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21 fortune
fortune [fɔʀtyn]feminine nouna. ( = richesse) fortune• connaître des fortunes diverses (sujet pluriel) to enjoy varying fortunes ; (sujet singulier) to have varying luck* * *fɔʀtyn1) ( richesse) fortune2) ( chance)3) ( destinée) fortunes (pl)4)de fortune — ( improvisé) makeshift (épith)
••* * *fɔʀtyn nf1)2)de fortune (abri) — makeshift, (compagnon) chance modif
Ils ont traversé la rivière sur un radeau de fortune. — They crossed the river on a makeshift raft.
* * *fortune nf1 ( richesse) fortune; fortune personnelle/considérable personal/considerable fortune; véritable/petite fortune real/small fortune; grandes fortunes large fortunes; fortune estimée à plus de dix millions fortune estimated at more than ten million; valoir une fortune to be worth a fortune; dépenser une fortune to spend a fortune (à faire doing; pour, en on); faire fortune to make a fortune (dans in; en faisant doing); faire fortune en Amérique to make one's fortune in America; chercher fortune to seek one's fortune; une des plus grosses fortunes du Venezuela one of Venezuela's wealthiest people;2 ( chance) (bonne) fortune good fortune; avoir la (bonne) fortune de faire/d'avoir fait to have the good fortune to do/to have done; profiter de sa bonne fortune to make the most of one's good fortune; mauvaise fortune bad luck; ⇒ audacieux;3 ( destinée) fortunes (pl); fortune d'un parti/club fortunes of a party/club; avec une fortune diverse, avec des fortunes diverses with varying fortunes; fortune d'un mot/d'un film/d'un artiste fortunes of a word/of a film/of an artist;faire contre mauvaise fortune bon cœur to put on a brave face.[fɔrtyn] nom fémininil a eu la bonne ou l'heureuse fortune de la connaître he was fortunate enough to know heril a eu la mauvaise fortune de tomber malade he was unlucky enough ou he had the misfortune to fall ill3. (littéraire) [sort] fortune————————de fortune locution adjectivale[lit] makeshift[installation, réparation] temporary————————sans fortune locution adjectivale -
22 atraer la atención
(v.) = attract + the eye, hold + attention, catch + Posesivo + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, capture + the attention, rivet + the attention, draw + attention, catch + Posesivo + fancy, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splashEx. Some titles are designed with no intention of being informative, but rather are intended to attract the eye.Ex. Since these original initiatives were launched, however, the information superhighway idea has caught the attention of a diverse group of companies in the private sector.Ex. Online and CD-ROM vendor literature should be read with caution: its aim is to grab attention and to sell.Ex. Some people do actually seek for fiction by title and author, or by author, rather than simply browsing along the shelves hoping for something to catch their eye.Ex. Materials that capture the attention of reluctant readers divert their focus from the negative doubts of ability.Ex. It was one of those books we all are always looking for that rivets the attention of to non-literary, reluctant readers as well as to literary readers.Ex. Yet, while the problem of the younger generation and drugs draws a great deal of attention, the problem of the elderly and substance abuse is less visible.Ex. At nightfall, drop anchor at any place that catch your fancy and the lullaby of the gentle waves put you to sleep.Ex. Now he plays with lots of kids and is frequently with different children each day depending upon which game or activity peaks his interest.Ex. Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide.* * *(v.) = attract + the eye, hold + attention, catch + Posesivo + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, capture + the attention, rivet + the attention, draw + attention, catch + Posesivo + fancy, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splashEx: Some titles are designed with no intention of being informative, but rather are intended to attract the eye.
Ex: Since these original initiatives were launched, however, the information superhighway idea has caught the attention of a diverse group of companies in the private sector.Ex: Online and CD-ROM vendor literature should be read with caution: its aim is to grab attention and to sell.Ex: Some people do actually seek for fiction by title and author, or by author, rather than simply browsing along the shelves hoping for something to catch their eye.Ex: Materials that capture the attention of reluctant readers divert their focus from the negative doubts of ability.Ex: It was one of those books we all are always looking for that rivets the attention of to non-literary, reluctant readers as well as to literary readers.Ex: Yet, while the problem of the younger generation and drugs draws a great deal of attention, the problem of the elderly and substance abuse is less visible.Ex: At nightfall, drop anchor at any place that catch your fancy and the lullaby of the gentle waves put you to sleep.Ex: Now he plays with lots of kids and is frequently with different children each day depending upon which game or activity peaks his interest.Ex: Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide. -
23 coalición
f.coalition, confederacy, league, cartel.* * *1 coalition* * *noun f.* * *SF coalition* * *femenino coalition* * *= alliance, coalition, combine, cartel.Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.Ex. Kansas City Public Library has been a part of the coalition since its beginning.Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex. Such alliances, however, may eventually lead to monopoly or oligopoly in a region and cartel over the world.----* coalición infame = unholy alliance.* Coalición Internacional de Consorcios de Bibliotecas (ICOLC) = International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC).* coalición política = coalition politics, political coalition.* creación de coaliciones = coalition building.* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.* política de coaliciones = coalition politics.* * *femenino coalition* * *= alliance, coalition, combine, cartel.Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
Ex: Kansas City Public Library has been a part of the coalition since its beginning.Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex: Such alliances, however, may eventually lead to monopoly or oligopoly in a region and cartel over the world.* coalición infame = unholy alliance.* Coalición Internacional de Consorcios de Bibliotecas (ICOLC) = International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC).* coalición política = coalition politics, political coalition.* creación de coaliciones = coalition building.* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.* política de coaliciones = coalition politics.* * *coalitiongobierno de coalición coalition governmentformar una coalición to form a coalition* * *
coalición sustantivo femenino
coalition;
coalición sustantivo femenino coalition
' coalición' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
unión
English:
coalition
* * *coalición nfcoalition;formar (una) coalición con to form a coalition with* * *f coalition* * * -
24 comisario
m.1 police commissioner, chief superintendent, superintendent.2 commissioner, delegate, deputy.3 detective chief inspector, detective superintendent.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comisariar.* * *1 commissioner, delegate2 (de policía) police inspector* * *(f. - comisaria)noun* * *comisario, -aSM / F1) (=delegado) commissionercomisario/a europeo/a — European commissioner
2) [de policía] superintendent, captain (EEUU)3) (Pol) commissar4) (Mil) administrative officer, service corps officer5) [de exposición] organizer6) (Náut) purser7) [de hipódromo] stewardcomisario/a de carreras — course steward
* * *1) ( de policía) captain (AmE), superintendent (BrE)2) ( delegado) commissioner* * *= commissioner, commission official.Ex. Commission decisions are taken collectively, although each commissioner is responsible for one or more portfolios, or areas of policy.Ex. Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.----* alto comisario = high commissioner.* comisario político = commissar.* * *1) ( de policía) captain (AmE), superintendent (BrE)2) ( delegado) commissioner* * *= commissioner, commission official.Ex: Commission decisions are taken collectively, although each commissioner is responsible for one or more portfolios, or areas of policy.
Ex: Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.* alto comisario = high commissioner.* comisario político = commissar.* * *Compuestos:stewardofficial receiverC (de una exposición) organizer* * *
comisario sustantivo masculino
comisario,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (de policía) police inspector
2 (delegado) commissioner
' comisario' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
comisaria
English:
commissioner
- superintendent
- curator
* * *comisario, -a nm,f1. [de policía] Br superintendent, US captaincomisario jefe Br chief superintendent, US chief2. [delegado] commissionercomisario de carrera course steward; UE comisario europeo European Commissioner;comisario político political commissar3. [de muestra] organizer;[de exposición] organizer, curator* * *m1 commissioner;comisario europeo European Commissioner2 de policía captain, Brsuperintendent* * *: commissioner -
25 comunidad de lectores
(n.) = reader communityEx. Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of Commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.* * *(n.) = reader communityEx: Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of Commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.
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26 diversidad de edades
(n.) = age-spreadEx. Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of Commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.* * *(n.) = age-spreadEx: Account also had to be taken of the disparate make-up and wide age-spread of a reader community which consists of Commission officials and trainees plus diverse visitors from outside.
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27 en relación con
= in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping withEx. Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.Ex. Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.Ex. It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.Ex. Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.Ex. Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.Ex. The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.Ex. General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.Ex. KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.Ex. After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.Ex. This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.Ex. Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.Ex. This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.Ex. Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.Ex. We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.Ex. This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.* * *= in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping withEx: Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.
Ex: Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.Ex: It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.Ex: Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.Ex: Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.Ex: The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.Ex: General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.Ex: KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.Ex: After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.Ex: This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.Ex: The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.Ex: Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.Ex: This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.Ex: In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.Ex: Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.Ex: We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.Ex: This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs. -
28 equipo informático
m.data processing equipment.* * *(n.) = computer hardware, computer equipment, computer machineryEx. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computer hardware and software that enables geographic or spatial data to be recorded, manipulated and presented to the user.Ex. In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.* * *(n.) = computer hardware, computer equipment, computer machineryEx: A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of computer hardware and software that enables geographic or spatial data to be recorded, manipulated and presented to the user.
Ex: In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos. -
29 institución pública
f.public institution.* * *(n.) = public institution, public organisationEx. One obligation resting upon every public institution in a democracy is that of standing ready at all times to render an account of itself to the people.Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.* * *(n.) = public institution, public organisationEx: One obligation resting upon every public institution in a democracy is that of standing ready at all times to render an account of itself to the people.
Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos. -
30 pagare
1. v/t acquisto pay forconto, fattura, debito payti pago qualcosa da bere I'll buy you or stand you a drinkgliela faccio pagare he'll pay for this2. v/i paypagare anticipatamente pay in advancepagare in contanti pay (in) cashpagare a rate pay in instal(l)ments* * *1 to pay* (anche fig.): pagare un affitto alto, to pay a high rent; pagare un conto, to pay (o to meet o to foot) a bill; hai pagato il conto?, have you paid the bill?; pagò il conto di tasca sua, he paid the bill out of his own pocket; pagare il conto dell'albergo, to pay the hotel bill; dobbiamo pagare la merce, we have to pay for the goods; pagare un debito, to pay off (o to extinguish o to meet o to honour) a debt; ho pagato tutti i miei debiti, I have paid (off) all my debts; pagare tutte le spese, to pay (o form. to defray) all expenses; quanto hai pagato ( per) il tuo cappello?, how much did you pay for your hat?; ho pagato 10 milioni ( per) quella casa, I paid ten million euros for that house; l'ho pagato una sciocchezza, I got it for a song; per quel che l'ho pagato va più che bene, considering what I paid it is more than adequate; pagammo Ђ 25 a testa, we paid 25 euros a head (o each); pagare un creditore, to pay a creditor; pagare qlcu. per le sue prestazioni, to pay s.o. for his services; pagare alla romana, to go dutch; pagare caro qlco., to pay dearly for sthg.; pagare un occhio della testa, to pay through the nose (o a lot of money o a fortune); pagare immediatamente, sull'unghia, to pay on the nail; far pagare qlcu. per qlco., qlco. a qlcu., to charge s.o. for sthg.: quanto fate pagare ( per) la camera e la prima colazione?, how much do you charge for bed and breakfast?; gli fecero pagare più di 1.000 euro per quel danno, they charged him more than 1,000 euros for the damage; si fa pagare ( caro) ma è molto bravo, he charges a lot, but he's very good; fare pagare a qlcu. meno del dovuto, troppo poco, to undercharge s.o.; far pagare a qlcu. più del dovuto, troppo, to overcharge s.o. // pagherai cara la tua impertinenza, you'll pay for your insolence; me la pagherai!, you'll pay for it!; pagheranno ( caro) ( per) quel che hanno fatto, they'll have to pay (dearly) for what they have done // ha pagato la sua avventatezza con la vita, he paid for his rashness with his life // non so cosa pagherei per aiutarlo, I would give anything to be able to help him // pagare di persona, to face the consequences (o fam. the music) // pagare qlcu. a parole, to put s.o. off with fine words // pagare qlcu. della stessa moneta, to pay s.o. back in his own coin // pagare lo scotto, to pay the reckoning // chi rompe paga, breaker pays // (comm.): pagare a rate, to pay by (o in) instalments; pagare a saldo di ogni avere, to pay in full; pagare con un assegno, una tratta, to pay by cheque, by draft; pagare un assegno, una cambiale, to pay (o honour) a cheque, a bill; pagare una tratta, to meet a draft; pagare il saldo, to pay the balance; pagare una cambiale alla scadenza, to redeem a bill at maturity // da pagarsi, due (o payable): somma da pagarsi, due amount // (banca): interessi da pagare, interest payable; non pagare un effetto, to dishonour a bill // (fin.) pagare dividendi, to pay dividends2 ( offrire) to stand*, to treat (s.o. to sthg.): pago io!, it's on me!; gli ho pagato un gelato, I treated him to an ice; pagare un caffè a qlcu., to buy s.o. a coffee; chi paga?, who's going to pay?; pagare da bere a qlcu., to stand s.o. a drink; pagare un pranzo a qlcu., to stand s.o. a dinner3 ( ricompensare) to reward, to requite: è così che paga il mio affetto!, that's how he rewards me for my affection! // il delitto non paga, crime doesn't pay.* * *[pa'gare] 1.verbo transitivo1) (con denaro) to pay* for [articolo, biglietto, servizio]; to pay*, to settle [fattura, conto, debito]; to pay* [somma, tassa, salario, dipendente]; to settle up with, to pay* [fornitore, artigiano]mi ha pagato l'affitto, una mattinata di lavoro — he paid me the rent, for a morning's work
pagare in contanti, tramite assegno — to pay in cash, by cheque
non so cosa pagherei per... — colloq. what I wouldn't give for
2) colloq. (offrire)pagare qcs. a qcn. — to buy sb. sth.
3) (subire delle conseguenze di) to pay* for [errore, imprudenza]2.1) (con denaro) to pay*2) (ricompensare) [sacrificio, sforzo] to pay* off3) (espiare)3.••••chi rompe paga (e i cocci sono suoi) — prov. = all breakages must be paid for
Note:To pay, equivalente inglese di pagare, viene impiegato in strutture grammaticali diverse: se si paga un conto, una somma di denaro o il costo di qualcosa, il verbo è seguito direttamente da tale riferimento ( pagare il conto = to pay the bill; pagare 100 euro = to pay 100 euros; pagare le proprie spese di viaggio = to pay one's travelling expenses); se il verbo è seguito dall'indicazione della persona che riceve il pagamento, la costruzione inglese prevede sempre un complemento oggetto ( pagare il tassista = to pay the taxi driver; pagare alla commessa = to pay the shop assistant); se il verbo to pay regge entrambe le strutture sopra citate, si può usare la costruzione col doppio oggetto ( pagare alla commessa 100 euro = to pay the shop assistant 100 euros; pagare il conto al cameriere = to pay the bill to the waiter); quando pagare è seguito dall'indicazione dell'oggetto acquistato o del beneficiario del pagamento, si traduce con to pay for ( ho pagato io il tuo biglietto = I paid for your ticket; lui ha pagato per noi = he paid for us); infine, si possono trovare riunite in un'unica frase le precedenti costruzioni ( ho pagato al tassista 35 euro per il viaggio dall'aeroporto all'ufficio = I paid the taxi driver 35 euros for the drive from the airport to my office). - Si noti che far pagare qualcosa a qualcuno si dice in inglese to charge somebody for something* * *pagare/pa'gare/ [1]To pay, equivalente inglese di pagare, viene impiegato in strutture grammaticali diverse: se si paga un conto, una somma di denaro o il costo di qualcosa, il verbo è seguito direttamente da tale riferimento ( pagare il conto = to pay the bill; pagare 100 euro = to pay 100 euros; pagare le proprie spese di viaggio = to pay one's travelling expenses); se il verbo è seguito dall'indicazione della persona che riceve il pagamento, la costruzione inglese prevede sempre un complemento oggetto ( pagare il tassista = to pay the taxi driver; pagare alla commessa = to pay the shop assistant); se il verbo to pay regge entrambe le strutture sopra citate, si può usare la costruzione col doppio oggetto ( pagare alla commessa 100 euro = to pay the shop assistant 100 euros; pagare il conto al cameriere = to pay the bill to the waiter); quando pagare è seguito dall'indicazione dell'oggetto acquistato o del beneficiario del pagamento, si traduce con to pay for ( ho pagato io il tuo biglietto = I paid for your ticket; lui ha pagato per noi = he paid for us); infine, si possono trovare riunite in un'unica frase le precedenti costruzioni ( ho pagato al tassista 35 euro per il viaggio dall'aeroporto all'ufficio = I paid the taxi driver 35 euros for the drive from the airport to my office). - Si noti che far pagare qualcosa a qualcuno si dice in inglese to charge somebody for something.1 (con denaro) to pay* for [articolo, biglietto, servizio]; to pay*, to settle [fattura, conto, debito]; to pay* [somma, tassa, salario, dipendente]; to settle up with, to pay* [fornitore, artigiano]; quanto lo hai pagato il libro? how much did you pay for it? mi ha pagato l'affitto, una mattinata di lavoro he paid me the rent, for a morning's work; pagare in contanti, tramite assegno to pay in cash, by cheque; non so cosa pagherei per... colloq. what I wouldn't give for...2 colloq. (offrire) pagare qcs. a qcn. to buy sb. sth.; lasciate che paghi io la cena let me pay for dinner3 (subire delle conseguenze di) to pay* for [errore, imprudenza]; me la pagherai (cara)! you'll pay for this! I'll make you pay for this!(aus. avere)1 (con denaro) to pay*; in questo caso l'assicurazione non paga in this case the insurance doesn't pay (you back)2 (ricompensare) [sacrificio, sforzo] to pay* off; il crimine non paga crime doesn't pay3 (espiare) pagare con la propria vita to pay with one's lifeIII pagarsi verbo pronominaleto treat oneself to [viaggio, cena]; con questo mi pago l'affitto I pay the rent with thischi rompe paga (e i cocci sono suoi) prov. = all breakages must be paid for. -
31 approach
[ə'prəʊtʃ] I1) (route of access) accesso m., via f. d'accesso2) (advance) (of person, season, old age) (l')avvicinarsi, (l')approssimarsi3) (way of dealing) approccio m.4) (overture) approccio m.; (proposal) offerta f., proposta f.II 1.1) (in space, time) avvicinarsi agales approaching speeds of 200 km per hour — venti che raggiungono una velocità di circa 200 km all'ora
2) (deal with) affrontare [problem, subject]3) (make overtures to) avvicinare, rivolgersi a [ person]; (with offer of job, remuneration) contattare, fare delle offerte a [person, company] ( about per)she was approached by a man in the street — fu abbordata o avvicinata da un uomo per strada
2.he has been approached by several publishers — è stato contattato o ha ricevuto delle proposte da diverse case editrici
verbo intransitivo [person, car] avvicinarsi; [event, season] avvicinarsi, approssimarsi* * *[ə'prəu ] 1. verb(to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.) avvicinarsi2. noun1) (the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.) avvicinamento, l'avvicinarsi2) (a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.) via d'accesso3) (an attempt to obtain or attract a person's help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.) proposta•- approaching* * *[ə'prəʊtʃ] I1) (route of access) accesso m., via f. d'accesso2) (advance) (of person, season, old age) (l')avvicinarsi, (l')approssimarsi3) (way of dealing) approccio m.4) (overture) approccio m.; (proposal) offerta f., proposta f.II 1.1) (in space, time) avvicinarsi agales approaching speeds of 200 km per hour — venti che raggiungono una velocità di circa 200 km all'ora
2) (deal with) affrontare [problem, subject]3) (make overtures to) avvicinare, rivolgersi a [ person]; (with offer of job, remuneration) contattare, fare delle offerte a [person, company] ( about per)she was approached by a man in the street — fu abbordata o avvicinata da un uomo per strada
2.he has been approached by several publishers — è stato contattato o ha ricevuto delle proposte da diverse case editrici
verbo intransitivo [person, car] avvicinarsi; [event, season] avvicinarsi, approssimarsi -
32 fortuné
fortune [fɔʀtyn]feminine nouna. ( = richesse) fortune• connaître des fortunes diverses (sujet pluriel) to enjoy varying fortunes ; (sujet singulier) to have varying luck* * *fɔʀtyn1) ( richesse) fortune2) ( chance)3) ( destinée) fortunes (pl)4)de fortune — ( improvisé) makeshift (épith)
••* * *fɔʀtyn nf1)2)de fortune (abri) — makeshift, (compagnon) chance modif
Ils ont traversé la rivière sur un radeau de fortune. — They crossed the river on a makeshift raft.
* * *fortune nf1 ( richesse) fortune; fortune personnelle/considérable personal/considerable fortune; véritable/petite fortune real/small fortune; grandes fortunes large fortunes; fortune estimée à plus de dix millions fortune estimated at more than ten million; valoir une fortune to be worth a fortune; dépenser une fortune to spend a fortune (à faire doing; pour, en on); faire fortune to make a fortune (dans in; en faisant doing); faire fortune en Amérique to make one's fortune in America; chercher fortune to seek one's fortune; une des plus grosses fortunes du Venezuela one of Venezuela's wealthiest people;2 ( chance) (bonne) fortune good fortune; avoir la (bonne) fortune de faire/d'avoir fait to have the good fortune to do/to have done; profiter de sa bonne fortune to make the most of one's good fortune; mauvaise fortune bad luck; ⇒ audacieux;3 ( destinée) fortunes (pl); fortune d'un parti/club fortunes of a party/club; avec une fortune diverse, avec des fortunes diverses with varying fortunes; fortune d'un mot/d'un film/d'un artiste fortunes of a word/of a film/of an artist;faire contre mauvaise fortune bon cœur to put on a brave face. -
33 tentare
try, attempt( allettare) tempttentare tutto il possibile do everything possible* * *tentare v.tr.1 to try, to attempt, to make* an attempt: ho già tentato diverse volte di entrare, I have already made several attempts to go in; ho tentato, ma senza successo, I have tried, but with no success; tenterò di convincerlo, I shall try to convince him; tentare la fuga, to attempt an escape // tentare la fortuna, to try one's luck // tentare non nuoce, (prov.) there is no harm in trying2 ( indurre in tentazione) to tempt: non tentarmi, non ho tempo di venire, don't tempt me, I have not got time to come; quel dolce mi tenta, that cake is tempting; Sant'Antonio fu tentato dal demonio, St. Anthony was tempted by the devil; sono tentato di andare a vedere, I am tempted to go and see3 (letter.) ( tastare, toccare) to touch, to feel*: tentare le corde di un violino, to touch the strings of a violin* * *[ten'tare]verbo transitivo1) (provare) to attempt, to trytentare di scappare — to tried o attempt to escape
tentare di battere un record — to make an attempt o assault on a record
tentare il tutto per tutto — to make an all-out attempt, to risk one's all
tentare la fortuna, la sorte — to chance o try one's luck, to have a go
2) (allettare) to tempt (anche relig.); [idea, progetto] to seducelasciarsi tentare da — to let oneself be tempted by, to be seduced by
••tentar non nuoce — prov. there's no harm in trying
* * *tentare/ten'tare/ [1]1 (provare) to attempt, to try; tentare di scappare to tried o attempt to escape; tentare di battere un record to make an attempt o assault on a record; tentare l'evasione to attempt escape; tentare il suicidio to attempt suicide; tentare il tutto per tutto to make an all-out attempt, to risk one's all; tentare la fortuna, la sorte to chance o try one's luck, to have a go2 (allettare) to tempt (anche relig.); [idea, progetto] to seduce; l'idea non la tenta molto the idea doesn't appeal to her very much; la torta mi tenta the cake is tempting; lasciarsi tentare da to let oneself be tempted by, to be seduced bytentar non nuoce prov. there's no harm in trying. -
34 toccare
1. v/t touch( riguardare) concern, be about2. v/i happen (a to)gli tocca metà dell'eredità half the estate is going to himtocca a me it's my turnmi tocca partire I must go, I have to go* * *toccare v.tr.1 to touch; ( maneggiare) to handle: le toccò la fronte con la mano, he touched her forehead with his hand; non toccare!, don't touch!; toccare le corde di uno strumento, to touch the strings of an instrument; si prega di non toccare la frutta, please do not handle the fruit; vietato toccare la merce, do not touch the goods // chi tocca i fili muore, danger, live wires // toccare ferro, to touch wood // vuole sempre toccare con mano quel che gli si dice, he always wants to have a proof of what he is told about; ti farò toccare con mano l'errore delle tue affermazioni, I shall make you realize how wrong your statements are // toccare il fondo, to touch the bottom (anche fig.); (Borsa) to ground: presto i prezzi toccheranno il fondo, prices will be grounding soon // toccare l'avversario, ( scherma) to touch one's opponent // toccare i bicchieri, ( brindare) to clink (o to touch) glasses // guardare e non toccare è una cosa da imparare, it is difficult to keep one's hands off something2 ( usare) to use, to draw* on: non ha mai toccato i soldi messi da parte, he has never used (o drawn on) the money set aside // toccare cibo, to touch food: non tocca cibo da una settimana, he has not touched any food for a week3 ( raggiungere) to touch, to reach: era tanto alto che toccava il soffitto, he was so tall that he could touch the ceiling; la sua gonna toccava terra, her skirt swept the ground; le montagne sembrano toccare il cielo, the mountains seem to touch the sky; toccare la meta, to reach one's goal (anche fig.); toccare terra, to touch land; toccare un porto, ( farvi scalo) to call at a port // quella signora toccherà i quaranta, that lady is fortyish // toccare il cielo con un dito, (fig.) to be in seventh heaven4 ( colpire, ferire) to touch, to hurt*; ( commuovere) to touch, to move: ho toccato il suo orgoglio, I have touched his pride; il suo sarcasmo non mi tocca, his sarcasm does not touch me; non bisogna toccarlo nei suoi sentimenti religiosi, we must not hurt his religious feelings; guai a chi le tocca i figli, there is trouble in store for anyone who touches (o lays a finger on) her children; toccare qlcu. nel vivo, to touch s.o. to the quick (o on a tender spot); quelle parole mi toccarono il cuore, those words touched my heart; la sua storia mi toccò profondamente, his story touched (o moved) me deeply◆ v. intr.2 ( capitare) to happen, to fall*: mi toccò una grave responsabilità, a serious responsibility fell to me; sono spiacente per quel che gli è toccato, I am sorry for what has happened to him; gli è toccata una bella fortuna, he had a real stroke of luck // a chi tocca, tocca, (fam.) if it is your turn, then you are in for it // toccare in sorte a qlcu., to fall to s.o.'s lot3 ( spettare) to fall*: il premio tocca a lui, the prize falls to him; non gli toccò quasi nulla, he hardly got anything; tocca a voi aiutarlo, it is your duty (o it is up to you) to help him; a chi tocca?, whose turn is it?; tocca a te, it is your turn; ( a dama, a scacchi) it is your move // toccare in eredità, to fall to s.o.'s share4 ( dovere) to have: mi tocca partire oggi, I have to leave today; cosa mi tocca sentire!, I can't believe my ears!5 ( lasciare il segno) to leave* a mark: sono cose che toccano, they are things that leave a lasting mark.◘ toccarsi v.rifl.rec. to touch each other (one another): le due case si toccano, the two houses touch each other // gli estremi si toccano, (prov.) extremes meet.* * *[tok'kare]1. vttoccare con mano fig — to find out for o.s.
2) (raggiungere) to touch, reachsi tocca? — (in acqua) can you touch the bottom?
toccare il fondo — to touch the bottom, fig to touch rock bottom
toccare terra Naut — to reach land, Aer to touch down
3) (commuovere) to touch, move, (ferire) to hurt, woundla vicenda ci tocca da vicino — the matter concerns o affects us closely
1)mi è toccata una bella fortuna — I've had great good fortunea chi tocca, tocca — that's life
2)mi tocca andare — I have to go3)toccare a — to be the turn ofa chi tocca? — whose turn o go is it?
tocca a me — it's my turn o go
3. vr (toccarsi)1) (masturbarsi) to play with o.s.2)* * *[tok'kare] 1.verbo transitivo1) to touch [ oggetto]; (maneggiare) to handle; (saggiare) to feel* [tessuto, abito]toccare la fronte di qcn. — to touch sb. on the forehead
non toccare cibo — to leave the meal untouched o untasted
2) (urtare) to hit* [auto, marciapiede, muro]3) (in acqua)qui non si tocca — I'm out of my depths here, I can't touch the bottom here
4) (modificare) to change5) fig. (affrontare) to touch, to broach [faccenda, problema]6) fig. (turbare, commuovere) to move, to touch [ persona]7) (offendere)toccare l'onore di qcn. — to offend sb.'s honour
guai a toccargli la famiglia! — colloq. you dare not criticize his family!
8) fig. (riguardare) [evento, cambiamento, decisione] to affect, to involve, to touch [persona, settore, paese]il problema ti tocca da vicino — the problem touches o concerns you personally
9) (essere adiacente a) to touch [soffitto, parete]toccare il fondo — [ imbarcazione] to touch bottom o ground, to bottom; fig. to hit rock bottom o to be in the depths of despair
toccare terra — [ nave] to reach o make land; [ aereo] to land
10) (raggiungere) [cifre, peso] to hit* [ livello]; [inflazione, disoccupazione] to run* at [percentuale, tasso]2.1) (in sorte)mi è toccato fare — the lot fell to me o it fell to my lot to do
2) (spettare)tocca a lui decidere — it's up to him o it falls to him to decide, that's for him to decide
a chi tocca? — whose go o turn is it?
tocca a te ora — it's your turn o go now
questo giro tocca a me — (pagare) this round is on me o it's my treat
5) (strusciare)3.toccare per terra — [gonna, tende] to sweep the ground
verbo pronominale toccarsi1) (se stesso) to feel* oneself2) (reciprocamente) to touch each otherle loro mani, labbra si toccarono — their hands, lips met
3) pop. (masturbarsi) to play with oneself4) (essere adiacente) to be* next to each other••toccare qcn. sul o nel vivo [allusione, critica] to cut o sting sb. to the quick; toccare il cuore di qcn. to touch sb.'s heart o heartstrings, to strike a chord in o with sb.; toccare qcs. con mano to have proof of sth., to experience sth. at first hand; toccare il cielo con un dito to be on cloud nine, to be thrilled to bits; toccare ferro — to touch wood BE, to knock on wood AE
* * *toccare/tok'kare/ [1]1 to touch [ oggetto]; (maneggiare) to handle; (saggiare) to feel* [tessuto, abito]; toccare la fronte di qcn. to touch sb. on the forehead; non toccare cibo to leave the meal untouched o untasted; la polizia non mi può toccare the police can't touch me; non l'ho toccata neanche con un dito I never laid a finger on her2 (urtare) to hit* [auto, marciapiede, muro]3 (in acqua) qui non si tocca I'm out of my depths here, I can't touch the bottom here4 (modificare) to change; non toccare una virgola not to change a word5 fig. (affrontare) to touch, to broach [faccenda, problema]7 (offendere) toccare l'onore di qcn. to offend sb.'s honour; guai a toccargli la famiglia! colloq. you dare not criticize his family!8 fig. (riguardare) [evento, cambiamento, decisione] to affect, to involve, to touch [persona, settore, paese]; il problema ti tocca da vicino the problem touches o concerns you personally9 (essere adiacente a) to touch [soffitto, parete]; toccare il fondo [ imbarcazione] to touch bottom o ground, to bottom; fig. to hit rock bottom o to be in the depths of despair; toccare terra [ nave] to reach o make land; [ aereo] to land10 (raggiungere) [cifre, peso] to hit* [ livello]; [inflazione, disoccupazione] to run* at [percentuale, tasso]; toccare i 180 all'ora to hit 180 km an hour; toccare la sessantina to be in one's late fifties(aus. essere)1 (in sorte) mi è toccato fare the lot fell to me o it fell to my lot to do; gli è toccata una (bella) fortuna he ran into a fortune2 (spettare) dovrebbero pagargli quello che gli tocca they should pay him what is due to him; tocca a lui decidere it's up to him o it falls to him to decide, that's for him to decide3 (essere di turno) a chi tocca? whose go o turn is it? tocca a te ora it's your turn o go now; tocca a me muovere it's my move; tocca a te fare il caffè it's your turn to make the coffee; questo giro tocca a me (pagare) this round is on me o it's my treat4 (essere costretto) mi tocca andarci di persona I have to go in person; ma guarda cosa mi tocca fare! just look at what I have got to do!5 (strusciare) toccare per terra [ gonna, tende] to sweep the groundIII toccarsi verbo pronominale1 (se stesso) to feel* oneself; - rsi la barba to finger one's beard2 (reciprocamente) to touch each other; le loro mani, labbra si toccarono their hands, lips met; gli estremi si toccano extremes meet3 pop. (masturbarsi) to play with oneself4 (essere adiacente) to be* next to each othertoccare qcn. sul o nel vivo [allusione, critica] to cut o sting sb. to the quick; toccare il cuore di qcn. to touch sb.'s heart o heartstrings, to strike a chord in o with sb.; toccare qcs. con mano to have proof of sth., to experience sth. at first hand; toccare il cielo con un dito to be on cloud nine, to be thrilled to bits; toccare ferro to touch wood BE, to knock on wood AE. -
35 Konto
Konto n (Kto.) 1. BANK account, a/c; relationship (in relationship banking); 2. RW, V&M account, a/c • à Konto BANK account of, a/o, on account, o/a • auf Konto von BANK account of, a/o • ein Konto abfragen BANK, COMP, SOZ query an account (effiziente elektronische Einblicknahme der Finanz- und Sozialversicherungsbehörden in die Kontenstammdaten der Kunden deutscher Banken ohne Vorabinformation der Betroffenen; from May 2005 financial and social security agencies have the right to detect accounts and gain an insight into master data of account holders) • einem Konto einen Betrag gutschreiben BANK credit a sum to an account, pay a sum into an account • kein Konto BANK no-account, n/a • Konto abschließen BANK, RW balance an account • Konto abstimmen BANK, FIN, RW balance an account, rule off, reconcile an account • Konto ausgleichen BANK, FIN, RW balance an account, settle an account, offset an account • per Konto BANK account of, a/o* * *n (Kto.) 1. < Bank> account (a/c) ; relationship (in relationship banking) ; 2. <Rechnung, V&M> account (a/c) ■ à Konto < Bank> account of (a/o), on account (o/a) ■ auf Konto von < Bank> account of (a/o) ■ Konto abschließen <Bank, Finanz, Rechnung> balance an account ■ Konto abstimmen <Bank, Finanz, Rechnung> balance an account, rule off, reconcile an account ■ Konto ausgleichen <Bank, Finanz, Rechnung> balance an account, settle an account, offset an account ■ einem Konto einen Betrag gutschreiben < Bank> credit a sum to an account, pay a sum into an account ■ kein Konto < Bank> no-account (n/a) ■ per Konto jarg < Bank> account of (a/o)* * *Konto
account, (Guthaben) balance;
• a Konto [received] on account, a vista;
• zum Ausgleich eines Kontos to settle (in settlement of) an account;
• abgerechnetes Konto settled account;
• abgeschlossenes Konto closed account, account ruled off;
• abgetretenes Konto assigned account (US);
• abhebeberechtigtes Konto withdrawable account;
• allgemeines Konto general account;
• als sicher angesehenes Konto well-regarded account;
• ausgeglichenes Konto balanced account;
• belastetes Konto account debited, debited account;
• Konto beschlagnahmt account attached (US);
• lange bestehendes Konto long-standing account;
• debitorisches Konto debit (debtor) account;
• eingefrorenes Konto frozen (blocked) account;
• erkanntes Konto account credited;
• fiktives Konto fictitious (proforma) account;
• fingiertes Konto pro-forma (fictitious) account;
• frisiertes Konto wangled account;
• gebundenes Konto time deposit;
• gedecktes Konto secured account;
• ungenügend gedecktes Konto overextended account (US);
• debitorisch geführtes Konto debit (debtor) account;
• hilfsweise geführtes Konto adjunct account;
• im Inland geführtes Konto inland account;
• kreditorisch geführtes Konto non-borrowing account;
• gemeinsames Konto participation account;
• gemeinschaftliches Konto joint account;
• beim Drittschuldner gepfändetes Konto garnishee account;
• gesperrtes Konto blocked account (deposit);
• internes Konto internal account;
• kein Konto no account (n/a);
• kreditorisches Konto creditor account;
• laufendes Konto current (working, personal, running, continuing, check[ing], US, drawing, US, open, US) account, demand deposit (US);
• lebendes Konto personal (customer’s) account;
• normales Konto ordinary account;
• offenes Konto open (current, check[ing], US, drawing) account;
• offen stehendes Konto open (unsettled) account;
• persönliches (privates) Konto private account;
• provisorisches Konto interim (provisional) account;
• reguliertes Konto settled account;
• revolvierendes Konto revolving account;
• tägliches Konto account current, check[ing] account (US);
• totes Konto (Depot) securities ledger, (Sachkonto) nominal (US) (impersonal, Br.) account, (umsatzloses) sleeping (inactive, dead, Br.) account;
• transitorisches Konto suspense (suspended) account;
• überzogenes Konto overdrawn account, overdraft;
• umsatzloses (unbewegtes) Konto dormant (broken, inactive, dead, Br., inoperative, Br.) account, inactive account (US);
• umsatzträchtiges Konto active (unbroken) account;
• unpersönliches Konto impersonal (Br.) (nominal) account;
• unverzinsliches Konto account bearing no interest, non-interest-bearing account;
• versichertes Konto insured account (US);
• verzinsliches Konto interest-bearing account;
• vorjähriges Konto last year’s account;
• vorläufiges Konto suspense (provisional) account;
• zediertes Konto assigned account (US);
• zinstragendes Konto interest-bearing account;
• zweckgebundenes (zweckbestimmtes) Konto earmarked account;
• Konto Abschreibungen depreciation account;
• Konto für Abschreibungsrücklagen depreciation reserve account;
• Konto der Anlagewerte fixed-asset (capital) account;
• Konto des Ausstellers drawer’s account;
• Konto Beteiligungen investment account;
• Konto für Diverse sundries (sundry persons’, Br.) account;
• Konto für nachträglich eingegangene Dubiosen bad-debts collected account (US);
• Konto für Gelder der öffentlichen Hand, Konto für staatliche (öffentliche) Gelder public account (Br.);
• Konto eines nicht entlasteten Gemeinschuldners account with an undischarged bankrupt;
• Konto der Hauptniederlassung head-office account;
• laufendes Konto mit ständigem Kreditsaldo credit account;
• Konto mit Kündigungsfrist fixed (time, US) deposit;
• Konto einer Organgesellschaft intercompany account;
• Konto für Privatentnahmen drawing account;
• Konto für Sonderziehungen (Weltwährungsfonds) special drawing account;
• Konto beim Stammhaus head-office account;
• Konto mit häufigen (hohen) Umsätzen active account;
• Konto für kurzfristige Verbindlichkeiten liability account;
• Konto zur vorläufigen Verbuchung unklarer Posten over and short account;
• Konto Verschiedenes sundries journal;
• Konto, aus dem die Verwendung des Reingewinns ersichtlich ist appropriation account;
• Konto überfälliger Wechsel bills overdue account;
• Konto für laufende Zahlungen budget account;
• Konto zweifelhafter Zinseingänge reserve (suspense, Br.) interest account;
• von seinem Konto abheben to draw (make a draft) on one’s account;
• Konto abrechnen to settle (balance) an account;
• Kontoabschließen to balance (close [and rule], run off, post) an account;
• Konto alimentieren to place an account in funds;
• Konto anlegen to open an account [with];
• Betrag auf jds. Konto anweisen to have an account credited to s. one’s account;
• Konto aufgliedern to analyse (break down, US) an account;
• Konto aufheben (auflösen) to eliminate (close) an account;
• sein Konto auflösen to withdraw one’s account;
• Konto aufstellen to make up an account;
• Konto ausgleichen to balance (settle) an account, (begleichen) to quit scores, to settle (discharge) an account;
• Konto zugeteilt bekommen to be assigned an account;
• Konto belasten to debit an account, to pass to the debit of (charge against) an account;
• Konto mit einem Betrag belasten to pass an account (place a sum) to the debit of an account;
• jds. Konto mit einem Betrag belasten to charge an amount to s. one’s account, to place a sum to s. one’s debit;
• Konto mit sämtlichen Kosten belasten to charge an account with all the expenses;
• Konto bereinigen to clear up an account;
• Richtigkeit eines Kontos bestätigen to verify an account;
• Konto debitieren to pass (place) to the debit of (debit) an account;
• Konto dotieren to place an account in funds;
• Konto durchsehen to go over an account;
• Konto einrichten to open an account [with];
• auf ein Konto einzahlen to pay into an account;
• Betrag auf jds. Konto einzahlen to pay in a sum to s. one’s credit;
• Konto entlasten to approve an account;
• Konto mit dem Gegenwert erkennen to credit the proceeds to an account;
• Konto eröffnen to open an account;
• Konto bei einer Bank zugunsten von... eröffnen to open an account with a bank to the favo(u)r of...;
• Konto für j. errichten to open an account in s. one’s name;
• auf einem Konto erscheinen (figurieren) to appear in an account;
• Konto führen to keep an account;
• Konto glattstellen to discharge (settle) an account;
• einem Konto gutschreiben to credit (pass, place to the credit of) an account;
• Konto bei einer Bank haben to have a bank account (an account with a bank);
• sein Konto überzogen haben to have an overdraft;
• über ein Konto mittels Scheckkarte verfügen können to hold an account under current check-card arrangements;
• Konto kreditieren to pass (place) to the credit of an account;
• Konto kündigen to call up an account;
• Konto anwachsen lassen to run up an account;
• Konto unausgeglichen lassen to let an account stand over;
• Konto löschen to close and rule an account;
• um Errichtung eines Kontos nachsuchen to solicit for an account;
• auf Konto nehmen to take on credit;
• Konto pfänden to garnish (attach, US) the balance of an account;
• Konto prüfen to analyse (check, examine) an account;
• Konto regulieren to regulate an account, to even up an account in funds;
• Konto saldieren to balance an account;
• [faules] Konto versuchsweise sanieren to nurse an account (Br.);
• Konto schließen to close an account;
• auf jds. Konto setzen to pass (put down) to s. one’s account;
• Konto sperren to block (freeze) an account;
• Konto überprüfen to go over an account;
• Geld auf ein anderes Konto überschreiben to transfer money to another account;
• sein Konto überschreiten (überziehen) to overdraw (overcheck, US) one’s account, to make an overdraft (US), (fam.) to overdraw the badger (Br.);
• sein Konto nur begrenzt überziehen to keep one’s overdraft within reasonable limits;
• Konto laufend überziehen to run up overdrafts (US);
• Konto unterhalten to maintain (keep, operate) an account
• Konto bei einer Bank unterhalten to have (hold) an account with a bank;
• Konto bei der Landeszentralbank unterhalten to have a deposit account with the Federal Reserve Bank (US);
• auf ein Konto verbuchen to enter into an account;
• über jds. Konto verfügen to sign on s. one’s account;
• Saldo eines Kontos ziehen to balance an account;
• einem Konto zuschlagen to add to an account;
• Kontoabhebung drawing on an account;
• beabsichtigte Kontoabhebung einen Monat vorher anzeigen to give one month’s notice of withdrawal;
• Kontoabhebung vornehmen to make a draft on (withdraw from) one’s account, to draw on an account;
• Kontoabrechnung computation of account, (Bankauszug) bank reconciliation statement;
• Kontoabrechnung nicht anerkennen to question the computation of an account;
• Kontoabschluss closing [of an account], balancing (making up) the account, rest (Br.);
• halbjähriger Kontoabschluss accounts to be settled every six months;
• Kontoabstimmung bank reconciliation;
• Kontoabtretung assignment of an account;
• Kontoabwicklung running of an account;
• Kontoänderung change of account;
• Kontoanerkennung approval of account;
• Konto anreicherung feeding of an account;
• Kontoauflösung closing (elimination, US) of an account;
• Kontoaufstockung buildup of an account;
• Kontoauftrag account mandate;
• Kontoausgleich account balance.
auftauen, Konto
to unfreeze an account;
• eingefrorenen Kredit auftauen to unblock a frozen credit.
entsperren, Konto
to deblock (unblock) an account.
Konto, aus dem die Verwendung des Reingewinns ersichtlich ist
appropriation account -
36 eingehen
(unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)I v/i1. Kleidung: shrink2. Tier, Pflanze: die (an + Dat of); dabei geht man ja ein! umg., bei großer Anstrengung etc.: it’s enough to finish you off; bei dieser Hitze oder diesen Temperaturen geht man ja ein this heat kills oder these temperatures kill you; ich gehe noch oder fast ein vor Durst / Hitze etc. umg. I’m dying of thirst / heat etc.3. umg., fig. Firma, Zeitung: fold, go under5. eingehen auf (+ Akk) (Interesse zeigen für) show an interest in; (sich befassen mit) deal with; auf eine Frage etc.: go into; auf einen Scherz etc.: go along with; auf einen Plan etc.: accept; auf jemanden eingehen respond to; zuhörend: listen to; nachsichtig: humo(u)r; auf die Frage (+ Gen) eingehen auch address the issue of; näher eingehen auf elaborate on, expand on, amplify; ( überhaupt) nicht eingehen auf auch ignore (completely); darauf will ich jetzt nicht eingehen I don’t want to go into that now6. WIRTS., Amtsspr. (eintreffen) Geld, Post, Waren: come in, arrive; ist mein Schreiben bei Ihnen eingegangen? have you received my letter?7. eingehen in (+ Akk) (Eingang finden) enter; in die Annalen oder Geschichte eingehen go down in history; in das Reich Gottes eingehen enter the Kingdom of God; sind diese Überlegungen in Ihren Artikel / in die Planung eingegangen? have these considerations found a place in your article / been taken up in the plans?8. umg.: das will mir nicht eingehen! (ich verstehe es nicht) I can’t grasp it; es will ihm nicht eingehen, dass... (er will es nicht wahrhaben) he can’t accept (the fact) that..., he can’t come to terms with the fact that...II v/t1. (Vertrag) enter into; (Verpflichtung etc.) take on; (Risiko) take; (Wette) make; (Kompromiss) accept; einen Vergleich eingehen come to an arrangement; mit Gläubigern: reach a settlement, compound fachspr.; die Ehe eingehen mit geh. enter into marriage with; darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein I bet you anything that’ll happen* * *(Pflanze) to perish; to die;(Verpflichtung) to enter into* * *ein|ge|hen sep irreg aux sein1. vi1) (= ankommen) (Briefe, Waren etc) to arrive, to be received; (Meldung, Spenden, Bewerbungen) to come in, to be receivedéíngehende Post/Waren — incoming mail/goods
eingegangene Post/Spenden — mail/donations received
2) (old = eintreten) to enter (in +acc into= Aufnahme finden Wort, Sitte) to be adopted ( in +acc in)in die Unsterblichkeit éíngehen — to attain immortality
zur ewigen Ruhe or in den ewigen Frieden éíngehen — to go to (one's) rest
3)wann wird es dir endlich éíngehen, dass...? — when will it finally sink in or when will you finally understand that...?
es will mir einfach nicht éíngehen, wie... — it's beyond me how..., I just cannot understand how...
4)(= wirken)
diese Musik geht einem leicht ein — this music is very catchydiese Worte gingen ihm glatt ein — these words were music to his ears
5) (fig = einfließen) to leave its mark, to have some influence (in +acc on)die verschiedensten Einflüsse sind in das Werk eingegangen — there have been the most diverse influences on his work
6) (=einlaufen Stoff) to shrink7) (=sterben Tiere, Pflanze) to die (an +dat of inf Firma etc) to foldbei dieser Hitze/Kälte geht man ja ein! (inf) — this heat/cold is just too much (inf) or is killing (inf)
8)niemand ging auf meine Frage/mich ein — nobody took any notice of my question/me
9)(= sich widmen, einfühlen)
auf jdn/etw éíngehen — to give (one's) time and attention to sb/sth10)2. vt(= abmachen, abschließen) to enter into; Risiko to take; Wette to makeer gewinnt, darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein — I bet you anything he wins
einen Vergleich éíngehen (Jur) — to reach a settlement
* * *ein|ge·henI. vi Hilfsverb: seinin die Annalen/in die Geschichte \eingehen to go down in the annals/in historyin die Ewigkeit \eingehen to pass into eternityin das Reich Gottes \eingehen to enter the kingdom of Heavenzur ewigen Ruhe \eingehen to go to one's restder anonyme Anruf ging heute Morgen in der Schule ein the school received the anonymous call this morning\eingehende Anrufe/Post/Waren incoming calls/mail/goodseingegangene Spenden donations received▪ etw geht bei jdm ein sb receives sthsämtliche Bestellungen, die bei uns \eingehen, werden sofort bearbeitet all orders we receive are processed immediatelysoeben geht bei mir eine wichtige Meldung ein I'm just receiving an important reportdie Miete für diesen Monat ist auf meinem Konto immer noch nicht eingegangen this month's rent has still not been paid into my account yet▪ etw geht bei jdm ein sb receives sthwann ist das Geld bei dir eingegangen? when did your receive the money?4. (sterben) to diees ist unglaublich schwül hier drinnen, ich geh noch ein! (fam) the closeness in here is killing me!in dieser langweiligen Umgebung würde ich \eingehen (fam) I would die of boredom in this environmentsie sind gegen die Mannschaft aus Venezuela ganz schön eingegangen they really came a cropper against the team from Venezuela▪ jdm \eingehen to be grasped by sbdiese Argumente gehen einem leicht ein these arguments can be easily graspedihm will es nicht \eingehen he can't [or fails to] grasp ites will mir einfach nicht \eingehen, wieso I just can't see whydas Lob ging ihr glatt ein the praise went down well with her fam, she was pleased about the praise9. (einlaufen) to shrinkdie Sofabezüge sind mir bei der Wäsche eingegangen the sofa covers shrank in the wash10. (sich beschäftigen mit)▪ auf jdn \eingehen to pay some attention to sbdu gehst überhaupt nicht auf deine Kinder ein you don't pay your kids any attentionauf diesen Punkt gehe ich zum Schluss noch näher ein I would like to deal with [or go into] this point in more detail at the ender ging nicht auf meine Frage ein he ignored my question11. (sich einlassen)auf ein Geschäft \eingehen to agree to a dealauf jds Vorschlag eingehen to accept sb's suggestionII. vt Hilfsverb: sein▪ etw \eingehen to enter into sthein Risiko \eingehen to take a riskeine Verpflichtung \eingehen to enter into an obligationeine Wette \eingehen to make a betich gehe jede Wette ein, dass er wieder zu spät kommt I'll bet [you] anything [you like] that he'll arrive late again▪ etw [mit jdm] \eingehen to enter into sth [with sb][mit jdm] ein Bündnis \eingehen to enter into alliance [with sb]einen Vergleich \eingehen to reach a settlementeinen Vertrag [mit jdm] \eingehen to enter into contract [with sb]* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (eintreffen) arrive; be received2) (fig.)in die Weltliteratur eingehen — find one's/its place in world literature
3) (schrumpfen) shrink4)auf eine Frage/ein Problem eingehen/nicht eingehen — go into or deal with/ignore a question/problem
auf ein Angebot eingehen/nicht eingehen — accept/reject an offer
5) (sterben) die6) (bankrott gehen) close down2.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb enter into <contract, matrimony>; take < risk>; accept < obligation>darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein — (ugs.) I'll bet you anything on that (coll.)
* * *eingehen (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)A. v/i1. Kleidung: shrink2. Tier, Pflanze: die (an +dat of);diesen Temperaturen geht man ja ein this heat kills oder these temperatures kill you;fast ein vor Durst/Hitze etc umg I’m dying of thirst/heat etc3. umg, fig Firma, Zeitung: fold, go underbei with)5.eingehen auf (+akk) (Interesse zeigen für) show an interest in; (sich befassen mit) deal with; auf eine Frage etc: go into; auf einen Scherz etc: go along with; auf einen Plan etc: accept;auf die Frage (+gen)näher eingehen auf elaborate on, expand on, amplify;darauf will ich jetzt nicht eingehen I don’t want to go into that nowist mein Schreiben bei Ihnen eingegangen? have you received my letter?7.eingehen in (+akk) (Eingang finden) enter;Geschichte eingehen go down in history;in das Reich Gottes eingehen enter the Kingdom of God;sind diese Überlegungen in Ihren Artikel/in die Planung eingegangen? have these considerations found a place in your article/been taken up in the plans?8. umg:das will mir nicht eingehen! (ich verstehe es nicht) I can’t grasp it;es will ihm nicht eingehen, dass … (er will es nicht wahrhaben) he can’t accept (the fact) that …, he can’t come to terms with the fact that …B. v/t1. (Vertrag) enter into; (Verpflichtung etc) take on; (Risiko) take; (Wette) make; (Kompromiss) accept;einen Vergleich eingehen come to an arrangement; mit Gläubigern: reach a settlement, compound fachspr;die Ehe eingehen mit geh enter into marriage with;darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein I bet you anything that’ll happen* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) (eintreffen) arrive; be received2) (fig.)in die Weltliteratur eingehen — find one's/its place in world literature
3) (schrumpfen) shrink4)auf eine Frage/ein Problem eingehen/nicht eingehen — go into or deal with/ignore a question/problem
auf ein Angebot eingehen/nicht eingehen — accept/reject an offer
5) (sterben) die6) (bankrott gehen) close down2.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb enter into <contract, matrimony>; take < risk>; accept < obligation>darauf gehe ich jede Wette ein — (ugs.) I'll bet you anything on that (coll.)
* * *(Kleidung) v.to shrink v.(§ p.,p.p.: shrank, shrunk) (Pflanze, Tier) v.to die v. (Waren, Post) v.to arrive v.to come in v. -
37 conciliare
reconcilemulta pay, settleconciliare il sonno be conducive to sleep* * *conciliare1 v.tr.1 ( mettere d'accordo) to reconcile, to conciliate: conciliare due idee diverse, to reconcile two different ideas; riusciva a conciliare il lavoro con gli impegni familiari, she was able to reconcile work with her family commitments // conciliare una contravvenzione, to pay a fine on the spot; concilia?, will you pay (the fine) now?; conciliare una lite, to make up a quarrel2 ( favorire) to induce, to bring* on: la televisione mi concilia il sonno, television makes me sleepy3 ( ottenere) to win*, to gain.◘ conciliarsi v.rifl.1 ( riconciliarsi) to become* reconciled, (fam.) to make* it up: dopo molti anni si conciliò con i genitori, after many years he was reconciled with his parents2 ( adattarsi) to reconcile oneself, to resign oneself: conciliare con l'idea di lavorare, to resign oneself to the idea of working.conciliare2 agg. counciliar, council (attr.)◆ s.m. councillor.* * *I [kontʃi'ljare]1. vt1) (mettere d'accordo) to reconcile2) (favorire: sonno) to be conducive to, induce3)conciliarsi qc — (stima, simpatia) to gain o win sth (for o.s.)
2. vip (conciliarsi)II [kontʃi'ljare] aggcouncil attr* * *[kontʃi'ljare] 1.verbo transitivo1) (armonizzare) to conciliate, to accommodate, to reconcile [idee, opinioni]2) burocr.3) (conquistare) to win* [simpatia, favore]4) (favorire)2.* * *conciliare/kont∫i'ljare/ [1]1 (armonizzare) to conciliate, to accommodate, to reconcile [idee, opinioni]2 burocr. conciliare una contravvenzione to pay a fine on the spot3 (conquistare) to win* [simpatia, favore]4 (favorire) conciliare il sonno to induce sleep; questo film mi concilia il sonno this film makes me sleepyII conciliarsi verbo pronominale(riconciliarsi) to make* up, to become* reconciled. -
38 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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39 Forderung
Forderung f 1. GEN requirement, claim, debt; 2. VERSICH claim, call • durch ein allgemeines Vorrecht gesicherte Forderung RECHT claim secured by a general right of preference (nicht in Deutschland) • durch ein dingliches Recht gesicherte Forderung RECHT claim guaranteed by a right over land or other property • eine Forderung anmelden RECHT lodge a claim • eine Forderung berichtigen RECHT meet a claim • eine Forderung bestreiten RECHT contest a claim • eine Forderung einreichen RECHT file a claim • eine Forderung einziehen FIN collect a debt • eine Forderung erlassen GEN release a debt, remit a debt • eine Forderung feststellen RECHT admit a debt • eine Forderung liquidieren FIN collect a debt • eine Forderung regulieren GEN adjust a claim (Versicherung) • eine Forderung stellen RECHT set up a claim • eine Forderung zulassen RECHT admit a debt • Forderung an RW debt owed by • in einer Insolvenz angemeldete Forderung RECHT claim lodged in an insolvency • seine Forderungen anmelden RECHT declare one’s claims* * *f 1. < Geschäft> requirement; 2. < Versich> claim, call ■ eine Forderung einreichen < Recht> file a claim ■ eine Forderung einziehen < Finanz> collect a debt ■ eine Forderung erlassen <Vw> release a debt, remit a debt ■ eine Forderung liquidieren < Finanz> collect a debt ■ eine Forderung regulieren < Versich> adjust a claim ■ eine Forderung stellen < Recht> set up a claim ■ Forderung an < Rechnung> debt owed by* * *Forderung
call, demand, requirement, (Anspruch) claim, title, debt, (Bedingung) stipulation, (Preisforderung) charge;
• zum Ausgleich aller Forderungen in full settlement;
• Forderungen (Bilanz) debtors, debts (Br.), receivables (US);
• abgetretene Forderungen assigned claims, (Bilanz) pledged accounts receivables (US);
• ältere Forderung anterior claim;
• anerkannte Forderung acknowledged (allowed) claim, debt by special contract;
• im Feststellungsverfahren anerkannte Forderung debt on record, judgment debt;
• angebliche Forderung pretended claim;
• anmeldefähige Forderung provable claim (debt);
• im Konkurs anmeldefähige Forderung debt provable in bankruptcy;
• ausgeklagte Forderung judgment debt;
• aussonderungsberechtigte Forderung colo(u)rable claim;
• aussonderungsfähige Forderung claim of exemption (US);
• ausstehende Forderungen active (outstanding) debts, outs, accounts receivable (US);
• bedingte Forderungen contingent receivables (US);
• bevorzugt zu befriedigende Forderung preferential (preferred) debt (claim);
• befristete Forderung deferred claim;
• ziffernmäßig nicht begrenzte Forderung unlimited claim;
• begründete Forderung legitimate claim;
• vertraglich begründete Forderung debt founded on contract (upon a written instrument), simple debt;
• nicht beitreibbare Forderung unenforceable claim;
• berechtigte Forderung legal demand, equitable claim;
• dinglich besicherte Forderung debt covered by a security;
• bestrittene Forderung disputed claim;
• betagte Forderung deferred claim;
• bevorrechtigte Forderung priority of a claim, privileged (preferential, preferred, US) debt, (Konkursverfahren) secured (preferential, preferred) debt, prior (preference, preferential, priority) claim, claim entitled to priority, (Nachlassverfahren) privileged debt;
• nicht bevorrechtigte Forderung unsecured (ordinary) debt, non-provable claim, (Konkurs) simple debt;
• bevorzugte Forderung preferential (preferred, US) debt;
• ziffernmäßig nicht bewiesene Forderung illiquid debt;
• billige Forderung reasonable demand, equity;
• blockierte Forderung blocked debt;
• buchmäßige Forderung book claim (debt);
• diverse Forderungen (Bilanz) sundry debtors, sundries;
• dubiose Forderungen doubtful debts, notes and accounts (US), doubtful accounts;
• nicht durchgesetzte Forderung dormant claim;
• eingefrorene Forderung frozen (blocked) debt;
• eingegangene, schon abgeschriebene Forderungen bad debts collected (US);
• eingeklagte Forderung litigious right;
• einklagbare Forderung legal debt, debt at law, recoverable claim;
• nicht einklagbare Forderung debt dead in law;
• entstandene, aber noch nicht fällige Forderungen accrued income (receivable accounts, US), accruals receivable (US);
• vertraglich entstandene Forderung simple debt;
• erdichtete Forderung simulated debt;
• erfundene Forderung bogus claim;
• erloschene Forderung extinct claim;
• fällige Forderung pure debt, matured claim, debt due;
• sofort fällige Forderung liquid debt;
• festgestellte Forderung (durch Gericht) judgment debt, debt of record, (Konkurs) liquidated demand, proved debt;
• fingierte Forderung simulated debt, bogus claim;
• gegenseitige Forderungen mutual debts (demands);
• gegenwärtige und künftige Forderungen debts owing or accruing;
• geldähnliche Forderung near (US sl.) (quasi, US) money;
• gepfändete Forderung garnished debt;
• gesicherte Forderung secured debt (claim), money secured, privileged debt;
• dinglich gesicherte Forderungen debts covered by a security;
• hypothekarisch gesicherte Forderungen mortgage claims (receivables, US), hypothecary debts;
• gesperrte Forderung blocked debt;
• getilgte Forderung debt paid;
• gewöhnliche Forderungen (im Konkurs) simple debt;
• gültige Forderung existing debt;
• hochgeschraubte Forderung exaggerated demand (claim);
• hypothekarische Forderung mortgage claim, hypothecary debt;
• künftige, noch nicht fällige Forderungen deferred accounts receivable (US);
• kurzfristige Forderungen short-term debts, (Bilanz) liquid (current) assets;
• laufende Forderung current account;
• lohnfremde Forderungen non-wage demands;
• im Range nachgehende (nachrangige) Forderung subordinated debt;
• im Konkurs nachgewiesene Forderung proved debt (claim);
• [noch] nicht nachgewiesene Forderung unsubstantiated claim;
• nachweisbare Forderung provable debt;
• nicht nachweisbare Forderung non-provable claim;
• privilegierte Forderung preferential (preferred) debt, (Nachlassverfahren) privileged debt;
• jederzeit realisierbare Forderung solvent debt;
• rückständige Forderung [debt in] arrears;
• saftige Forderung steep demand;
• sichergestellte Forderung secured debt;
• sonstige Forderungen (Bilanz) other accounts receivable (US);
• strittige Forderung disputed (litigious) claim;
• überspitzte Forderungen overcharged claims, exaggerated demands (claims);
• übertriebene Forderung exaggerated demand (exaction, claim);
• unannehmbare Forderungen unacceptable demands;
• unbedingte Forderung non-contingent claim;
• unbegründete Forderung false claim, non-provable debt;
• unberechtigte Forderung unfounded claim;
• der Höhe nach unbestimmte Forderung unliquidated demand;
• uneinbringliche Forderungen bad (desperate) debts, irrecoverable claims (debts), uncollectible accounts, uncollectable receipts (receivables);
• ungewisse Forderungen contingent receivables (US);
• ungültige Forderung stale claim;
• unmäßige Forderung exorbitant (unreasonable) demand;
• unsichere Forderung doubtful (bad, US) debt;
• unverschämte Forderung steep demand;
• unverzinsliche Forderung passive debt;
• verbriefte Forderung bonded debt;
• notariell verbriefte Forderung specialty debt, debt by special contract;
• verjährte Forderung debt barred by the Statute of Limitations, statute-barred claim, outlawed obligation (claim, US), barred (unenforceable) claim;
• fast verjährte Forderung stale debt (demand, US);
• verschiedene Forderungen (Bilanz) sundry debtors, sundries;
• verzinsliche Forderung active (interest-bearing) debt;
• vollstreckbare Forderung judgment debt, enforceable claim;
• vorrangige Forderungen debts having priority;
• wucherische Forderung excessive charge;
• zollpolitische Forderungen (Wahlprogramm) tariff plank;
• zukünftige Forderung future debt;
• zulässige Forderung allowable claim;
• zweifelhafte Forderungen (Bilanz) reserve for bad debts, (hinsichtlich Rechtsanspruch) doubtful claims, (hinsichtlich Zahlung) doubtful (bad, US) debts;
• Forderung für geleistete Dienste service charge;
• Forderungen am Ende eines Rechnungsabschnittes period-end receivables (US);
• Forderungen an Konzernunternehmen (Bilanz) due from affiliates;
• Forderungen aus gewährten Krediten accounts receivable resulting from loans (US);
• Forderungen an Kreditinstitute claims on credit institutions;
• Forderungen an Kunden (Bankbilanz) receivables from customers (US), uncollected debts;
• Forderungen an Kunden [aufgrund von Warenlieferungen und Leistungen] (Bilanz) [trade] accounts receivable (US);
• Forderungen aus Lieferungen und Leistungen accounts receivable for sales and services (US);
• Forderung nach Lohnerhöhung wage demand;
• Forderungen der Mehrheit majority demand;
• Forderungen gegen einen Nachlass demands on an estate;
• unsinnige Forderungen im Rahmen eines Manteltarifvertrages blue-sky bargaining;
• Forderungen aus laufender Rechnung debts founded on open account;
• Forderungen aus Schuldverschreibungen bonded claims;
• Forderungen an verbundene Unternehmen accounts receivable from affiliates (US);
• Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten assets and liabilities, (Bilanz) debtors and creditors, receivables and payables (US);
• Forderung auf angemessene Vergütung quantum meruit claim;
• Forderungen aufgrund von Warenlieferungen (Bilanz) trade accounts receivable (US), trade debtors, debts founded on merchantable goods;
• Forderung abbuchen to wipe off a debit balance;
• von seinen Forderungen abgehen to withdraw one’s claims;
• Forderung ablehnen to run down a claim;
• staatliche Forderungen ablehnen to balk government demands;
• uneinbringliche Forderungen abschreiben to charge off doubtful (Br.) (bad, US) debts;
• zweifelhafte Forderung abschreiben to write off a doubtful claim (Br.) (bad debt, US);
• Forderung abtreten to assign a claim (debt), to cede (make over) a debt;
• Forderung anerkennen to admit (allow) a claim;
• Forderung nicht anerkennen to disallow a claim;
• Forderung anmelden to lodge a proof of (report a) debt, to lodge (prove) a claim;
• Forderung beim Konkursverwalter (zur Konkurstabelle) anmelden to lodge a proof of debt with the official receiver, to lodge a proof in bankruptcy;
• Forderung aufgeben to abandon a claim;
• gegenseitige Forderungen ausgleichen to set off claims, to counterbalance;
• Forderung befriedigen to pay (satisfy) a claim;
• Forderung belegen to prove a debt;
• auf einer Forderung bestehen to press a claim, to stand by one’s demand;
• Forderung bestreiten to put a claim in issue, to impugn (disallow, contest) a claim;
• [Gültigkeit seiner] Forderung beweisen to support (make good) one’s claim, to prove a debt;
• Forderungen bewerten to evaluate claims;
• unverschämte Forderung darstellen to be highway robbery;
• Forderung durchsetzen to enforce a demand, to settle a claim;
• Forderung einklagen to litigate (prosecute) a claim, to take legal proceedings for the recovery of a debt, to file a claim in court, to sue for a debt;
• Forderung im eigenen Namen einklagen to sue on a debt in one’s own name;
• Forderung einreichen to make (enter) a claim, to lay (lodge) claim to;
• Forderung beim Konkursverwalter einreichen to lodge a proof of debt with the official receiver;
• Forderungen eintreiben to collect claims, to pull in cash;
• Forderung erfüllen to answer (satisfy) a claim;
• Forderung erheben to lodge (raise, vindicate) a claim;
• Verjährungseinwand gegen eine Forderung erheben to bar a debt by the Statute of Limitations;
• Forderung erlassen to release (remit) a claim;
• Forderungen herunterschrauben (mäßigen) to modify (moderate) one’s demands;
• Forderung fallen lassen to drop a demand;
• Forderung beim Drittschuldner pfänden lassen to institute garnishment proceedings (US);
• Forderung verjähren lassen to outlaw a debt;
• seine Forderungen geltend machen to enforce one’s claims;
• Forderung gegen j. geltend machen to claim s. th. from (prefer a claim against) s. o.;
• Forderungen nachgeben to give in to demands;
• Forderung nachlassen to remit (reduce) a claim;
• Forderung nachweisen to prove a debt (claim);
• Forderung im Gesellschaftskonkurs nachweisen to prove a debt in liquidation;
• von einer Forderung Abstand nehmen to relinquish a claim;
• Forderung pfänden to arrest (attach) a debt, to trustee (US);
• Forderung beim Drittschuldner pfänden to garnish;
• Forderung reduzieren to reduce a claim;
• Forderung regulieren to settle a claim;
• groteske Forderungen stellen to set up ridiculous pretensions;
• mäßige Forderungen stellen to be moderate (reasonable) in one’s demands;
• übertriebene Forderungen stellen to exaggerate one’s claims;
• massive Forderungen an j. stellen to put a bomb on s. o.;
• jds. Forderung in Abrede stellen to repudiate s. one’s claim;
• Forderung substanziieren to qualify a claim, to substantiate a charge;
• Forderung auf j. übertragen to transfer a claim upon s. o.;
• gegenseitige Forderungen verrechnen to set off claims;
• auf eine Forderung verzichten to resign a claim, to recede from a demand;
• seine Forderungen schriftlich vorbringen to put down one’s demands in writing;
• jem. eine Forderung über 5000 Dollar vorlegen to lodge with s. o. a claim for $ 5000;
• Forderungen zedieren to assign claims;
• Forderung zulassen to admit (allow) a claim;
• Forderung zurückweisen to turn down a claim.
wiederholen, Forderung
to renew a claim;
• Sendung wiederholen (Fernsehen, Radio) to repeat a performance. -
40 Förderung
Forderung f 1. GEN requirement, claim, debt; 2. VERSICH claim, call • durch ein allgemeines Vorrecht gesicherte Forderung RECHT claim secured by a general right of preference (nicht in Deutschland) • durch ein dingliches Recht gesicherte Forderung RECHT claim guaranteed by a right over land or other property • eine Forderung anmelden RECHT lodge a claim • eine Forderung berichtigen RECHT meet a claim • eine Forderung bestreiten RECHT contest a claim • eine Forderung einreichen RECHT file a claim • eine Forderung einziehen FIN collect a debt • eine Forderung erlassen GEN release a debt, remit a debt • eine Forderung feststellen RECHT admit a debt • eine Forderung liquidieren FIN collect a debt • eine Forderung regulieren GEN adjust a claim (Versicherung) • eine Forderung stellen RECHT set up a claim • eine Forderung zulassen RECHT admit a debt • Forderung an RW debt owed by • in einer Insolvenz angemeldete Forderung RECHT claim lodged in an insolvency • seine Forderungen anmelden RECHT declare one’s claims* * *f 1. < Geschäft> boost, advancement, encouragement, sponsorship; 2. < Ind> Mineralien, Bodenschätze extraction; 3. < Transp> facilitation; 4. <V&M> promotion; 5. < Verwalt> berufliche Laufbahn advancement; 6. < Recht> claim, demand* * *Forderung
call, demand, requirement, (Anspruch) claim, title, debt, (Bedingung) stipulation, (Preisforderung) charge;
• zum Ausgleich aller Forderungen in full settlement;
• Forderungen (Bilanz) debtors, debts (Br.), receivables (US);
• abgetretene Forderungen assigned claims, (Bilanz) pledged accounts receivables (US);
• ältere Forderung anterior claim;
• anerkannte Forderung acknowledged (allowed) claim, debt by special contract;
• im Feststellungsverfahren anerkannte Forderung debt on record, judgment debt;
• angebliche Forderung pretended claim;
• anmeldefähige Forderung provable claim (debt);
• im Konkurs anmeldefähige Forderung debt provable in bankruptcy;
• ausgeklagte Forderung judgment debt;
• aussonderungsberechtigte Forderung colo(u)rable claim;
• aussonderungsfähige Forderung claim of exemption (US);
• ausstehende Forderungen active (outstanding) debts, outs, accounts receivable (US);
• bedingte Forderungen contingent receivables (US);
• bevorzugt zu befriedigende Forderung preferential (preferred) debt (claim);
• befristete Forderung deferred claim;
• ziffernmäßig nicht begrenzte Forderung unlimited claim;
• begründete Forderung legitimate claim;
• vertraglich begründete Forderung debt founded on contract (upon a written instrument), simple debt;
• nicht beitreibbare Forderung unenforceable claim;
• berechtigte Forderung legal demand, equitable claim;
• dinglich besicherte Forderung debt covered by a security;
• bestrittene Forderung disputed claim;
• betagte Forderung deferred claim;
• bevorrechtigte Forderung priority of a claim, privileged (preferential, preferred, US) debt, (Konkursverfahren) secured (preferential, preferred) debt, prior (preference, preferential, priority) claim, claim entitled to priority, (Nachlassverfahren) privileged debt;
• nicht bevorrechtigte Forderung unsecured (ordinary) debt, non-provable claim, (Konkurs) simple debt;
• bevorzugte Forderung preferential (preferred, US) debt;
• ziffernmäßig nicht bewiesene Forderung illiquid debt;
• billige Forderung reasonable demand, equity;
• blockierte Forderung blocked debt;
• buchmäßige Forderung book claim (debt);
• diverse Forderungen (Bilanz) sundry debtors, sundries;
• dubiose Forderungen doubtful debts, notes and accounts (US), doubtful accounts;
• nicht durchgesetzte Forderung dormant claim;
• eingefrorene Forderung frozen (blocked) debt;
• eingegangene, schon abgeschriebene Forderungen bad debts collected (US);
• eingeklagte Forderung litigious right;
• einklagbare Forderung legal debt, debt at law, recoverable claim;
• nicht einklagbare Forderung debt dead in law;
• entstandene, aber noch nicht fällige Forderungen accrued income (receivable accounts, US), accruals receivable (US);
• vertraglich entstandene Forderung simple debt;
• erdichtete Forderung simulated debt;
• erfundene Forderung bogus claim;
• erloschene Forderung extinct claim;
• fällige Forderung pure debt, matured claim, debt due;
• sofort fällige Forderung liquid debt;
• festgestellte Forderung (durch Gericht) judgment debt, debt of record, (Konkurs) liquidated demand, proved debt;
• fingierte Forderung simulated debt, bogus claim;
• gegenseitige Forderungen mutual debts (demands);
• gegenwärtige und künftige Forderungen debts owing or accruing;
• geldähnliche Forderung near (US sl.) (quasi, US) money;
• gepfändete Forderung garnished debt;
• gesicherte Forderung secured debt (claim), money secured, privileged debt;
• dinglich gesicherte Forderungen debts covered by a security;
• hypothekarisch gesicherte Forderungen mortgage claims (receivables, US), hypothecary debts;
• gesperrte Forderung blocked debt;
• getilgte Forderung debt paid;
• gewöhnliche Forderungen (im Konkurs) simple debt;
• gültige Forderung existing debt;
• hochgeschraubte Forderung exaggerated demand (claim);
• hypothekarische Forderung mortgage claim, hypothecary debt;
• künftige, noch nicht fällige Forderungen deferred accounts receivable (US);
• kurzfristige Forderungen short-term debts, (Bilanz) liquid (current) assets;
• laufende Forderung current account;
• lohnfremde Forderungen non-wage demands;
• im Range nachgehende (nachrangige) Forderung subordinated debt;
• im Konkurs nachgewiesene Forderung proved debt (claim);
• [noch] nicht nachgewiesene Forderung unsubstantiated claim;
• nachweisbare Forderung provable debt;
• nicht nachweisbare Forderung non-provable claim;
• privilegierte Forderung preferential (preferred) debt, (Nachlassverfahren) privileged debt;
• jederzeit realisierbare Forderung solvent debt;
• rückständige Forderung [debt in] arrears;
• saftige Forderung steep demand;
• sichergestellte Forderung secured debt;
• sonstige Forderungen (Bilanz) other accounts receivable (US);
• strittige Forderung disputed (litigious) claim;
• überspitzte Forderungen overcharged claims, exaggerated demands (claims);
• übertriebene Forderung exaggerated demand (exaction, claim);
• unannehmbare Forderungen unacceptable demands;
• unbedingte Forderung non-contingent claim;
• unbegründete Forderung false claim, non-provable debt;
• unberechtigte Forderung unfounded claim;
• der Höhe nach unbestimmte Forderung unliquidated demand;
• uneinbringliche Forderungen bad (desperate) debts, irrecoverable claims (debts), uncollectible accounts, uncollectable receipts (receivables);
• ungewisse Forderungen contingent receivables (US);
• ungültige Forderung stale claim;
• unmäßige Forderung exorbitant (unreasonable) demand;
• unsichere Forderung doubtful (bad, US) debt;
• unverschämte Forderung steep demand;
• unverzinsliche Forderung passive debt;
• verbriefte Forderung bonded debt;
• notariell verbriefte Forderung specialty debt, debt by special contract;
• verjährte Forderung debt barred by the Statute of Limitations, statute-barred claim, outlawed obligation (claim, US), barred (unenforceable) claim;
• fast verjährte Forderung stale debt (demand, US);
• verschiedene Forderungen (Bilanz) sundry debtors, sundries;
• verzinsliche Forderung active (interest-bearing) debt;
• vollstreckbare Forderung judgment debt, enforceable claim;
• vorrangige Forderungen debts having priority;
• wucherische Forderung excessive charge;
• zollpolitische Forderungen (Wahlprogramm) tariff plank;
• zukünftige Forderung future debt;
• zulässige Forderung allowable claim;
• zweifelhafte Forderungen (Bilanz) reserve for bad debts, (hinsichtlich Rechtsanspruch) doubtful claims, (hinsichtlich Zahlung) doubtful (bad, US) debts;
• Forderung für geleistete Dienste service charge;
• Forderungen am Ende eines Rechnungsabschnittes period-end receivables (US);
• Forderungen an Konzernunternehmen (Bilanz) due from affiliates;
• Forderungen aus gewährten Krediten accounts receivable resulting from loans (US);
• Forderungen an Kreditinstitute claims on credit institutions;
• Forderungen an Kunden (Bankbilanz) receivables from customers (US), uncollected debts;
• Forderungen an Kunden [aufgrund von Warenlieferungen und Leistungen] (Bilanz) [trade] accounts receivable (US);
• Forderungen aus Lieferungen und Leistungen accounts receivable for sales and services (US);
• Forderung nach Lohnerhöhung wage demand;
• Forderungen der Mehrheit majority demand;
• Forderungen gegen einen Nachlass demands on an estate;
• unsinnige Forderungen im Rahmen eines Manteltarifvertrages blue-sky bargaining;
• Forderungen aus laufender Rechnung debts founded on open account;
• Forderungen aus Schuldverschreibungen bonded claims;
• Forderungen an verbundene Unternehmen accounts receivable from affiliates (US);
• Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten assets and liabilities, (Bilanz) debtors and creditors, receivables and payables (US);
• Forderung auf angemessene Vergütung quantum meruit claim;
• Forderungen aufgrund von Warenlieferungen (Bilanz) trade accounts receivable (US), trade debtors, debts founded on merchantable goods;
• Forderung abbuchen to wipe off a debit balance;
• von seinen Forderungen abgehen to withdraw one’s claims;
• Forderung ablehnen to run down a claim;
• staatliche Forderungen ablehnen to balk government demands;
• uneinbringliche Forderungen abschreiben to charge off doubtful (Br.) (bad, US) debts;
• zweifelhafte Forderung abschreiben to write off a doubtful claim (Br.) (bad debt, US);
• Forderung abtreten to assign a claim (debt), to cede (make over) a debt;
• Forderung anerkennen to admit (allow) a claim;
• Forderung nicht anerkennen to disallow a claim;
• Forderung anmelden to lodge a proof of (report a) debt, to lodge (prove) a claim;
• Forderung beim Konkursverwalter (zur Konkurstabelle) anmelden to lodge a proof of debt with the official receiver, to lodge a proof in bankruptcy;
• Forderung aufgeben to abandon a claim;
• gegenseitige Forderungen ausgleichen to set off claims, to counterbalance;
• Forderung befriedigen to pay (satisfy) a claim;
• Forderung belegen to prove a debt;
• auf einer Forderung bestehen to press a claim, to stand by one’s demand;
• Forderung bestreiten to put a claim in issue, to impugn (disallow, contest) a claim;
• [Gültigkeit seiner] Forderung beweisen to support (make good) one’s claim, to prove a debt;
• Forderungen bewerten to evaluate claims;
• unverschämte Forderung darstellen to be highway robbery;
• Forderung durchsetzen to enforce a demand, to settle a claim;
• Forderung einklagen to litigate (prosecute) a claim, to take legal proceedings for the recovery of a debt, to file a claim in court, to sue for a debt;
• Forderung im eigenen Namen einklagen to sue on a debt in one’s own name;
• Forderung einreichen to make (enter) a claim, to lay (lodge) claim to;
• Forderung beim Konkursverwalter einreichen to lodge a proof of debt with the official receiver;
• Forderungen eintreiben to collect claims, to pull in cash;
• Forderung erfüllen to answer (satisfy) a claim;
• Forderung erheben to lodge (raise, vindicate) a claim;
• Verjährungseinwand gegen eine Forderung erheben to bar a debt by the Statute of Limitations;
• Forderung erlassen to release (remit) a claim;
• Forderungen herunterschrauben (mäßigen) to modify (moderate) one’s demands;
• Forderung fallen lassen to drop a demand;
• Forderung beim Drittschuldner pfänden lassen to institute garnishment proceedings (US);
• Forderung verjähren lassen to outlaw a debt;
• seine Forderungen geltend machen to enforce one’s claims;
• Forderung gegen j. geltend machen to claim s. th. from (prefer a claim against) s. o.;
• Forderungen nachgeben to give in to demands;
• Forderung nachlassen to remit (reduce) a claim;
• Forderung nachweisen to prove a debt (claim);
• Forderung im Gesellschaftskonkurs nachweisen to prove a debt in liquidation;
• von einer Forderung Abstand nehmen to relinquish a claim;
• Forderung pfänden to arrest (attach) a debt, to trustee (US);
• Forderung beim Drittschuldner pfänden to garnish;
• Forderung reduzieren to reduce a claim;
• Forderung regulieren to settle a claim;
• groteske Forderungen stellen to set up ridiculous pretensions;
• mäßige Forderungen stellen to be moderate (reasonable) in one’s demands;
• übertriebene Forderungen stellen to exaggerate one’s claims;
• massive Forderungen an j. stellen to put a bomb on s. o.;
• jds. Forderung in Abrede stellen to repudiate s. one’s claim;
• Forderung substanziieren to qualify a claim, to substantiate a charge;
• Forderung auf j. übertragen to transfer a claim upon s. o.;
• gegenseitige Forderungen verrechnen to set off claims;
• auf eine Forderung verzichten to resign a claim, to recede from a demand;
• seine Forderungen schriftlich vorbringen to put down one’s demands in writing;
• jem. eine Forderung über 5000 Dollar vorlegen to lodge with s. o. a claim for $ 5000;
• Forderungen zedieren to assign claims;
• Forderung zulassen to admit (allow) a claim;
• Forderung zurückweisen to turn down a claim.
wiederholen, Forderung
to renew a claim;
• Sendung wiederholen (Fernsehen, Radio) to repeat a performance.
См. также в других словарях:
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make provision — make provision(s) (for sth) ► to make plans for dealing with something that will or may happen in the future: »If companies are to succeed in the long term, they must make provisions for coping with a diverse international marketplace. Main Entry … Financial and business terms
make provision for sth — make provision(s) (for sth) ► to make plans for dealing with something that will or may happen in the future: »If companies are to succeed in the long term, they must make provisions for coping with a diverse international marketplace. Main Entry … Financial and business terms
make provisions — make provision(s) (for sth) ► to make plans for dealing with something that will or may happen in the future: »If companies are to succeed in the long term, they must make provisions for coping with a diverse international marketplace. Main Entry … Financial and business terms
make provisions for sth — make provision(s) (for sth) ► to make plans for dealing with something that will or may happen in the future: »If companies are to succeed in the long term, they must make provisions for coping with a diverse international marketplace. Main Entry … Financial and business terms
Make Poverty History — White Band redirects here. For the disease, see white band disease. Make Poverty History is the name of a campaign that exists in a number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Denmark , Finland, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Romania, the… … Wikipedia
Make Mine Music — Filmdaten Originaltitel Make mine Music Produktionsland USA … Deutsch Wikipedia
Renovating Diverse City — Infobox Album | Name = Renovating Diverse City Type = Remix album Artist = tobyMac Released = Flagicon|USA August 25, 2005 Recorded = 2005 Genre = Christian hip hop Length = 53:00 Label = ForeFront Records Producer = Reviews = *… … Wikipedia
Sheep in KISS Make Up — Infobox Album | Name = Sheep in KISS Make Up Type = Album Artist = Sack Trick Released = February 2005 Recorded = Genre = Funk/Metal Length = 73:54 Label = Producer = Alex Dickson Reviews = Last album = Penguins on the Moon 2000 This album =… … Wikipedia
Citizen Kane — Filmdaten Deutscher Titel Citizen Kane … Deutsch Wikipedia
BBC Coventry & Warwickshire — Infobox Radio Station name = BBC Coventry and Warwickshire city = Coventry area = Coventry and Warwickshire branding = slogan = airdate = January 1990 frequency = 94.8 MHz, 103.7 MHz, 104.0 MHz, DAB Digital Radio share = 6.6% share as of = March… … Wikipedia