dropping+the+form

1. (Dach) cover; (Haus) roof; mit Ziegeln: tile; mit Schiefer: slate; mit Schindeln: shingle; mit Stroh: thatch

2. (Tuch etc.) put, spread ( über + Akk over); im Herbst Zweige über die Rosen decken cover the roses (over) with branches in autumn

3. (schützen) cover, protect (auch MIL., Schach etc.); durch Schutzschild etc.: shield ( alle auch sich o.s.)

4. fig. (jemanden, jemandes Flucht, Fehler etc.) cover (up) for; jemandes Lügen decken cover (up) for s.o.’s lies; Rücken

5. WIRTS. (Bedarf, Kosten etc.) cover, meet; (Bedarf) auch satisfy; der Scheck ist nicht gedeckt the cheque (Am. check) isn’t covered; wird der Schaden von der Versicherung gedeckt? will the insurance cover the damage?; fig. Bedarf

6. ZOOL. cover, Am. service; eine Stute decken lassen have a mare served ( oder covered, Am. serviced)

7. Kartenspiel, bes. Bridge: cover (with a higher card)

8. geh. bedecken

1. den Tisch decken lay ( oder set) the table; es ist für vier Personen gedeckt the table’s laid ( oder set) for four; es ist gedeckt dinner etc. is served

2. SPORT mark, bes. Am. cover; Boxen: cover (up); (etw.) guard

III v/i Farbe etc.: cover

1. (sich schützen) cover o.s., protect o.s. (auch MIL., Schach etc.); durch Schutzschild etc.: shield o.s.; Boxen: guard o.s.

2. MATH. coincide, be congruent ( mit with)

3. fig.; Ansichten, Aussagen etc.: correspond, tally; exakt: be identical ( alle: mit with); gedeckt

* * *

to cover

* * *

1. vt

1) (= zudecken) to cover

2) (= zurechtmachen) Tisch, Tafel to set, to lay

3)

4) (= schützen) to cover; (FTBL) Spieler auch to mark; Komplizen to cover up for

5) Kosten, Schulden, Bedarf to cover, to meet

6) (COMM, FIN = absichern) Scheck, Darlehen to cover; Defizit to offset

7) (= begatten) Stute, Ziege to cover

2. vi

3. vr

1) (Standpunkte, Interessen, Begriffe) to coincide; (Aussagen) to correspond, to agree; (MATH Dreiecke, Figur) to be congruent

2) (= sich schützen) to defend oneself; (mit Schild etc) to protect oneself; (Boxer etc) to cover oneself; (= sich absichern) to cover oneself

* * *

1) (to be enough to pay for: Will 10 dollars cover your expenses?) cover

2) (to protect: Are we covered by your car insurance?) cover

3) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) set

4) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) lay

5) (to cover with a roof: They'll finish roofing the house next week.) roof

* * *

I. vt

1. (legen)

▪ etw über etw/jdn \decken to put sth over sth/sb; (breiten) to spread sth over sth/sb; (schützend, verhüllend) to cover sb/sth with sth

die Hand/ein Tuch über etw akk \decken to cover sth with one's hand/a cloth, to put one's hand/a cloth over sth

2. (bedecken)

▪ etw \decken to cover sth

Schnee deckte die Erde (liter) the earth was covered with [or in] snow

das Dach \decken to cover the roof, to roof a building

ein Dach mit Schiefer/Ziegeln \decken to roof a building with slate/tiles, to slate/tile a roof

ein Dach mit Kupfer \decken to line a roof with copper

ein Dach mit Reet/Stroh \decken to thatch a roof [with reeds/straw]

ein Haus [mit etw dat] \decken to roof a house [with sth]

3. (zurechtmachen)

den Tisch \decken to set [or lay] the table

es ist gedeckt! dinner/lunch is ready [or form served]!

den Tisch für zwei [Personen] \decken to set [or lay] the table for two

es ist für zwei gedeckt the table is set for two

ein gedeckter Tisch a table set [or laid] for a meal

sich akk an einen gedeckten Tisch setzen to find one's meal ready and waiting; (fig) to be handed everything on a plate fig

4. (verheimlichen)

▪ etw \decken to cover up sth sep

▪ jdn \decken to cover up for sb

einen Komplizen \decken to cover up for an accomplice

5. (abschirmen)

▪ jdn/etw \decken to cover sb/sth; (mit dem eigenen Körper) to shield sb/sth

das Kinn mit der Linken \decken to cover one's chin with the left

einen Spieler \decken to mark [or cover] an opponent

6. ÖKON (befriedigen)

den Bedarf an etw dat \decken to cover [or meet] the need of sth

jds Bedarf/Bedürfnisse \decken to cover [or meet] sb's needs

die Nachfrage \decken to meet [or satisfy] the demand

7. FIN (absichern, aufkommen für)

▪ etw \decken to cover sth

der Scheck war nicht gedeckt the cheque wasn't covered

der Schaden ist durch die Versicherung gedeckt the damage is covered by the insurance

die Kosten \decken to cover the cost[s]

einen Wechsel \decken to meet [or honour] a bill of exchange

8. FIN (ausgleichen)

▪ etw \decken to offset sth

ein Defizit \decken to offset a deficit

9. (begatten)

ein Tier \decken to cover [or form service] an animal

eine Stute \decken to serve a mare

II. vi

1. (überdecken)

[gut] \decken to cover well

diese Farbe deckt besser this paint gives a better cover[ing]

[gut] \deckende Farbe paint that covers well

schlecht \decken to cover badly

2. (Schutz bieten) to offer protection

die Büsche \decken gegen unerwünschte Blicke the shrubs protect from unwanted insight

3. SPORT to mark [or cover] one's opponent

du musst besser \decken you have to improve your marking

heute deckst du besser your marking is better today

4. (beim Boxen) to keep one's guard up

du musst besser \decken you have to improve our guard

heute deckst du schlecht today you keep dropping your guard

III. vr

▪ sich akk \decken

1. (übereinstimmen) to coincide (in/mit + dat on/with); Zeugenaussage to correspond, to agree (in/mit + dat on/with); Geschmäcker to match; Zahlen to tally

sich akk \deckende Dreiecke MATH congruent triangles spec

seine Aussage deckt sich in wesentlichen Punkten nicht mit Ihrer his statement doesn't agree with yours on some major points

2. (sich schützen) to protect oneself ( gegen + akk against); (beim Boxen) to keep one's guard up

* * *

1)

2) roof < house>; cover < roof>

3)

4) (schützen) cover; (bes. Fußball) mark < player>; (vor Gericht usw.) cover up for <accomplice, crime, etc.>

5) (befriedigen) satisfy, meet <need, demand>

6) (Finanzw., Versicherungsw.) cover

7) (begatten) cover; < stallion> serve < mare>

1) (Fußball) mark; (Boxen) keep up one's guard

2) (den Tisch decken) lay or set the table

3) < colour> cover

reflexives Verb coincide; tally

* * *

A. v/t

1. (Dach) cover; (Haus) roof; mit Ziegeln: tile; mit Schiefer: slate; mit Schindeln: shingle; mit Stroh: thatch

2. (Tuch etc) put, spread (

über +akk over);

im Herbst Zweige über die Rosen decken cover the roses (over) with branches in autumn

3. (schützen) cover, protect ( auch MIL, Schach etc); durch Schutzschild etc: shield ( alle auch

sich o.s.)

4. fig (jemanden, jemandes Flucht, Fehler etc) cover (up) for;

jemandes Lügen decken cover (up) for sb’s lies; → Rücken

5. WIRTSCH (Bedarf, Kosten etc) cover, meet; (Bedarf) auch satisfy;

der Scheck ist nicht gedeckt the cheque (US check) isn’t covered;

wird der Schaden von der Versicherung gedeckt? will the insurance cover the damage?; fig → Bedarf

6. ZOOL cover, US service;

eine Stute decken lassen have a mare served ( oder covered, US serviced)

7. Kartenspiel, besonders Bridge: cover (with a higher card)

8. geh → bedecken

B. v/t & v/i

1.

den Tisch decken lay ( oder set) the table;

es ist für vier Personen gedeckt the table’s laid ( oder set) for four;

es ist gedeckt dinner etc is served

2. SPORT mark, besonders US cover; Boxen: cover (up); (etwas) guard

C. v/i Farbe etc: cover

D. v/r

1. (sich schützen) cover o.s., protect o.s. ( auch MIL, Schach etc); durch Schutzschild etc: shield o.s.; Boxen: guard o.s.

2. MATH coincide, be congruent (

mit with)

3. fig; Ansichten, Aussagen etc: correspond, tally; exakt: be identical ( alle:

mit with); → gedeckt

* * *

1)

2) roof < house>; cover < roof>

3)

4) (schützen) cover; (bes. Fußball) mark < player>; (vor Gericht usw.) cover up for <accomplice, crime, etc.>

5) (befriedigen) satisfy, meet <need, demand>

6) (Finanzw., Versicherungsw.) cover

7) (begatten) cover; < stallion> serve < mare>

1) (Fußball) mark; (Boxen) keep up one's guard

2) (den Tisch decken) lay or set the table

3) < colour> cover

reflexives Verb coincide; tally

* * *

to cover v.

to defray v.

to tup v.

दण्डः ण्डम् [दण्ड्-अच्]

1 A stick, staff, rod, mace, club, cudgel; पततु शिरस्यकाण्डयमदण्ड इवैष भूजः Māl.5.31; काष्ठदण्डः.

-2 The sceptre of a king, the rod as a symbol of authority and punishment; आत्तदण्डः Ś.5.8.

-3 The staff given to a twice-born man at the time of investiture with the sacred thread; cf Ms.2.45-48.

-4 The staff of a संन्यासिन् or ascetic.

-5 The trunk of an elephant.

-6 The stem or stalk as of a lotus, tree &c.; U.1.31; Māl.9.14; the handle as of an umbrella; ब्रह्माण्डच्छत्रदण्डः &c. Dk.1 (opening verse); राज्यं स्वहस्तधृतदण्डमिवातपत्रम् Ś.5.6; Ku.7.89; so कमल- दण्ड &c.

-7 The oar of a boat.

-8 An arm or leg (at the end of comp.)

-9 The staff or pole of a ban- ner, a tent &c.

-1 The beam of a plough.

-11 The cross-bar of a lute or a stringed instrument.

-12 The stick with which an instrument is played.

-13 A churning-stick.

-14 Fine; Ms.8.341;9.229; Y.2.237.

-15 Chastisement, corporal punishment, punishment in general; यथापराधदण्डानाम् R.1.6; एवं राजापथ्यकारिषु ती- क्ष्णदण्डो राजा Mu.1; दण्डं दण्ड्येषु पातयेत् Ms.8.126; कृतदण्ड स्वयं राज्ञा लेभे शूद्रः सतां गतिम् R.15.23. यथार्हदण्डो (राजा) पूज्यः Kau. A.1.4; सुविज्ञातप्रणीतो हि दण्डः प्रजां धर्मार्थकामै- र्योजयति Kau. A.1.4

-16 Imprisonment.

-17 Attack, assault, violence, punishment, the last of the four expe- dients; see उपाय; सामादीनामुपायानां चतुर्णामपि पण्डिताः । साम- दण्डौ प्रशंसन्ति नित्यं राष्ट्राभिवृद्धये ॥ Ms.7.19; cf. Śi.2.54.

-18 An army; तस्य दण्डवतो दण्डः स्वदेहान्न व्यशिष्यत R.17. 62; Ms.7.65;9.294; Ki.2.15.

-19 A form of mili- tary array; Mb.12.59.4.

-2 Subjection, control, restraint; वाग्दण्डो$थ मनोदण्डः कायदण्डस्तथैव च । यस्यैते निहिता बुद्धौ त्रिदण्डीति स उच्यते ॥ Ms.12.1.

-21 A measure of length equal to 4 Hastas; Bṛi. S.24.9.

-22 The penis.

-23 Pride; या चापि न्यस्तदण्डानां तां गतिं व्रज पुत्रक Mb. 7.78.25.

-24 The body.

-25 An epithet of Yama.

-26 N. of Viṣṇu.

-27 N. of Śiva.

-28 An attendant on the sun.

-29 A horse (said to be m. only in this and the preceding four senses).

-3 A particular appear- ance in the sky (similar to a stick).

-31 An uninter- rupted row or series, a line.

-32 Standing upright or erect.

-33 A corner, an angle.

-34 The Science of Govt. विनयमूलो दण्डः, दण्डमूलास्तिस्त्रो विद्याः Kau. A.1.5.

-35 Harm, injury; न्यासो दण्डस्य भूतेषु मनोवाक्कायजस्य यः Bhāg.7. 15.8.

-Comp. -अजिनम् 1 staff and hide (as outer badges of devotion).

-2 (fig.) hypocrisy, deceit.

-अधिपः a chief magistrate.

-अनीकम् a detachment or division of an army; तव हृतवतो दण्डानीकैर्विदर्भपतेः श्रियम् M.5.2.

-अप (व) तानकः tetanus, lock-jaw.

-अपूपन्यायः see under न्याय.

-अर्ह a. fit to be chastised, deserving punishment.

-अलसिका cholera.

-आख्यम् a house with two wings, one facing the north and the other the east; Bṛi. S.53. 39.

-आघातः a blow with a stick; पूर्वप्रविष्ठान्क्रोधात्तान्दण्डा- घातैरताडयन् Ks.54.23.

-आज्ञा judicial sentence.

-आश्रमः the condition of a pilgrim.

-आश्रमिन् m. a devotee, an ascetic.

-आसनम्, दण्डकासनम् lying prostrate on the ground, a kind of Āsana; Yoga S.2.46.

-आहतम् buttermilk.

-उद्यमः 1 threatening.

-2 (pl.) application of power; निःसाराल्पफलानि ये त्वविधिना वाञ्छन्ति दण्डोद्यमैः Pt.1.376.

-कर्मन् n. infliction of punishment, chastisement; देशकालवयःशक्ति संचिन्त्यं दण्डकर्मणि Y.2.275.

-कलितम् repetition like a measuring rod, i. e. doing a matter after it is done in full first and then repeating it like that a second time and so on; आवृत्तिन्यायानां दण्ड- कलितं न्याय्यम् । ŚB. on MS.1.5.83; ˚वत् ind. in the manner of a measuring rod.

-कल्पः Infliction of punishment; शुद्धचित्रश्च दण्डकल्पः Kau. A.4.

-काकः a raven.

-काण्ठम् a wooden club or staff; दण्डकाष्ठमवलम्ब्य स्थितः Ś2.

-ग्रहणम् assumption of the staff of an asce- tic or pilgrim, becoming a mendicant.

-घ्न a. striking with a stick, committing an assault; Ms.8.386.

-चक्रः a division of an army.

-छदनम् a room in which utensils of various kinds are kept.

-ढक्का a kind of drum.

-दासः one who has become a slave from non-payment of a debt; Ms.8.415.

-देवकुलम् a court of justice.

-धर, -धार a.

1 carrying a staff, staff- bearer.

-2 punishing, chastising; दत्ताभये त्वयि यमादपि दण्डधारे U.2.11.

-3 exercising judicial authority.

(-रः) 1 a king; श्रमनुदं मनुदण्डधरान्वयम् R.9.3; बलीयानबलं ग्रसते दण्डधराभावे Kau. A.1.4.

-2 N. of Yama; यमो निहन्ता......दण्डधरश्च कालः

-3 a judge, supreme magistrate.

-4 a mendicant carrying a staff.

-5 a potter.

-6 a general (of an army;) Dk.2.

-धारणम् 1 carrying a staff (as by a Brahmachārin).

-2 following the order of a mendicant.

-3 infliction of punishment.

-नायकः 1 a judge, a head police-officer, a magistrate.

-2 the leader of an army, a general.

-3 a king. ˚पुरुषः a policeman, constable.

-निधानम् pardoning, indulgence; Mb.12.

-निपातनम् punishing, chastising.

-नीतिः f.

1 administration of justice, judicature.

-2 the system of civil and military administration, the science of poli- tics, polity; Ms.7.43; Y.1.311; फलान्युपायुङ्क्त स दण्ड- नीतेः R.18.46; जरातुरः संप्रति दण्डनीत्या सर्वं नृपस्यानुकरोमि वृत्तम् Nāg.4.1.

-3 an epithet of Durgā.

-नेतृ m.

1 a king.

-2 Yama; गृध्रा रुषा मम कृषन्त्यधिदण्डनेतुः Bhāg.3.16. 1.

-3 a judge; Ms.12.1; Bhāg.4.22.45.

-पः a king.

-पांशुलः a porter, door-keeper.

-पाणिः 1 an epithet of Yama; करोमि चिकित्सां दण्डपाणिरिव जनतायाः Bhāg.5.1.7.

-2 N. of the god Śiva at Benares.

-3 a policeman; इति पश्चात्प्रविष्टास्ते पुरुषा दण्डपाणयः Ks.54.23.

-पातः 1 falling of a stick.

-2 infliction of punishment.

-3 dropping one line in a manuscript.

-पातनम् inflic- tion of punishment, chastisement.

-पारुष्यम् 1 assault, violence.

-2 hard or cruel infliction of punishment; अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि दण्डपारुष्यनिर्णयम् Ms.8.278.

-पालः, -पालकः 1 a head magistrate.

-2 a door-keeper, porter. Kau. A.1.12.

-3 Ns. of two kinds of fishes; L. D. B.

-पाशकः, -पाशिकः 1 a head police-officer; Pt.2; उच्यता- मस्मद्वचनात्कालपाशिको दण्डपाशिकश्च Mu.1.2-21.

-2 a hangman, an executioner.

-पोणम् a strainer furnished with a handle.

-प्रणामः 1 bowing by prostrating the body at full length (keeping it erect like a stick). cf. साष्टाङ्गनमस्कार.

-2 falling flat or prostrate on the ground.

-बालधिः an elephant.

-भङ्गः non-execution of a sentence.

-भृत् m.

1 a potter.

-2 an epithet of Yama.

-माण (न)वः 1 a staff-bearer

-2 an ascetic bearing a staff; Rām.2.32.18.

-3 a chief or leader.

-माथः a principal road, highway.

-मुखः a leader, general of an army.

-यात्रा 1 a solemn procession (particularly bridal).

-2 warlike expedition, conquest (of a region).

-यामः 1 an epithet of Yama.

-2 of Agastya.

-3 a day.

-लेशम् a small fine; Ms.8.51.

-वधः capital punishment.

-वाचिक a. actual or verbal (assault); Ms.8.6; cf. वाक्-पारुष्यम्.

-वादिन् a. reprimanding, censuring, threatening with punishment; (also -m.).

-वारित a. forbidden by threat of punishment.

-वासिकः a door-keeper, warder.

-वासिन् m.

1 a door-keeper.

-2 a magistrate.

-वाहिन् m. a police-officer.

-विकल्पः discretion given to an officer in awarding punishment or fine; Ms.9.228.

-विधिः 1 rule of punishment; see दण्डोद्यमः

-2 criminal law.

-विष्कम्भः the post to which the string of a churning-stick is fastened.

-व्यूहः a particular form of arranging troops, arranging them in long lines or columns; Ms.7.187.

-शास्त्रम् the science of inflicting punishment, criminal law.

-हस्तः 1 a door-keeper, warder, porter.

-2 an epithet of Yama.

* * *

(geng; gekk, gengum; genginn), v.

1) to walk (reið jarl, en Karkr gekk);

2) to go;

ganga heim, to go home;

ganga braut, to go away;

ganga til hvílu, to go to bed;

ganga á skip, to go on board;

ganga af skipi, to go ashore;

with infin., ganga sofa or at sofa, to go to sleep;

ganga at eiga konu, to marry a woman;

3) to go about grazing, to graze (kálfrinn gekk í túni um sumarit);

4) of a ship, to run, sail (gekk skipit brátt út á haf);

5) to stretch out, extend, project (nes mikit gekk í sæ út);

6) of report, tales, to be current (litlar sögur megu ganga af hesti mínum);

7) to prevail;

gekk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter the French tongue prevailed in E.;

8) of money, to be current (peningar þeir, sem nú ganga);

of laws, to be valid (þau lög, er gengu á Uppsalaþingi);

of sickness, plague, famine, to rage (þá gekk landfarsótt, drepsótt, hallæri);

9) to go on, last (gnustu þá saman vápnin, ok gekk þat um hríð);

impers., gekk því lengi, so it went on for a long while;

10) láta ganga e-t, to let go on;

láta höggin ganga, to rain blows;

Birkibeinar létu ganga lúðrana, blew the trumpets vigorously;

11) to succeed;

ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do;

impers., svá þykt, at þeim gekk þar eigi at fara, so close, that they could not go on there;

þeim gekk ekki fyrir nesit, they could not clear the ness;

12) to turn out, go in a specified way;

ganga andæris, to go all wrong;

mart gengr verr en varir, many a thing goes worse than is looked for;

gekk þeim lítt atsókinn, they made little progress with the attack;

impers., e-m gengr vel (illa), one fares (goes on, gets on) well (badly);

13) with acc., ganga e-n á bak, to force one to go backwards (harm gengr bjöninn á bak);

14) with dat., to discharge (gekk bann þá blóði);

15) with preps. and adverbs:

ganga af e-u, to depart from, leave (þá gekk af honum móðrinn);

ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits;

ganga af trú sinni, to apostatize;

to pass (síðan gengu af páskarnir);

to go off (gekk þegar af höfuðit);

to be left as surplus (þat er af skuldinni gekk);

nú gengr honum hey af, now he has some hay left;

ganga af sér, to go to extremities, to go beyond oneself (mjök ganga þeir fóstbrœðr nú af sé);

ganga aptr, to revert (return) to the former proprietor (síðan gengu þau lönd aptr undir Árna);

to be void, annulled (þá skal kaup aptr ganga);

of a ghost, to walk again; of a door, to close, shut (gekk eigi aptr hurðin);

ganga at e-m, to attack one;

ganga at e-u, to agree to, accept a choice or offer (Flosi gekk fljótt at þessu öllu); to fit (skaltu fá mér lukla þá, sem ganga at kistum yðrum);

ganga á e-t, to encroach upon (ganga á ríki e-s); to break (ganga á orð sín, eiða, grið, sættir, trygðir); to pierce, penetrate;

hann var í panzara, er ekki gekk á, that was proof against any weapons;

ganga á vald e-s or e-m, ganga á hönd (hendr) e-m, to submit to, give oneself up to, surrender to one;

ganga á bak e-u, to contravene;

ganga eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (göngum heim eptir verðinu); to pursue, claim;

ganga eptir, to prove true, be fulfilled (þetta gekk allt eptir, sem M. sagði fyrir);

ganga frá e-u, to part with, lose (sumir munu ganga frá öllu fénu);

ganga fram, to step forward;

ganga fram vel, to go forward bravely, in a battle;

to come to pass, come into execution (skal þess bíða, er þetta gengr fram);

to increase (fé Hall gerðar gekk fram ok gørðist allmikit);

to depart this life (H. bóndi gengr fram til frænda sinna);

ganga fyrir e-n, to present oneself before one (ganga fyrir konung);

ganga fyrir e-u, to take charge of, manage (var þar mart fólk, en húsbóndi gekk svá fyrir, at ekkert skorti); to yield to, be swayed by (hann gekk þá fyrir fortölum hennar);

ganga í gegn e-m, to set oneself against one;

ganga í gegn e-u, to confess, acknowledge;

maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðst tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away;

ganga í mál, to undertake a case;

ganga með e-m (of a woman), to marry;

ganga með barni, to be with child;

ganga með burði (of animals), to be with young;

ganga með e-u, to assist in, plead (ganga með máli, bónorði);

ganga milli (á m., í m.), to go between, intercede;

ganga móti (á m., í m.) e-m, to go to meet one;

ganga móti e-u, to resist, oppose;

to confess, = ganga í gegn, ganga við e-u;

ganga nær e-m, to be troublesome to one (þótti hón œrit nær ganga Þórgerði);

ganga e-m nær, to approach, come near to one (sá hefir á brott komizt, er næst gekk Gunnari um alla hluti);

ganga saman, to marry;

of an agreement, bargain, to be brought about;

saman gekk kaupit með þeim, they came to a bargain;

ganga sundr (í s.), to go asunder, part;

ganga til, to go up to a thing (gangit til ok hyggit at); of the wind, to veer (veðrit gekk til útsuðrs);

e-m gengr e-t til e-s, one has some reason for doing a thing;

en þat gekk mér til þess (that was my reason), at ek ann þér eigi;

hversu hefir ykkr til gengit, how have you fared?

Loka gekk lítt til, it fared ill with L.;

ganga um e-t, to go about a thing;

ganga um beina, to wait upon guests;

ganga um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker;

ganga um e-n, to befall, happen to one (þess, er um margan gengr guma); of the wind, to go round, veer (gekk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim); to manage (fékk hón svá um gengit, at);

ganga undan, to escape to absent oneself;

g. undir e-t, to take upon oneself, undertake (a duty);

ganga undir e-n, to subject oneself to;

ganga upp, to be wasted (of money);

to get loose, to he torn loose (þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir á húsinu);

of a storm, gale, to get up, rise (veðr gekk upp);

of an ice-bound river, áin var gengin upp, swollen with ice;

ganga við staf, to walk with a stick;

ganga við e-u or e-t, to avow;

ganga yfir e-t, to go beyond, disregard (hann vildi eigi ganga yfir þat, er hann vissi réttast);

ganga yfir e-n, to overcome, to befall, happen to one;

slíkt sem yfir hefir gengit, all that has happened;

eitt skal yfir okkr ganga, we shall share one fate;

16) refl., gangast.

1) walking (hann mœddist í göngu);

vera í göngu, to be on foot, to walk;

2) course (ganga tungls, vinds).

* * *

pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e. g. in Germ. compds.]

A. To go:

I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. ( to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q. v.

β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).

II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,

α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.

β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.

γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.

2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.

B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér ( rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92:—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk ( who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess ( that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ‘tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp ( was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp ( swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):—g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.

C. Used singly, of various things:

1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.

2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.

3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78.

4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136.

β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.

II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp ( extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.

2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i. e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.

III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i. e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr ( the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v. l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.

IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit ( it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.

V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.

VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e. g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v. l.

VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. ( it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false ( crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.

VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.

IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N.

X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i. e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.

β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel ( luck), a ditty.

XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.

2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.

D. REFLEX.:

I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.

2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i. e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.

II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i. e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i. e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i. e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.

III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.

* * *

1. ( свойство) resistance; opposition

ока́зывать сопротивле́ние — offer resistance [opposition] to …

2. ( резистор) resistor

акти́вное сопротивле́ние эл. — resistance

акусти́ческое сопротивле́ние — acoustic resistance

аэродинами́ческое сопротивле́ние — aerodynamic [air] drag, air resistance, resistance to air-flow

балансиро́вочное сопротивле́ние аргд. — trim drag

балла́стное сопротивле́ние

1. ballast resistance

2. ballast resistor

блокиро́вочное сопротивле́ние рад.-эл. — by-pass resistor

брызгово́е сопротивле́ние — spray resistance, spray drag

сопротивле́ние ве́нтильного про́вода ( криотрона) — gate resistance

вихрево́е сопротивле́ние аргд. — vortex drag, vortex resistance

сопротивле́ние возде́йствию хими́ческих реаге́нтов — resistance to attack by chemicals

сопротивле́ние во́здуха аргд. — air drag, air resistance, resistance to airflow

волново́е сопротивле́ние

1. мех. wave resistance, wave drag

2. эл., свз. characteristic [wave] impedance

3. аргд. shockwave drag

вре́менное сопротивле́ние сопр. — ultimate strength

входно́е сопротивле́ние — input resistance

сопротивле́ние в цепи́ возбужде́ния — field resistance

сопротивле́ние в цепи́ като́да

1. cathode resistance

2. cathode resistor

сопротивле́ние в цепи́ се́тки

1. grid resistance

2. grid resistor

сопротивле́ние вы́пуска двс. — exhaust resistance, back pressure of exhaust

выходно́е сопротивле́ние — output resistance

вя́зко(стно)е сопротивле́ние — viscous resistance, viscous drag

гася́щее сопротивле́ние эл.

1. damping resistance

2. (voltage) dropping resistor

гидравли́ческое сопротивле́ние тепл. — pressure [friction] loss

гидродинами́ческое сопротивле́ние — hydrodynamic resistance, hydrodynamic drag

сопротивле́ние го́лого ко́рпуса мор. — bare-hull [naked-hull] resistance

сопротивле́ние давле́ния — pressure resistance, pressure drag

сопротивле́ние движе́нию — tractive resistance

динами́ческое сопротивле́ние ( магнитоуправляемого контакта) — dynamic contact resistance

сопротивле́ние дио́дного дете́ктора вну́треннее ( переменному току — сигналу) — diode conduction [diode slope] resistance

дифференциа́льное сопротивле́ние — incremental resistance

доба́вочное сопротивле́ние ( измерительного прибора)

1. series [multiplier] resistance

2. series resistor

ё́мкостное сопротивле́ние — capacitive reactance, capacitive impedance

сопротивле́ние заземле́ния — earthing resistance

заря́дное сопротивле́ние — charging resistor

сопротивле́ние затво́ра ( полевого транзистора) — gate resistance

сопротивле́ние изги́бу — bending strength, resistance to bending

измери́тельное сопротивле́ние — instrument resistor

сопротивле́ние изно́су — resistance to wear

сопротивле́ние изоля́ции — insulation resistance

и́мпульсное сопротивле́ние мор. — momentum resistance, momentum drag

индукти́вное сопротивле́ние

1. эл. ( полное) inductive impedance; ( реактивное) inductive reactance

2. аргд. drag due to [from] lift, induced [lift] drag

индукти́вное сопротивле́ние рассе́яния эл. — leakage inductive reactance

сопротивле́ние истира́нию — attrition [scuff, abrasion] resistance

сопротивле́ние исто́ка ( полевого транзистора) — source resistance

сопротивле́ние исто́чника, вну́треннее — ( активное) source resistance; ( полное) source impedance

сопротивле́ние кана́ла ( полевого транзистора) — channel resistance

сопротивле́ние колле́ктора ( транзистора) — collector resistance

ко́мплексное сопротивле́ние — complex impedance, (vector) impedance

конта́ктное сопротивле́ние — contact resistance

сопротивле́ние коро́ткого замыка́ния — short-circuit impedance

сопротивле́ние корро́зии — corrosion resistance, resistance to corrosion

сопротивле́ние котлоагрега́та, аэродинами́ческое — draught loss

сопротивле́ние котлоагрега́та, га́зовое — draught loss

сопротивле́ние котлоагрега́та, про́фильное — profile drag, profile loss

сопротивле́ние ла́мпы переме́нному то́ку, вну́треннее — брит. anode slope resistance; амер. dynamic plate resistance

сопротивле́ние ла́мпы постоя́нному то́ку, вну́треннее — (internal) d.c. resistance

сопротивле́ние круче́нию — torsional rigidity, torsional strength

лобово́е сопротивле́ние аргд. — drag, head [frontal] resistance

магни́тное сопротивле́ние — reluctance, magnetic resistance

магни́тное, уде́льное сопротивле́ние — specific reluctance, reluctivity

сопротивле́ние материа́лов — strength of materials

сопротивле́ние на высо́ких часто́тах — high-frequency resistance

сопротивле́ние нагру́зки — load impedance

нагру́зочное сопротивле́ние — load resistor

сопротивле́ние насыще́ния — saturation resistance

нача́льное сопротивле́ние ( тензорезистора) — initial gauge resistance

нелине́йное сопротивле́ние — ( активное) non-linear resistance; ( полное) non-linear impedance

обра́тное сопротивле́ние — back resistance

объё́мное сопротивле́ние — cubic [volume] resistance

оми́ческое сопротивле́ние — ohmic [d.c.] resistance

оста́точное сопротивле́ние мор. — residuary resistance, residuary drag

отрица́тельное сопротивле́ние — negative resistance

отса́сывающее сопротивле́ние — bleeder resistor

сопротивле́ние отсла́иванию — resistance to peeling, resistance to separation

паралле́льное сопротивле́ние — shunt resistance

переме́нное сопротивле́ние — variable resistance

сопротивле́ние переме́нному то́ку — alternating current [a.c.] resistance

сопротивле́ние перехо́да полупр. — junction resistance

перехо́дное сопротивле́ние — contact resistance

сопротивле́ние пове́рхностного тре́ния — skin (friction) resistance

пове́рхностное сопротивле́ние — surface resistance

сопротивле́ние ползу́чести — creep resistance

по́лное сопротивле́ние

1. эл. impedance

по́лное сопротивле́ние це́пи име́ет ё́мкостный хара́ктер — the circuit exhibits a capacitive impedance; the impedance of the circuit is capacitive in its effect

согласо́вывать по́лное сопротивле́ние — match impedance

2. мор. total resistance, total drag

по́лное, вноси́мое сопротивле́ние (эффект активной нагрузки на сопротивление первичной цепи трансформатора, связанных контуров) — брит. coupled impedance; амер. reflected impedance

по́лное сопротивле́ние в опера́торной фо́рме — operational impedance

по́лное, входно́е сопротивле́ние — input impedance; ( в измерительных приборах) input impedance, input RC

по́лное, выходно́е сопротивле́ние — output impedance

по́лное сопротивле́ние на входны́х зажи́мах ( четырёхполюсника) — driving-point impedance

по́лное, переда́точное сопротивле́ние ( четырёхполюсника) — transfer impedance

по́лное, переда́точное обра́тное сопротивле́ние — reverse transfer impedance

по́лное, переда́точное прямо́е сопротивле́ние — forward transfer impedance

по́лное, согласо́ванное сопротивле́ние — matched impedance

по́лное сопротивле́ние холосто́го хо́да ( в теории цепей) — open-circuit impedance

постоя́нное сопротивле́ние

1. fixed resistance

2. fixed resistor

сопротивле́ние постоя́нному то́ку — direct-current [d.c.] resistance

сопротивле́ние по́чвы — soil reaction

сопротивле́ние, приведё́нное (к перви́чной це́пи) — ( активное) resistance referred to (the primary side); ( полное) impedance referred to (the primary side)

про́волочное сопротивле́ние — wire-wound resistor

сопротивле́ние продо́льному изги́бу — resistance to lateral bending, buckling resistance

пусково́е сопротивле́ние — starting resistor

развя́зывающее сопротивле́ние свз. — decoupling resistor

сопротивле́ние разда́вливанию сопр. — crushing strength

сопротивле́ние разры́ву — rupture [breaking] strength

разря́дное сопротивле́ние

1. discharge resistance

2. discharging resistor

распределё́нное сопротивле́ние — distributed resistance

сопротивле́ние растяже́нию — tensile strength

реакти́вное сопротивле́ние — reactance, reactive impedance

регулиро́вочное сопротивле́ние — adjusting resistance

регули́руемое сопротивле́ние — adjustable resistor

резона́нсное сопротивле́ние ( пьезоэлектрического резонатора) — resonance resistance

сопротивле́ние светово́му старе́нию — light-ageing resistance

сопротивле́ние свя́зи — coupling impedance

сопротивле́ние сдви́гу — shear(ing) strength

сопротивле́ние сдви́гу армату́ры в бето́не — bond resistance

сопротивле́ние се́тки, антипарази́тное радио — grid suppressor

се́точное сопротивле́ние — grid resistor

сопротивле́ние сжа́тию — compressive [compression] strength, resistance to compression

сопротивле́ние ска́лыванию — cleavage strength

сопротивле́ние скольже́нию — slip resistance

сло́жное сопротивле́ние сопр. — resistance to combined stress

сопротивле́ние смеще́ния рад.-эл. — bias resistor

сосредото́ченное сопротивле́ние — lumped resistance

составно́е сопротивле́ние — composite resistor

сопротивле́ние сре́зу — shear(ing) strength

сопротивле́ние сре́зу, вре́менное — ultimate shear(ing) strength

сопротивле́ние сто́ка ( полевого транзистора) — drain resistance

сопротивле́ние те́ла аргд. — body drag

темново́е сопротивле́ние — dark resistance

температу́рно-зави́симое сопротивле́ние — temperature-dependent resistor

теплово́е сопротивле́ние — thermal [heat] resistance

терми́ческое сопротивле́ние — thermal [heat] resistance

термометри́ческое сопротивле́ние — thermometer resistor

сопротивле́ние тре́нию — friction resistance

тя́говое сопротивле́ние — draught resistance

сопротивле́ние уда́ру — impact resistance, shock strength

уде́льное сопротивле́ние — resistivity, specific resistance

уде́льное, объё́мное сопротивле́ние — volume resistivity

уде́льное, пове́рхностное сопротивле́ние — surface resistivity

управля́емое цифрово́е сопротивле́ние — gated resistance network

сопротивле́ние уста́лости — fatigue resistance, endurance strength

устано́вочное сопротивле́ние ( в компенсаторах) эл. — standardizing resistor

сопротивле́ние уте́чки

1. leak(age) resistance

2. bleeder (resistor)

сопротивле́ние фо́рмы мор. — form resistance, form drag

характеристи́ческое сопротивле́ние — characteristic impedance

сопротивле́ние шерохова́тости мор. — roughness resistance, roughness drag

шунти́рующее сопротивле́ние ( линейного потенциометра) — padding resistor

эквивале́нтное сопротивле́ние — equivalent resistance

эквивале́нтное, шумово́е сопротивле́ние — equivalent noise resistance

электри́ческое сопротивле́ние — electric(al) resistance

этало́нное сопротивле́ние — standard resistance

अवान्तर a. [अवगतमन्तरं मध्यं प्रा. स.]

1 Situated or standing between; see compounds.

-2 Included, involved.

-3 Subordinate, secondary.

-4 not closely connected, extraneous, extra.

-Comp. -दिश्, -दिशा an intermediate quarter (such as the आग्नेयी, ऐशानी, नैर्ऋती and वायवी). दिशो$वान्तरदिशः T. Up.1.7.1.

-देशः a place situated between (two others), an intermediate region.

-वाक्यम् (a) A sentence formed by dropping some word or words in the whole sentence; न च महावाक्ये सति अवान्तरवाक्यं प्रमाणं भवति ŚB. on MS.6.4.25. (b) A group of words which appear to form a complete sentence, but form only a part of a complete sentence (i. e. a महावाक्य).

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1) forward; hann féll f. á. fœtr konungi, he fell forward on his face at the king’s feet; f. rétt, straight on; koma f., to reappear;

2) out of the house; opp. to inn, innarr( var hon ávalt borin f. ok innarr);

3) on the fore part, in front, opp. to aptr( maðr f., en dýr aptr); aptr ok f., fore and aft, of a ship;

4) joined with preps. and particles, bíða f. á dag, f. á nótt, to wait far into the day, or night; bíða f. um jól, to wait till after Yule; fyrir lög f., in spite of the law; f. undan eyjunni; off the island;

5) of time, hversu er f. orðit, how late is it, what time is it? f. orðit dags, late in the day.

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adv.—the Icel. has a triple adverbial form, fram, denoting the going to a place (ad locum); frammi, the being in a place (in loco); framan, the going from a place (a loco)—compar. framarr (mod. framar) or fremr, = Goth. framis; superl. framast (framarst) or fremst: proncd. with a double m = framm; and that such was the case in olden times may be seen from Fms. vi. 385 and Skálda 168, 171. This adv. with its compds and derivatives may be said to have been lost in Germ. as well as Engl., and at a very early time. Even Ulf. uses fram as a prep. in the sense of ἀπό, like the A. S. and Engl. from, Swed. från: only in two passages Ulf. uses fram as adv., viz. Rom. xiii. 12, where he renders ‘the night is far spent’ (nóttin er um liðin of the Icel. N. T.) by framis galeiþan, which recalls to mind the Icel. fram-liðinn = deceased, past; and Mark i. 19, where προβαίνειν is rendered by gaggan framis = Icel. ganga framarr or ganga fram; cp. also the Goth. compds fram-gahts = progress, Philipp. i. 25; fram-aldrs = stricken in years; fram-vigis = Icel. fram-vegis; fram-vairþis = further: in O. H. G. vram = ultra still occurs, but is now lost in Germ. as well as in Engl.: the Icel., on the other hand, makes a clear distinction between the prep. frá ( from) and fram, on, forward, = Gr. πρόσω, Lat. porro, pro-; in some compds the sense from appears, e. g. framandi, a stranger,—Ulf. framaþeis, prop. one who is far off or from far off; so also fram-liðinn, gone, past; ganga fram, to die.

A. fram, forward, (opp. to aptr, backward); aðra leið aptr en fram, 655 xxxii. 18; hann féll fram á fætr konungi, he fell forward on his face at the king’s feet, Eg. 92; stefna fram ( to go on) hina neðri leið, 582; brautin liggr þar fram í milli, id.; cf þeir vilja fram, or, fram á leið, forward, Sks. 483; fram rétt, straight on, Fms. ii. 273, v. l.; fram, fram! on, on! a war cry, Ó. H. 215: koma fram, to reappear, arrive, after being long unheard of; hann kom fram í Danmörku, Fms. i. 62; hann kom fram í kaupstað þeim er …, Ísl. ii. 332; ok kómu þar fram, er Kirjálar vóru á fjalli, Eg. 58: the phrase, fram í ættir, in a far or distant degree (of relationship), 343: people in Icel. in the 14th century used to say, fram til Noregs, up to Norway (cp. up to London), Dipl. ii. 15, 16.

II. fram is generally applied to any motion outwards or towards the open, opp. to inn, innar; thus fram denotes the outer point of a ness, fram á nes; Icel. also say, fram á sjó, towards the high sea, (but upp or inn at landi, landwards); also, towards the verge of a cliff or the like, fram á hamarinn (bergit), Eg. 583: when used of a house fram means towards the door, thus, fara fram í dyr (eldhús), but inn or innar í baðstofu (hence fram-bær), var hón ávalt borin fram ok innar, she was borne in a litter out and in, Bs. i. 343: of a bed or chair fram denotes the outside, the side farthest from the wall, horfir hón til þils, en bóndi fram, she turned her face to the wall, but her husband away from it, Vígl. 31.

β. again, Icel. say, fram á dal, up dale, opp. to ofan dalinn, down dale.

III. without motion, the fore part, opp. to aptr, hinder part (cp. fram-fætr); aptr krókr en fram sem sporðr, Fms. ii. 179; maðr fram en dýr aptr (of a centaur), 673. 2, Sks. 179; aptr ok fram, fore and aft, of a ship, Fms. ix. 310.

IV. joined with prepp. or particles, Lat. usque; bíða fram á dag, fram á nótt, fram í myrkr, to wait far into the day, night, darkness, Bs. ii. 145; bíða fram yfir, er fram um Jól, etc., to bide till after Yule; um fram, past over; sitja um þat fram er markaðrinn stóð, to stay till the fair is past, Fb. i. 124; fram um hamarinn (bergit), to pass the cliff, Eg. 582; ríða um fram, to ride past or to miss, Nj. 264, mod. fram hjá, cp. Germ. vorbei:—metaph., vera um fram e-n, above, surpassingly; um fram aðra menn, Fb. i. 91, Fms. vi. 58, passim; um alla hluti fram, above all things: yfir alla hluti fram, id., Stj. 7: besides, Sks. 41 new Ed.: fyrir lög fram, in spite of the law, Fms. iii. 157; fyrir rétt fram, 655 xx. 4; fyrir lof fram, without leave, Grág. i. 326; fyrir þat fram, but for that, ii. 99: the phrase, fyrir alla hluti fram, above all things, 623. 19.

β. temp., fyrir fram means beforehand, Germ. voraus; vita, segja fyrir fram, to know, tell beforehand, Germ. voraus-sagen.

γ. fram undan, projecting, stretching forward; fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305.

δ. the phrase, fram, or more usually fram-orðit, of time, hvað er fram-orðit, how late is it? i. e. what is the time? Ld. 224; þá var fram-orðit, it was late in the day, Clem. 51; þá er fram var orðit, 623. 30: dropping ‘orðit,’ þeir vissu eigi hvat fram var (qs. fram orðit), they did not know the time of day, K. Þ. K. 90: with gen., fram-orðit dags, late in the day, Fms. xi. 10, Ld. 174; áfram, on forward, q. v.

V. with verbs,

α. denoting motion, like pro- in Latin, thus, ganga, koma, sækja, falla, fljóta, renna, líða, fara … fram, to go, come, flow, fare … forward, Eg. 136, Fms. ii. 56, Jb. 75, passim: of time, líða fram, Bs. ii. 152 (fram-liðinn).

β. rétta, halda fram, to stretch, hold forth, Nj. 3; flytja, bera, draga, leiða, færa, selja, setja fram, to bring … forward, Sks. 567; leggja fram, to ‘lay forth,’ discharge, Fms. v. 293, Nj. 3, 11; bjóða fram, to offer; eggja, hvetja fram, to egg on; segja fram, to pronounce; standa, lúta fram, etc.

γ. sjá, horfa, stökkva … fram fyrir sik, to look, jump forward, opp. to aptr fyrir sik, Nj. 29:—impers., e-m fer fram, to grow, make progress; skara fram úr, to stand out.

B. frammi, (for the pronunciation with a double m vide Skálda 169,) denotes in or on a place, without motion, and is formed in the same way as uppi from upp, niðri from niðr; Icel. thus say, ganga fram, niðr, upp, to go on, go down, go up; but vera frammi, niðri, uppi, to be in, etc.; if followed by a vowel, the final i may be dropt, thus, vera frammi á dal, or framm’ á dal, Hrafn. 6; sitja framm’ fyrir hásæti (= frammi fyrir), Ó. H. 5; just as one may say, vera niðr’ á (qs. niðri á) engjum, upp’ á (= uppi á) fjalli: as to direction, all that is said of fram also applies to frammi, only that frammi can but denote the being in a place; Icel. thus say, frammi á dal in a dale, frammi í dyrum in-doors, frammi á fjalli on a fell, frammi á gólfi on the floor, frammi á sjó, etc.; þeir Leitr sitja frammi í húsum, Fær. 181, cp. also Hrafn. 1; sitja (standa) frammi fyrir e-m, to sit ( stand) before one’s face, Hkr. ii. 81.

II. metaph. the phrase, hafa e-t frammi, to perform a thing, Nj. 232, Sks. 161: to use, shew, in a bad sense, of an insult, threatening, or the like; hafa þeir f. mikil-mæli ok heita afarkostum, Hkr. i. 191: the particle í is freq. prefixed, hafa í frammi, (not á frammi as áfram, q. v.); svá fremi skaltú rógit í frammi hafa, Nj. 166; þarftú þá fleira í frammi at hafa en stóryrði ein ok dramblæti, Fas. i. 37; hafðú í frammi kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215: to exercise, Bs. i. 852; hafa f. ípróttir, Fms. ix. 8 (rare); láta, leggja f., to contribute, produce, Fas. iii. 118, Fms. vi. 211.

C. framan, from the front side; framan at borðinu, to the front of the table, Fb. ii. 302; framan at e-u, in the face or front of (opp. to aptan að, from behind); skaltú róa at framan borðum skútunnar, thou shall row towards the boards of the boat, of one boat trying to reach another, Háv. 46; taka framan af e-u, to take ( cut) from the fore part, Od. xiv. 474; framan á skipinu, the fore part of the ship, Fms. ii. 179; framan um stafninn, vi. 78.

β. temp., framan af sumri, vetri, hausti, váti, the beginning, first part of summer …; also simply framan af, in the beginning.

γ. of the fore part of the body; nokkut hafit upp framan nefit, Ld. 272; réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framan-vert, a straight nose and prominent at the tip, Nj. 29; framan á brjóstið, on the breast; framan í andlitið, in the face; framan á knén, í stálhúfuna framan, Fms. viii. 337; framan á þjóhnappana, Sturl. i. 14 (better aptan á).

δ. with the prep. í preceding; í framan, adv. in the face; rjóðr í framan, red in the face; fölr í framan, pale-faced, etc., freq. in mod. use.

2. fyrir framan, before, in front of, with acc. (opp. to fyrir aptan, behind); fyrir framan slána, Nj. 45; fyrir framan hendr honum, 60; fyrir framan hamarinn, Eg. 583; fyrir framan merki, Fms. i. 27, ii. 84: as adv., menn stóðu með vápnum fyrir framan þar sem Flosi sat, before F. ‘s seat, Nj. 220; þá var skotið aptr lokhvílunni ok sett á hespa fyrir framan, Fms. ii. 84: að framan, above.

3. as framan is prop. an adv. from the place, Icel. also say, koma framan af dal, framan af nesi, framan ór dyrum, etc., to come down the dale, etc., vide fram above.

4. ‘framan til’ in a temp. sense, up to, until; nú líðr til þings framan, it drew near to the time of parliament, Nj. 12; líðr nú til þings framan, Ld. 88; leið nú framan til Jóla, Ísl. ii. 42; framan til Páska, Stj. 148; framan til vetrnátta, D. N.; framan til þess er hann átti við Glám, Grett. 155; framan til Leiðar, Anal. 172; frá upphafi heims framan, from the beginning of the world, Ver. 1; in mod. usage simply fram in all such instances.

D. Compar. framarr, farther on; superl. framast, fremst, farthest on:

1. loc., feti framarr, a step farther on, Lv. 59; þar er þeir koma framast, the farthest point they can reach, Grág. i. 111; þar sem hann kömr framast, 497; hvar hann kom framarst, Fms. xi. 416; svá kómu þeir fremst at þeir unnu þá borg, i. 114; þeir eru mest til þess nefndir at framast ( foremost) hafi verit, Ísl. ii. 368; þeir er fremst vóru, Fms. v. 78.

2. temp. farthest back; er ek fremst um man, Vsp. 1; hvat þú fyrst um mant eða fremst um veizt, Vþm. 34; frá því ek má fremst muna, Dipl. v. 25.

II. metaph. farther, more, superl. farthest, most; erat hann framarr skyldr sakráða við menn, Grág. i. 11; nema vér reynim oss framarr, Fær. 75; meta, hvárra þörf oss litisk framarr ganga, whose claim appeared to us the strongest, Dipl. ii. 5.

β. with dat., venju framarr, more than usual; því framarr sem, all the more, Fms. i. 184.

γ. with ‘en’ following; framar en, farther than, more than; mun hér því ( therefore) framarr leitað en hvarvetna annars-staðar, Fms. i. 213; at ganga framarr á hendr Þorleiki en mitt leyfi er til, Ld. 154; hversu Þorólfr var framarr en ek, Eg. 112; framarr er hann en ek, he is better than I, Nj. 3; sókn framarr ( rather) en vörn, 236; framarr en ( farther than) nú er skilt, Js. 48; því at hann væri framarr en aðrir menn at sér, better than other men, Mar. 25.

2. superl., svá sem sá er framast ( foremost) elskaði, Fs. 80; svá sem framast má, 655 xi. 2; sem Guð lér honum framast vit til, Js. 5: with gen., konungr virði hann framast allra sona sinna, Fms. i. 6; at Haraldr væri framast þeirra bræðra, 59; framast þeirra at allri sæmd, viii. 272.

(gen. -ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m. a ten, decade, = tegr, tøgr, togr, tugr; tíu tigir manna, one hundred men; hálfan fjórða tøg skipa, thirty-five ships; sex ins fimta tigar, forty-six; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, thirty-nine years.

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tegr, also tögr, togr, tugr, m., gen. tigar, pl. tigir, acc. tigu (tögo, tugu), later tigi, Band. 36, Fb. iii. 578; [a Goth. tigus is suggested by the adj. -tigjus; A. S. tig, teg; O. H. G. zic, zuc; Germ. zebn; Dan. ty; Engl. ten.]

A. A ten, decade. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons had no indeclinable numeral adjectives from twenty to a hundred; the word tigr (like hundrað and þúsund) being a regular substantive. The ancient way of counting is therefore complex and curious; e. g. forty-one was called ‘four tens and one’ or ‘one of the fifth decade;’ forty-eight was called ‘four tens and eight,’ or by counting back, ‘five tens short of two,’ cp. the Lat. un-de-viginti, duo-de-triginta: forty-five was called ‘half the fifth ten,’ and so on, as will best be seen from the references below; and so it goes on to ‘one hundred and twenty,’ for in Icel. a hundred means the duodecimal hundred. In the 14th century (in deeds) ‘tigr’ began to lose its character of a substantive, eg. þrjátigir, fimtigir …, or þrjátigi, fimtigi (used inclecl.), whence at last came the mod. þrjátíu, fjörutíu, fimtíu …, the tíu being a contracted form from the acc. pl. tigu. At the same time hundrað and þúsund became indecl. adjectives, e. g. þrjátiu, brjúhundruð, þrjuþúsund skipum, for the old þrem tiguin hundruðum, þúsundum skipa.

B. REFERENCES: þessi vetr fylidi annan tög aldrs Magnúss konungs, this winter completed the second ten, i. e. the twentieth year, of king Magnus’ life, Fms. vi. 90; þat skipti tögum, it amounted to tens, several tens, ii. 32; þrjá tigu manna, three tens of men, Eg. 41; á þrem tigum daga, on three tens of days, 656 A. ii. 14; þrír tigir hundraða, Dipl. v. 2; níu tigu manna, Eg. 62; þrettán tigi aura, Band. 36; nær fjórum tigum faðma töðu, well-nigh four tens of fathoms, i. e. forty, Dipl. v. 18; fjóra togo dægra, 655 iii. 3; sex togo hundraða, D.I. i. 350; sex tigir manna, Grág. ii. 194; sex tigir þúsunda manna, Post.; sex tigu hundraða, six tens of hundreds, i. e. sixty hundred, i. e. six thousand, Orkn. 416 old Ed.; tíu tigir manna, ten tens of men, i. e. one hundred, Nj. 191; tíu tigo fjár, K. Þ. K. 140; tíu tigum ásauðar, a hundred sheep, Dipl. v. 19; tíu tegu bæja, Fms. viii. 203: ellifu tigir vætta skreiðar, eleven tens, i. e. one hundred and ten, 655 iii. 4; even, þrettán tigi aura, thirteen tens, i. e. one hundred and thirty, Band. 36; fimtán tigum sinna, fifteen tens, i. e. one hundred and fifty, Dipl. ii. 14: repeating, fjóra tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, four tens of winters and four winters, i. e. forty-four years, ÓH. (pref.); með tveim skipum ok átta togum skipa, Fms. x. 394; sex tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, Ó. H. (pref.); þrjá tigi ára ok sex ár, three tens of years and six years, Bs. i. 30; eitt skip ok sjau tigu skipa, i. e. seventy-one, Fms. x. 344; hálfan fjórða tög vetra, half the fourth decade, i. e. thirty-five, vi. 430; hálfan fjórða tög skipa, i. 76; hálfr fimti tugr kúgilda, half the fifth decade, i. e. forty-five, Dipl. v. 18; hálfr þriði tögr manna, Ísl. ii. 387, Ld. 292; hálfr átti tögr kirkna, seventy-five, Clem.; á einu ári ins fimmta tigar konungdóms Hákonar, on the first year of the fifth ten, i. e. forty-first, Sturl. iii. 308; hann hafði vetr ens sétta tigar, one winter of the sixth ten, i. e. fifty-one, Fms. ix. 534; á öðru ári ens fjórða tigar, i. 67; annann vetr ens fjórða tigar konungdóms hans, Fms. x. 33, Bs. i. 74; fjóra vetr ens tíunda tegar, Ó. H. (pref.); sex ens fjórða tigar, i. e. thirty-six, Thorodd; vikur tvær ens sétta tegar, i. e. fifty-two, Íb. 7; hann hafði sjau vetr ens sjaunda tigar, i. e. sixty-seven, Ld. 330; á enum sjaunda vetri ens sjaunda tugar aldrs síns, Eb. 125 new Ed.; á enum sétta vetri ens átta tugar aldrs síns, Sturl. ii. 187; Þorkell hafði átta vetr ens fimta tigar þá er hann druknaði, i. e. forty-eight, Ld. 326; átta dagar ens níunda tegar, i. e. eighty-two, 1812. 49; átta aurar ens fimta tigar, Grág. ii. 144; á níunda ári ens sjaunda tigar ens tíunda hundraðs, in the ninth year of the seventh ten of the tenth hundred (i. e. 969 A. D.), Fms. i. 67; þá var Egill á níunda tigi, then was Egil in the ninth ten ( between eighty and ninety years of age), Eg. 764; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, one year short of four tens, i. e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v. l.; lítið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, iii. 60; einu ári fátt í fimm tigi, i. e. forty-nine, … vetri einum fátt í níu tigi ára gamall, i. e. aged eighty-nine, Fb. iii. 578: curious is the phrase, af-tig gamall, = Lat. unde-viginti, aged ‘lacking twenty,’ i. e. nineteen years old, Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); the context and chronology shew that this is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. s. v. afstigr: níu tigir ok tvau ár (elliptically dropping gen. ára), Dipl. v. 3; whence lastly as adj., þrítigir álnir (sic) lérepts, id.; fjöre-tiger manns, Bs. i. 867. As this method was somewhat unwieldy, the counting by twenty was also resorted to, cp. Gramm. xxi, sex merkr ok tuttugu; spænir þrír ok tuttugu, … sjautján merkr ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 874 (Laur. S.), or the word tigr was altogether discarded, and replaced by skor or sneis (Engl. score, Dan. snees). ☞ As in vellums the numbers are mostly represented by Roman figures, and abbreviations used, the editions cannot in these cases be implicitly relied on; the same is the case with old texts preserved in mod. paper transcripts.

(gen. varrar, pl. varrar, varrir), f. lip;

vörr in efri, neðri, the upper, lower lip;

G. beit á vörrinni, G. bit his lip.

(gen. varrar, dat. verri; pl. verrir, acc. vörru), m. a pull of the oar (er þeir höfðu fá vörru róit frá landi);

þeysa vörru, to pull with might and main (ríkuliga hygg ek þá vörru þeysa).

* * *

f., gen. varrar, pl. varrar, varrir; in rhymes rr, v örr er hvöss á h arra, Sturl. (in a verse); spr arri v arra, Hkr. i. (in a verse): the mod. form is vör, varar, dropping one r throughout: [Ulf. uses a diminutive, wairilo = χειλος; A. S. weleras = labia, a masc. formed by metathesis of r and l, qs. werelas; old Fris. were]:—the lip, Lat. labium; varrar jarls vóru ókyrrar, Fms. viii. 98; vörr in neðri, the lower lip, Dropl. 25; vörr in efri, the upper lip; bíta á vörrinni, Nj. 68; hann beit varrarnar, … rifja saman varrarnar, Edda 71; ef varrar eru eigi heilar, Skálda; skarð í vör (vörr), Sd. 175; hverjum vörrum skal ek hans blezaða fulltings biðja, Th. 6; varra-skrap, Sks. 438; varrar þínar, Stj. 644; báðar varrirnar, Bs. i. 360; varrarnar, Sks. 560.

B. [Ivar Aasen vor; A. S. wær; Engl. weir], a fenced-in landing-place; á steini þeim er næstr var vörum (vrom Cod.), Bs. i. 337; dró þat eptir skipinu í vörina, Fas. iii. 317; Vermundr kom nú til Grímseyjar, ok dró upp skip í varir Áskels, Rd. 250; varar fýsir skip, a saying, a ship longs for the vórr, Edda (Ht.); cp. njóti svá bauga, sem Bragi auga, vagna vara, may he enjoy wealth, as Bragi [ enjoys] the eye, or the ship the haven, Höfuðl. (fine); sigla or vörum, to leave the harbour, Bs. i. 460; ok er staddr í vörum um kveldit þá er Hallr kom at landi, Ld. 40: the word is freq. in mod. usage (at least in western Icel.), of a small inlet or creek where boats land, lenda í vörinni, fara ofan í vör, ýtta eg knör úr Arnar-vör hann Úlfar téði, Úlf. 6. 23: hence mod. vara-söngr = the prayer said by fishermen when launching, Bjorn. vara-seiði, n. small fry, small fish, from being caught in creeks near the shore.

m., gen. varrar, dat. verri, pl. verrir, acc. vörru; [different from the preceding word]:—a pull of the oar; er þeir höfðu fá vörru róit frá landi, Fms. viii. 217; í einum verri brýtr hann sundr báðar árarnar ok keipana, Þiðr. 313; slíta rœði ór verri, to pull the oar briskly, Fms. vi. (in a verse); halda sjau tigum ára til varra, to pull with seventy oars, Hkr. iii. 120 (in a verse); þeysa vörru (acc. pl.), to pull so as to splash, Hornklofi: in poetry a ship is called lung, málfeti varra, the steed pulled by oars, Lex. Poët.; varr-sími, the wake left by the oars; varr-nagli, q. v.; varrar eldr = gold; varrar skíð, poët. = the oar (the oar of Odin being the sword), Glúm, (in a verse).

- long letter

- a letter of introduction

- letter of appreciation

- a letter of credit

- a letter of inquiry

- letter of verdict

- the body of the letter

- lot of letters

- deliver letters

- deliver letters into smb's hands

- drop a letter

- drop smb a letter

1) буква, знак, шрифт

- small letter

- the letter of the law

- every letter of the alphabet

- drop a letter

- enclose a letter in a circle

2) (обыкновенно pl) литература

- Irish letters

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Galileo began studying medicine at the University of Pisa but soon turned to his real interests, mathematics, mechanics and astronomy. He became Professor of Mathematics at Pisa at the age of 25 and three years later moved to Padua. In 1610 he transferred to Florence. While still a student he discovered the isochronous property of the pendulum, probably by timing with his pulse the swings of a hanging lamp during a religious ceremony in Pisa Cathedral. He later designed a pendulum-controlled clock, but it was not constructed until after his death, and then not successfully; the first successful pendulum clock was made by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Around 1590 Galileo established the laws of motion of falling bodies, by timing rolling balls down inclined planes and not, as was once widely believed, by dropping different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These and other observations received definitive treatment in his Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla, meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…) which was completed in 1634 and first printed in 1638. This work also included Galileo's proof that the path of a projectile was a parabola and, most importantly, the development of the concept of inertia.

In astronomy Galileo adopted the Copernican heliocentric theory of the universe while still in his twenties, but he lacked the evidence to promote it publicly. That evidence came with the invention of the telescope by the Dutch brothers Lippershey. Galileo heard of its invention in 1609 and had his own instrument constructed, with a convex object lens and concave eyepiece, a form which came to be known as the Galilean telescope. Galileo was the first to exploit the telescope successfully with a series of striking astronomical discoveries. He was also the first to publish the results of observations with the telescope, in his Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger) of 1610. All the discoveries told against the traditional view of the universe inherited from the ancient Greeks, and one in particular, that of the four satellites in orbit around Jupiter, supported the Copernican theory in that it showed that there could be another centre of motion in the universe besides the Earth: if Jupiter, why not the Sun? Galileo now felt confident enough to advocate the theory, but the advance of new ideas was opposed, not for the first or last time, by established opinion, personified in Galileo's time by the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome. Eventually he was forced to renounce the Copernican theory, at least in public, and turn to less contentious subjects such as the "two new sciences" of his last and most important work.

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βάλλω fut. βαλῶ; 2 aor. ἔβαλον, 3 pl. ἔβαλον Lk 23:34 (Ps 21:19); Ac 16:23 and ἔβαλαν Ac 16:37 (B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208); pf. βέβληκα (on this form s. lit. in LfgrE s.v. βάλλω col. 25). Pass.: 1 fut. βληθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐβλήθην; pf. βέβλημαι; plpf. ἐβεβλήμην (Hom.+) gener. to put someth. into motion by throwing, used from the time of Hom. either with a suggestion of force or in a gentler sense; opp. of ἁμαρτάνω ‘miss the mark’.

① to cause to move from one location to another through use of forceful motion, throw

ⓐ w. simple obj. scatter seed on the ground (Diod S 1, 36, 4; Ps 125:6 v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Mk 4:26; 1 Cl 24:5; AcPlCor 2:26; in a simile, of the body τὸ σῶμα … βληθέν vs. 27; εἰς κῆπον Lk 13:19; cast lots (Ps 21:19; 1 Ch 25:8 al.; Jos., Ant. 6, 61) Mt 27:35; Mk 15:24; Lk 23:34; J 19:24; B 6:6.

ⓑ throw τινί τι Mt 15:26; Mk 7:27. τὶ ἔμπροσθέν τινος Mt 7:6 (β.= throw something before animals: Aesop, Fab. 275b H./158 P./163 H.). τὶ ἀπό τινος throw someth. away (fr. someone) Mt 5:29f; 18:8f (Teles p. 60, 2 ἀποβάλλω of the eye). τὶ ἔκ τινος: ὕδωρ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὀπίσω τινός spew water out of the mouth after someone Rv 12:15f; β. ἔξω = ἐκβάλλειν throw out J 12:31 v.l.; 2 Cl 7:4; s. ἐκβάλλω 1. Of worthless salt Mt 5:13; Lk 14:35; of bad fish throw away Mt 13:48 (cp. Κυπρ. I p. 44 no. 43 κόπρια βάλλειν probably = throw refuse away); τὶ ἐπί τινα: throw stones at somebody J 8:7, 59 (cp. Sir 22:20; 27:25; Jos., Vi. 303); in a vision of the future dust on one’s head Rv 18:19; as an expression of protest τὶ εἴς τι dust into the air Ac 22:23 (D εἰς τ. οὐρανόν toward the sky); cast, throw nets into the lake Mt 4:18; J 21:6; cp. vs. 7; a fishhook Mt 17:27 (cp. Is 19:8). Pass., into the sea, lake Mt 13:47; Mk 9:42; βλήθητι εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν throw yourself into the sea Mt 21:21; Mk 11:23.— Throw into the fire (Jos., Ant. 10, 95 and 215) Mt 3:10; Mk 9:22; Lk 3:9; J 15:6; into Gehenna Mt 5:29; 18:9b; 2 Cl 5:4; into the stove Mt 6:30; 13:42, 50 (cp. Da 3:21); Lk 12:28; 2 Cl 8:2. β. ἑαυτὸν κάτω throw oneself down Mt 4:6; Lk 4:9 (cp. schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1212–14a εἰς τὸν κρημνὸν ἑαυτὸν ἔβαλε; Jos., Bell. 4, 28).—Rv 8:7f; 12:4, 9 (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 57; 28 p. 264, 18 of throwing out of heaven ἐκβληθέντα κατελθεῖν εἰς Ἅιδου), 13; 14:19; 18:21; 19:20; 20:3, 10, 14f; thrown into a grave AcPlCor 2:32 (cp. τὰ νεκρούμενα καὶ εἰς γῆν βαλλόμενα Just., A I, 18, 6).—Of physical disability βεβλημένος lying (Jos., Bell. 1, 629) ἐπὶ κλίνης β. Mt 9:2; cp. Mk 7:30. Throw on a sickbed Rv 2:22. Pass. abs. (Conon [I B.C./I A.D.] 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac. βαλλομένη θνήσκει) lie on a sickbed (cp. Babrius 103, 4 κάμνων ἐβέβλητο [ἔκειτο L-P.]) Mt 8:6, 14. ἐβέβλητο πρὸς τὸν πυλῶνα he lay before the door Lk 16:20 (ἐβέβλητο as Aesop, Fab. 284 H.; Jos., Ant. 9, 209; Field, Notes 70).—Fig. εἰς ἀθυμίαν β. τινά plunge someone into despondency 1 Cl 46:9.

ⓒ to cause or to let fall down, let fall of a tree dropping its fruit Rv 6:13; throw down 18:21a, to destruction ibid. b.

② to force out of or into a place, throw (away), drive out, expel ἐβλήθη ἔξω he is (the aor. emphasizes the certainty of the result, and is gnomic [B-D-F §333; Rob. 836f; s. Hdb. ad loc.]) thrown away/out, i.e. expelled fr. the fellowship J 15:6. drive out into the desert B 7:8; throw into prison Mt 18:30; Rv 2:10 (Epict. 1, 1, 24; 1, 12, 23; 1, 29, 6 al.; PTebt 567 [53/54 A.D.]). Pass. be thrown into the lions’ den 1 Cl 45:6 (cp. Da 6:25 Theod. v.l.; Bel 31 Theod. v.l.); εἰς τὸ στάδιον AcPl Ha 4, 13. Fig. love drives out fear 1J 4:18.

③ to put or place someth. in a location, put, place, apply, lay, bring

ⓐ w. simple obj. κόπρια β. put manure on, apply m. Lk 13:8 (POxy 934, 9 μὴ οὖν ἀμελήσῃς τοῦ βαλεῖν τὴν κόπρον).

ⓑ w. indication of the place to which τὶ εἴς τι: put money into the temple treasury Mk 12:41–44; Lk 21:1–4 (in the context Mk 12:43f; Lk 21:3f suggest sacrifical offering by the widow); τὰ βαλλόμενα contributions (s. γλωσσόκομον and cp. 2 Ch 24:10) J 12:6; put a finger into an ear when healing Mk 7:33; difft. J 20:25, 27 (exx. from medical lit. in Rydbeck 158f); to determine virginal purity by digital exploration GJs 19:3; put a sword into the scabbard J 18:11; place bits into mouths Js 3:3; εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν take into the pool J 5:7; cp. Ox 840, 33f; πολλὰ θηρία εἰς τὸν Παῦλον many animals let loose against Paul AcPl Ha 5, 4f (here β. suggests the rush of the animals); β. εἰς τὴν καρδίαν put into the heart J 13:2 (cp. Od. 1, 201; 14, 269; Pind., O. 13, 16 [21] πολλὰ δʼ ἐν καρδίαις ἔβαλον; schol. on Pind., P. 4, 133; Plut., Timol. 237 [3, 2]; Herm. Wr. 6, 4 θεῷ τῷ εἰς νοῦν μοι βαλόντι). Of liquids: pour (Epict. 4, 13, 12; PLond III, 1177, 46 p. 182 [113 A.D.]; Judg 6:19 B) wine into skins Mt 9:17; Lk 5:37f; water into a basin (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 18 [Stone p. 62] βάλε ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τῆς λεκάνης ἵνα νίψωμεν τοὺς πόδας τοῦ ξένου [cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 1 [Stone p. 8] ἔνεγκέ μοι ἐπὶ τῆς λ.]; Vi. Aesopi W 61 p. 92, 29f P. βάλε ὕδωρ εἰς τ. λεκάνην καὶ νίψον μου τοὺς πόδας; PGM 4, 224; 7, 319 βαλὼν εἰς αὐτὸ [the basin] ὕδωρ) J 13:5; wormwood in honey Hm 5, 1, 5; ointment on the body Mt 26:12.—βάρος ἐπί τινα put a burden on some one Rv 2:24. δρέπανον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν swing the sickle on the earth as on a harvest field Rv 14:19. Cp. ἐπʼ αὐτὸν τὰς χείρας J 7:44 v.l. (s. ἐπιβάλλω 1b). Lay down crowns (wreaths) before the throne Rv 4:10.

ⓒ other usage ῥίζας β. send forth roots, take root like a tree, fig. (Polemon, Decl. 2, 54 ὦ ῥίζας ἐξ ἀρετῆς βαλλόμενος) 1 Cl 39:8 (Job 5:3).

④ to bring about a change in state or condition, εἰρήνην, μάχαιραν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν bring peace, the sword on earth Mt 10:34 (Jos., Ant. 1, 98 ὀργὴν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν βαλεῖν); χάριν ἐπʼ αὐτήν God showed her (Mary) favor GJs 7:3. τὶ ἐνώπιόν τινος: σκάνδαλον place a stumbling-block Rv 2:14.

⑤ to entrust money to a banker for interest, deposit money (τί τινι as Quint. Smyrn. 12, 250 in a difft. context) w. the bankers (to earn interest; cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 59 τὸ βαλλόμενον κέρμα; so also Diog. L. 2, 20) Mt 25:27.

⑥ to move down suddenly and rapidly, rush down, intr. (Hom.; Epict. 2, 20, 10; 4, 10, 29; POslo 45, 2; En 18:6 ὄρη … εἰς νότον βάλλοντα ‘in a southern direction’. Cp. Rdm.² 23; 28f; Rob. 799; JStahl, RhM 66, 1911, 626ff) ἔβαλεν ἄνεμος a storm rushed down Ac 27:14. (s. Warnecke 36 n. 9).—B. 673. Schmidt, Syn. III 150–66. DELG. M-M. TW.

a, m. or hlöri, but hleði in Korm. 10, Ísl. ii. 113; that hleri or hlöri is the better form is borne out by the mod. usage as well as by the derived hler and hlera:— a shutter or door for bedrooms and closets in old dwellings, which moved up and down in a groove or rabbet, like windows in Engl. dwellings, and locked into the threshold: the passage in Korm. S. is esp. decisive, where Kormak sees Steingerda’s feet outside between the half-shut door (hleri) and the threshold,—hann rak kerli fyrir hleðann svá at eigi gékk aptr, viz. between the threshold and the shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; hence comes the law phrase, standa á hleri (hlera?), to stand at the shutter, i. e. to stand listening, eaves-dropping, Bjarn. 43: freq. in mod. usage, as also standa of hleðum, id., Hðm. 23: in mod. usage a shutter for a window is called hleri.

to tattoo ( = tatú), to tattoo pictures on the skin, also: he-tá ite kona, tá-kona.

to weave (a net): he-tá i te kupega.

to shake something, moving it violently up and down and from one side to the other; he-tá e te tokerau i te maga miro, the wind shakes the branches of the trees; also in the iterative form: e-tá-tá-ana e te tokerau i te tôa, the wind continuously shakes the leaves of the sugarcane.

to pull something up suddently, for instance, an eel just caught, dropping it at once on a stone and killing it: he-tá i te koreha.

1. бытье, остаться, вернуться и т. п. - highly coll. Also: БЕЗ НОГ coll

X был - - X was dead on his feet

2. coll спать -

(to sleep) very soundly

X спит - — X is fast (sound) asleep

• БЕЗ ЗАДНИХ НОГ

[PrepP; Invar; fixed WO]

=====

1. быть, остаться, вернуться и т.п. без задних ног highly coll. Also: БЕЗ НОГ coll [subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]

⇒ (to be, come back etc) exhausted, unable to move (because of walking, work etc):

- X был без задних ног ≈ X was dead on his feet;

- X was dropping in his tracks;

- X was ready to drop;

- X was dead beat (dead tired, dog-tired);

- X was bushed (worn out etc);

- X had worn himself out;

- [in limited contexts] X was tuckered out.

     ♦ Дай ей отдохнуть немного, она вернулась домой без задних ног. Let her rest up a bit, she came home dead on her feet

     ♦...На похоронах из жильцов, званых на похороны... никто почти не был... Пётр Петрович Лужин, например, самый, можно сказать, солиднейший из всех жильцов, не явился... Не пришел тоже и толстый подполковник (в сущности, отставной штабс-капитан), но оказалось, что он "без задних ног" еще со вчерашнего утра (Достоевский 3)....Of the lodgers that had been invited to the funeral, practically nobody had attended... Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, for example, the most respectable, one might say, of all the lodgers, had not put in an appearance....A stout lieutenant colonel (in reality a retired second lieutenant) had not come either, but it turned out he had been "dead beat" since yesterday morning (3a).

     ♦ [Калошин:] Если бегать каждому в анкету заглядывать - без ног останешься (Вампилов 1). [К..] If you had to run and check what everyone wrote on his registration form you'd wear yourself out... (1a)

2. coll спать - [adv]

⇒ (to sleep) very soundly:

- X спит - - X is fast (sound) asleep;

- X is sleeping like a log;

- X is dead to the world.

     ♦ "Даже не шевельнулся, спит без задних ног" (Распутин 4). "He didn't even stir, he's fast asleep" (4a)

• БЕЗ ЗАДНИХ НОГ

[PrepP; Invar; fixed WO]

=====

1. быть, остаться, вернуться и т.п. без ног highly coll. Also: БЕЗ НОГ coll [subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]

⇒ (to be, come back etc) exhausted, unable to move (because of walking, work etc):

- X был без ног ≈ X was dead on his feet;

- X was dropping in his tracks;

- X was ready to drop;

- X was dead beat (dead tired, dog-tired);

- X was bushed (worn out etc);

- X had worn himself out;

- [in limited contexts] X was tuckered out.

     ♦ Дай ей отдохнуть немного, она вернулась домой без задних ног. Let her rest up a bit, she came home dead on her feet

     ♦...На похоронах из жильцов, званых на похороны... никто почти не был... Пётр Петрович Лужин, например, самый, можно сказать, солиднейший из всех жильцов, не явился... Не пришел тоже и толстый подполковник (в сущности, отставной штабс-капитан), но оказалось, что он " без задних ног" еще со вчерашнего утра (Достоевский 3)....Of the lodgers that had been invited to the funeral, practically nobody had attended... Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, for example, the most respectable, one might say, of all the lodgers, had not put in an appearance....A stout lieutenant colonel (in reality a retired second lieutenant) had not come either, but it turned out he had been "dead beat" since yesterday morning (3a).

     ♦ [Калошин:] Если бегать каждому в анкету заглядывать - без ног останешься (Вампилов 1). [К..] If you had to run and check what everyone wrote on his registration form you'd wear yourself out... (1a)

2. coll спать - [adv]

⇒ (to sleep) very soundly:

- X спит - - X is fast (sound) asleep;

- X is sleeping like a log;

- X is dead to the world.

     ♦ "Даже не шевельнулся, спит без задних ног" (Распутин 4). "He didn't even stir, he's fast asleep" (4a)

1. (hart, unerbittlich) severe (auch Blick, Kritik, Maßnahme, Strafe, Richter, Winter etc.); (unnachsichtig) stern (auch Blick, Gesicht); (hart) auch harsh, hard; (unnachgiebig) rigid; Lebensführung, Charakter, Stil: austere; Frisur, Kleid: severe; strenge Worte harsh words

2. Person, Diät, Disziplin, Erziehung, Vorschrift etc.: strict; Anforderungen, Prüfung: rigorous; Maßnahme, Regel: strict, stringent; streng sein zu oder mit jemandem be strict with ( oder hard on) s.o.; streng gegen sich sein be hard on o.s.; unter einem strengen Elternhaus leiden be given a strict upbringing; er ist streng, aber gerecht he is strict but fair; strenger Aufbau eines Dramas etc.: tight structure; strengste Diskretion absolute discretion; strenger Katholik strict Catholic; strenge Sitten strict morals; strenges Stillschweigen strict secrecy; strenge Trennung strict division ( oder separation); strenge Untersuchung rigorous investigation; Regiment 1

3. Geschmack, Geruch: acrid, pungent

1. severely; streng geschnitten Gesicht: with severe features; Kleid, Frisur: severely styled; jemanden streng ansehen give s.o. a severe look; streng durchgreifen take stringent ( oder rigorous) measures; streng erziehen bring up strictly

2. (genau) strictly; streng genommen strictly speaking; streng befolgen, sich streng an etw. halten adhere strictly to; etw. streng nehmen take s.th. seriously; streng geheim top secret; streng vertraulich in strict confidence; auch amtlich: strictly confidential; streng Diät leben follow a strict diet; streng( stens) verboten strictly forbidden ( oder prohibited); streng katholisch sein be a strict Catholic; jemanden streng bewachen keep s.o. under close watch ( oder surveillance); streng sachlich betrachtet from a strictly objective point of view; streng unterscheiden zwischen make a clear(-cut) distinction between; Vorschrift

* * *

severe; stringent; stern; exacting; austere; rigorous; strict

* * *

1. adj

1) strict; Regel, Kontrolle strict, stringent; Maßnahmen stringent; Bestrafung severe; Anforderungen rigorous; Ausdruck, Blick, Gesicht stern; Sitten, Disziplin rigid, strict; Stillschweigen, Diskretion absolute; Mode, Schnitt severe; Kritik, Urteil harsh, severe; Richter severe, stern; Lebensführung, Schönheit, Form austere; Examen stiff

2) (= durchdringend) Geruch, Geschmack pungent; Frost, Kälte, Winter intense, severe

3) (= strenggläubig) Katholik, Moslem etc strict

2. adv

1) (= unnachgiebig) befolgen, einhalten strictly, rigidly; tadeln, bestrafen severely; vertraulich, wissenschaftlich strictly

2)

3) (Sw)

* * *

1) (severely simple and plain; without luxuries or unnecessary expenditure: an austere way of life.) austere

2) ((of weather) severe: a hard winter.) hard

3) (very strict, and not likely to change: rigid rules; rigid discipline; rigid views on education; a stern, rigid headmaster.) rigid

4) (strict: a rigorous training.) rigorous

5) rigorously

6) severely

7) (strict or harsh: a severe mother; severe criticism.) severe

8) sternly

9) (harsh, severe or strict: The teacher looked rather stern; stern discipline.) stern

10) strictly

11) (severe, stern, and compelling obedience: This class needs a strict teacher; His parents were very strict with him; The school rules are too strict; strict orders.) strict

12) ((of rules etc) very strict, or strongly enforced: There should be much more stringent laws against the dropping of rubbish in the streets.) stringent

13) stringently

14) ((of control etc) strict and very careful: She keeps (a) tight control over her emotions.) tight

* * *

I. adj

1. (auf Disziplin achtend) strict

▪ \streng [zu jdm] sein to be strict [towards [or with] sb]

eine \strenge Erziehung a strict education

2. (unnachsichtig) severe

ein \strenger Verweis a severe reprimand

\strenge Disziplin strict [or stern] discipline

\strenge Kontrolle strict [or stringent] control

3. (strikt) strict

\strenge Einhaltung der Vorschriften strict observance of the rules

\strenge Anweisung strict instructions

eine \strenge Diät/Überprüfung a strict diet/rigorous examination

\strenge Bettruhe complete [or absolute] [bed] rest

4. (durchdringend) pungent

5. (extrem kalt) severe

\strenger Frost/Winter sharp [or severe] frost/severe winter

\strenge Kälte intense cold

6. (konsequent) strict

ich bin \strenger Antialkoholiker/Vegetarier/Katholik/Moslem I am a strict teetotaller/vegetarian/Catholic/Muslim

7. SCHWEIZ (anstrengend) strenuous, demanding

II. adv

1. (unnachsichtig) strictly

wir wurden sehr \streng erzogen we were brought up very strictly

\streng durchgreifen to take rigorous action

kontrollieren Sie nächstens \strenger make a more rigorous check next time

2. (strikt) strictly

ich verbiete Ihnen \strengstens, so etwas noch einmal zu machen! I strictly forbid you to do anything like that again!

\streng genommen strictly speaking

es mit etw dat \streng nehmen to be strict on [or about] sth

du solltest es mit seiner Erziehung \strenger nehmen you should take his education more seriously

3. (durchdringend) pungently

was riecht hier so \streng? what's that strong [or pungent] smell?

der Käse schmeckt mir doch etwas zu \streng the cheese is rather too strong [or sharp] for me

* * *

1) (hart) strict <teacher, parents, upbringing, principle>; severe < punishment>; stringent, strict <rule, regulation, etc.>; stringent < measure>; rigorous <examination, check, test, etc.>; stern <reprimand, look>

2) nicht präd. (strikt) strict <order, punctuality, diet, instruction, Catholic>; absolute < discretion>; complete < rest>

3) nicht präd. (schnörkellos) austere, severe <cut, collar, style, etc.>; severe < hairstyle>

4) (herb) severe <face, features, etc.>

5) (durchdringend) pungent, sharp <taste, smell>

6) (rauh) severe < winter>; sharp, severe < frost>

1) (hart) <mark, judge, etc.> strictly, severely; < punish> severely; <look, reprimand> sternly

2) (strikt) strictly

3) (schnörkellos)

4) (durchdringend) < smell> strongly

* * *

A. adj

1. (hart, unerbittlich) severe (auch Blick, Kritik, Maßnahme, Strafe, Richter, Winter etc); (unnachsichtig) stern (auch Blick, Gesicht); (hart) auch harsh, hard; (unnachgiebig) rigid; Lebensführung, Charakter, Stil: austere; Frisur, Kleid: severe;

strenge Worte harsh words

2. Person, Diät, Disziplin, Erziehung, Vorschrift etc: strict; Anforderungen, Prüfung: rigorous; Maßnahme, Regel: strict, stringent;

streng sein zu oder

mit jemandem be strict with ( oder hard on) sb;

streng gegen sich sein be hard on o.s.;

unter einem strengen Elternhaus leiden be given a strict upbringing;

er ist streng, aber gerecht he is strict but fair;

strenger Aufbau eines Dramas etc: tight structure;

strengste Diskretion absolute discretion;

strenger Katholik strict Catholic;

strenge Sitten strict morals;

strenges Stillschweigen strict secrecy;

strenge Trennung strict division ( oder separation);

strenge Untersuchung rigorous investigation; → Regiment 1

3. Geschmack, Geruch: acrid, pungent

B. adv

1. severely;

streng geschnitten Gesicht: with severe features; Kleid, Frisur: severely styled;

jemanden streng ansehen give sb a severe look;

streng durchgreifen take stringent ( oder rigorous) measures;

streng erziehen bring up strictly

2. (genau) strictly;

streng genommen strictly speaking;

streng befolgen, sich streng an etwas

halten adhere strictly to;

etwas streng nehmen take sth seriously;

streng geheim top secret;

streng vertraulich in strict confidence; auch amtlich: strictly confidential;

streng Diät leben follow a strict diet;

streng(stens) verboten strictly forbidden ( oder prohibited);

streng katholisch sein be a strict Catholic;

jemanden streng bewachen keep sb under close watch ( oder surveillance);

streng sachlich betrachtet from a strictly objective point of view;

streng unterscheiden zwischen make a clear(-cut) distinction between; → Vorschrift

* * *

1) (hart) strict <teacher, parents, upbringing, principle>; severe < punishment>; stringent, strict <rule, regulation, etc.>; stringent < measure>; rigorous <examination, check, test, etc.>; stern <reprimand, look>

2) nicht präd. (strikt) strict <order, punctuality, diet, instruction, Catholic>; absolute < discretion>; complete < rest>

3) nicht präd. (schnörkellos) austere, severe <cut, collar, style, etc.>; severe < hairstyle>

4) (herb) severe <face, features, etc.>

5) (durchdringend) pungent, sharp <taste, smell>

6) (rauh) severe < winter>; sharp, severe < frost>

1) (hart) <mark, judge, etc.> strictly, severely; < punish> severely; <look, reprimand> sternly

2) (strikt) strictly

3) (schnörkellos)

4) (durchdringend) < smell> strongly

* * *

austere adj.

draconian adj.

rigorous adj.

severe adj.

strict adj. adv.

austerely adv.

severely adv.

sternly adv.

strictly adv.

stringently adv.