maßstab[s]gerecht] sein

to build/draw sth to \scale etw maßstab[s]getreu [o maßstab[s]gerecht] bauen/zeichnen

3. (relative degree) Umfang m; (extent) profits, losses Höhe f

on a national \scale auf nationaler Ebene

on a large/small \scale im großen/kleinen Rahmen

4. no pl (size) Ausmaß nt

advantages of \scale ECON bedeutende Vorteile

5. MUS Tonleiter f

to play/practise \scales Tonleitern spielen/üben

II. vt

▪ to \scale sth

1. (climb) etw erklimmen geh

to \scale a fence auf einen Zaun klettern

to \scale a mountain einen Berg besteigen; ( fig)

she has already \scaled the heights of her profession sie hat bereits den Höhepunkt ihrer Karriere erreicht

2. TECH, ARCHIT etw maßstab[s]getreu zeichnen; (make) etw maßstab[s]getreu anfertigen

3. SCI (order in system of graduation) concepts, findings etw skalieren

* * *
I [skeɪl]
1. n
(of fish, snake, skin) Schuppe f; (of rust) Flocke f; (of paint) Plättchen nt; (= kettle scale) Kesselstein m no pl
to take the scales from sb's eyes — jdm die Augen öffnen

the scales fell from his eyes — es fiel ihm wie Schuppen von den Augen

2. vt

1) fish (ab)schuppen

2)

to scale teeth — den Zahnstein entfernen

3. vi
sich schuppen; (paint, rust) abblättern II
1. n

scale (form) — Waage f

the Scales (Astron) — die Waage

scale-pan — Waagschale f

he turns or tips the scales at 80 kilos — er bringt 80 Kilo auf die Waage

of Labour — die zusätzlichen Stimmen gaben den Ausschlag für die Labour Party

2. vi
wiegen III
n

1) Skala f; (on thermometer etc) Skala f, Gradeinteilung f; (on ruler) (Maß)einteilung f; (fig) Leiter f; (= social scale) Stufenleiter f; (= list, table) Tabelle f

scale of charges — Gebührenordnung f, Tarife

he ranks at the top of the scale of contemporary violinists — er steht an der Spitze der zeitgenössischen Geiger

2) (= instrument) Messgerät nt

3) (MUS) Tonleiter f

the scale of G — die G(-Dur)-Tonleiter

4) (of map etc) Maßstab m

on a scale of 5 km to the cm — in einem Maßstab von 5 km zu 1 cm

what is the scale? — welchen Maßstab hat es?, in welchem Maßstab ist es?

to be out of scale (with sth) — im Maßstab nicht (zu etw) passen

to draw sth to scale — etw maßstabgerecht or im Maßstab zeichnen

(drawn/true) to scale — maßstabgerecht

5) (fig: size, extent) Umfang m, Ausmaß nt

to entertain on a large/small scale — Feste im größeren/im kleineren Rahmen geben

large stores buy on a different scale from small ones — große Kaufhäuser kaufen in ganz anderen Mengen als kleine Geschäfte

inflation on an unprecedented scale —

they differ enormously in scale — sie haben völlig verschiedene Größenordnungen

small/large in scale — von kleinem/großem Umfang

a house designed on a magnificent scale — ein in großem Stil or großzügig angelegtes Haus

it's similar but on a smaller scale — es ist ähnlich, nur kleiner

on a national scale — auf nationaler Ebene

on a commercial scale — gewerbsmäßig
IV
vt
mountain, wall erklettern
* * *

scale¹ [skeıl]

A s

1. ZOOL Schuppe f, koll Schuppen pl

2. MED Schuppe f:

come off in scales → C 1;

the scales fell from my eyes fig es fiel mir wie Schuppen von den Augen;

remove the scales from sb’s eyes fig jemandem die Augen öffnen

3. BOT

a) Schuppenblatt n

b) (Erbsen- etc) Hülse f, Schale f

4. (Messer) Schale f

5. ZOOL Schildlaus f

6. Ablagerung f, besonders

a) Kesselstein m

b) MED Zahnstein m:

form scale → C 2

7. auch pl METALL Zunder m: → iron scale

B v/t

1. auch scale off

a) einen Fisch (ab)schuppen,

b) eine Schicht etc ablösen, (ab)schälen, (ab)häuten:

scale almonds Mandeln schälen

2. a) abklopfen, den Kesselstein entfernen aus

b) Zähne vom Zahnstein befreien

3. eine Kruste oder Kesselstein ansetzen in (dat) oder an (dat)

4. METALL ausglühen

C v/i

1. auch scale off sich (ab)schuppen oder lösen, abschilfern, abblättern

2. Kessel- oder Zahnstein ansetzen

scale² [skeıl]

A s

1. Waagschale f (auch fig):

the scales pl of Justice die Waage der Justitia oder Gerechtigkeit;

hold the scales even gerecht urteilen;

turn ( oder tip) the scales fig den Ausschlag geben (in favo[u]r of für; against gegen);

turn ( oder tip) the scales at 100 lbs 100 Pfund wiegen oder auf die Waage bringen;

weight the scales in sb’s favo(u)r jemandem einen (unerlaubten) Vorteil verschaffen

2. meist pl Waage f:

a pair of scales eine Waage;

go to scale SPORT gewogen werden (Boxer, Jockey);

go to scale at 120 lbs 120 Pfund wiegen oder auf die Waage bringen

3. Scales pl ASTROL Waage f (Tierkreiszeichen)

B v/t

1. wiegen

2. umg (ab-, aus)wiegen

C v/i SPORT gewogen werden:

scale in (out) vor (nach) dem Rennen gewogen werden (Jockey)

scale³ [skeıl]

A s

1. a) Stufenleiter f, Staff(e)lung f

b) Skala f, Tarif m:

scale of fees Gebührenordnung f;

scale of salaries Gehaltsstaffelung;

scale of wages Lohnskala, -tabelle f

2. Stufe f (auf einer Skala, Stufenleiter etc, auch fig):

sink in the scale im Niveau sinken

3. PHYS, TECH Skala f:

scale division Gradeinteilung f;

scale line Teilstrich m einer Skala

4. GEOG, MATH, TECH

a) Maßstab(sangabe) m(f)

b) logarithmischer Rechenstab:

in ( oder to) scale maßstab(s)getreu oder -gerecht;

out of scale nicht maßstab(s)getreu oder -gerecht;

at a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile im Maßstab 1 Inch:1 Meile;

drawn to a scale of 1:5 im Maßstab 1:5 gezeichnet;

scale model maßstab(s)getreues Modell; → reduce A 14

5. fig Maßstab m, Größenordnung f, Umfang m:

on a large scale in großem Umfang, großen Stils;

on a modest scale bescheiden, in bescheidenem Rahmen

6. MATH (numerische) Zahlenreihe

7. MUS

a) Tonleiter f, Skala f

b) Tonumfang m (eines Instruments)

c) (Orgelpfeifen)Mensur f:

run over ( oder learn) one’s scales Tonleitern üben

8. SCHULE, PSYCH Test(stufen)reihe f

9. on a scale (Börse) zu verschiedenen Kurswerten:

buy on a scale seine Käufe über eine Baisseperiode verteilen;

sell on a scale seine Verkäufe über eine Hausseperiode verteilen

10. fig Leiter f, Treppe f ( beide:

to zu)

B v/t

1. erklettern, ersteigen, erklimmen (auch fig)

2. GEOG, MATH, TECH

a) maßstab(s)getreu zeichnen:

scale off a length MATH eine Strecke abtragen

b) maßstäblich ändern:

scale down (up) maßstab(s)gerecht oder maßstäblich verkleinern (vergrößern)

3. TECH mit einer Teilung versehen

4. einstufen:

scale down Löhne, Forderungen etc herunterschrauben;

scale up Preise etc hochschrauben

C v/i (auf einer Skala) klettern (auch fig), steigen:

scale down fallen;

scale up steigen, in die Höhe klettern

sc. abk

1. scale

2. scene

3. science

4. scientific

5. scilicet, namely näml.

* * *
I noun
1) (of fish, reptile) Schuppe, die

2) no pl. (deposit) (in kettles, boilers, etc.) Kesselstein, der; (on teeth) Zahnstein, der
II noun
1) in sing. or pl. (weighing instrument)

scale[s] — Waage, die

a pair or set of scales — eine Waage

bathroom/kitchen scale[s] — Personen-/Küchenwaage, die

the scales are evenly balanced — (fig.) die Chancen sind ausgewogen

2) (dish of balance) Waagschale, die

tip or turn the scale[s] — (fig.) den Ausschlag geben
III 1. noun
1) (series of degrees) Skala, die

the social scale — die gesellschaftliche Stufenleiter

2) (Mus.) Tonleiter, die

3) (dimensions) Ausmaß, das

on a grand scale — im großen Stil

on a commercial scale — gewerbsmäßig

plan on a large scale — in großem Rahmen planen

on an international scale — auf internationaler Ebene; [Katastrophe] von internationalem Außmaß

4) (ratio of reduction) Maßstab, der; attrib. maßstab[s]gerecht [Modell, Zeichnung]

a map with a scale of 1: 250,000 — eine Karte im Maßstab 1: 250 000

to scale — maßstab[s]gerecht

be out of scale — im Maßstab nicht passen ( with zu)

5) (indication) (on map, plan) Maßstab, der; (on thermometer, ruler, exposure meter) [Anzeige]skala, die; (instrument) Messstab, der
2. transitive verb
1) (climb, clamber up) ersteigen [Festung, Mauer, Leiter, Gipfel]; erklettern [Felswand, Leiter, Gipfel]

2) [ab]stufen, staffeln [Fahrpreise]; maßstab[s]gerecht anfertigen [Zeichnung]

scale production to demand — die Produktion an die Nachfrage anpassen

Phrasal Verbs:

- scale down

- scale up

* * *

(music) n.

Tonleiter m. n.

Kesselstein m.

Maßstab -¨e m.

Skala Skalen f.

Skalierung f. v.

erklettern v.

ersteigen v.

English-german dictionary > scale
24 worst

1. adjective superl. of
academic.ru/5024/bad">bad 1. see worse 1.: schlechtest.../schlimmst...

be worst — am schlechtesten/schlimmsten sein

the worst thing about it was... — das Schlimmste daran war...
2. adverb superl. of
badly am schlimmsten; am schlechtesten [gekleidet]
3. noun
1)

[the] worst — der/die/das Schlimmste

prepare for the worst — sich auf das Schlimmste gefasst machen

at worst, at the [very] worst — schlimmstenfalls; im [aller]schlimmsten Fall[e]

get or have the worst of it — (be defeated) geschlagen werden; (suffer the most) am meisten zu leiden haben

if the worst or it comes to the worst — (Brit.)

if worse comes to worst — (Amer.) wenn es zum Schlimmsten kommt

do your worst — mach, was du willst!

let him do his worst — er soll machen, was er will

2) (what is of poorest quality) Schlechteste, der/die/das

* * *
[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) schlechtest
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) am schlechtesten
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) schlimmst(enfalls)

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is
* * *

worst

[wɜ:st, AM wɜ:rst]

I. adj inv superl of bad

1. (of poorest quality)

▪ the \worst... der/die/das schlechteste...

2. (least pleasant) schlechteste(r, s)

3. (most dangerous) übelste(r, s), schlimmste(r, s)

to be one's own \worst enemy sich dat selbst sein ärgster Feind sein

4. (least advantageous) ungünstigste(r, s)

the \worst time to go would be in the morning am ungünstigsten ist es am Morgen

II. adv inv superl of badly

1. (most severely) am schlimmsten

2. (least well) am schlechtesten

he's the school's \worst-dressed teacher er ist der am schlechtesten angezogene Lehrer

3. (to introduce sth)

\worst of all... und was am schlimmsten war,...

III. n no pl

▪ the \worst der/die/das Schlimmste [o Ärgste]

the \worst is over now das Schlimmste ist jetzt überstanden

to fear [or think] the \worst das Schlimmste befürchten

▪ at \worst schlimmstenfalls

▶ to be at one's [or its] \worst sich akk von seiner schlechtesten Seite zeigen

▶ if [the] \worst comes to [the] \worst wenn es ganz schlimm kommt, wenn alle Stricke reißen fam

▶ to do one's \worst:

I'm not frightened of him — let him do his \worst! was er auch tut, ich habe keine Angst vor ihm!

▶ to get [or have] the \worst of it das Meiste abbekommen

IV. vt usu passive ( old)

▪ to be \worsted vernichtend geschlagen werden

* * *
[wɜːst]
1. adj superl
schlechteste(r, s); (morally, with regard to consequences) schlimmste(r, s)
the worst possible time — die ungünstigste Zeit

2. adv superl
am schlechtesten
3. n

the worst is over — das Schlimmste or Ärgste ist vorbei

in the worst of the storm — im ärgsten Sturm

when the crisis/storm was at its worst — als die Krise/der Sturm ihren/seinen Höhepunkt erreicht hatte

at (the) worst — schlimmstenfalls

you've never seen him at his worst — er kann noch (viel) schlimmer (sein)

the worst of it is... — das Schlimmste daran ist,...

if the worst comes to the worst, if worst comes to worst (US) — wenn alle Stricke reißen (inf)

do your worst! (liter) — mach zu!

to get the worst of it — den Kürzeren ziehen

4. vt
enemy, opponent besiegen, schlagen
* * *

worst [wɜːst; US wɜrst]

A adj (sup von bad¹, evil, ill) schlechtest(er, e, es), übelst(er, e, es), schlimmst(er, e, es), ärgst(er, e, es):

of the worst kind der übelsten Sorte, übelst(er, e, es);

and, which is worst und, was das Schlimmste ist; → description 3

B adv am schlechtesten oder übelsten, am schlimmsten oder ärgsten:

the worst-paid der oder die am schlechtesten Bezahlte

C s (der, die, das) Schlechteste oder Übelste oder Schlimmste oder Ärgste:

at worst äußersten-, schlimmstenfalls;

the worst of it is that … das Schlimm(st)e daran ist, dass …;

be prepared for the worst aufs Schlimmste oder auf alles gefasst sein;

do one’s worst machen, was man will;

get the worst of it am schlechtesten wegkommen, den Kürzer(e)n ziehen;

if the worst comes to the worst wenn alle Stricke reißen, im Falle eines Falles;

he was at his worst er zeigte sich von seiner schlechtesten Seite, er war in denkbar schlechter Form;

see sb (sth) at their( its) worst jemanden (etwas) von der schlechtesten oder schwächsten Seite kennenlernen;

the illness is at its worst die Krankheit ist auf ihrem Höhepunkt;

be over the worst das Schlimmste hinter sich haben; → bring out 3

D v/t überwältigen, besiegen, schlagen

* * *
1. adjective superl. of
bad 1. see worse 1.: schlechtest.../schlimmst...

be worst — am schlechtesten/schlimmsten sein

the worst thing about it was... — das Schlimmste daran war...
2. adverb superl. of
badly am schlimmsten; am schlechtesten [gekleidet]
3. noun
1)

[the] worst — der/die/das Schlimmste

prepare for the worst — sich auf das Schlimmste gefasst machen

at worst, at the [very] worst — schlimmstenfalls; im [aller]schlimmsten Fall[e]

get or have the worst of it — (be defeated) geschlagen werden; (suffer the most) am meisten zu leiden haben

if the worst or it comes to the worst — (Brit.)

if worse comes to worst — (Amer.) wenn es zum Schlimmsten kommt

do your worst — mach, was du willst!

let him do his worst — er soll machen, was er will

2) (what is of poorest quality) Schlechteste, der/die/das

* * *

adj.

schlechtest adj.

schlimmst adj.

English-german dictionary > worst
25 worst

[wəːst] 1. adj
najgorszy
2. adv
dressed najgorzej; affected najbardziej, najsilniej
3. n
najgorsze nt

at worst — w najgorszym razie

if the worst comes to the worst — w najgorszym wypadku

* * *
[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) najgorszy
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) najgorzej
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) coś najgorszego, ten najgorszy

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is

English-Polish dictionary > worst
26 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) vissliktākais
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) vissliktāk
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) vissliktākais; visļaunākais

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is
* * *

visļaunākais, vissliktākais; visļaunāk

English-Latvian dictionary > worst
27 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) blogiausias
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) blogiausiai
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) kas blogiausias, blogiausias atvejis

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is

English-Lithuanian dictionary > worst
28 worst

adv. sämst, värst, svårast
--------
n. det värsta; det sämsta
--------
v. besegra, övervinna

* * *
[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) sämsta, värsta
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) sämst, värst
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) [] sämsta (värsta), [] sämst (värst), [] värsta fall

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is

English-Swedish dictionary > worst
29 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) nejhorší
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) nejhůř
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) nejhorší

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is
* * *

• špatně

• nejhorší

• nejhůř

English-Czech dictionary > worst
30 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) najhorší
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) najhoršie
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) najhorší

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is
* * *

• najhoršie

• najhorší

English-Slovak dictionary > worst
31 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) cel mai rău
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) cel mai rău
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) cel mai rău, cea mai rea

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is

English-Romanian dictionary > worst
32 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) (ο) χειρότερος
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) χειρότερα
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) (ο) χειρότερος, (η) χειρότερη περίπτωση

- do one's worst
- get the worst of
- if the worst comes to the worst
- the worst of it is that
- the worst of it is

English-Greek dictionary > worst
33 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) pire
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) le plus mal
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) le, la pire (de); au pire

- do one's worst
- get the worst of - if the worst comes to the worst - the worst of it is that - the worst of it is

English-French dictionary > worst
34 worst

[wə:st] 1. adjective
(bad to the greatest extent: That is the worst book I have ever read.) pior
2. adverb
(in the worst way or manner: This group performed worst (of all) in the test.) pior
3. pronoun
(the thing, person etc which is bad to the greatest extent: the worst of the three; His behaviour is at its worst when he's with strangers; At the worst they can only fine you.) pior

- do one's worst
- get the worst of - if the worst comes to the worst - the worst of it is that - the worst of it is

English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > worst
35 Psychoanalysis

   1) The Ego Is Not Even Master in Its Own House

   [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)

   2) Methodological Problems of Psychoanalysis

   Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)

   3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations

   here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)

   4) The Problem of Verifying Psychoanalytic Theory

   Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)

   5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History

   Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)

   6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis

   In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)

   7) Major Attributes of Psychoanalysis

   [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]

   1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.

   2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.

   3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)

   8) The Scientific and Rational Are Not Co- extensive

   Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)

   9) The Validity of Psychoanalytic Therapy

   Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)

    10) The Issues of Inference and Evidence in Psychoanalysis

   The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
36 level

1.
['levl]noun

1) Höhe, die; (storey) Etage, die; (fig.): (steady state) Niveau, das; (fig.): (basis) Ebene, die

the water rose to the level of the doorstep — das Wasser stieg bis zur Türschwelle

be on a level [with somebody/something] — sich auf gleicher od. einer Höhe [mit jemandem/etwas] befinden; (fig.) auf dem gleichen Niveau sein [wie jmd./etwas]

on the level — (fig. coll.) ehrlich

find one's level — (fig.) seinen Platz finden

2) (height)

at waist/rooftop etc. level — in Taillen-/Dachhöhe usw.

3) (relative amount)

sugar/alcohol level — [Blut]zucker-/Alkoholspiegel, der

noise level — Geräuschpegel, der

4) (social, moral, or intellectual plane) Niveau, das; (degree of achievement etc.) Grad, der (of an + Dat.)

talks at the highest level [of government] — Gespräche auf höchster [Regierungs]ebene

5) (of computer game) Level, der

6) (instrument to test horizontal) Wasserwaage, die
2. adjective
1) waagerecht; flach [Land]; eben [Boden, Land]

a level spoonful of flour — ein gestrichener Löffel Mehl

the picture is not level — das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2) (on a level)

be level [with something/somebody] — auf gleicher Höhe [mit etwas/jemandem] sein; (fig.) [mit etwas/jemandem] gleichauf liegen

the two pictures are not level — die beiden Bilder hängen nicht gleich hoch

draw/keep level with a rival — mit einem Gegner gleichziehen/auf gleicher Höhe bleiben

3) (fig.): (steady, even) ausgeglichen [Leben, Temperament]; ausgewogen [Stil]

keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf bewahren

4)

do one's level best — (coll.) sein Möglichstes tun
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (make

level 2 a —) ebnen

2) (aim) richten [Blick, Gewehr, Rakete] (at, against auf + Akk.); (fig.) richten [Kritik usw.] (at, against gegen); erheben [Anklage, Vorwurf] (at, against gegen)

3) (raze) dem Erdboden gleichmachen [Stadt, Gebäude]

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/42629/level_off">level off

- level out

* * *
['levl] 1. noun
1) (height, position, strength, rank etc: The level of the river rose; a high level of intelligence.) das Niveau

2) (a horizontal division or floor: the third level of the multi-storey car park.) das Stockwerk

3) (a kind of instrument for showing whether a surface is level: a spirit level.) die Wasserwaage

4) (a flat, smooth surface or piece of land: It was difficult running uphill but he could run fast on the level.) ebene Fläche
2. adjective
1) (flat, even, smooth or horizontal: a level surface; a level spoonful (= an amount which just fills the spoon to the top of the sides).) eben

2) (of the same height, standard etc: The top of the kitchen sink is level with the window-sill; The scores of the two teams are level.) gleich

3) (steady, even and not rising or falling much: a calm, level voice.) gleichmäßig
3. verb
1) (to make flat, smooth or horizontal: He levelled the soil.) ebnen

2) (to make equal: His goal levelled the scores of the two teams.) gleichmachen

3) ((usually with at) to aim (a gun etc): He levelled his pistol at the target.) richten

4) (to pull down: The bulldozer levelled the block of flats.) dem Erdboden gleichmachen

•

- levelness
- level crossing
- level-headed
- do one's level best
- level off
- level out
- on a level with
- on the level
* * *

lev·el

[ˈlev^əl]

I. adj

1. (horizontal) horizontal, waag(e)recht

the picture isn't \level das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2. (flat) eben

\level ground ebenes Gelände

3. pred (at an equal height)

▪ to be \level [with sth] auf gleicher Höhe [mit etw dat sein]

the amounts in both glasses were \level [with each other] beide Gläser waren gleich voll

the lamps are not \level [with each other] die Lampen hängen nicht gleich hoch [o nicht auf gleicher Höhe

4. (abreast)

to keep \level with sth mit etw dat mithalten

last year production could not keep \level with demand im letzten Jahr konnte die Produktion nicht die Nachfrage decken

to keep sth \level with sth etw auf dem gleichen Niveau wie etw dat halten

the unions are fighting to keep wages \level with inflation die Gewerkschaften kämpfen um die Angleichung der Löhne und Gehälter an die Inflationsrate

5. pred esp BRIT, AUS (in a race) gleichauf; (equal in points) punktegleich; (equal in standard) gleich gut

the scores were \level at half time zur Halbzeit stand es unentschieden

the two students are about \level in ability die beiden Studenten sind etwa gleich gut

to draw \level with sb/sth jdn/etw einholen

6. attr (to the edge) gestrichen

a \level cupful of flour eine Tasse [voll] Mehl

a \level spoonful of sugar ein gestrichener Löffel Zucker

7. (calm) voice ruhig; look fest

to give sb a \level look jdn mit festem Blick ansehen

in a \level tone ohne die Stimme zu heben

to keep a \level head einen kühlen [o klaren] Kopf bewahren

in a \level voice mit ruhiger Stimme

8.

▶ to do one's \level best sein Möglichstes [o alles Menschenmögliche] tun

▶ to start on a \level playing field gleiche [Start]bedingungen [o Voraussetzungen] haben

II. n

1. (quantity) Niveau nt; (height) Höhe f

at eye \level in Augenhöhe

oil \level AUTO Ölstand m

above/below sea \level über/unter dem Meeresspiegel

water \level Pegelstand m, Wasserstand m

to be on a \level [with sb/sth] BRIT, AUS [mit jdm/etw] auf gleicher Höhe sein

2. (extent) Ausmaß nt

inflation is going to rise 2% from its present \level die Inflationsrate wird [gegenüber dem derzeitigen Stand] um 2 % steigen

\level of alcohol abuse Ausmaß nt des Alkoholmissbrauchs

low-/high-\level radiation niedrige/hohe Strahlung

sugar \level in the blood Blutzuckerspiegel m

\level of customer satisfaction Zufriedenheitswert m

\level of motivation Motivationsgrad m

\level of productivity Leistungsniveau nt

\level of taxation Steuerniveau nt

3. (storey) Stockwerk nt

ground \level Erdgeschoss nt, Parterre nt SCHWEIZ

at [or on] \level four im vierten Stock

4. no pl (rank) Ebene f

at government[al] \level auf Regierungsebene

at a higher/lower \level auf höherer/niedrigerer Ebene

at the local/national/regional \level auf kommunaler/nationaler/regionaler Ebene

5. (standard, stage, proficiency) Niveau nt

your explanation must be at a \level that the children can understand du musst es so erklären, dass die Kinder dich verstehen

\level of training Ausbildungsstand m

advanced/intermediate \level fortgeschrittenes/mittleres Niveau; SCH Ober-/Mittelstufe f

to reach a high \level ein hohes Niveau erreichen

to take sth to a higher \level etw verbessern [o auf ein höheres Niveau bringen]

to be on a \level [with sb/sth] BRIT, AUS gleich gut sein [wie jd/etw]

to bring sth down to sb's \level etw auf jds Niveau bringen

6. (social, intellectual, moral) Niveau nt

intellectual \level geistiges Niveau

to sink to sb's \level sich akk auf jds Niveau hinabbegeben

I would never sink to the \level of taking bribes ich würde nie so tief sinken und mich bestechen lassen

7. (perspective, meaning) Ebene f

at a deeper \level auf einer tieferen Ebene

on a moral/practical/another \level aus moralischer/praktischer/anderer Sicht

on a personal \level auf persönlicher Ebene

on a serious \level ernsthaft

8. BRIT (flat land)

on the \level ebenerdig

9. esp AM (spirit level) Wasserwaage f

10. TELEC Pegel m

11.

▶ to find one's own \level seinen Platz in der Welt finden

▶ to be on the \level ( fam) ehrlich [o aufrichtig] sein

this offer is on the \level dies ist ein faires Angebot

III. vt

< BRIT - ll- or AM usu -l->

1.

▪ to \level sth (flatten) ground etw [ein]ebnen [o planieren]; wood etw [ab]schmirgeln; (raze) building, town etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

to \level sth to the ground etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2. (equal)

to \level the match/score den Ausgleich erzielen

3. (direct)

to \level a pistol/rifle at sb eine Pistole/ein Gewehr auf jdn richten; ( fig)

to \level accusations/charges against [or at] sb Beschuldigungen/Anklage gegen jdn erheben

to \level criticism against [or at] sb an jdm Kritik üben

we don't understand the criticism \levelled at the government wir verstehen die Kritik an der Regierung nicht

* * *
['levl]
1. adj

1) (= flat) ground, surface, floor eben; spoonful gestrichen

try to keep the boat level — versuchen Sie, das Boot waagerecht zu halten

the glider maintained a level course — das Segelflugzeug behielt die gleiche Flughöhe bei

2) (= at the same height) auf gleicher Höhe (with mit); (= parallel) parallel (with zu)

the bedroom is level with the ground — das Schlafzimmer liegt ebenerdig or zu ebener Erde

3) (= equal) gleichauf; (fig) gleich gut

the two runners are absolutely or dead level — die beiden Läufer liegen or sind genau auf gleicher Höhe

Jones was almost level with the winner — Jones kam fast auf gleiche Höhe mit dem Sieger

the two teams are level in the league — die beiden Mannschaften haben den gleichen Tabellenstand

level race — Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt

4) (= steady) tone of voice ruhig; (= well-balanced) ausgeglichen; judgement abgewogen, ausgewogen; head kühl

to have/keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf haben/bewahren

5)

I'll do my level best (Brit) — ich werde mein Möglichstes tun

2. adv

level with — in Höhe (+gen)

it should lie level with... —

the pipe runs level with the ground (= parallel) — das Rohr verläuft zu ebener Erde das Rohr verläuft parallel zum Boden

they're running absolutely level — sie laufen auf genau gleicher Höhe

the value of the shares stayed level for some time — der Wert der Aktien blieb für einige Zeit gleich

to draw level with sb — jdn einholen, mit jdm gleichziehen; (in league etc)

the two runners drew level on the last lap — in der letzten Runde zogen die beiden Läufer gleich

3. n

1) (= instrument) Wasserwaage f

2) (= altitude) Höhe f

on a level (with) — auf gleicher Höhe (mit)

water always finds its own level — Wasser kehrt immer in die Waagerechte zurück

at eye level — in Augenhöhe

the trees were very tall, almost at roof level — die Bäume waren sehr hoch, sie reichten fast bis zum Dach

to be on a level with the roof — in Dachhöhe sein

3) (= flat place) ebene Fläche, ebenes Stück

4) (= storey) Etage f, Stockwerk nt

the house is on four levels — das Haus hat vier Etagen

5) (= position on scale) Ebene f; (social, intellectual etc) Niveau nt

they're on a different level — sie haben ein unterschiedliches Niveau

to descend or come down to that level — auf ein so tiefes Niveau absinken

he expects everyone to come down to his level — er erwartet von jedem, dass er sich auf sein Niveau herabbegibt

she tried to go beyond her natural level of ability — sie versuchte, ihre natürlichen Grenzen zu überschreiten

to be on a level with — auf gleichem Niveau sein wie

they are on a level as far as salaries are concerned — sie bekommen das gleiche Gehalt

he tried to raise the level of the conversation — er versuchte, der Unterhaltung etwas mehr Niveau zu geben

if profit stays at the same level — wenn sich der Gewinn auf dem gleichen Stand hält

the pound has been left to find its own level — der Pfundkurs wurde freigegeben, um seinen natürlichen Stand zu erreichen

the rising level of inflation —

he maintains his high level of excellence — er hält sein äußerst hohes Niveau

a high level of intelligence — ein hoher Intelligenzgrad

a high level of interest — sehr großes Interesse

a high level of support —

a high level of civilization the very high level of production — eine hohe Kulturstufe das hohe Produktionsniveau

the higher levels of academic research — die höheren Stufen der wissenschaftlichen Forschung

the talks were held at a very high level — die Gespräche fanden auf hoher Ebene statt

a low level of sales — ein sehr geringer Absatz

he reduces everything to the commercial level — er reduziert alles auf eine rein kommerzielle Basis

on an intellectual level —

on the moral level — aus moralischer Sicht

on a purely personal level — rein persönlich, auf rein persönlicher Ebene

6)

(= amount, degree) a high level of hydrogen — ein hoher Wasserstoffanteil

the level of alcohol in the blood — der Alkoholspiegel im Blut

level of consciousness — Bewusstseinsebene f

cholesterol level — Cholesterinspiegel m

the level of violence — das Ausmaß der Gewalttätigkeit

7)

I guess you're on the level — du bist wohl schon in Ordnung (inf)

is he on the level? — meint er es ehrlich?

to be on the level with sb — jdm gegenüber ehrlich or aufrichtig sein

4. vt

1) ground, site etc einebnen, planieren; building abreißen; town dem Erdboden gleichmachen

to level sth to the ground — etw dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2) blow versetzen, verpassen (inf) (at sb jdm); weapon richten (at auf +acc); accusation erheben (at gegen); remark richten (at gegen); criticism üben (at an +dat)

to level a charge against sb — Anklage gegen jdn erheben, jdn anklagen

3) (SPORT)

to level the match — den Ausgleich erzielen

to level the score — gleichziehen

5. vi (inf)

to level with sb — jdm keinen Quatsch or Scheiß erzählen (inf)

I'll level with you — ich werd ehrlich mit dir sein

* * *

level [ˈlevl]

A s

1. TECH Libelle f, Wasserwaage f

2. TECH, Landvermessung:

a) Nivellierinstrument n

b) Höhen-, Niveaumessung f

3. Ebene f ( auch GEOG), ebene Fläche

4. Horizontalebene f, Horizontale f, Waag(e)rechte f

5. Höhe f ( auch GEOG), (Wasser- etc) Spiegel m, (-)Stand m, (-)Pegel m:

level of sound Geräuschpegel, Tonstärke f;

be on a level with

a) auf gleicher Höhe sein mit,

b) genauso hoch sein wie ( → A 6);

on the level umg in Ordnung, ehrlich, anständig

6. fig (auch geistiges) Niveau, Level m, Stand m, Grad m, Stufe f:

level of employment Beschäftigungsstand;

high level of technical skill hohes technisches Niveau;

level of performance SPORT Leistungsstand, -niveau;

low production level niedriger Produktionsstand;

have fallen to the lowest level seinen niedrigsten Stand erreicht haben;

put o.s. on the level of others sich auf das Niveau anderer Leute begeben;

sink to the level of cut-throat practices auf das Niveau von Halsabschneidern absinken;

find one’s (own) level seinen Platz finden (an den man gehört);

be on a ( oder an equal) level with auf dem gleichen Niveau oder auf der gleichen Stufe stehen wie, jemandem ebenbürtig sein ( → A 5);

keep sth at its present level etwas auf seinem gegenwärtigen Stand halten

7. (politische etc) Ebene:

at government level auf Regierungsebene;

a conference on the highest level eine Konferenz auf höchster Ebene;

on a ministerial level auf Ministerebene

8. Bergbau:

a) Sohle f

b) Sohlenstrecke f

B adj (adv levelly)

1. eben (Straße etc):

one level teaspoonful of salt ein gestrichener Teelöffel Salz;

level playing field gleiche Chancen pl für alle, Chancengleichheit f

2. waag(e)recht, horizontal

3. gleich (auch fig):

level crossing Br schienengleicher (Bahn)Übergang;

it was level pegging between them SPORT etc Br umg sie lagen gleichauf;

it was a level position (besonders Fußball) es war gleiche Höhe;

be level on points SPORT etc punktgleich sein;

be level with

a) auf gleicher Höhe sein mit,

b) genauso hoch sein wie,

c) fig auf dem gleichen Niveau oder auf der gleichen Stufe stehen wie;

make level with the ground dem Erdboden gleichmachen;

draw level SPORT ausgleichen;

draw level with sb jemanden einholen

4. a) gleichmäßig:

level stress LING schwebende Betonung

b) ausgeglichen (Rennen etc)

5. do one’s level best sein Möglichstes tun

6. gleichbleibend (Temperatur etc)

7. vernünftig

8. ruhig:

have (keep) a level head einen kühlen Kopf haben (bewahren), sich nicht aus der Ruhe bringen lassen;

give sb a level look jemanden ruhig oder fest anschauen

C v/t prät und pperf -eled, besonders Br -elled

1. a) auch level off (ein)ebnen, planieren

b) auch level to ( oder with) the ground eine Stadt etc dem Erdboden gleichmachen

2. jemanden zu Boden schlagen

3. auch level off ( oder out) fig

a) gleichmachen, nivellieren:

level matters ( oder the score) SPORT ausgleichen, den Gleichstand herstellen oder erzielen

b) Unterschiede beseitigen, ausgleichen

4. a) eine Waffe richten, das Gewehr anlegen ( beide:

at auf akk):

level one’s rifle at sb auf jemanden anlegen

b) fig (at, against) Anschuldigungen erheben (gegen), Kritik üben (an dat):

his criticism was level(l)led against me seine Kritik richtete sich gegen mich

5. Landvermessung: nivellieren

D v/i

1. die Waffe richten, (das Gewehr) anlegen ( beide:

at auf akk)

2. level with umg offen reden mit, ehrlich sein zu

* * *
1.
['levl]noun

1) Höhe, die; (storey) Etage, die; (fig.): (steady state) Niveau, das; (fig.): (basis) Ebene, die

the water rose to the level of the doorstep — das Wasser stieg bis zur Türschwelle

be on a level [with somebody/something] — sich auf gleicher od. einer Höhe [mit jemandem/etwas] befinden; (fig.) auf dem gleichen Niveau sein [wie jmd./etwas]

on the level — (fig. coll.) ehrlich

find one's level — (fig.) seinen Platz finden

2) (height)

at waist/rooftop etc. level — in Taillen-/Dachhöhe usw.

3) (relative amount)

sugar/alcohol level — [Blut]zucker-/Alkoholspiegel, der

noise level — Geräuschpegel, der

4) (social, moral, or intellectual plane) Niveau, das; (degree of achievement etc.) Grad, der (of an + Dat.)

talks at the highest level [of government] — Gespräche auf höchster [Regierungs]ebene

5) (of computer game) Level, der

6) (instrument to test horizontal) Wasserwaage, die
2. adjective
1) waagerecht; flach [Land]; eben [Boden, Land]

a level spoonful of flour — ein gestrichener Löffel Mehl

the picture is not level — das Bild hängt nicht gerade

2) (on a level)

be level [with something/somebody] — auf gleicher Höhe [mit etwas/jemandem] sein; (fig.) [mit etwas/jemandem] gleichauf liegen

the two pictures are not level — die beiden Bilder hängen nicht gleich hoch

draw/keep level with a rival — mit einem Gegner gleichziehen/auf gleicher Höhe bleiben

3) (fig.): (steady, even) ausgeglichen [Leben, Temperament]; ausgewogen [Stil]

keep a level head — einen kühlen Kopf bewahren

4)

do one's level best — (coll.) sein Möglichstes tun
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll-

1) (make

level 2 a —) ebnen

2) (aim) richten [Blick, Gewehr, Rakete] (at, against auf + Akk.); (fig.) richten [Kritik usw.] (at, against gegen); erheben [Anklage, Vorwurf] (at, against gegen)

3) (raze) dem Erdboden gleichmachen [Stadt, Gebäude]

Phrasal Verbs:

- level off

- level out

* * *

adj.

ausgeglichen (Sport) adj.

eben adj.

gleichmäßig adj.

waagerecht adj. n.

Ebene -n f.

Höhe -n f.

Level -- n.

Niveau -s n.

Pegel -- (Wasser-) m.

Pegel -- n.

Pegelstand m.

Schwellwert m.

Stand ¨-e m.

Stufe -n f. v.

Unterschiede beseitigen ausdr.

ausgleichen v.

ebnen v.

einebnen v.

gleichmachen v.

nivellieren v.

planieren v.

English-german dictionary > level
37 gage

залог имя существительное:
залог (pledge, deposit, guarantee, bail, lien, gage)

калибр (caliber, gauge, gage, size, bore, pass)

толщина (thickness, depth, gauge, gage, fatness)

шаблон (template, pattern, routine, gauge, stereotype, gage)

мера (measure, gauge, step, arrangement, extent, gage)

измерительный прибор (meter, gauge, gage, measurer)

размер (size, rate, scale, dimension, proportions, gage)

сортамент (gauge, gage)

ширина колеи (gauge, gage)

эталон (reference, Standard, model, gauge, gage)

вызов на поединок (gage)

масштаб (scale, scope, measure, caliber, gauge, gage)

номер (room, number, item, size, gage, gauge)

критерий (criterion, Test, measure, yardstick, touchstone, gage)

лекало (pattern, template, curve, mold, templet, gage)

положение относительно ветра (gage, gauge)

способ оценки (gage, gauge)

марихуана (marijuana, marihuana, fu, pot, weed, gage)
глагол:
оценивать (evaluate, appreciate, assess, rate, estimate, gage)

давать в качестве залога (gage)

калибровать (calibrate, gauge, size, standardize, gage, Graduate)

отдавать под залог (gage)

измерять (measure, gauge, meter, determine, take, gage)

проверять (check, verify, check out, test, examine, gage)

выверять (calibrate, adjust, regulate, true, gauge, gage)

градуировать (graduate, calibrate, divide, gauge, gage)

клеймить (brand, stigmatize, stamp, cauterize, blaze, gage)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > gage
38 gauge

калибр глагол:
калибровать (calibrate, gauge, size, standardize, gage, Graduate)

оценивать (evaluate, appreciate, assess, rate, estimate, gauge)

измерять (measure, gauge, meter, determine, take, mete)

проверять (check, verify, check out, Test, examine, gauge)

градуировать (graduate, calibrate, divide, gauge, gage)

выверять (calibrate, adjust, regulate, true, gauge, gage)

клеймить (brand, stigmatize, stamp, cauterize, blaze, gauge)
имя существительное:
калибр (caliber, gauge, gage, size, bore, pass)

мера (measure, gauge, step, arrangement, extent, remedy)

размер (size, rate, scale, dimension, proportions, gauge)

шаблон (template, pattern, routine, gauge, stereotype, mold)

масштаб (scale, scope, measure, caliber, gauge, rule)

колея (track, gauge, rut, tread, furrow)

критерий (criterion, test, measure, yardstick, touchstone, gauge)

ширина колеи (gauge, gage)

толщина (thickness, depth, gauge, gage, fatness)

эталон (reference, Standard, model, gauge, gage)

лекало (pattern, template, curve, mold, templet, gauge)

способ оценки (gage, gauge)

измерительный прибор (meter, gauge, gage, measurer)

сортамент (gauge, gage)

ширина пути (gauge)

положение относительно ветра (gage, gauge)

номер (room, number, item, size, gage, gauge)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > gauge
39 the

abandon the takeoff
прекращать взлет
abeam the left pilot position
на левом траверзе
abeam the right pilot position
на правом траверзе
abort the flight
прерывать полет
abort the takeoff
прерывать взлет
above the glide slope
выше глиссады
absorb the shock energy
поглощать энергию удара
accelerate the rotor
раскручивать ротор
accelerate to the speed
разгонять до скорости
adhere to the flight plan
придерживаться плана полета
adhere to the track
придерживаться заданного курса
adjust the cable
регулировать трос
adjust the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
adjust the engine
регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
adjust the heading
корректировать курс
advice to follow the controller's advance
выполнять указание диспетчера
affect the regularity
влиять на регулярность
affect the safety
влиять на безопасность
align the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
align the aircraft with the center line
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
align the aircraft with the runway
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
alter the heading
менять курс
amplify the signal
усиливать сигнал
apparent drift of the gyro
кажущийся уход гироскопа
apply the brake
применять тормоз
approach the beam
приближаться к лучу
approve the limitations
утверждать ограничения
approve the tariff
утверждать тариф
area of coverage of the forecasts
район обеспечения прогнозами
arrest the development of the stall
препятствовать сваливанию
arrive over the aerodrome
прибывать в зону аэродрома
assess the damage
определять стоимость повреждения
assess the distance
оценивать расстояние
assess the suitability
оценивать пригодность
assume the control
брать управление на себя
attain the power
достигать заданной мощности
attain the speed
развивать заданную скорость
at the end of
в конце цикла
at the end of segment
в конце участка
(полета) at the end of stroke
в конце хода
(поршня) at the ground level
на уровне земли
at the start of cycle
в начале цикла
at the start of segment
в начале участка
(полета) avoid the obstacle
избегать столкновения с препятствием
backward movement of the stick
взятие ручки на себя
balance the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
balance the control surface
балансировать поверхность управления
balance the propeller
балансировать воздушный винт
bear on the accident
иметь отношение к происшествию
before the turbine
перед турбиной
below the glide slope
ниже глиссады
below the landing minima
ниже посадочного минимума
bend the cotterpin ends
загибать усики шплинта
be off the track
уклоняться от заданного курса
be on the level on the hour
занимать эшелон по нулям
block the brake
ставить на тормоз
boundary of the area
граница зоны
brake the propeller
стопорить воздушный винт
break the journey
прерывать полет
bring the aircraft back
возвращать воздушное судно
bring the aircraft out
выводить воздушное судно из крена
by altering the heading
путем изменения курса
cage the gyroscope
арретировать гироскоп
calibrate the compass
списывать девиацию компаса
calibrate the indicator
тарировать прибор
calibrate the system
тарировать систему
calibrate the tank
тарировать бак
cancel the drift
парировать снос
cancel the flight
отменять полет
cancel the forecast
аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
cancel the signal
прекращать подачу сигнала
capture the beam
захватывать луч
carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
carry out the flight
выполнять полет
center the autopilot
центрировать автопилот
center the wiper
центрировать щетку
change the frequency
изменять частоту
change the pitch
изменять шаг
change the track
изменять линию пути
check the reading
проверять показания
chop the power
внезапно изменять режим
circle the aerodrome
летать по кругу над аэродромом
clean the aircraft
убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
clean up the crack
зачищать трещину
clearance of the aircraft
разрешение воздушному судну
clearance over the threshold
безопасная высота пролета порога
clear for the left-hand turn
давать разрешение на левый разворот
clear the aircraft
давать разрешение воздушному судну
clear the obstacle
устранять препятствие
clear the point
пролетать над заданной точкой
clear the runway
освобождать ВПП
climb on the course
набирать высоту при полете по курсу
close the buckets
закрывать створки
close the circuit
замыкать цепь
close the flight
заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
come clear of the ground
отрываться от земли
commence the flight
начинать полет
commence the landing procedure
начинать посадку
compare the readings
сравнивать показания
compensate the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
compensate the error
списывать девиацию
compile the accident report
составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
complete the circuit
закольцовывать
complete the flight
завершать полет
complete the flight plan
составлять план полета
complete the turn
завершать разворот
compute the visual range
вычислять дальность видимости
conditions beyond the experience
условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
conditions on the route
условия по заданному маршруту
considering the obstacles
учет препятствий
construct the procedure
разрабатывать схему
containerize the cargo
упаковывать груз в контейнере
continue operating on the fuel reserve
продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
continue the flight
продолжать полет
continue the takeoff
продолжать взлет
contribute towards the safety
способствовать повышению безопасности
control the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
control the pitch
управлять шагом
convert the frequency
преобразовывать частоту
convey the information
передавать информацию
correct the trouble
устранять отказ
correspond with the operating minima
соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
counteract the rotor torque
уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
coverage of the chart
картографируемый район
cover the route
пробегать по полному маршруту
crosscheck the readings
сверять показания
cross the airway
пересекать авиатрассу
data on the performance
координаты характеристики
decelerate in the flight
гасить скорость в полете
decelerate the aircraft to
снижать скорость воздушного судна до
decrease the deviation
уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
decrease the pitch
уменьшать шаг
decrease the speed
уменьшать скорость
de-energize the bus
обесточивать шину
define the failure
определять причины отказа
deflate the tire
ослаблять давление в пневматике
deflect the control surface
отклонять поверхность управления
(напр. элерон) delay the turn
затягивать разворот
delimit the runway
обозначать границы ВПП
delimit the taxiway
обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
delineate the runway
очерчивать границы ВПП
delineate the taxiway
обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
deliver the baggage
доставлять багаж
deliver the clearance
передавать разрешение
denote the obstacle
обозначать препятствие
denoting the obstacle
обозначение препятствия
depart from the rules
отступать от установленных правил
departure from the standards
отклонение от установленных стандартов
depress the pedal
нажимать на педаль
detach the load
отцеплять груз
detach the wing
отстыковывать крыло
determinate the cause
устанавливать причину
determine amount of the error
определять величину девиации
determine the delay
устанавливать время задержки
determine the extent of damage
определять степень повреждения
determine the friction
определять величину сцепления
determine the sign of deviation
определять знак девиации
detract from the safety
снижать безопасность
development of the stall
процесс сваливания
deviate from the flight plan
отклоняться от плана полета
deviate from the glide slope
отклоняться от глиссады
deviate from the heading
отклоняться от заданного курса
deviation from the course
отклонение от заданного курса
deviation from the level flight
отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
discharge the cargo
снимать груз в контейнере
disclose the fares
опубликовывать тарифы
discontinue the takeoff
прекращать взлет
disengage the autopilot
выключать автопилот
displace the center-of-gravity
изменять центровку
disregard the indicator
пренебрегать показаниями прибора
disseminate the forecast
распространять прогноз
drain the tank
сливать из бака
draw the conclusion
подготавливать заключение
drift off the course
сносить с курса
drift off the heading
уходить с заданного курса
drop the nose
сваливаться на нос
duck below the glide path
резко снижаться относительно глиссады
ease the aircraft on
выравнивать воздушное судно
effect adversely the strength
нарушать прочность
(напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
превышение летной полосы
eliminate the cause of
устранять причину
eliminate the hazard
устранять опасную ситуацию
eliminate the ice formation
устранять обледенение
eliminate the source of danger
устранять источник опасности
(для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
давать воздушному судну право
endanger the aircraft
создавать опасность для воздушного судна
endange the safety
угрожать безопасности
endorse the license
делать отметку в свидетельстве
energize the bus
подавать электропитание на шину
enforce rules of the air
обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
engage the autopilot
включать автопилот
ensure the adequate provisions
обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
enter the aircraft
заносить воздушное судно в реестр
enter the aircraft stand
заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
enter the airway
выходить на авиатрассу
enter the final approach track
выходить на посадочную прямую
enter the spin
входить в штопор
enter the tariff into force
утверждать тарифную ставку
enter the traffic circuit
входить в круг движения
enter the turn
входить в разворот
entry into the aerodrome zone
вход в зону аэродрома
entry into the flare
входить в этап выравнивания
erection of the gyro
восстановление гироскопа
establish the characteristics
устанавливать характеристики
establish the flight conditions
устанавливать режим полета
establish the procedure
устанавливать порядок
exceeding the stalling angle
выход на закритический угол атаки
exceed the stop
преодолевать упор
execute the manoeuvre
выполнять маневр
execute the turn
выполнять разворот
expedite the clearance
ускорять оформление
express the altitude
четко указывать высоту
extend the agreement
продлевать срок действия соглашения
extend the landing gear
выпускать шасси
extend the legs
выпускать шасси
extreme aft the center-of-gravity
предельная задняя центровка
extreme forward the center-of-gravity
предельная передняя центровка
eye height over the threshold
уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
fail into the spin
срываться в штопор
fail to follow the procedure
не выполнять установленную схему
fail to observe the limitations
не соблюдать установленные ограничения
fail to provide the manuals
не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
fall into the spin
срываться в штопор
feather the propeller
ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
file the flight plan
регистрировать план полета
first freedom of the air
первая степень свободы воздуха
flight inbound the station
полет в направлении на станцию
flight outbound the station
полет в направлении от станции
flight over the high seas
полет над открытым морем
flight under the rules
полет по установленным правилам
fly above the weather
летать над верхней кромкой облаков
fly at the altitude
летать на заданной высоте
fly into the sun
летать против солнца
fly into the wind
летать против ветра
fly on the autopilot
летать на автопилоте
fly on the course
летать по курсу
fly on the heading
летать по курсу
fly the aircraft
1. управлять самолетом
2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
лететь по лучу
fly the circle
летать по кругу
fly the glide-slope beam
летать по глиссадному лучу
fly the great circle
летать по ортодромии
fly the heading
выполнять полет по курсу
fly the rhumb line
летать по локсодромии
fly under the autopilot
пилотировать при помощи автопилота
fly under the supervision of
летать под контролем
focus the light
фокусировать фару
follow the beam
выдерживать направление по лучу
follow the glide slope
выдерживать глиссаду
follow up the aircraft
сопровождать воздушное судно
forfeit the reservation
лишать брони
freedom of the air
степень свободы воздуха
fuel the tank
заправлять бак топливом
fulfil the conditions
выполнять условия
gain the air supremacy
завоевывать господство в воздухе
gain the altitude
набирать заданную высоту
gain the glide path
входить в глиссаду
gain the power
достигать заданной мощность
gain the speed
развивать заданную скорость
gather the speed
наращивать скорость
get into the aerodrome
приземляться на аэродроме
get on the course
выходить на заданный курс
get the height
набирать заданную высоту
give the way
уступать трассу
go out of the spin
выходить из штопора
govern the application
регулировать применение
govern the flight
управлять ходом полета
govern the operation
руководить эксплуатацией
grade of the pilot licence
класс пилотского свидетельства
guard the frequency
прослушивать частоту
handle the baggage
обслуживать багаж
handle the flight controls
оперировать органами управления полетом
have the runway in sight
четко видеть ВПП
head the aircraft into wind
направлять воздушное судно против ветра
hold on the heading
выдерживать на заданном курсе
hold over the aids
выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
hold over the beacon
выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
hold the aircraft on the heading
выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
hold the brake
удерживать тормоза
hold the heading on the compass
выдерживать курс по компасу
hold the position
ожидать на месте
hold the speed accurately
точно выдерживать скорость
hover at the height of
зависать на высоте
hovering in the ground effect
висение в зоне влияния земли
identify the aerodrome from the air
опознавать аэродром с воздуха
identify the aircraft
опознавать воздушное судно
identify the center line
обозначать осевую линию
impair the operation
нарушать работу
impair the safety
снижать безопасность
impose the limitations
налагать ограничения
in computing the fuel
при расчете количества топлива
in conformity with the specifications
в соответствии с техническими условиями
increase a camber of the profile
увеличивать кривизну профиля
increase the pitch
увеличивать шаг
increase the speed
увеличивать скорость
indicate the location from the air
определять местоположение с воздуха
inherent in the aircraft
свойственный воздушному судну
initiate the turn
входить в разворот
install in the aircraft
устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
install on the aircraft
монтировать на воздушном судне
intercept the beam
выходить на ось луча
intercept the glide slope
захватывать луч глиссады
International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
interpretation of the signal
расшифровка сигнала
in the case of delay
в случае задержки
in the event of a mishap
в случае происшествия
in the event of malfunction
в случая отказа
introduction of the corrections
ввод поправок
issue the certificate
выдавать сертификат
jeopardize the flight
подвергать полет опасности
judge the safety
оценивать степень опасности
keep clear of the aircraft
держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
keep out of the way
не занимать трассу
keep tab on the fleet
вести учет парка
keep the aircraft on
выдерживать воздушное судно
keep the altitude
выдерживать заданную высоту
keep the ball centered
держать шарик в центре
keep the pace
выдерживать дистанцию
keep to the minima
устанавливать минимум
kick off the drift
парировать снос
kill the landing speed
гасить посадочную скорость
landing off the aerodrome
посадка вне аэродрома
land into the wind
выполнять посадку против ветра
land the aircraft
приземлять воздушное судно
latch the pitch stop
устанавливать на упор шага
(лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
lateral the center-of-gravity
поперечная центровка
lay the route
прокладывать маршрут
lead in the aircraft
заруливать воздушное судно
lead out the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно
leave the airspace
покидать данное воздушное пространство
leave the altitude
уходить с заданной высоты
leave the plane
выходить из самолета
leave the runway
освобождать ВПП
level the aircraft out
выравнивать воздушное судно
lie beyond the range
находиться вне заданного предела
line up the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
load the gear
загружать редуктор
load the generator
нагружать генератор
load the structure
нагружать конструкцию
lock the landing gear
ставить шасси на замки
lock the landing gear down
ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
lock the landing gear up
ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
lock the legs
устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
longitudinal the center-of-gravity
продольная центровка
lose the altitude
терять высоту
lose the speed
терять заданную скорость
loss the control
терять управление
lower the landing gear
выпускать шасси
lower the legs
выпускать шасси
lower the nose wheel
опускать носовое колесо
maintain the aircraft at readiness to
держать воздушное судно готовым
maintain the altitude
выдерживать заданную высоту
maintain the course
выдерживать заданный курс
maintain the flight level
выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
maintain the flight procedure
выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
maintain the flight watch
выдерживать заданный график полета
maintain the flying speed
выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
maintain the heading
выдерживать заданный курс
maintain the parameter
выдерживать заданный параметр
make a complaint against the company
подавать жалобу на компанию
make the aircraft airborne
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
make the course change
изменять курс
make the reservation
забронировать место
manipulate the flight controls
оперировать органами управления полетом
mark the obstacle
маркировать препятствие
mean scale of the chart
средний масштаб карты
meet the airworthiness standards
удовлетворять нормам летной годности
meet the conditions
выполнять требования
meet the specifications
соблюдать технические условия
misjudge the distance
неправильно оценивать расстояние
modify the flight plan
уточнять план полета
monitor the flight
следить за полетом
monitor the frequency
контролировать заданную частоту
moor the aircraft
швартовать воздушное судно
mount on the frame
монтировать на шпангоуте
move off from the rest
страгивать с места
move the blades to higher
утяжелять воздушный винт
move the pedal forward
давать педаль вперед
name-code of the route
кодирование названия маршрута
neglect the indicator
не учитывать показания прибора
note the instrument readings
отмечать показания приборов
note the time
засекать время
observe the conditions
соблюдать условия
observe the instruments
следить за показаниями приборов
observe the readings
наблюдать за показаниями
obtain the correct path
выходить на заданную траекторию
obtain the flying speed
набирать заданную скорость полета
obtain the forecast
получать прогноз
offer the capacity
предлагать объем загрузки
off-load the pump
разгружать насос
on the base leg
выполнил третий разворот
on the beam
в зоне действия луча
on the cross-wind leg
выполнил первый разворот
on the down-wind leg
выполнил второй разворот
on the eastbound leg
на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
on the final leg
выполнил четвертый разворот
on the left base leg
подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
on the speed
на скорости
on the upwind leg
вхожу в круг
open the buckets
открывать створки
open the circuit
размыкать цепь
open the door inward outward
открывать люк внутрь наружу
operate from the aerodrome
выполнять полеты с аэродрома
operate under the conditions
эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
overcome the obstacle
преодолевать препятствие
overcome the spring force
преодолевать усилие пружины
overflying the runway
пролет над ВПП
overpower the autopilot
пересиливать автопилот
overrun the runway
выкатываться за пределы ВПП
overshoot capture of the glide slope
поздний захват глиссадного луча
over the territory
над территорией
over the top
над верхней границей облаков
over the wing
над крылом
park in the baggage
сдавать в багаж
participation in the investigation
участие в расследовании
passing over the runway
пролет над ВПП
pass the signal
пропускать сигнал
past the turbine
за турбиной
perform the service bulletin
выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
pick up the signal
фиксировать сигнал
pick up the speed
развивать заданную скорость
pilot on the controls
пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
pitch the nose downward
опускать нос
place the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
place the flaps in
устанавливать закрылки
plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
плоскость симметрии самолета
plot the aircraft
засекать воздушное судно
potential hazard to the safe
потенциальная угроза безопасности
power the bus
включать шину
present the minimum hazard
представлять минимальную опасность
preserve the clearance
сохранять запас высоты
pressurize the bearing
уплотнять опору подачей давления
produce the signal
выдавать сигнал
profitability over the route
эффективность маршрута
prolongation of the rating
продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
properly identify the aircraft
точно опознавать воздушное судно
protect the circuit
защищать цепь
prove the system
испытывать систему
pull out of the spin
выводить из штопора
pull the aircraft out of
брать штурвал на себя
pull the control column back
брать штурвал на себя
pull the control stick back
брать ручку управления на себя
pull up the helicopter
резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
puncture the tire
прокалывать покрышку
push the aircraft back
буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
push the aircraft down
снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
push the control column
отдавать штурвал от себя
push the control stick
отдавать ручку управления от себя
put into the spin
вводить в штопор
put on the course
выходить на заданный курс
put the aircraft into production
запускать воздушное судно в производство
put the aircraft on the course
выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
put the aircraft over
переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
raise the landing gear
убирать шасси
reach the altitude
занимать заданную высоту
reach the flight level
занимать заданный эшелон полета
reach the glide path
входить в зону глиссады
reach the speed
достигать заданных оборотов
reach the stalling angle
выходить на критический угол
read the drift angle
отсчитывать угол сноса
read the instruments
считывать показания приборов
receive the signal
принимать сигнал
record the readings
регистрировать показания
recover from the spin
выходить из штопора
recover from the turn
выходить из разворота
recovery from the manoeuvre
выход из маневра
recovery from the stall
вывод из режима сваливания
recovery from the turn
выход из разворота
rectify the compass
устранять девиацию компаса
reduce the hazard
уменьшать опасность
reestablish the track
восстанавливать заданную линию пути
regain the glide path
возвращаться на глиссаду
regain the speed
восстанавливать скорость
regain the track
возвращаться на заданный курс
register the aircraft
регистрировать воздушное судно
release the aircraft
прекращать контроль воздушного судна
release the landing gear
снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
release the landing gear lock
снимать шасси с замка
release the load
сбрасывать груз
release the uplock
открывать замок убранного положения
relocate the plane's trim
восстанавливать балансировку самолета
remedy the defect
устранять дефект
remedy the trouble
устранять отказ
remove the aircraft
удалять воздушное судно
remove the crack
выбирать трещину
remove the tangle
распутывать
render the certificate
передавать сертификат
renew the license
возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
renew the rating
возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
replan the flight
измерять маршрут полета
report reaching the altitude
докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
report reaching the flight level
докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
report the heading
сообщать курс
reset the gyroscope
восстанавливать гироскоп
restart the engine in flight
запускать двигатель в полете
restore the system
восстанавливать работу системы
restrict the operations
накладывать ограничения на полеты
resume the flight
возобновлять полет
resume the journey
возобновлять полет
retain the lever
фиксировать рукоятку
retract the landing gear
убирать шасси
return the aircraft to service
допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
reverse the propeller
переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
roll in the aircraft
вводить воздушное судно в крен
roll into the turn
входить в разворот
roll left on the heading
выходить на курс с левым разворотом
roll on the aircraft
выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
roll on the course
выводить на заданный курс
roll out of the turn
выходить из разворота
roll out on the heading
выходить на заданный курс
roll out the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из крена
roll right on the heading
выходить на курс с правым разворотом
rotate the aircraft
отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
rotate the bogie
запрокидывать тележку
rules of the air
правила полетов
run fluid through the system
прогонять систему
run off the runway
выкатываться за пределы ВПП
run out the landing gear
выпускать шасси
schedule the performances
задавать характеристики
seat the brush
притирать щетку
second freedom of the air
вторая степень свободы воздуха
secure the mishap site
обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
select the course
выбирать курс
select the flight route
выбирать маршрут полета
select the frequency
выбирать частоту
select the heading
задавать курс
select the mode
выбирать режим
select the track angle
задавать путевой угол
separate the aircraft
эшелонировать воздушное судно
serve out the service life
вырабатывать срок службы
set at the desired angle
устанавливать на требуемый угол
set the course
устанавливать курс
set the flaps at
устанавливать закрылки
set the heading
устанавливать курс
set the propeller pitch
устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
set the throttle lever
устанавливать сектор газа
set up the speed
задавать определенную скорость
shift the center-of-gravity
смещать центровку
shop out the skin
вырубать обшивку
simulate the instruments responses
имитировать показания приборов
slacken the cable
ослаблять натяжение троса
slave the gyroscope
согласовывать гироскоп
smooth on the heading
плавно выводить на заданный курс
smooth out the crack
удалять трещину
smooth out the dent
выправлять вмятину
smooth the signal
сглаживать сигнал
space the aircraft
определять зону полета воздушного судна
spin the gyro rotor
раскручивать ротор гироскопа
state instituting the investigation
государство, назначающее расследование
(авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
государство, представляющее отчет
(об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
steer the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
stop the crack propagation
предотвращать развитие трещины
stop the leakage
устранять течь
submit the flight plan
представлять план полета
substitute the aircraft
заменять воздушное судно
supervision approved by the State
надзор, установленный государством
supply the signal
подавать сигнал
swing the compass
списывать девиацию компаса
swing the door open
открывать створку
switch to the autopilot
переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
switch to the proper tank
включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
takeoff into the wind
взлетать против ветра
take off power to the shaft
отбирать мощность на вал
take over the control
брать управление на себя
take the bearing
брать заданный пеленг
take the energy from
отбирать энергию
take the readings
считывать показания
take the taxiway
занимать рулежную дорожку
take up the backlash
устранять люфт
take up the position
выходить на заданную высоту
tap air from the compressor
отбирать воздух от компрессора
terminate the agreement
прекращать действие соглашения
terminate the control
прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
terminate the flight
завершать полет
test in the wind tunnel
продувать в аэродинамической трубе
test the system
испытывать систему
the aircraft under command
управляемое воздушное судно
the route to be flown
намеченный маршрут полета
the route to be followed
установленный маршрут полета
the runway is clear
ВПП свободна
the runway is not clear
ВПП занята
the search is terminated
поиск прекращен
through on the same flight
транзитом тем же рейсом
throughout the service life
на протяжении всего срока службы
tighten the turn
уменьшать радиус разворота
time in the air
налет часов
time the valves
регулировать газораспределение
titl of the gyro
завал гироскопа
to define the airspace
определять границы воздушного пространства
transfer the control
передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
transit to the climb speed
переходить к скорости набора высоты
trim the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
turn into the wind
разворачивать против ветра
turn off the system
выключать систему
turn on the system
включать систему
turn the proper tank on
включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
unarm the system
отключать состояние готовности системы
uncage the gyroscope
разарретировать гироскоп
unfeather the propeller
выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
unlatch the landing gear
снимать шасси с замков
unlatch the pitch stop
снимать с упора шага
(лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
unstick the aircraft
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
uplift the freight
принимать груз на борт
violate the law
нарушать установленный порядок
wander off the course
сбиваться с курса
warn the aircraft
предупреждать воздушное судно
wind the generator
наматывать обмотку генератора
with decrease in the altitude
со снижением высоты
withdraw from the agreement
выходить из соглашения
with increase in the altitude
с набором высоты
within the frame of
в пределах
within the range
в заданном диапазоне
withstand the load
выдерживать нагрузку
work on the aircraft
выполнять работу на воздушном судне
write down the readings
фиксировать показания

English-Russian aviation dictionary > the
40 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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extent of test — bandymo apimtis statusas T sritis Standartizacija ir metrologija apibrėžtis Bandomųjų objektų ir bandymo tipų kiekis bei suminė bandymų trukmė. atitikmenys: angl. extent of test vok. Umfang der Prüfungen, m rus. объем испытаний, m pranc. taille… … Penkiakalbis aiškinamasis metrologijos terminų žodynas
Test anxiety — is a psychological condition in which a person experiences distress before, during, or after an exam or other assessment to such an extent that this anxiety causes poor performance or interferes with normal learning.ymptoms*Physical headaches,… … Wikipedia
Test of General Academic Prerequisites — The Test of General Academic Prerequisites is an important part of the National Comparative Exams. For a university, the deciding factor is not the extent to which an applicant has mastered the basics of a given field of study, but rather the… … Wikipedia
Test market — A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll out. The criteria used to judge the acceptability … Wikipedia
Test card — A test card, also known as a test pattern in the UK, North America and Australia, is a television test signal, typically broadcast at times when the transmitter is active but no program is being broadcast (often at startup and closedown). Used… … Wikipedia
test — 1. To prove; to try a substance; to determine the chemical nature of a substance by means of reagents. 2. A method of examination, as to determine the presence or absence of a definite disease or of some substance in any of the fluids, tissues,… … Medical dictionary
Test, visual field — A test which measures the extent and distribution of the field of vision. The visual field test may be done by a number of methods including what are termed confrontation, tangent screen exam and automated perimetry. Although the test may seem… … Medical dictionary
test range — noun a range for conducting tests • Hypernyms: ↑range * * * test range, 1. an area set aside for tests. 2. the extent of any test … Useful english dictionary
Test, NSE — Neuron specific enolase (NSE) is a substance that has been detected in patients with certain tumors, namely: neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors, endocrine tumors of the pancreas, and melanoma.… … Medical dictionary
test pit — noun : a shallow shaft sunk in ore or overburden to determine the existence, grade, or extent of a mineral deposit … Useful english dictionary
Commutation test (semiotics) — Semiotics General concepts Biosemiotics · Code Computational semiotics Connotation&# … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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extent+of+test

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