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complete prototype

Толкование Перевод

1 complete prototype

Математика: полный прообраз

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > complete prototype
2 prototype

"A preliminary type, form, or instance of a product or product component that serves as a model for later stages or for the final, complete version of the product."

نموذج أولي

English-Arabic terms dictionary > prototype
3 system

1) система; комплекс

2) совокупность

•

system in equilibrium — система в стационарном состоянии

- absolutely complete system
- absolutely consistent system - absolutely direct indecomposable system - absolutely free system - absolutely irreducible system - absolutely isolated system
- abstract system

- accumulator hydraulic system

- adaptive system

- additively closed system

- addressing system

- adjoint system

- affixative system

- aholonomic system

- aircraft electrical system

- airdrop system

- algebraically complete system
- allowable coordinate system - almost linear system - ample linear system
- ample system

- analytic system

- anholonomic system

- antenna system

- anticanonical system

- antiinvariant system

- antisymmetric system

- aperiodic system

- applicative system

- appointment system

- approach and docking system
- artificial feel system
- assertional system

- associated system

- associative system

- asymmetric system

- asymptotically stable system

- asynchronous system

- atomic system

- augmented system

- automated landing system
- automatic block system - automatic deicing system
- autonomous system

- axiomatic system

- axiomatizable system

- backward system

- balanced system

- base-ten system

- base-two system

- basic system

- betting system

- bicylindrical coordinate system

- bilinear system

- binary number system
- binary relational system - binary-coded decimal system
- binomial system

- biorthogonal system

- biorthonormal system

- bipolar coordinate system
- block tooling system
- block-recursive system

- branching system

- Brembo braking system

- bus system

- c.m. system

- carrier frequency system
- Cartesian coordinate system
- categorical system

- causal system

- cellular system

- center-of-mass system

- chance cause system

- characteristic system

- classical system

- classification system

- closed system

- closed-circuit television system

- closure system

- coarse system

- coaxial system of circles

- code system

- coding system

- cofinal system

- coherent system

- collection system

- combinatorial system

- commutation system

- complete system

- completely continuous system
- completely controllable system - completely ergodic system - completely hyperbolic system - completely identifiable system - completely integrable system - completely irreducible system - completely regular system - completely stable system - completely stratified system - complex number system
- complex system

- compound system

- computation system

- concatenative system

- conceptual system

- conditionally stable system
- conical coordinate system
- conjugate system

- conjunctive system

- connected system

- connecting system

- conservative system

- consistent system

- consistently interpretable system

- constant system

- constrained system

- continuous system

- continuously ordered system

- contragradient system

- control system

- controllable system

- controlled system

- convergence system

- converse system

- convex system

- cooling system

- correct formal system

- countable system

- counting system

- covariant local system

- creative system

- critical system

- crossbar system

- cryoelectronic system

- cybernetic system

- cycle matching system

- cyclic system

- data reduction system

- decadic system

- decidable system

- decision-making system

- decoding system

- decomposable system

- deductive system

- defective system of eigenvectors

- deflection system

- degenerate system

- denary system

- densely ordered system
- derivational formal system
- determinate system

- determined system

- determining system

- deterministic system

- diagonal system

- dial system

- dichotomous system

- difference equation system
- differential equation system - differential selsyn system - digital counting system - digital transmission system
- direct system

- directed system

- directly indecomposable system

- disconjugate system

- discrete system

- discrete-continuous system

- disjunctive system

- dispatch telephone system

- dissipative system

- distributed system

- dodecadic system

- doudecimal system

- draft system

- drainage system

- draw-in conduit system

- dual system

- duodecimal system

- duplex radio system

- dynamic system

- earth system

- elementarily equivalent system

- elementary system

- ellipsoidal coordinate system
- elliptic coordinate system - elliptic cylindrical coordinate system
- elliptic system

- encoder system

- energy system

- equational system

- equationally equivalent system

- equianharmonic system

- equicontinuous system

- equidistant system

- equivalence system

- equivalent system

- ergodic system

- error-controlled system

- essentially undecidable system

- eutactic system

- evaporator system

- exclusive system

- exponentially stable system
- externally inconsistent system
- extremal system

- extremally stable system

- feasible system

- fiber-optic communication system

- finder system

- finiitely definable system
- finite state system
- finite system

- finite-dimensional system

- finitely approximated system
- finitely axiomatizable system - finitely presented system
- finitizable system

- fixed-parameter system

- focusing system

- forced system

- formal system

- formalized system

- forward system

- free system

- fuel conveying system
- fully characteristic quotient system
- function system

- functional system

- fundamental system of neighborhoods
- fundamental system of solutions
- fuzzy system

- gas-cleaning system

- gas-pressurized system

- general system

- generalized system

- generating system

- grand system

- ground system

- hereditarily generating system

- heterogeneous system

- heuristic system

- hexadecimal number system

- hierarchy system

- history of system

- homogeneous system

- homoloidal system

- homomorphic system

- hot-water system

- hydraulic handling system
- hydraulic lift system
- hyperbolic system

- hypercomplex number system

- hypercomplex system

- hypoelliptic system

- hypothetical system

- ideal system

- idealized system

- imprimitive system

- imprimitivity system

- incidence system

- incompletable system

- incomplete system

- inconsistent system

- indecomposable system

- indexing system

- inductive system

- inequality system

- inertial system

- information retrieval system

- information system

- infravariant total system

- inhomogeneous system

- initial system

- inner system

- inteblock system

- integral system

- integrated manufacturing
- integrated switching system
- integrated system

- interconnected power system

- interpolation system

- interpretating system

- intuitionistic system

- inverse system

- invertible system

- involutory system

- irreducible system

- irreduciblly inconsistent system

- isolated system

- isometric system

- isomorphic system

- isomorphically embeddable system
- isomorphically embedded system
- isothermmic system

- iterative system

- jet engine starter system
- kernel normal system
- Korsch system

- laboratory system

- lacunary system

- ladder-type system

- lamellar system

- large system

- lattice system

- learning system

- left-handed coordinate system

- life-support system

- lightguiding system

- linear programming system
- linearly dependent system - linearly independent system - live hydraulic system
- local system

- locally embeddable system
- locking protection system
- logarithmic system

- logistic system

- loop carrier system

- lossless system

- lumped system

- majority voted system

- maximal system

- maximally overdetermined system
- meteor-burst communication system
- minimal system

- minimax system

- miniquaternion system

- modal system

- modular pneumatic-device system
- modular programming system
- modular system

- monogenic system

- monomorphic system

- monotonic system

- multiassertional system

- multidimensional system

- multilayer system

- multimodal system

- multiperiodic system

- multiple-data-set system

- multiple-input system

- multiplicative system

- multiplicatively closed system

- multiplier system

- multipoint distribution system

- multistable system

- multistage system

- multivariable system

- natural system

- neutral system

- nohereditary system

- nonassociative system

- nonautonomous system

- nonautonomous system

- noncritical system

- nondissipative system

- nonelementary system

- nonholonomic system

- nonlinear system

- nonoscillating system

- nonperiodic system

- nonrecursive system

- nonregular system

- nonsingular system

- nonstationary system

- n-order system

- normed system

- notation system

- n-state system

- null system

- number representation system

- number system

- numerical system

- observable system

- octal number system

- octal system

- one-loop system

- one-phase system

- open-flow intake system

- optimum system

- ordered system

- orthogonal coordinate system

- outer system

- overdetermined system

- oversimplified system

- packet transmission system

- pantactic system

- parabolic coordinate system
- parabolic cylindrical coordinate system
- parabolic system

- paraboloidal coordinate system

- parametric system

- partial system

- partially ordered system
- permanent four-wheel drive system
- perturbed system

- piece-rate system

- Pitot static system

- pluricanonical system

- pluriparabolic system

- polyhierarchical system

- polynominal-like system

- polystable system

- positional system

- pressure intake system

- prime system

- primitively elementary system

- probabilistic system

- projective coordinate system

- projective system

- prolate spheroidal coordinate system

- propulsion system

- prorepresentation system

- prototype system

- pseudodynamic system

- public address system

- pulsed navigation system
- pure independent system
- quadrophonic system

- quasicanonical system

- quasicomplete system

- quasi-electronic switching system

- quasiergodic system

- quasiharmonic system

- quasilinear system

- quasimultiplicative system

- quasiordered system

- quasireducible system

- quasistable system

- quasitriangular system

- queuing system

- quinary system

- quotient system

- radial ventilation system
- radio telephone system
- ramified system

- random system

- reactor control system
- reactor protection system - real number system - receiver-amplifier crioelectric system
- recovering system

- recurrent system

- reduced system

- redundant system

- regenerating system

- regularized system

- relational system

- relative system

- relatively isolated system
- remote-cylinder hydraulic system
- residual system

- resolving system

- restricted system

- retrospective system

- rheonomic system

- ride control system

- right-handed coordinate system

- right-handed system

- robot system

- root system

- rotating coordinate system

- safety-trip system

- sampled-data system

- satellite navigation system

- saturated system

- scanning system

- scleronomic system

- scoring system

- self-adaptive system

- self-adjoint system

- self-adjusting system

- self-contradictory system

- self-dual system

- self-excited system

- self-learning system

- self-optimizing system

- self-organizing system

- self-oscillating system

- semantic system

- semantically complete system
- semantically consistent system
- semidynamical system

- semilinear system

- semiordered system

- semiotic system

- semiregular coordinate system

- separable system

- sewage system

- sexadecimal system

- sexagesimal system

- shift system

- simply complete system
- simply consistent system - simply incomplete system - simply ordered system
- simulated system

- smooth system

- solvable system

- speed coding system
- spherical coordinate system
- spraying system

- sprinkling system

- stabilizable system

- staff system

- stand-by system

- star-like system

- start-stop system

- start-up system

- State System of Instruments

- state-determined system

- static system

- statistical system

- stochastic system

- stochastically connected system

- storage system

- stratified system

- strongly elliptic system
- strongly multiplicative system - structurally stable system - sufficiently general coordinate system
- summability system

- surjective system

- switching system

- syntactical system

- syntactically complete system

- synthesized system

- system of awards

- system of axioms

- system of calculation

- system of causes

- system of circles

- system of coefficients

- system of common representatives

- system of conditions

- system of coordinates

- system of distinct representatives

- system of eigenvalues

- system of equations

- system of factor groups
- system of frequency curves
- system of generators

- system of groups

- system of hypotheses

- system of imprimitivity

- system of independent estimations

- system of inequalities

- system of integers

- system of integrity

- system of lines

- system of logarithms

- system of matrices

- system of measures

- system of neighborhoods

- system of numeration

- system of parameters

- system of preferences

- system of proper functions

- system of pseudoequivalence

- system of random varables
- system of rational numbers
- system of reference

- system of representations

- system of residual classes

- system of sets

- system of simultaneous equations

- system of subgroups

- system of surfaces

- system of transition functions

- system of transitivity

- system of units

- system of weights

- system of wheels

- tag system

- tally system

- telegraph block system

- telephone system

- television relay system

- television system

- temperature control system

- ten-step system

- ternary system

- theorem-proving system

- time interval system
- time multiplex system - time-division multiplex system
- time-invariant system

- time-varying system

- timing system

- topologizing system

- toroidal coordinate system

- total system

- transient system

- transitivity system of group

- transmission system

- transposed system

- tree-like system

- triangulation system

- trichotomous system

- trichromatic system

- triclinic system

- trigonal system

- trigonometric system

- triorthogonal system

- triple system

- triple-orthogonal system

- trivial system

- truth-value system

- twelve-channel system

- two-level system

- two-particle system

- tyrefit system

- unattended system

- undecidable system

- underdetermined system

- unified radiotelemetry system
- uniformly complete system - univalent system of notation - universal system of notation
- unperturbed system

- unsaturated system

- unsolvable system

- unstable system

- variable-coefficient system

- vector system

- ventilation system

- very large system

- video system

- voting system

- warning system

- water utilization system

- water-sludge system

- weakly atomic system
- weakly closed system - weighted number system
- weighting system

- wellpoint system

- zero-order system

English-Russian scientific dictionary > system
4 program

ˈprəuɡræm
1. сущ.
1) программа а) проект;
план действий to carry out programme, to implement a programme ≈ осуществлять/претворять в жизнь программу, выполнять план to evaluate a programme ≈ делать расчеты для какой-л. программы to introduce a programme ≈ предлагать план/программу to launch a programme ≈ начинать выполнение какого-л. проекта/плана to launch a programme to reduce crime ≈ претворять в жизнь программу по борьбе с преступностью to phase out programme ≈ поэтапно сокращать работы по какой-л. программе/по какому-л. проекту to terminate a programme ≈ прекращать работы по какой-л. программе/по какому-л. проекту building programme development programme long-range programme pilot programme political programme short-range programme Syn: schedule б) конспект, план Syn: syllabus в) проспект книги, издания, учебного заведения, акционерного общества и т. п. Syn: prospectus
2) курс обучения, учебный план( школы, института, университета) terminal programme work-study programme Syn: curriculum
3) компьют. программа programme control ≈ управляющая программа;
программа управления The chances of an error occurring in a computer programme increase with the size of the programme. ≈ Вероятность ошибок в компьютерной программе возрастает с увеличением размеров программы.
4) представление, спектакль Syn: performance, play
5) спец. операция;
последовательность операций
2. гл.
1) объявлять в программе
2) составлять программу/план;
разрабатывать программу
3) биол.;
компьют.;
тж. перен. программировать cells programmed to synthesize hemoglobin ≈ клетки, запрограммированные на синтез гемоглобина Children are programmed into violence. ≈ Дети запрограммированы на насилие. программа - party * программа партии - political * политическая программа - theatre * театральная программа( компьютерное) программа - support * служебная программа, вспомогательная программа - * control управляющая программа;
программа управления - master * ведущая программа отладка программы испытания программы при сдаче в эксплуатацию - * body тело программы - * device( специальное) программирующее устройство, программный механизм представление, спектакль;
передача - television * телевизионная передача - radio * радиопередача план (работы) - training * программа обучения - * picture "плановый" кинофильм, снимаемый без особых затрат составлять программу или план планировать - the meeting is *d for today собрание назначено на сегодня( специальное) (компьютерное) программировать, задавать программу или последовательность операций - to * an algoritm запрограммировать алгоритм absolute ~ вчт. программа в абсолютных адресах accessory ~ вчт. вспомогательная программа administration ~ вчт. организующая программа application ~ вчт. прикладная программа archive ~ вчт. программа архивации assembly language ~ вчт. программа на языке ассемблера assembly ~ вчт. ассемблер authorized ~ вчт. авторизованная программа background ~ вчт. фоновая программа bagbiting ~ вчт. дурацкая программа bogotified ~ вчт. дезорганизованная программа bootstrap ~ вчт. программа начальной загрузки системы bootstrap ~ вчт. программа самозагрузки branching ~ разветвление программы (способ обучения) brittle ~ вчт. непереносимая программа broken ~ вчт. испорченная программа called ~ вчт. вызывающая программа calling ~ вчт. вызываемая программа channel ~ вчт. канальная программа checking ~ контролирующая программа checking ~ программа контроля chkdsk ~ вчт. программа проверки диска compiler ~ вчт. компилятор complete ~ вчт. готовая программа computer ~ вчт. компьютерная программа computer ~ машинная программа computer ~ программа для вычислительной машины configuration ~ вчт. программа конфигурирования consulting ~ вчт. консультирующая программа control ~ вчт. программа управления control ~ вчт. управляющая программа conversational ~ вчт. диалоговая программа copy-protected ~ вчт. программа защищенная от копирования crash-proof ~ вчт. живучая программа crufty ~ вчт. неработоспособная программа cuspy ~ вчт. аккуратная программа dead ~ вчт. мертвая программа despooling ~ вчт. программа буферизации выходных потоков development ~ вчт. инструментальная программа diagnostic ~ вчт. диагностическая программа diagnostic ~ вчт. программа обнаружения неисправностей diagnostic ~ вчт. программа обнаружения ошибок diagnostic ~ вчт. тестовая программ disk-resident ~ вчт. диск-резидентная программа draw ~ вчт. программа подготовки штриховых иллюстраций editor ~ вчт. редакторская программа example ~ вчт. пример программы executable ~ вчт. исполняемая программа execute only ~ вчт. программа без исходных текстов executive ~ вчт. диспетчер fine ~ вчт. чистая программа fine-grained ~ вчт. мелкомодульная программа fixed ~ вчт. жесткая программа foreground ~ вчт. приоритетная программа format ~ вчт. программа форматирования froggy ~ вчт. замысловатая программа program план (работы и т. п.) ;
what is the program(me) ? разг. ну, чем займемся?;
a full program(me) множество занятий, дел game ~ вчт. игровая программа government ~ государственная программа grungy ~ вчт. неряшливая программа heuristic ~ вчт. эвристическая программа hyphenation ~ вчт. программа автоматического переноса слов in-line ~ вчт. линейная программа inactive ~ бездействующая программа inactive ~ вчт. неактивная программа learning ~ вчт. самообучаемая программа library ~ вчт. библиотечная программа license ~ вчт. лицензионная программа load ~ вчт. загрузчик load-and-go ~ вчт. программа с запуском по загрузке macroassembly ~ вчт. программа на языке макроассемблера main ~ вчт. основная программа menu-driven ~ вчт. программа, вызываемая с помощью меню merging ~ вчт. программа слияния monitor ~ вчт. управляющая программа mutated ~ вчт. видоизмененная программа nonprocedural ~ вчт. непроцедурная программа object ~ вчт. объектная программа off-the-peg ~ вчт. готовая программа omnipresent ~ вчт. сохраняемая программа operating ~ вчт. эксплуатируемая программа operation ~ вчт. программа оперативного обслуживания operation ~ вчт. работающая программа operation ~ вчт. рабочая программа overlay ~ вчт. оверлейная программа packaged audit ~ пакет ревизионных программ paint ~ вчт. программа подготовки иллюстраций paintbrush ~ вчт. программа рисования patched ~ вчт. программа с заплатами portable ~ вчт. мобильная программа precanned ~ вчт. фирменная программа preemptible ~ вчт. выгружаемая программа preemptive ~ вчт. вытесняющая программа print-intensive ~ вчт. программа с большим объемом печати printed ~ вчт. изданная программа procedural ~ вчт. процедурная программа program план (работы и т. п.) ;
what is the program(me) ? разг. ну, чем займемся?;
a full program(me) множество занятий, дел ~ план работы ~ представление, спектакль ~ представление ~(me) программа ~ программа ~ вчт. программа ~ программа ~ программировать ~ вчт. программировать ~ программировать ~ вчт. программный ~ составлять программу ~(me) составлять программу или план ~ attr. программный the ~ has ended вчт. программа завершила работу ~ of foreign origin вчт. программа зарубежного производства the ~ will not load вчт. программа не загрузится proper ~ вчт. рациональная программа protected ~ вчт. защищенная программа prototype ~ вчт. макетная программа quality ~ программа обеспечения качества quality test ~ программа контроля качества rat's nest ~ вчт. бессистемная программа read-in ~ вчт. программа вводимая по требованию reentrant ~ вчт. повторно входимая программа relocatable ~ вчт. перемещаемая программа resident ~ вчт. резидентная программа reusable ~ вчт. многократно используемая программа robust ~ вчт. живучая программа run-time ~ вчт. рабочая программа sales development ~ программа мер по увеличению объема продаж sample ~ вчт. пример программы self-contained ~ вчт. независимая программа self-loading ~ вчт. самозагружаемая программа self-test ~ вчт. программа с самоконтролем service ~ comp. обслуживающая программа service ~ вчт. сервисная программа shareable ~ вчт. совместно используемая программа shareware ~ вчт. условно бесплатная программа shell ~ вчт. программная оболочка simulation ~ вчт. моделирующая программа simulator ~ comp. моделирующая программа simulator ~ comp. программа моделирования single-threaded ~ вчт. последовательная программа slave ~ вчт. подчиненная программа software ~ вчт. программа системы программного обеспечения sort ~ comp. программа сортировки source ~ comp. входная программа source ~ вчт. исходная программа source ~ comp. исходная программа spaghetti ~ вчт. макаронная программа specialized audit ~ специальная программа проверки sponsored ~ финансируемая программа spreadsheet ~ вчт. программа табличных вычислений star ~ вчт. безошибочная программа stochastic ~ вчт. стохастическая программа stored ~ вчт. хранимая программа structured ~ вчт. структурированная программа supervisor ~ вчт. управляющая программа support ~ программа поддержки support ~ вчт. служебная программа target ~ вчт. программа на выходном языке terminating ~ вчт. нециклическая программа test ~ вчт. программа испытаний test ~ вчт. программа контроля test ~ вчт. тестовая программа throwaway ~ вчт. программа для временного использования total-load ~ вчт. автономная программа translating ~ вчт. транслирующая программа translating ~ вчт. транслятор trouble-shooting ~ вчт. диагностическая прграмма unmaintable ~ вчт. программа неудобная в использовании unreadable ~ вчт. нечитаемая программа updated ~ вчт. скорректированная программа user ~ вчт. пользовательская программа utility ~ вчт. обслуживающая программа utility ~ вчт. утилита program план (работы и т. п.) ;
what is the program(me) ? разг. ну, чем займемся?;
a full program(me) множество занятий, дел wired-in ~ вчт. зашитая программа work ~ программа работ work ~ производственный план

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > program
5 Y

1) Общая лексика: Y-образный, вилкообразная опора (ватерпаса, нивелира с перекладной трубой), вилкообразный, имеющий форму буквы Y, разветвление (дороги, трубы), римская цифра 150 (употреблялась в средние века)

2) Военный термин: Y-axis, yeoman, делопроизводитель, опытный образец (ЛА), писарь, самолёт-заправщик

3) Техника: Y space axis, admittance, complete conductivity, depth, mole fraction in vapor, mole ratio in vapor, prototype model, иттрий, чрезвычайно срочное

4) Сельское хозяйство: yearly

5) Математика: игрек, неизвестная величина

6) Экономика: - летний (указывает на срок обращения облигации (например, 10Y UST - 10-летняя казначейская облигация США))

7) Горное дело: относительная влажность ниже 60% (условное обозначение), сухой воздух

8) Сокращение: Time zone 172.5 W - 180 W (GMT +12), Yankee (phonetic alphabet), Yesterday, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Association, yard, yttrium, Yukon Standard Time (GMT - 0900), yen

9) Физика: Young's Modulus of elasticity

10) Нефть: Young' modulus, condensate volume, expansion factor

11) Генетика: половые хромосомы, тирозин

12) Биохимия: tyrosine (тирозин)

13) Картография: yellow, youth hostel

14) Образование: Yelling, Ymca

15) Табуированная лексика: вагина

16) Расширение файла: YACC Grammar file

17) Электротехника: полная проводимость

18) Чат: You

19) NYSE. Alleghany Corporation of Delaware

20) СМС: Why

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Y
6 y

1) Общая лексика: Y-образный, вилкообразная опора (ватерпаса, нивелира с перекладной трубой), вилкообразный, имеющий форму буквы Y, разветвление (дороги, трубы), римская цифра 150 (употреблялась в средние века)

2) Военный термин: Y-axis, yeoman, делопроизводитель, опытный образец (ЛА), писарь, самолёт-заправщик

3) Техника: Y space axis, admittance, complete conductivity, depth, mole fraction in vapor, mole ratio in vapor, prototype model, иттрий, чрезвычайно срочное

4) Сельское хозяйство: yearly

5) Математика: игрек, неизвестная величина

6) Экономика: - летний (указывает на срок обращения облигации (например, 10Y UST - 10-летняя казначейская облигация США))

7) Горное дело: относительная влажность ниже 60% (условное обозначение), сухой воздух

8) Сокращение: Time zone 172.5 W - 180 W (GMT +12), Yankee (phonetic alphabet), Yesterday, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Association, yard, yttrium, Yukon Standard Time (GMT - 0900), yen

9) Физика: Young's Modulus of elasticity

10) Нефть: Young' modulus, condensate volume, expansion factor

11) Генетика: половые хромосомы, тирозин

12) Биохимия: tyrosine (тирозин)

13) Картография: yellow, youth hostel

14) Образование: Yelling, Ymca

15) Табуированная лексика: вагина

16) Расширение файла: YACC Grammar file

17) Электротехника: полная проводимость

18) Чат: You

19) NYSE. Alleghany Corporation of Delaware

20) СМС: Why

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > y
7 Y

1. admittance - полная проводимость;

2. complete conductivity - полная проводимость;

3. depth - глубина;

4. mole fraction in vapor - мольная доля в паре;

5. mole ratio in vapor - мольное отношение в паре; мольная концентрация пара;

6. prototype model - опытный образец;

7. tyrosine - тирозин;

8. Y space axis - ось координат Y;

9. yard - ярд (0,9144 м); двор; скотный двор; загон; склад;

10. year - год;

11. yearly - годичный;

12. yield - выход; добыча;

13. yttrium - иттрий;

14. полная проводимость;

15. чрезвычайно срочное

Англо-русский словарь технических аббревиатур > Y
8 disclosure

1) раскрытие (напр. предмета изобретения)

2) разглашение

•

- disclosure in a patent application
- disclosure made in a patent application
- complete the disclosure
- disclosure to public
- disclosure of distinguishing features
- disclosure of present proposal
- disclosure of prototype
- disclosure of subject matter
- disclosure of the invention
- application disclosure
- defective disclosure
- enabling disclosure
- incomplete disclosure of distinguishing features
- insufficient disclosure
- international technology disclosure
- invention disclosure
- oral disclosure of an invention
- patent disclosure
- patented disclosure
- public disclosure
- research disclosure
- unauthorized disclosure
- unclaimed patent disclosure
- written disclosure
* * *

раскрытие (изобретения); содержание заявки; описание (изобретения)

Patent terms dictionary > disclosure
9 FMS

1) сокр. от flexible machining system гибкая станочная система; переналаживаемая станочная система, быстропереналаживаемая станочная система

2) сокр. от flexible manufacturing system гибкая производственная система, ГПС

- center-based FMS
- compact cell-type FMS
- complete FMS
- connecting-rod FMS
- designation FMS
- duplex FMS
- forming FMS
- full scape FMS
- full-fledge FMS
- full-fledged FMS
- heavyweight FMS
- hybrid FMS
- integrated FMS
- job-shop FMS
- laser FMS
- machining center-based FMS
- machining FMS
- metal forming-machining FMS
- mixed FMS
- mixed metal forming-machining FMS
- modular FMS
- multicell FMS
- packaged FMS
- prismatic FMS
- prismatic machining FMS
- prismatic parts FMS
- prismatic-type FMS
- prototype FMS
- pseudo-FMS
- random FMS
- robotic FMS
- robotically-loaded FMS
- rotational FMS
- rotational machining FMS
- rotational parts FMS
- rotational-type FMS
- sheetmetal-working FMS
- single-machine FMS
- small FMS
- small parts FMS
- step-by-step FMS
- turnkey FMS
- two-laser FMS

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > FMS
10 program

программа, см. тж application || программировать

a program has ended — программа завершила работу

a program is too big to fit in memory — программа не умещается в отведённой памяти ( машинное сообщение)

- program in
- absolute program
- accessory program
- active program
- administration program
- application program
- A-program
- archive program
- assembler program
- assembler-program
- assembly language program
- assembly program
- automatic recovery program
- background program
- benchmark program
- binary program
- blue-ribbon program
- bootstrap program
- brittle program
- C++ program
- C++-program
- called program
- calling program
- cataloged program
- chain additions program
- chain maintenance program
- channel program
- check program
- checking program
- common program
- communication program
- compaction program
- compiled object program
- compiler program
- compiling program
- complete program
- compressor program
- computer program
- concordance program
- concurrent program
- concurrently running programs
- concurrent-scheduling supervisor program
- condensing program
- configuration program
- consulting program
- control program
- conversational program
- conversion program
- copy-protected program
- copyrighted program
- core-resident program
- correct program
- crash-proof program
- curve-fitting program
- data abstraction program
- data access program
- data flow program
- data set utility program
- data-vet program
- debugging program
- decision program
- development program
- diagnosis program
- diagnostic program
- digital simulation program
- disk-resident program
- editor program
- embedded program
- emulator program
- epistemic logic program
- executable program
- executive program
- exerciser program
- externally stored program
- fail-recognition program
- fault-diagnosis program
- fault-location program
- fine-grained program
- fixed program
- foreground program
- format program
- FORTRAN program
- FORTRAN-program
- fragmented programs
- free-standing program
- function program
- gap filling program
- general-purpose program
- generating program
- generator program
- graphic display program
- hardware program
- hardware-maintenance program
- help program
- heuristic program
- high frequency program
- high volume program
- host program
- illustrative program
- impenetrable program
- inactive program
- independent program
- initial input program
- initial loading program
- in-line program
- integer program
- interactive program
- interconsole message program
- internally stored program
- interpreter program
- interpretive program
- introspective program
- job control program
- job program
- knowledge-based program
- language-understanding program
- learning program
- librarian program
- library program
- license program
- linear program
- link-edited program
- load program
- load-and-go program
- loading program
- logical program
- logical relational program
- machine language program
- machine program
- macroassembly program
- macrogenerating program
- mail program
- main program
- manager program
- manufacturer programs
- map program
- mask-level digitization program
- master program
- mathematical program
- menu-driven program
- message control program
- message processing program
- micromodular program
- minimal access program
- minimum access program
- minimum latency program
- modular-sized program
- monitor program
- monitoring program
- monolithic program
- multisupplier program
- mutated program
- network control program
- networking program
- nonexpansible program
- nonprocedural program
- nucleus initialization program
- object program
- operating program
- optimally coded program
- overlay program
- overlays program
- packaged program
- paint program
- panel program
- PASCAL program
- PASCAL-program
- patched program
- placement program
- plugged program
- polling program
- pop-up program
- portable program
- position-independent program
- postedit program
- postmortem program
- precanned program
- precompiler program
- pre-edit program
- prewired program
- prime program program
- printed program
- print-intensive program
- problem-state program
- problem program
- procedural program
- processing program
- production program
- program for Windows
- program in assembler
- program in C++
- program in FORTRAN
- program in PASCAL
- proper program
- prototype program
- pseudoapplication program
- punched tape program
- read-in program
- real-world program
- reduction program
- reenterable program
- reentrant program
- relocatable program
- report program
- resident program
- restructuring program
- reusable program
- robot program
- robust program
- routine program
- routing program
- running program
- runtime program
- salvation program
- sample program
- scrutinous program
- segmented program
- self-adapting program
- self-contained program
- self-diagnostic program
- self-modification program
- self-modifying program
- self-monitoring program
- self-organizing program
- self-relocatable program
- self-relocating program
- self-resetting program
- self-test program
- self-triggering program
- sequence-scheduling supervisor program
- service program
- shareable program
- shell program
- simulation program
- slave program
- snapshot dump program
- snapshot trace program
- software program
- sort program
- sort/merge program
- sorting program
- source language program
- source program
- spaghetti program
- specific program
- spreadsheet program
- stand-alone program
- standard program
- standby program
- start-up program
- steering program
- stored program
- structured program
- subject program
- superconsistent program
- supervisor program
- supervisory program
- support program
- surface program
- suspended program
- symbolic program
- system program
- systems program
- tape-to-printer program
- teaching program
- test program
- throwaway program
- total-load program
- trace program
- trace-interpretive program
- tracing program
- tracking program
- transaction program
- translating program
- translation program
- translator program
- troubleshooting program
- TSR program
- unmaintable program
- unreadable program
- updated program
- user program
- utility program
- wavelet program
- wired-in program

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > program
11 ideal

1. n идеал

an ideal of happiness — идеал счастья

relevant prime ideal — простой идеал

semi-prime ideal — полупростой идеал

distinguished ideal — модульный идеал

unattainable ideal — недосягаемый идеал

singular-solution ideal — идеал особых решений

2. n верх совершенства, образец, идеал

he is the very ideal of a friend — лучшего друга, чем он, не найти

additive ideal theory — аддитивная теория идеалов

radical of an ideal — радикал идеала

secondary ideal — секондарный идеал

unmixed ideal — несмешанный идеал

radical ideal — радикальный идеал

3. n филос. идеальное, совершенное

ideal significant interval — идеальный изохронный интервал

ideal no-load speed — скорость идеального холостого хода

ideal instantaneous orbit — идеальная мгновенная орбита

ideal measure of value — идеальная мера стоимости

ideal margin — идеальная исправляющая способность

4. a идеальный, отличный, совершенный, превосходный

an ideal place for a holiday — идеальное место для отдыха

ideal constraints — идеальные связи

ideal diagram — идеальная диаграмма

ideal technique — идеальная техника

ideal propeller — идеальный движитель

ideal execution — идеальное исполнение

5. a воображаемый, абстрактный, мысленный

ideal happiness — воображаемое счастье

ideal picture — мысленная картина

6. a нереальный, неосуществимый

ideal plans — нереальные планы

7. a филос. идеалистический

Синонимический ряд:

1. abstract (adj.) abstract; hypothetical; theoretical; transcendent; transcendental

2. conceptual (adj.) conceptual; ideational; notional

3. flawless (adj.) flawless; indefectible

4. imaginary (adj.) chimerical; fanciful; fantastic; illusory; imaginary; impractical; unreal; visionary

5. perfect (adj.) absolute; complete; consummate; exemplary; model; perfect; supreme; ultimate; very

6. typical (adj.) archetypal; classic; classical; fitting; paradigmatic; prototypal; prototypical; quintessential; representative; suitable; typical

7. goal (noun) aim; goal; intention; object; objective; target

8. ideals (noun) ideals; mores; scruples

9. longing (noun) aspiration; dream; longing

10. model (noun) archetype; beau ideal; conception; ensample; epitome; example; exemplar; mirror; model; paradigm; pattern; phenomenon; prototype; standard; type

11. paragon (noun) jewel; nonesuch; nonpareil; paragon; phoenix

Антонимический ряд:

common; commonplace; historical; imperfect; material; mean; ordinary; palpable; physical; practical; pragmatic; real; substantial

English-Russian base dictionary > ideal
12 master

1. n хозяин, владелец; господин

master of a shop — хозяин мастерской

master of a large fortune — обладатель большого состояния

the master of the house — глава семьи; хозяин дома

is the master in? — дома хозяин?

to play the master — хозяйничать, распоряжаться

he is his own master — он сам себе хозяин

I am not my own master — я не волен поступать, как хочу, я собой не распоряжаюсь

to be master of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

to be master of the situation — быть хозяином положения

we will see which of us is master — посмотрим, кто из нас хозяин положения

after hard fighting, the defenders were still masters of the city — после тяжёлых боёв город оставался в руках его защитников

master race — раса господ

hard master — суровый хозяин

to serve a master — служить хозяину

master of the house — хозяин, глава семьи

his master threw him out — хозяин выгнал его

2. n учитель

maths master — учитель математики

second master — помощник учителя

severe master — строгий учитель

singing master — учитель пения

visiting master — приходящий учитель

writing master — учитель чистописания

3. n глава колледжа

the master of the household — хозяин дома, глава семьи

4. n магистр

Master of Arts — магистр гуманитарных наук

master of science — магистр наук

Master of Arts — магистр искусств

degree of master — степень магистра

Grand Master — великий магистр, гроссмейстер

5. n мастер, знаток своего дела, специалист

master of satire — мастер сатиры

master of English — знаток английского языка

master of sports — мастер спорта

master class — аспирантура

he is master of this subject — он глубоко знает этот предмет, он специалист по этому предмету

to be the master of the other runners in a race — превосходить других бегунов в забеге

the painting is the work of a master — эта картина принадлежит кисти мастера

master of the film — мастер кино

master specialist — старший специалист

pack master — специалист по упаковке грузов

candidate master — кандидат в мастера спорта

the title of master of sports — звание мастера спорта

6. n квалифицированный рабочий; мастер

master printer — квалифицированный печатник

older master — старый мастер

boring master — буровой мастер

master of sport — мастер спорта

master hand — мастер, специалист

production master — рабочий фотооригинал

7. n великий, знаменитый художник, мастер

master gunner — старший инструктор по стрельбе; мастер стрельбы

8. n в названиях должностей

Master of the Horse — королевский шталмейстер

Master of the Jewel-house — хранитель королевских драгоценностей

Master of the Household — дворцовый эконом

master rod — главный вал

master cam shaft — эталонный кулачковый вал

9. n молодой барин, барчук; мастер, господин

complete master of fence — настоящий мастер фехтования, искусный фехтовальщик

10. n шотл. старший сын титулованного лица

master judge — старший судья

master signaller — старший связист

master index — главный индекс; старший индекс

chief master — старший распорядитель делопроизводства

11. n Христос

12. n капитан, шкипер

master of vessel — капитан

ship master — капитан судна

tug master — шкипер буксира

master space — каюта капитана

master mariner — капитан, шкипер

13. n ист. штурман

Master of the Fleet — флагманский штурман флота

14. n спец. модель; оригинал, образец

master acetat — лаковый оригинал фонограммы

master drawing — оригинал; эталонный чертеж

master sheet feed — подача листовых оригиналов

reproduction master — репродукционный оригинал

cut film master — отрезанный оригинал на плёнке

15. n первый оригинал

acetat master — лаковый оригинал фонограммы

diazo film master — оригинал на диазоплёнке

film master — оригинал микрофильма; оригинал на плёнке

master sheet feed rollers — ролики для подачи оригинала

silver master — оригинал на серебросодержащем материале

16. n руководство

17. a главный, старший

master bedroom — спальня хозяев, господская спальня

master aerodrome — основной аэродром

master node — главный узел

master domain — главный домен

master wheel — главный штурвал

master browser — главный броузер

master furrow — главная бороздка

18. a основной; сводный

master catalogue — сводный каталог

master menu — основная раскладка продуктов

master menu function — функция основного меню

master catalog file — основной каталог изделий

master repair schedule — основной план ремонта

master clock signal — основной тактовый импульс

19. a контрольный

master print — контрольная копия кинофильма

master half-gripper — контрольный захват

master soundtrack — контрольная фонограмма

master sound track — контрольная фонограмма

reference master gauge — контрольный эталонный калибр

20. v справляться, одолевать, подчинять себе

to master the enemy — наносить поражение противнику, одерживать победу над противником

21. v преодолевать

to master a difficulty — преодолеть трудность

22. v овладевать

to master a language — овладеть языком

to master a subject — глубоко изучить предмет

23. v руководить, управлять

to master the house — вести дом

24. v русск. как компонент сложных слов, соответствует компоненту -мачтовик

three-master — трёхмачтовик

Синонимический ряд:

1. dominant (adj.) ascendant; dominant; outweighing; overbalancing; overbearing; overweighing; paramount; predominant; predominate; preponderant; prevalent; regnant; sovereign

2. major (adj.) chief; excellent; leading; main; major; principal; supreme

3. proficient (adj.) accomplished; adept; crack; crackerjack; deft; expert; masterful; masterly; practiced; proficient; skilled; skillful

4. expert (noun) adept; artist; artiste; authority; champion; connoisseur; doyen; expert; genius; maestro; master-hand; maven; passed master; past master; pro; professional; proficient; sage; scholar; swell; virtuoso; whiz; wiz; wizard

5. leader (noun) boss; captain; chief; chieftain; cock; commander; director; dominator; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; leader; lord; overlord; ruler; superintendent; supervisor

6. lover (noun) boyfriend; fancy man; lover; man; paramour

7. original (noun) archetype; original; prototype

8. owner (noun) holder; owner; possessor; proprietor

9. supreme being (noun) Christ; god; messiah; supreme being

10. teacher (noun) educator; instructor; mentor; preceptor; teacher

11. victor (noun) conqueror; defeater; subduer; subjugator; vanquisher; victor; winner

12. conquer (verb) conquer; defeat; humble; overpower; rule; subdue; vanquish

13. domesticate (verb) domesticate; domesticize; domiciliate; gentle; tame

14. learn (verb) comprehend; control; dominate; gain mastery in; get; learn; pick up; study; understand

15. overcome (verb) best; down; hurdle; lick; overcome; prevail; surmount; throw; triumph; worst

Антонимический ряд:

inept; novice; resist; student; subject

English-Russian base dictionary > master
13 aircraft

воздушное судно [суда], атмосферный летательный аппарат [аппараты]; самолёт (ы) ; вертолёты); авиация; авиационный; см. тж. airplane, boost

aircraft in the barrier — самолёт, задержанный аварийной (аэродромной) тормозной установкой

aircraft in the pattern — самолёт на посадочном круге

aircraft off the line — новый [только что построенный] ЛА

aircraft on minimum fuel — ЛА с минимальным (для посадки) остатком топлива

arresting hook equipped aircraft — самолёт с тормозным крюком

B through F aircraft — самолёты модификаций B, C, D, E и F

carrier(-based, -borne) aircraft — палубный ЛА; авианосная авиация

clean up the aircraft — убирать шасси и закрылки

clear the air of enemy aircraft — очищать воздушное пространство от авиации противника

conventional takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт с обычными взлетом и посадкой (в отличие от укороченного или вертикального)

drive off enemy aircraft — отгонять ЛА противника

drop the aircraft onlo main wheels — опускать ЛА на главные колеса (при посадке)

earth resources survey aircraft — ЛА для исследования ресурсов Земли

force an enemy aircraft down — вынуждать ЛА противника к посадке

forward air control aircraft — самолёт наведения

get out of the aircraft — покидать ЛА

get the aircraft into production — запускать ЛА в (серийное) производство

get the aircraft on the ground — сажать ЛА на землю

high-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с большим перепадом давления в гермокабине

in-flight refueling tanker aircraft — самолёт-заправщик

keep the aircraft (headed) straight — выдерживать направление полёта ЛА (при выполнении маневра); сохранять прямолинейный полет ЛА

keep the aircraft flying — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft in flying trim — поддерживать ЛА в состоянии лётной годности

keep the aircraft stalled — сохранять режим срыва [сваливания] самолёта, оставлять самолёт в режиме срыва [сваливания]

lift the aircraft off the ground — отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

light observation quiet aircraft — лёгкий наблюдательный малошумный самолёт

low-differential pressure cabin aircraft — самолёт с малым перепадом давления в гермокабине

nearly wing borne aircraft — верт. ЛА в конце режима перехода к горизонтальному полёту

night forward air control aircraft — ночной самолёт наведения

outmaneuver an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в маневренности

outspeed an enemy aircraft — превосходить ЛА противника в скорости

pull the aircraft off the deck — разг. отрывать ЛА от земли (при взлете)

put the aircraft back in an operational status — возвращать ЛА в строй (годных к эксплуатации)

put the aircraft into service — вводить ЛА в эксплуатацию

put the aircraft nose-up — переводить [вводить] ЛА на кабрирование [в режим кабрирования]

put the aircraft onto the runway — сажать ЛА па ВПП

put the aircraft through its paces — определять предельные возможности ЛА, «выжимать все из ЛА»

reduced takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт укороченного взлета и посадки (с укороченным разбегом и пробегом)

remotely controlled manned aircraft — телеуправляемый ЛА с экипажем на борту (на этапе отработки)

remotely piloted target aircraft — дистанционно управляемый самолёт-мишень

render the aircraft airborne — поднимать ЛА в воздух

rock the aircraft from side to side — раскачивать ЛА из стороны в сторону

rocket(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ракетный ЛА, ЛА с ракетным двигателем

roll the aircraft into a bank — вводить ЛА в крен, накренять ЛА

rotate the aircraft into the climb — увеличивать угол тангажа ЛА для перехода к набору высоты, переводить ЛА в набор высоты

search and rescue aircraft — поисково-спасательный самолёт или вертолёт

send the aircraft around — направлять ЛА на второй круг

short takeoff and landing aircraft — самолёт короткого взлета и посадки (с коротким разбегом и пробегом)

single vertical tail aircraft — ЛА с одинарным [центральным] вертикальным оперением

stability and control aircraft — ЛА для исследования характеристик устойчивости и управляемости

stowable rotor aircraft — ЛА со складывающимся несущим винтом

strategic(-mission, -purpose) aircraft — ЛА стратегического назначения; стратегический самолёт

take the aircraft into flight — поднимать ЛА в воздух

take the aircraft throughout its entire envelope — пилотировать ЛА во всем диапазоне полётных режимов

talk in an aircraft — раза выводить ЛА на посадочный курс

test and evaluation aircraft — ЛА предназначенные для лётных испытаний и оценки

tilt wing-deflected slipstream aircraft — СВВП с поворотным крылом и отклоняемой струей от винтов

trim the aircraft to fly hands-and-feet off — балансировать самолёт для полёта с брошенным управлением [с брошенными ручкой и педалями]

turbofan(-engined, -powered) aircraft — ЛА с турбовентиляторными двигателями, ЛА с ТРДД

turbojet(-powered, -propelled) aircraft — ЛА с ТРД

turn the aircraft toward the runway — разворачивать ЛА в направлении ВПП

turn up the aircraft — гонять двигатели ЛА

undergraduate navigator training aircraft — учебно-тренировочный самолёт для повышенной лётной подготовки штурманов

upper atmosphere research aircraft — ЛА для исследования верхних слоев атмосферы

vertical takeoff and landing aircraft — ЛА вертикального взлета и посадки

water(-based, takeoff and landing) aircraft — гидросамолёт

wrench the aircraft into a turn — вводить ЛА в разворот

— abandoned aircraft

— aborted aircraft

— acrobatic aircraft

— active ECM aircraft

— administrative aircraft

— advanced aircraft

— advanced-trainer aircraft

— aerobatic aircraft

— aerobatic training aircraft

— aerodynamic-test aircraft

— aft-engined aircraft

— ailing aircraft

— air alert aircraft

— air reserve aircraft

— airborne alert aircraft

— air-breathing aircraft

— air-carrier aircraft

— aircraft in distress

— aircraft in service

— aircraft in trouble

— aircraft on loan

— airline aircraft

— air-to-air refueling aircraft

— airworthy aircraft

— all-altitude aircraft

— all-body aircraft

— all-can-do aircraft

— all-cargo aircraft

— all-metal aircraft

— all-purpose aircraft

— all-rocket-armed aircraft

— all-terrain aircraft

— all-weather aircraft

— all-wing aircraft

— all-wood aircraft

— aluminum aircraft

— ambulance aircraft

— amphibian aircraft

— amphibious aircraft

— annular-wing aircraft

— antiradiation missile aircraft

— antisubmarine warfare aircraft

— armed aircraft

— armored aircraft

— army aircraft

— army cooperation aircraft

— army support aircraft

— arriving aircraft

— artillery location aircraft

— artillery observation aircraft

— artillery reconnaissance aircraft

— assault aircraft

— assault transport aircraft

— ASW aircraft

— asymmetrical aircraft

— athodyd aircraft

— atmosphere-entry-type aircraft

— attack aircraft

— augmented jet aircraft

— augmentor-wing aircraft

— automatically-controlled aircraft

— autopilot-controlled aircraft

— autopiloted aircraft

— backup aircraft

— bailment aircraft

— ballasted aircraft

— base flight aircraft

— basic aircraft

— big-door aircraft

— bimotor aircraft

— bingoing aircraft

— biservice aircraft

— bisymmetrical aircraft

— BLC aircraft

— blind-flying training aircraft

— bobtailed aircraft

— bombing aircraft

— boost-glide aircraft

— border patrol aircraft

— box-like aircraft

— braced aircraft

— business aircraft

— cabin-type aircraft

— canard aircraft

— cargo aircraft

— carrier-on-board aircraft

— CASS aircraft

— catapulted aircraft

— Cat-T aircraft

— century series aircraft

— certified aircraft

— channel-wing aircraft

— chase aircraft

— chemically-fueled aircraft

— chemically-powered aircraft

— chock the aircraft

— clean configured aircraft

— close-air-support aircraft

— cloud sampling aircraft

— coastal patrol aircraft

— COIN aircraft

— collapsible aircraft

— collision-protected aircraft

— combat aircraft

— combat-and-trainer aircraft

— combat-damaged aircraft

— combat-loaded aircraft

— combination aircraft

— command communication aircraft

— command post aircraft

— commercial aircraft

— communication relay aircraft

— company-funded aircraft

— comparable enemy aircraft

— complete aircraft

— composite aircraft

— composite powerplant aircraft

— composite turbojet aircraft

— computer-driven aircraft

— configure the aircraft

— conventional design aircraft

— conventional-technology aircraft

— converging aircraft

— conversion-type aircraft

— converted aircraft

— convertible aircraft

— cooperation aircraft

— countermeasures aircraft

— crashed aircraft

— crash-landed aircraft

— crescent-wing aircraft

— cross-country aircraft

— cruciform aircraft

— CTOL aircraft

— damaged aircraft

— deck-landing aircraft

— deck-launched aircraft

— deck-launching aircraft

— defensive aircraft

— deflected-exhaust aircraft

— deflected-slipstream aircraft

— deflected-thrust aircraft

— delta-winged aircraft

— demonstrator aircraft

— departing aircraft

— designator aircraft

— development batch aircraft

— development test aircraft

— developmental aircraft

— directed aircraft

— direct-lift aircraft

— director aircraft

— disabled aircraft

— dispersed aircraft

— distressed aircraft

— dlscoid-shaped aircraft

— Doppler-navigated aircraft

— double-deck aircraft

— double-delta aircraft

— downed aircraft

— drone aircraft

— dual-control aircraft

— dual-role aircraft

— dual-service aircraft

— ducted-propeller aircraft

— dynamically slender aircraft

— early-warning aircraft

— ECM aircraft

— eight-engined aircraft

— ejection-seat aircraft

— ejector-seat aircraft

— electronic conntermeasures aircraft

— electronic intelligence aircraft

— electronic reconnaissance aircraft

— electronic warfare aircraft

— electronically-controlled aircraft

— elongated aircraft

— endurance-test aircraft

— enemy intruder aircraft

— engineless aircraft

— enroute aircraft

— errant aircraft

— escort aircraft

— executive aircraft

— exit the aircraft

— expendable aircraft

— experimental aircraft

— extended-range aircraft

— faker aircraft

— fan-in-wing aircraft

— fan-jet aircraft

— fast aircraft

— fast-climbing aircraft

— fast-penetration aircraft

— feeder liner aircraft

— ferret aircraft

— ferrying aircraft

— fertilizing aircraft

— fighter control aircraft

— fighter direction aircraft

— fighter reconnaissance aircraft

— firing aircraft

— first-generation aircraft

— first-line aircraft

— fixed aircraft

— fixed-gear aircraft

— fixed-geometry aircraft

— fixed-wing aircraft

— flamed-out aircraft

— flank aircraft

— flapless aircraft

— flapped aircraft

— fleet-orbiting aircraft

— flexible aircraft

— flight aircraft

— flight-inspection aircraft

— flight-test aircraft

— floated aircraft

— flutter-clear aircraft

— flying testbed aircraft

— folding-rotor aircraft

— folding-winged aircraft

— foreign-built aircraft

— four-engined aircraft

— four-jet aircraft

— freight aircraft

— friendly aircraft

— front-line aircraft

— full-scale aircraft

— full-sized aircraft

— fully-aerobatic aircraft

— fully-armed aircraft

— fully-fueled aircraft

— fully-manned aircraft

— fuselage-heavy aircraft

— G aircraft

— gas-turbine aircraft

— gear-down aircraft

— gear-up aircraft

— general aviation aircraft

— general-purpose aircraft

— general-utility aircraft

— generating aircraft

— GETOL aircraft

— glazed-nose aircraft

— glider transport aircraft

— glider tug aircraft

— glide-type aircraft

— government aircraft

— ground alert aircraft

— guided aircraft

— gunship aircraft

— gust sensitive aircraft

— gyrodyne aircraft

— handle the aircraft

— handy aircraft

— hard-runway aircraft

— heavier-than-air aircraft

— heavy weight aircraft

— hedge-hopping aircraft

— helicopter-cum-fixed-wing aircraft

— high-altitude aircraft

— high-altitude surveillance aircraft

— high-aspect-ratio wing aircraft

— high-dynamic-pressure aircraft

— high-flying aircraft

— highly-flexible aircraft

— highly-maneuverable aircraft

— highly-wing loaded aircraft

— high-Mach aircraft

— high-performance aircraft

— high-set tail aircraft

— high-speed aircraft

— high-subsonic aircraft

— high-supersonic aircraft

— high-time aircraft

— high-winged aircraft

— holding aircraft

— home-built aircraft

— hostile aircraft

— hot-foot aircraft

— hovering aircraft

— hover-jet aircraft

— human-piloted aircraft

— hungry aircraft

— hydro-ski aircraft

— hypersonic aircraft

— hypersonic cruise aircraft

— hypothetical aircraft

— IFR aircraft

— illuminating aircraft

— incoming aircraft

— inertial fuselage-heavy aircraft

— inertially slender aircraft

— inflatable aircraft

— inflatable-wing aircraft

— inhabited aircraft

— in-service aircraft

— instrument training aircraft

— instrumented aircraft

— intercity aircraft

— intercommunication aircraft

— intercontinental aircraft

— interrogate the aircraft

— intruder aircraft

— inverted aircraft

— jamming aircraft

— jet attack aircraft

— jet-augmented aircraft

— jet-boosted aircraft

— jet-ejector aircraft

— jet-engined aircraft

— jet-flap aircraft

— jet-flap research aircraft

— jet-lift aircraft

— jet-propelled aircraft

— jet-propulsion aircraft

— jumbo aircraft

— key aircraft

— laminar-flow aircraft

— laminarized aircraft

— land-based aircraft

— large dimension aircraft

— large-capacity aircraft

— large-payload aircraft

— late-production aircraft

— launched aircraft

— launching aircraft

— leader aircraft

— leading aircraft

— leadnose aircraft

— level the aircraft

— level-supersonic aircraft

— LFC aircraft

— liaison aircraft

— license-built aircraft

— license-manufactured aircraft

— lift-fan aircraft

— lifting aircraft

— light transport aircraft

— lighter-than-air aircraft

— litter aircraft

— load the aircraft

— loaded aircraft

— loitering aircraft

— long-distance aircraft

— long-endurance aircraft

— long-range aircraft

— low-altitude aircraft

— low-aspect-ratiowing aircraft

— low-flying aircraft

— low-level aircraft

— low-observable aircraft

— low-set-tail aircraft

— low-speed aircraft

— low-wing aircraft

— low-wing-loading aircraft

— man the aircraft

— man-carrying aircraft

— maneuverable aircraft

— maneuvering aircraft

— maneuvering-type aircraft

— manned aircraft

— man-powered aircraft

— manually controlled aircraft

— marginally powered aircraft

— marine aircraft

— maritime aircraft

— mass-produced aircraft

— medical air-evacuation aircraft

— medium cargo aircraft

— medium transport aircraft

— medium-weight aircraft

— medium-capacity aircraft

— medium-haul aircraft

— medium-payload aircraft

— medium-range aircraft

— metal aircraft

— meteorological reconnaissance aircraft

— middle-wing aircraft

— mid-set aircraft

— mid-wing aircraft

— mine-laying aircraft

— missile-carrier aircraft

— missile-carrying aircraft

— missile-launching aircraft

— mission aircraft

— MIT aircraft

— mixed jet-rocket aircraft

— mixed-powerplant aircraft

— model aircraft

— modified aircraft

— modular aircraft

— mother aircraft

— motorless aircraft

— multiengined aircraft

— multijet aircraft

— multimission aircraft

— multiplace aircraft

— multipurpose aircraft

— multiseated aircraft

— multisensor aircraft

— M-wing aircraft

— narrow-bodied aircraft

— navalized aircraft

— near term aircraft

— nonaerobatic aircraft

— noncombat aircraft

— nonexpendable aircraft

— nonmaneuverable aircraft

— nonoperational aircraft

— nonpressurized cabin aircraft

— nonspinnable aircraft

— nonspinning aircraft

— normal design aircraft

— nose-heavy aircraft

— nose-tow-equipped aircraft

— nose-wheel aircraft

— nuclear aircraft

— nuclear-carrier aircraft

— nuclear-powered aircraft

— nuclear-propelled aircraft

— number two aircraft

— oblique takeoff aircraft

— oblique wing aircraft

— observation aircraft

— obsolete aircraft

— ogee-planform aircraft

— ogee-wing aircraft

— oncoming aircraft

— open-cockpit aircraft

— operating aircraft

— operational aircraft

— operational trainer aircraft

— operational training aircraft

— operationally-configured aircraft

— operationally-ready aircraft

— opponent aircraft

— opposing aircraft

— optimum aircraft

— orbiting aircraft

— originating aircraft

— out-of-control aircraft

— overloaded aircraft

— overtaken aircraft

— overwater aircraft

— overweight aircraft

— pacer aircraft

— paint the aircraft

— pantobase aircraft

— pantosurface aircraft

— paper aircraft

— parabolic flight aircraft

— parasol aircraft

— parent aircraft

— parked aircraft

— passenger/cargo aircraft

— passenger-carrying cargo aircraft

— pathfinder aircraft

— patrol aircraft

— performance aircraft

— personal aircraft

— photographic reconnaissance aircraft

— photographic-mapping aircraft

— photographic-survey aircraft

— picket aircraft

— pickup aircraft

— pilot-controlled aircraft

— pilot's aircraft

— pilot-training aircraft

— piston-driven aircraft

— piston-engined aircraft

— plastic aircraft

— podded aircraft

— pods-off aircraft

— power boost-controlled aircraft

— power the aircraft

— power-controlled aircraft

— powered aircraft

— powerful aircraft

— preflight the aircraft

— pre-production aircraft

— Present-generation aircraft

— Pressurized-cabin aircraft

— primary developmental aircraft

— primary training aircraft

— private aircraft

— probe aircraft

— production model aircraft

— prone-pilot aircraft

— proof-of-concept aircraft

— propeller-driven aircraft

— propeller-propelled aircraft

— propjet aircraft

— prop-lift aircraft

— proprotor aircraft

— propulsive wing aircraft

— protected aircraft

— prototype aircraft

— provisionally certificated aircraft

— pulsejet aircraft

— pusher-equipped aircraft

— pusher-type aircraft

— push-pull aircraft

— Q/STOL aircraft

— questionable aircraft

— quick aircraft

— quiet aircraft

— quieted aircraft

— quiet-engined aircraft

— R&D aircraft

— racing aircraft

— radar-calibration aircraft

— radar-nosed aircraft

— radar-picket aircraft

— radar-simulated aircraft

— radar-training aircraft

— radio-controlled aircraft

— ramjet-powered aircraft

— ramp-launched aircraft

— reaction-control aircraft

— readable aircraft

— rear-engined aircraft

— rear-loading aircraft

— receiver aircraft

— receiving aircraft

— reciprocating-engine aircraft

— reconnaissance aircraft

— record-holding aircraft

— recovery aircraft

— red-cross aircraft

— refueled aircraft

— refueling aircraft

— relay aircraft

— relief aircraft

— remotely controlled aircraft

— rendezvousing aircraft

— rent aircraft

— replacement aircraft

— rescue aircraft

— research aircraft

— research and development aircraft

— responsive aircraft

— retractable-gear aircraft

— reverse-thrust aircraft

— revetted aircraft

— ride the aircraft

— robot aircraft

— rocket-armed aircraft

— rocket-boosted aircraft

— rocket-carrying aircraft

— rotary wing aircraft

— rotating wing aircraft

— rotor aircraft

— rotor/propeller aircraft

— rugged aircraft

— runaway aircraft

— scissor-winged aircraft

— scramble aircraft

— seaborne aircraft

— search radar aircraft

— second-generation aircraft

— second-line aircraft

— second-mission aircraft

— semiaerobatic aircraft

— semiexpendable aircraft

— series production aircraft

— service aircraft

— service-test aircraft

— shadow aircraft

— shaker-equipped aircraft

— sheltered aircraft

— ship-based aircraft

— shipboard aircraft

— shipborne aircraft

— shore-based aircraft

— short takeoff aircraft

— shorter-winged aircraft

— short-field aircraft

— short-haul aircraft

— short-landing aircraft

— short-legged aircraft

— short-range aircraft

— short-span aircraft

— shoulder-wing aircraft

— sick aircraft

— side firing aircraft

— side-loading aircraft

— similar model aircraft

— simulated aircraft

— single-design-point aircraft

— single-float aircraft

— single-jet aircraft

— single-place aircraft

— single-seat aircraft

— six-engined aircraft

— skip-bombing aircraft

— slender aircraft

— slender-delta aircraft

— slender-wing aircraft

— slim-delta aircraft

— slow the aircraft

— slow-landing aircraft

— smooth-flying aircraft

— solo-piloted aircraft

— spare aircraft

— special aircraft

— specially instrumented aircraft

— special-mission aircraft

— special-purpose aircraft

— spin demonstration aircraft

— spin model aircraft

— spinnable aircraft

— spinning aircraft

— spirally stable aircraft

— spirally unstable aircraft

— spotter aircraft

— stabilized aircraft

— stable aircraft

— stacked aircraft

— staged aircraft

— stalled aircraft

— stall-free aircraft

— stall-proof aircraft

— stall-safe aircraft

— static-test aircraft

— steep gradient aircraft

— stick-pusher aircraft

— still-to-be-delivered aircraft

— STOL aircraft

— stopped-folded rotor aircraft

— stopped-stowed rotor aircraft

— stored aircraft

— stowed rotor aircraft

— strafer aircraft

— strafing aircraft

— straight-jet aircraft

— straight-wing aircraft

— streamlined aircraft

— stretched aircraft

— strike aircraft

— stripped aircraft

— strongly controlled aircraft

— study aircraft

— subsonic aircraft

— supersonic aircraft

— supersonic cruising aircraft

— supply aircraft

— supply dropper aircraft

— support type aircraft

— surface effect aircraft

— swept-back aircraft

— swept-wing aircraft

— swing-tail aircraft

— swing-wing aircraft

— swiveling-nozzle aircraft

— symmetrical aircraft

— symmetrically loaded aircraft

— systems test aircraft

— tailed aircraft

— tail-engined aircraft

— tail-first aircraft

— tailless aircraft

— tail-sitting aircraft

— tail-wheeled aircraft

— tandem aircraft

— tandem-wing aircraft

— tanker aircraft

— target aircraft

— target drone aircraft

— target-towing aircraft

— telecontrolled aircraft

— television-controlled aircraft

— terminating aircraft

— terrain-following aircraft

— test aircraft

— test-bed aircraft

— test-support aircraft

— the aircraft off

— theoretical aircraft

— thick-winged aircraft

— third-generation aircraft

— third-level aircraft

— threat aircraft

— three-point refueling aircraft

— thrust-vectored aircraft

— tied-down aircraft

— tight-turning aircraft

— tilt-fold-proprotor aircraft

— tilting-wing aircraft

— tilting-duct propeller aircraft

— tilt-propeller aircraft

— tilt-wing propeller aircraft

— torpedo-carrier aircraft

— towing aircraft

— tow-target aircraft

— tractor-type aircraft

— trailing aircraft

— trainer aircraft

— training aircraft

— transatlantic aircraft

— transcontinental aircraft

— transitional aircraft

— transoceanic aircraft

— transonic aircraft

— transonically-accelerating aircraft

— transponder-equipped aircraft

— transport aircraft

— trials aircraft

— tricyclic-geared aircraft

— triphibian aircraft

— triphibious aircraft

— triple-finned aircraft

— triplex-systemed aircraft

— tri-service aircraft

— tri-tail aircraft

— troop-carrier aircraft

— trunk-route aircraft

— T-tailed aircraft

— tug aircraft

— turbine-engined aircraft

— turbine-powered aircraft

— turboprop aircraft

— turboramjet aircraft

— turbulent aircraft

— twin-boom aircraft

— twin-duct aircraft

— twin-jet aircraft

— twin-turbofan aircraft

— twin-turboprop aircraft

— two-altimeter aircraft

— two-control aircraft

— two-design-point aircraft

— ultimate production aircraft

— ultra-high-performance aircraft

— unarmed aircraft

— unaugmented aircraft

— unbailable aircraft

— uncontrollable aircraft

— uncontrolled aircraft

— underrun the aircraft

— unflapped aircraft

— unflown aircraft

— unidentified aircraft

— unknown aircraft

— unmanned aircraft

— unmodified aircraft

— unprotected aircraft

— unstable aircraft

— unswept aircraft

— upright aircraft

— utility aircraft

— V/STOL aircraft

— variable-control aircraft

— variable-geometry aircraft

— variable-incidence aircraft

— variable-mass aircraft

— variable-stability aircraft

— variable-sweep wing aircraft

— vector the aircraft

— vectored aircraft

— vectored lift aircraft

— vectored thrust aircraft

— vectoring aircraft

— versatile aircraft

— vertical attitude aircraft

— vertical takeoff aircraft

— vertical-flight aircraft

— vertical-lift aircraft

— vertically-rising aircraft

— VG aircraft

— voice aircraft

— vortex generating aircraft

— VTOL aircraft

— weather-modified aircraft

— wheeled aircraft

— wide-body aircraft

— wingborne aircraft

— winged aircraft

— wingless aircraft

— wingman's aircraft

— winterized aircraft

— wool-tufted aircraft

— wrecked aircraft

— yaw the aircraft

— yawed aircraft

— zero-length-launch aircraft

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > aircraft
14 Stephenson, Robert

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England

d. 12 October 1859 London, England

[br]

English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.

[br]

Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.

In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.

Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.

Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.

In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.

Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.

During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.

In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).

J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).

M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).

J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.

See also: Pihl, Carl Abraham; Seguin, Marc

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert
15 Tesla, Nikola

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatia

d. 7 January 1943 New York, USA

[br]

Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.

[br]

While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.

The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.

After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.

Bibliography

1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).

1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).

1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).

Further Reading

M.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).

T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).

GW

Biographical history of technology > Tesla, Nikola
16 Westinghouse, George

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Land transport, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 6 October 1846 Central Bridge, New York, USA

d. 12 March 1914 New York, New York, USA

[br]

American inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of air brakes for railways and alternating-current distribution of electricity.

[br]

George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.

The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.

From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Légion d'honneur. Order of the Crown of Italy. Order of Leopold.

Bibliography

Westinghouse took out some 400 patents over forty-eight years.

Further Reading

H.G.Prout, 1922, A Life of "George Westinghouse", London (biography inclined towards technicalities).

F.E.Leupp, 1918, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, Boston (London 1919) (biography inclined towards Westinghouse and his career).

J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152–4.

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Westinghouse, George
17 program

[ˈprəuɡræm]

absolute program вчт. программа в абсолютных адресах accessory program вчт. вспомогательная программа administration program вчт. организующая программа application program вчт. прикладная программа archive program вчт. программа архивации assembly language program вчт. программа на языке ассемблера assembly program вчт. ассемблер authorized program вчт. авторизованная программа background program вчт. фоновая программа bagbiting program вчт. дурацкая программа bogotified program вчт. дезорганизованная программа bootstrap program вчт. программа начальной загрузки системы bootstrap program вчт. программа самозагрузки branching program разветвление программы (способ обучения) brittle program вчт. непереносимая программа broken program вчт. испорченная программа called program вчт. вызывающая программа calling program вчт. вызываемая программа channel program вчт. канальная программа checking program контролирующая программа checking program программа контроля chkdsk program вчт. программа проверки диска compiler program вчт. компилятор complete program вчт. готовая программа computer program вчт. компьютерная программа computer program машинная программа computer program программа для вычислительной машины configuration program вчт. программа конфигурирования consulting program вчт. консультирующая программа control program вчт. программа управления control program вчт. управляющая программа conversational program вчт. диалоговая программа copy-protected program вчт. программа защищенная от копирования crash-proof program вчт. живучая программа crufty program вчт. неработоспособная программа cuspy program вчт. аккуратная программа dead program вчт. мертвая программа despooling program вчт. программа буферизации выходных потоков development program вчт. инструментальная программа diagnostic program вчт. диагностическая программа diagnostic program вчт. программа обнаружения неисправностей diagnostic program вчт. программа обнаружения ошибок diagnostic program вчт. тестовая программ disk-resident program вчт. диск-резидентная программа draw program вчт. программа подготовки штриховых иллюстраций editor program вчт. редакторская программа example program вчт. пример программы executable program вчт. исполняемая программа execute only program вчт. программа без исходных текстов executive program вчт. диспетчер fine program вчт. чистая программа fine-grained program вчт. мелкомодульная программа fixed program вчт. жесткая программа foreground program вчт. приоритетная программа format program вчт. программа форматирования froggy program вчт. замысловатая программа program план (работы и т. п.); what is the program(me)? разг. ну, чем займемся?; a full program(me) множество занятий, дел game program вчт. игровая программа government program государственная программа grungy program вчт. неряшливая программа heuristic program вчт. эвристическая программа hyphenation program вчт. программа автоматического переноса слов in-line program вчт. линейная программа inactive program бездействующая программа inactive program вчт. неактивная программа learning program вчт. самообучаемая программа library program вчт. библиотечная программа license program вчт. лицензионная программа load program вчт. загрузчик load-and-go program вчт. программа с запуском по загрузке macroassembly program вчт. программа на языке макроассемблера main program вчт. основная программа menu-driven program вчт. программа, вызываемая с помощью меню merging program вчт. программа слияния monitor program вчт. управляющая программа mutated program вчт. видоизмененная программа nonprocedural program вчт. непроцедурная программа object program вчт. объектная программа off-the-peg program вчт. готовая программа omnipresent program вчт. сохраняемая программа operating program вчт. эксплуатируемая программа operation program вчт. программа оперативного обслуживания operation program вчт. работающая программа operation program вчт. рабочая программа overlay program вчт. оверлейная программа packaged audit program пакет ревизионных программ paint program вчт. программа подготовки иллюстраций paintbrush program вчт. программа рисования patched program вчт. программа с заплатами portable program вчт. мобильная программа precanned program вчт. фирменная программа preemptible program вчт. выгружаемая программа preemptive program вчт. вытесняющая программа print-intensive program вчт. программа с большим объемом печати printed program вчт. изданная программа procedural program вчт. процедурная программа program план (работы и т. п.); what is the program(me)? разг. ну, чем займемся?; a full program(me) множество занятий, дел program план работы program представление, спектакль program представление program(me) программа program программа program вчт. программа program программа program программировать program вчт. программировать program программировать program вчт. программный program составлять программу program(me) составлять программу или план program attr. программный the program has ended вчт. программа завершила работу program of foreign origin вчт. программа зарубежного производства the program will not load вчт. программа не загрузится proper program вчт. рациональная программа protected program вчт. защищенная программа prototype program вчт. макетная программа quality program программа обеспечения качества quality test program программа контроля качества rat's nest program вчт. бессистемная программа read-in program вчт. программа вводимая по требованию reentrant program вчт. повторно входимая программа relocatable program вчт. перемещаемая программа resident program вчт. резидентная программа reusable program вчт. многократно используемая программа robust program вчт. живучая программа run-time program вчт. рабочая программа sales development program программа мер по увеличению объема продаж sample program вчт. пример программы self-contained program вчт. независимая программа self-loading program вчт. самозагружаемая программа self-test program вчт. программа с самоконтролем service program comp. обслуживающая программа service program вчт. сервисная программа shareable program вчт. совместно используемая программа shareware program вчт. условно бесплатная программа shell program вчт. программная оболочка simulation program вчт. моделирующая программа simulator program comp. моделирующая программа simulator program comp. программа моделирования single-threaded program вчт. последовательная программа slave program вчт. подчиненная программа software program вчт. программа системы программного обеспечения sort program comp. программа сортировки source program comp. входная программа source program вчт. исходная программа source program comp. исходная программа spaghetti program вчт. макаронная программа specialized audit program специальная программа проверки sponsored program финансируемая программа spreadsheet program вчт. программа табличных вычислений star program вчт. безошибочная программа stochastic program вчт. стохастическая программа stored program вчт. хранимая программа structured program вчт. структурированная программа supervisor program вчт. управляющая программа support program программа поддержки support program вчт. служебная программа target program вчт. программа на выходном языке terminating program вчт. нециклическая программа test program вчт. программа испытаний test program вчт. программа контроля test program вчт. тестовая программа throwaway program вчт. программа для временного использования total-load program вчт. автономная программа translating program вчт. транслирующая программа translating program вчт. транслятор trouble-shooting program вчт. диагностическая прграмма unmaintable program вчт. программа неудобная в использовании unreadable program вчт. нечитаемая программа updated program вчт. скорректированная программа user program вчт. пользовательская программа utility program вчт. обслуживающая программа utility program вчт. утилита program план (работы и т. п.); what is the program(me)? разг. ну, чем займемся?; a full program(me) множество занятий, дел wired-in program вчт. зашитая программа work program программа работ work program производственный план

English-Russian short dictionary > program

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Prototype JavaScript Framework — Infobox Software name = Prototype JavaScript Framework developer = [http://prototypejs.org/core Prototype Core Team] latest release version = 1.6.0.3 latest release date = release date|2008|09|28 genre = JavaScript toolkit license = MIT License… … Wikipedia
Prototype (video game) — Infobox VG title = PROTOTYPE caption = developer = Radical Entertainment publisher = Sierra Entertainment distributor = designer = license = series = engine = version = released = April 2009 genre = Action/Sandbox modes = Single player ratings =… … Wikipedia
prototype — noun (C) the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has (+ of/for): a complete working prototype of the new model … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Theorie du prototype — Théorie du prototype En sciences cognitives, la Théorie du prototype est un modèle de catégorisation graduelle, dans lequel certains membres de la catégorie sont considérés comme plus représentatifs que d’autres. EX : Lorsqu’on demande de… … Wikipédia en Français
Théorie du prototype — En sciences cognitives, la théorie du prototype est un modèle de catégorisation graduelle, dans lequel certains membres de la catégorie sont considérés comme plus représentatifs que d’autres, par exemple, lorsqu’on demande de fournir un exemple… … Wikipédia en Français
Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer — (NPOI) Layout The Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI[1] note recently the Protoype was dropped so that the facility is now called NOI ), is an astronomical interferometer [2] operated by the United States Naval … Wikipedia
Le Mans Prototype — Une Audi R15 TDI Plus au Castellet (LMS) en 2010 Voiture LMP1 « ouverte » … Wikipédia en Français
HAL Tejas — infobox Aircraft name =Tejas type =Multirole fighter manufacturer =Aeronautical Development Agency Hindustan Aeronautics Limited caption = Pair of Tejas flying in formation designer = first flight =4 January 2001 introduction =Planned by 2010/11… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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complete prototype

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

complete prototype

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