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1 κύκλος
Aκύκλα Il.
, etc., v. infr.11.1, 3,9, 111.1:—ring, circle, ὅπποτέ μιν δόλιον περὶ κύκλον ἄγωσιν, of the circle which hunters draw round their game, Od.4.792; κ. δέκα χάλκεοι (concentric) circles of brass on a round shield, Il.11.33, cf. 20.280; but ἀσπίδος κύκλον λέγω the round shield itself, A.Th. 489, cf. 496, 591.2 Adverbial usages, κύκλῳ in a circle or ring, round about,κ. ἁπάντῃ Od.8.278
;κ. πάντῃ X.An.3.1.2
;πανταχῇ D.4.9
;τὸ κ. πέδον Pi.O.10(11).46
;κ. περιάγειν Hdt.4.180
;λίμνη.. ἐργασμένη εὖ κ. Id.2.170
;τρέχειν κ. Ar.Th. 662
;περιέπλεον αὐτοὺς κ. Th.2.84
;οἱ κ. βασιλεῖς X.Cyr.7.2.23
; ἡ κ. περιφορά, κίνησις, Pl.Lg. 747a, Alex. Aphr.in Top.218.3: freq. with περί or words compounded there with, round about,κ. πέριξ A.Pers. 368
, 418;περιστῆναι κ. Hdt.1.43
;βωμὸν κ. περιστῆναι A.Fr. 379
;ἀμφιχανὼν κ. S.Ant. 118
(lyr.);περιστεφῆ κ. Id.El. 895
;περισταδὸν κ. E.Andr. 1137
;κ. περιϊέναι Pl.Phd. 72b
, etc.;τοῦ φλοιοῦ περιαιρεθέντος κ. Thphr.HP4.15.1
; so κ. περὶ αὐτήν round about it, Hdt.1.185;περὶ τὰ δώματα κ. Id.2.62
; also κύκλῳ c. acc., withoutπερί, ἐπιστήσαντες κ. σῆμα Id.4.72
;πάντα τὸν τόπον τοῦτον κ. D.4.4
: c.gen.,κ. τοῦ στρατοπέδου X.Cyr.4.5.5
;τὰ κ. τῆς Ἀττικῆς D.18.96
, cf. PFay. 110.7 (i A.D.), etc.: metaph., around or from all sides, S.Ant. 241, etc.; κεντουμένη κύκλῳ ἡ ψυχή all over, Pl.Phdr. 251d; τὰ κ. the circumstances, Arist.Rh. 1367b29, EN 1117b2; ἡ κ. ἀπόδειξις, of arguing in a circle, Id.APo. 72b17, cf. APr. 57b18: with Preps.,ἐν κ. S.Aj. 723
, Ph. 356, E.Ba. 653, Ar.V. 432, etc.;ἅπαντες ἐν κ. Id.Eq. 170
, Pl. 679: c. gen., E.HF 926, Th.3.74;κατὰ κύκλον Emp.17.13
.1 wheel, Il.23.340; in which sense the heterocl. pl. κύκλα is mostly used, 5.722, 18.375; τοὺς λίθους ἀνατιθεῖσι ἐπὶ τὰ κύκλα on the janker, IG12.350.47.3 place of assembly, of theἀγορά, ἱερὸς κ. Il.18.504
;ὁ κ. τοῦ Ζηνὸς τὠγοραίου Schwyzer 701
B6 (Erythrae, v B.C.); ἀγορᾶς κ. (cf. κυκλόεις) E.Or. 919; of the amphitheatre, D.C.72.19.b crowd of people standing round, ring or circle of people,κ. τυραννικός S.Aj. 749
; κύκλα χαλκέων ὅπλων, i.e. of armed men, dub. in Id.Fr.210.9, cf. X. Cyr.7.5.41: abs., E.Andr. 1089, X.An.5.7.2 (both pl.), Diph.55.3.4 vault of the sky,ὁ κ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ Hdt.1.131
, LXX 1 Es.4.34;πυραυγέα κ. αἰθέρος h.Hom.8.6
, cf. E. Ion 1147;ὁ ἄνω κ. S.Ph. 815
;ἐς βάθος κύκλου Ar.Av. 1715
;νυκτὸς αἰανὴς κ. S.Aj. 672
; γαλαξίας κ. the milky way, Placit.2.7.1, al., Poll.4.159; alsoὁ τοῦ γάλακτος κ. Arist. Mete. 345a25
;πολιοῖο γάλακτος κ. Arat.511
.b μέγιστος κ. great circle, Autol.Sph.2, al.;μ. κ. τῶν ἐν τῇ σφαίρᾳ Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.30
, cf. Gem.5.70; κ. ἰσημερινός, θερινός, etc., Ph.1.27;χειμερινός Gem.5.7
, Cleom.1.2; ἀρκτικός, ἀνταρκτικός, Gem.5.2,9;ὁ κ. ὁ τῶν ζῳδίων Arist. Mete. 343a24
; ὁ ὁρίζων κ. the horizon, Id.Cael. 297b34; παράλληλοι κ., of parallels of latitude, Autol.Sph.1: in pl., the zones, Stoic.2.196.5 orb, disk of the sun and moon,ἡλίου κ. A.Pr.91
, Pers. 504, S.Ant. 416; ; μὴ οὐ πλήρεος ἐόντος τοῦ κύκλου (sc. τῆς σελήνης) Hdt.6.106: in pl., the heavenly bodies, IG14.2012A9 (Sulp. Max.).6 circle or wall round a city, esp. round Athens,ὁ Ἀθηνέων κ. Hdt.1.98
, cf. Th.2.13, etc.;οὐχὶ τὸν κ. τοῦ Πειραιῶς, οὐδὲ τοῦ ἄστεως D.18.300
.8 in pl., eye-balls, eyes, S.OT 1270, Ph. 1354;ὀμμάτων κ. Id.Ant. 974
(lyr.): rarely in sg., eye,ὁ αἰὲν ὁρῶν κ. Διός Id.OC 704
(lyr.).9 οἱ κ. τοῦ προσώπου cheeks, Hp.Morb.2.50;κύκλα παρειῆς Nonn.D.33.190
, 37.412; but κύκλος μαζοῦ, poet. for μαζός, is f.l. in Tryph.34.11 cycle or collection of legends or poems, ([place name] Crete); esp. of the Epic cycle,ὁ ἐπικὸς κ. Ath. 7.277e
, Procl. ap. Phot.Bibl.p.319 B., cf. Arist.Rh. 1417a15; of the corpus of legends compiled by Dionysius Scytobrachion, Ath.11.481e, cf. Sch. Od.2.120; κ. ἐπιγραμμάτων Suid.s.v. Ἀγαθίας; cf.κυκλικός 11
.III circular motion, orbit of the heavenly bodies,κύκλον ἰέναι Pl.Ti. 38d
;οὐρανὸς.. μιᾷ περιαγωγῇ καὶ κύκλῳ συναναχορεύει τούτοις Arist.Mu. 391b18
; revolution of the seasons,ἐνιαυτοῦ κ. E.Or. 1645
, Ph. 477; τὸν ἐνιαύσιον κ. the yearly cycle, ib. 544;ἑπτὰ.. ἐτῶν κ. Id.Hel. 112
; μυρία κύκλα ζώειν, i.e. years, AP7.575 (Leont.): hence κ. τῶν ἀνθρωπηΐων ἐστὶ πρηγμάτων human affairs revolve in cycles, Hdt.1.207;φασὶ.. κύκλον εἶναι τὰ ἀνθρώπινα πράγματα Arist.Ph. 223b24
, al.;κ. κακῶν D.C.44.29
; κύκλου ἐξέπταν, i.e. from the cycle of rebirths, Orph.Fr. 32c.6.2 circular dance (cf. κύκλιος), χωρεῖτε νῦν ἱερὸν ἀνὰ κ. Ar.Ra. 445
, cf. Simon.148.9, E.Alc. 449 (lyr.).3 in Rhet., a rounded period,περιόδου κύκλος D.H.Comp.19
, cf. 22, 23.b period which begins and ends with the same word, Hermog.Inv.4.8. -
2 round
❢ Round often appears after verbs in English ( change round, gather round, pass round). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, gather, pass). For go round, get round see the entries go, get.A adv1 GB ( on all sides) all round lit tout autour ; whisky all round! du whisky pour tout le monde! ; there were smiles all round tout le monde souriait ; to go all the way round [fence, wall, moat] faire tout le tour ;2 GB ( in circular movement) to go round and round [wheel, carousel] tourner (en rond) ; [person] fig tourner en rond ; lit aller et venir ; the tune was going round and round in my head j'avais cet air dans la tête ;3 GB (to specific place, home) to be ou go round to passer à [office, school] ; to ask sb (to come) round dire à qn de passer ; she's coming round today elle passe aujourd'hui ; to invite sb round for lunch inviter qn à déjeuner (chez soi) ; I'm just going round to Sandra's je pars chez Sandra ; I'll be round in a minute j'arrive (dans un instant) ;5 GB ( as part of cycle) all year round toute l'année ; this time round cette fois-ci ; as summer comes round à l'approche de l'été ; my birthday will soon be round again c'est bientôt mon anniversaire.1 ( expressing location) autour de [table, garden etc] ; let's sit round the table asseyons-nous autour de la table ; to sit round the fire s'asseoir au coin du feu ; the wall goes right round the house le mur fait le tour de la maison ; he had a scarf round his neck il avait une écharpe autour du cou ; what do you measure round the waist? combien fais-tu de tour de taille? ;2 ( expressing direction) to go round the corner tourner au coin de la rue ; to go round a bend ( in road) prendre un virage ; the baker's is just round the corner la boulangerie est tout près ; to go round a roundabout prendre un rond-point ; to go round an obstacle contourner un obstacle ;3 (on tour, visit) shall I take you round the house? voulez-vous visiter la maison? ; her sister took us round Oxford sa sœur nous a fait visiter Oxford ; to go round the shops faire les magasins.1 ( approximately) à peu près, environ ; round about 50 people/9 am à peu près or environ 50 personnes/9 h ; it happened round about here ça s'est passé par ici ;D n1 (set, series) série f (of de) ; the social round les réceptions fpl mondaines ; the daily round of activities le train-train quotidien ; ⇒ payround, wage round ;2 ( in competition) rencontre f ; qualifying round (in football, rugby, tennis) match m de qualification ;3 (game of golf, cards) partie f (of de) ; (in boxing, wrestling) round m ;6 ( of drinks) tournée f (of de) ; it's my round! c'est ma tournée! ; to pay for a round offrir une tournée ;7 Mil ( unit of ammunition) balle f ; round of ammunition cartouche f ; to fire round after round tirer balle sur balle ; ⇒ baton round ;9 ( burst) round of applause salve f d'applaudissements ; to get a round of applause être applaudi ; let's have a round of applause for David! on applaudit bien fort David! ;10 Culin ( of bread) a round of toast un toast, une tranche de pain grillé ; a round of ham sandwiches des sandwichs mpl pain de mie au jambon ;12 ( circular shape) rondelle f (of de) ;16 Dance ronde f ;17 ( of cheese) roue f ;E rounds npl to do one's rounds [doctor] visiter ses malades ; [postman, refuse collector] faire sa tournée ; [security guard] faire sa ronde ; to be out on one's rounds [doctor] être en visite ; to do ou go ou make the rounds [rumour, joke, document, flu] circuler ; to go the rounds of [story] faire le tour de [village, office] ; [garment, book] faire le tour de [relations, family] ; to do the rounds of faire le tour de [employment agencies, relations].F adj1 ( circular) [object, building, glasses, face, head] rond ; her eyes grew round elle a ouvert des yeux ronds ;2 (rounded, curved) [arch] arrondi ; [handwriting] rond ; [cheeks, breasts] rond ; to have round shoulders avoir le dos voûté ;3 ( spherical) rond ;4 ( complete) [figure] rond ; in round figures en chiffres ronds ; in round figures, that's £100 ça fait 100 livres sterling en arrondissant ; a round dozen une douzaine exactement ; a nice round sum une somme appréciable or rondelette ○.G round+ (dans composés) round-cheeked/-eyed aux joues rondes/aux yeux ronds ; round-faced au visage rond ; ⇒ round-shouldered.H vtr1 gen, Naut ( go round) contourner [point, headland] ; to round the corner tourner au coin ; to round a bend prendre un virage ;2 ( make round) arrondir [lips] ;3 Phon arrondir [vowels].■ round down:▶ round [sth] down, round down [sth] arrondir [qch] au chiffre inférieur [figures].■ round off:▶ round off [sth], round [sth] off1 ( finish off) finir [meal, evening, visit, season] (with par) ; conclure [speech] ; parfaire [education, process] ;2 ( make smooth) arrondir [corner, edge] ;3 ( change) arrondir [figure, number].■ round on GB:▶ round on [sb] attaquer violemment [critic, opponent] ; suddenly she rounded on me tout d'un coup elle m'est tombée dessus ○.■ round out:▶ round [sth] out, round out [sth] compléter [list, numbers, range].■ round up:▶ round up [sb], round [sb] up regrouper [protesters, inhabitants] ; ramasser ○ [thieves, prostitutes, suspects] ; to be rounded up être pris dans une rafle ;▶ round up [sth], round [sth] up1 rassembler [livestock] ;2 arrondir [qch] au chiffre supérieur [figure]. -
3 groove
канавка; паз; желобок; выемка; борозда; прорезь; вырез; выточка; выемка; II делать канавки; делать выточки (напр. пазы, желобки)- groove-bottom diameter - groove depth - groove insert - groove of pulley - groove-root diameter - groove wear - groove width - annular groove - chamfered groove - guide groove - oil groove - packing groove - piston-ring groove - spider-fort groove - tread groove - V-groove - wedge-shaped groove -
4 Bowser, Sylvanus F.
[br]fl. 1880s[br]American mechanic and inventor of the first fuel-dispensing pump.[br]Bowser lived and worked in Fort Wayne, Texas. In 1885 he was approached by a local storekeeper, Jake Gumper, who had been receiving complaints from some of his customers. Gumper's store stocked both kerosene (lamp oil) and butter, and the two were stored alongside each other; the kerosene cask leaked and tainted the butter. Gumper consulted Bowser, but neither of them considered the obvious idea of moving the two containers further apart; instead, working in an adjacent barn, Bowser set about devising a means of dispensing kerosene in given quantities.He delivered his invention to Gumper on 5 September 1885. It was a circular tank with a cylinder soldered inside and an outlet pipe attached to the top. A hand-operated piston controlled two marble valves and wooden plungers which were fitted inside the cylinder. When the wooden handle was raised, a gallon of kerosene flowed from the tank into the cylinder, and when the handle was lowered the liquid was discharged.He formed S.F.Bowser \& Co. of Fort Wayne to exploit his invention, and twenty years later the company was producing pumps for motor spirit. In 1925 the Bowser Red Sentry, which registered quantity on a clock dial, was introduced. The first automatic "Bowser" in Britain was put into operation in a Manchester garage in 1921.[br]Further ReadingP.Robertson, 1974, The Shell Book of Firsts, London: Ebury Press \& Michael Joseph.IMcN -
5 turn
turn [tɜ:n]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun4. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nouna. [of wheel] tour mb. ( = bend) virage m• take the next turn on the left prenez la prochaine route (or rue) à gauche• the patient took a turn for the worse/better l'état du malade s'est aggravé/améliorée. ( = action) to do sb a good turn rendre un service à qnf. ( = act) numéro mg. (in game, queue) tour m• whose turn is it? c'est à qui (le tour) ?► by turns• my sister and I visit our mother by turns ma sœur et moi rendons visite à notre mère à tour de rôle► in turn ( = one after another) à tour de rôle ; ( = then) à mon (or son or notre etc) tour• and they, in turn, said... et, à leur tour, ils ont dit...► out of turn• I don't want to speak out of turn but... je ne devrais peut-être pas dire cela mais...► to a turn• done to a turn [food] à point► turn of + noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► For turn + adverb/preposition combinations see also phrasal verbs.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. [+ handle, key, wheel, page] tournerb. [+ mattress] retournerd. ( = reach) [+ age, time] as soon as he turned 18 dès qu'il a eu 18 ans• he would turn in his grave if he knew... il se retournerait dans sa tombe s'il savait...► to turn on sth ( = depend)b. ( = move in different direction) [person, vehicle] tourner ; ( = reverse direction) faire demi-tour ; [road, river] faire un coude ; [tide] changer de directionc. ( = become)► turn + adjective• to turn nasty/pale devenir méchant/pâle• the whole thing turned into a nightmare c'est devenu un véritable cauchemar► to turn to + nound. ( = change) [weather] changer ; [leaves] jaunir4. compounds[+ business, economy] remettre sur pied[traveller] faire demi-tour ; ( = reverse a decision) faire marche arrièrea. ( = send back) faire faire demi-tour à ; [+ demonstrators] faire refluer• we can't turn the clock back on ne peut pas revenir en arrière► turn down separable transitive verbb. [+ heat, sound] baissera. to turn in to a driveway [car, person] tourner dans une alléeb. ( = go to bed) (inf) aller se couchera. ( = hand over) [+ wanted man] livrer (à la police)• to turn o.s. in se rendrea. [person, vehicle] tournerb. to turn off automatically [heater, oven] s'éteindre automatiquement[+ road] quittera. [+ water, tap] fermer ; [+ radio, television, electricity, gas, heater] éteindre ; [+ water, electricity] (at main) couper• what turns teenagers off science? qu'est-ce qui fait que les sciences n'attirent pas les adolescents ?► turn onb. millions of viewers turn on at 6 o'clock des millions de téléspectateurs allument la télé à 6 heures( = attack) attaquera. [+ tap] ouvrir ; [+ gas, electricity, television, heater] allumer ; [+ engine, machine] mettre en marchec. ( = happen) se passer• as it turned out, nobody came en fin de compte personne n'est venu• it turned out nice [weather] il a fait beau en fin de comptea. [+ light] éteindreb. ( = empty out) [+ pockets, suitcase] vider ; [+ room, cupboard] nettoyer à fond ; ( = expel) [+ tenant] expulserc. ( = produce) fabriquera. ( = roll over) se retournerb. ( = change channel) changer de chaîne ; ( = turn page) tourner la pagea. [+ page] tourner ; [+ mattress, earth, playing card, tape] retournerb. ( = hand over) [+ person] livrer (to à)• the firm turns over $10,000 a week l'entreprise réalise un chiffre d'affaires de 10 000 dollars par semaine► turn rounda. [person] se retourner ; ( = change direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour ; ( = rotate) [object] tournerb. ( = improve) se redressera. tourner ; [+ person] faire tourner• he turned the ship round [captain] il a fait demi-tourb. ( = make successful) redresser ; ( = rephrase) reformuler( = arrive) arriver• don't worry about your ring, I'm sure it will turn up ne t'en fais pas pour ta bague, je suis sûr que tu finiras par la retrouvera. [+ collar] relever ; [+ sleeve] retrousserb. ( = find) [+ evidence] trouver• a survey turned up more than 3,000 people suffering from AIDS une enquête a révélé que plus de 3 000 personnes étaient atteintes du sidac. [+ radio, television] mettre plus fort* * *[tɜːn] 1.1) (in games, sequence) tour m‘miss a turn’ — ‘passez votre tour’
to have a turn on ou at ou with the computer — utiliser l'ordinateur à son tour
to take turns at doing —
to speak out of turn — fig commettre un impair
2) ( circular movement) tour mto do a turn — [dancer] faire un tour
3) ( in vehicle) virage mto make ou do a left/right turn — tourner à gauche/à droite
‘no left turn’ — ‘défense de tourner à gauche’
4) (bend, side road) tournant m, virage mtake the next right turn —
5) (change, development) tournure fto take a turn for the better — [person, situation] s'améliorer; [things, events] prendre une meilleure tournure
to take a turn for the worse — [situation] se dégrader; [health] s'aggraver
to be on the turn — [luck, milk] commencer à tourner; [tide] commencer à changer; century
6) (colloq) GB ( attack) crise fa giddy ou dizzy turn — un vertige
to have a funny turn — se sentir tout/-e chose (colloq)
it gave me quite a turn —
7) ( act) numéro m2.in turn adverbial phrase1) ( in rotation) [answer, speak] à tour de rôle2) ( linking sequence) à son tour3.transitive verb1) ( rotate) [person] tourner [wheel, handle]; serrer [screw]; [mechanism] faire tourner [cog, wheel]to turn the key in the door ou lock — ( lock up) fermer la porte à clé; ( unlock) tourner la clé dans la serrure
2) (turn over, reverse) retourner [mattress, soil, steak, collar]; tourner [page]3) ( change direction of) tourner [chair, head, face, car]to turn one's back on — lit tourner le dos à [group, place]; fig laisser tomber [friend, ally]; abandonner [homeless, needy]
4) ( focus direction of)to turn something on somebody — braquer quelque chose sur quelqu'un [gun, hose, torch]; fig diriger quelque chose sur quelqu'un [anger, scorn]
5) ( transform)to turn something white/black — blanchir/noircir quelque chose
to turn something milky/opaque — rendre quelque chose laiteux/opaque
to turn something into — transformer quelque chose en [office, car park, desert]
to turn water into ice/wine — changer de l'eau en glace/vin
to turn somebody into — [magician] changer quelqu'un en [frog]; [experience] faire de quelqu'un [extrovert, maniac]
7) (colloq) ( pass the age of)she has just turned 20/30 — elle vient d'avoir 20/30 ans
8) ( on lathe) tourner [wood, piece, spindle]4.1) ( change direction) [person, car, plane, road] tourner; [ship] virerto turn down ou into — tourner dans [street, alley]
to turn towards — tourner en direction de [village, mountains]
the conversation turned to Ellie — on en est venu/ils en sont venus à parler d'Ellie
2) ( reverse direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour; [tide] changer; [luck] tourner; turn around3) ( revolve) [key, wheel, planet] tourner; [person] se tournerto turn on — [argument] tourner autour de [point, issue]; [outcome] dépendre de [factor]
5) ( spin round angrily)to turn on somebody — [dog] attaquer quelqu'un; [person] se retourner contre quelqu'un
to turn to — se tourner vers [person, religion]
to turn to drink/drugs — se mettre à boire/se droguer
I don't know where ou which way to turn — je ne sais plus où donner de la tête (colloq)
7) ( change)to turn into — [person, tadpole] se transformer en [frog]; [sofa] se transformer en [bed]; [situation, evening] tourner à [farce, disaster]
to turn to — [substance] se changer en [ice, gold]; [fear, surprise] faire place à [horror, relief]
8) ( become by transformation) devenir [pale, cloudy, green]to turn white/black/red — blanchir/noircir/rougir
the weather is turning cold/warm — le temps se rafraîchit/se réchauffe
9) (colloq) ( become) devenir [Conservative, Communist]10) ( go sour) [milk] tourner11) [trees, leaves] jaunir•Phrasal Verbs:- turn in- turn off- turn on- turn out- turn up••at every turn — ( all the time) à tout moment; ( everywhere) partout
one good turn deserves another — Prov c'est un prêté pour un rendu
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6 castrum
castrum, i, n. [kindred with casa, q. v.].I.In sing., any fortified place; a castle, fort, fortress (more rare than castellum):B.ei Grunium dederat in Phrygiā castrum, etc.,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 3; Liv. 32. 29, 4; Dig. 27, 1, 17 fin. —Esp., nom. propr.1.Castrum Altum or Album, in Hispania Tarraconensis, Liv. 24, 41, 3.—2.Castrum Inui, or simply Castrum, an ancient city of the Rutuli, near Ardea, Verg. A. 6, 775;3.called Castrum,
Ov. M. 15, 727; Sil. 8, 359. —Castrum Novum, a city on the seacoast of Etruria, Liv. 36, 3, 6; Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 51.—4.Another Castrum Novum, on the sea-coast of Picenum, now Giulia Nova, [p. 299] Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110; also called absol. Castrum, Vell. 1, 14, 8.—5.Castrum Truentinum, a maritime city of Picenum, on the river Truentus, Cic. Att. 8, 12, B, 1;6.also called Truentum,
Plin. 3, 13, 18, § 110.—Castrum Vergium, a fortress of the Bergistani in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Berga, Liv. 34, 21, 1.—Far more freq.,II.In plur.: castra, ōrum, n. ( castra, ae, f.: castra haec vestra est, Att. ap. Non. p. 200, 30; Trag. Rel. p. 238 Rib.).A.Lit., several soldiers ' tents situated together; hence, a military camp, an encampment; among the Romans a square (quadrata);b.later, after the manner of the Greeks, sometimes circular, or adjusted to its situation,
Veg. Mil. 1, 23. It was surrounded by a trench (fossa) and a wall (vallum), and had four gates: Porta Praetoria, the front, chief gate, on the opp. side from the enemy, from which the legions marched; opp. to this, Porta Decumana (in later times Porta Quaestoria), the back gate;Porta Principalis Dextra, and Porta Principalis Sinistra, situated on the two sides of the camp,
Liv. 40, 27, 4 sq.; cf. Dict. of Antiq.—Phrases.(α).With adj.:(β).stativa,
occupied for a long time, permanent, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; Caes. B. C. 3, 30; 3, 37; Sall. J. 44, 4; Tac. A. 3, 21:aestiva,
summer camp, id. ib. 1, 16; Suet. Claud. 1:hiberna,
Liv. 29, 35, 13 (more freq. absol. aestiva and hiberna, q. v.):navalia,
an encampment on the shore for protecting the fleet and the troops while landing; sometimes connected with the ships drawn to land, Caes. B. G. 5, 22 Herz.; cf. id. ib. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 35, 13;called also nautica,
Nep. Alcib. 8, 5; id. Hann. 11, 6 (cf. id. ib. § 4; Liv. 44, 39): lunata, crescent-shaped, Auct. B. Afr. 80.—With numerals:una,
Tac. A. 4, 2:bina,
Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27; Liv. 4, 27, 3:quina,
Caes. B. C. 3, 9.—With verb:c.locum castris antecapere,
Sall. J. 50, 1; cf.:capere locum castris,
Liv. 4, 27, 3; 9, 17, 15;and montes castris capere,
Tac. A. 12, 55: castra metari, Cael. ap. Non. p. 137, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 15 al.:facere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48; Nep. Milt. 5, 2; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29 al.:ponere,
Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 35; Nep. Hann. 5 fin.:ponere et munire,
Sall. J. 75, 7:munire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Liv. 44, 39, 1:communire,
Caes. B. G. 5, 49; Liv. 23, 28, 3:castra castris conferre,
id. 10, 32, 5; 23, 28, 9:castris se tenere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 8:castra movere,
to break up, to decamp, id. ib. 1, 39 fin.; also syn. with to march forth from a camp, id. ib. 1, 15 Herz.; 1, 22; 2, 2; Sall. C. 57, 3; Nep. Dat. 8, 4; id. Eum. 12 fin. et saep.—Hence, also, promovere, Caes. B. G. 1, 48:movere retro,
Liv. 2, 58, 3:removere,
id. 9, 24, 4:proferre,
Caes. B. C. 1, 81:castris castra inferre,
Enn. Trag. 201 Vahl.—Castra Praetoriana, Praetoria, Urbana or simply Castra, the barracks of the Prœtorians in the suburbs of Rome, Suet. Tib. 37; id. Claud. 21; Tac. A. 4, 2; Suet. Aug. 29; id. Claud. 36; Dig. 48, 5, 15. —d.Castrorum filius, a surname of Caligula, who was brought up in the camp, Suet. Calig. 22; Aur. Vict. Caes. 3.—So, Castrorum mater, an appellation of Faustina, the wife of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, because she accompanied him in an expedition against the Quadi, Capitol. Marc. Aur. 26.—Hence both appell. in later inscriptions as titles of the Roman emperors and empresses. —B.Esp. as nom. propr., like castrum.1.Castra Corneliana or Cornelia, on the north coast of Africa, near Utica, so called because the elder Scipio Africanus first pitched his camp there, after his landing in Africa, in the second Punic war, Caes. B. C. 2, 24; 2, 25; 2, 37; Mel. 1, 7, 2; Plin. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—2.Castra Caecilia, in Lusitania, Plin. 4, 22, 35, § 117.—3.Castra Hannibalis, a seaport town in Bruttium, Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95.—4.Castra Pyrrhi, a place in Grecian Illyria, Liv. 32, 13, 2.—5.Castra Vetera or Vetera, a place on the Lower Rhine, now Xanthen, Tac. H. 4, 18; 4, 21; 4, 35; id. A. 1, 45.—6.Castra Alexandri, a district in Egypt, Curt. 4, 7, 2; Oros. 1, 2.—C.Meton.1.Since, in military expeditions, a camp was pitched each evening, in the histt. (esp. Livy) for a day ' s march:2.secundis castris ( = bidui itinere) pervenit ad Dium,
Liv. 44, 7, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 15; cf.:alteris castris,
Liv. 38, 13, 2; Curt. 3, 7.—So tertiis castris,
Liv. 38, 13, 11; 38, 24, 1; Tac. H. 4, 71:quartis castris,
Liv. 44, 46, 10:quintis castris,
Caes. B. G. 7, 36; Liv. 28, 19, 4:septimis castris,
id. 40, 22, 1:decimis castris,
id. 27, 32 fin.; 28, 33, 1.—Military service (hence, often opp. forum and toga), Nep. Epam. 5, 4; Vell. 2, 125, 4; Tib. 4, 1, 39:3. 4.qui magnum in castris usum habebant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39.—Of a sheepfold, Col. 6, 23, 3.—5.Of political parties, regarded as arrayed in hostility:6.si ad interdicti sententiam confugis... in meis castris praesidiisque versaris,
Cic. Caecin. 29, 83.—Of philosophical sects:Epicuri castra,
Cic. Fam. 9, 20, 1:O castra praeclara (Epicuri)!
id. ib. 7, 12, 1; Hor. C. 3, 16, 23; Sen. Ep. 2, 4. -
7 turn
A n1 (opportunity, in rotation) tour m ; to wait one's turn attendre son tour ; it's my turn gen c'est mon tour ; ( in game) c'est à moi de jouer ; whose turn is it? gen c'est à qui le tour? ; ( in game) c'est à qui de jouer? ; ‘miss a turn’ ‘passez votre tour’ ; to be sb's turn to do être à qn or au tour de qn de faire ; it's your turn to make the coffee c'est à toi or à ton tour de faire le café ; it was his turn to feel rejected il se sentait rejeté à son tour ; to have a turn on or at or with the computer utiliser l'ordinateur à son tour ; to have a turn at driving prendre son tour de conduite ; to take turns at doing, to take it in turns to do faire qch à tour de rôle ; to do sth turn and turn about faire qch à tour de rôle ; take it in turns! chacun son tour! ; by turns tour à tour ; to feel happy and depressed by turns être tour à tour heureux et malheureux ; to speak out of turn fig commettre un impair ; I hope I haven't spoken out of turn j'espère ne pas avoir commis d'impair ;2 ( circular movement) tour m ; to give sth a turn tourner qch ; to give sth half a turn to the left faire tourner qch d'un demi-tour vers la gauche ; to do a turn [dancer] faire un tour ; to take a turn in the park faire un tour dans le parc ;3 ( in vehicle) virage m ; a 90° turn un virage à 90° ; to make ou do a left/right turn tourner à gauche/à droite ; to do a turn in the road faire un demi-tour ; ‘no left turn’ ‘défense de tourner à gauche’ ;4 (bend, side road) tournant m, virage m ; there's a left turn ahead il y a un tournant or virage à gauche plus loin ; brake before you go into the turn freinez avant de prendre le virage ; take the next right turn, take the next turn on the right prenez la prochaine (rue) à droite ;5 (change, development) tournure f ; the turn of events la tournure des événements ; this is an extraordinary turn of events les événements ont pris une tournure extraordinaire ; to take an encouraging/a worrying turn [events] prendre une tournure encourageante/inquiétante ; to take a turn for the better [person, situation] s'améliorer ; [things, events] prendre une meilleure tournure ; to take a turn for the worse [situation] se dégrader ; [health] s'aggraver ; she has taken a turn for the worse elle va de plus en plus mal ; to be on the turn [luck, milk] commencer à tourner ; [tide] commencer à changer ; ⇒ century ;6 ○ GB ( attack) crise f, attaque f ; she's had one of her turns again elle a eu une nouvelle crise or attaque ; a giddy ou dizzy turn un vertige ; to have a funny turn se sentir tout/-e chose ○ ; it gave me quite a turn, it gave me a nasty turn ça m'a fait un coup ○ ;7 ( act) numéro m ; a comic/variety turn un numéro comique/de variété ; to do a/one's turn faire un/son numéro.1 ( in rotation) [answer, speak] à tour de rôle ; she spoke to each of us in turn elle nous a parlé chacun à notre tour ;2 ( linking sequence) à son tour ; this in turn leads to higher inflation ceci à son tour fait augmenter l'inflation ; I invited Andrew who in turn invited Robert j'ai invité Andrew qui à son tour a invité Robert.C vtr1 ( rotate) [person] tourner [knob, wheel, handle] ; serrer [screw] ; [mechanism] faire tourner [cog, wheel] ; to turn sth to the right/left tourner qch vers la droite/gauche ; to turn sth to ‘on’/‘off’ tourner qch sur (la position) ‘marche’/‘arrêt’ ; to turn a switch through 90 degrees faire tourner un sélecteur de 90 degrés ; to turn sth halfway/the wrong way tourner qch d'un demi-tour/dans le mauvais sens ; to turn the key in the door ou lock ( lock up) fermer la porte à clé ; ( unlock) tourner la clé dans la serrure ; to turn the key on sb enfermer qn à clé ;2 (turn over, reverse) retourner [mattress, soil, steak, collar] ; tourner [page] ; to turn sb onto his side/back retourner qn sur le côté/dos ; to turn one's ankle se tordre la cheville ; it turns my stomach cela me soulève le cœur, cela m'écœure ;3 ( change direction of) tourner [chair, head, face, car] ; to turn a picture to the wall tourner un tableau face au mur ; to turn one's face towards tourner le visage vers ; to turn one's steps towards tourner or diriger ses pas vers ; to turn one's attention ou mind to tourner son attention vers ; to turn one's back on lit tourner le dos à [group, place] ; fig laisser tomber [friend, ally] ; abandonner [homeless, needy] ; as soon as my back is turned lit, fig dès que j'ai le dos tourné ; to turn one' s back on the past tourner la page ; to turn sb from one's door chasser qn ;4 (focus, direction of) to turn sth on sb braquer qch sur qn [gun, hose, torch] ; fig diriger qch sur qn [anger, scorn] ;5 ( transform) to turn sth white/black blanchir/noircir qch ; to turn sth milky/opaque rendre qch laiteux/opaque ; to turn sth into transformer qch en [office, car park, desert] ; to turn water into ice/wine changer de l'eau en glace/vin ; to turn a book into a film adapter un livre pour l'écran ; turn your old newspapers into cash! convertissez vos vieux journaux en argent! ; to turn sb into [magician] changer qn en [frog] ; [experience] faire de qn [extrovert, maniac] ; it turned him from a normal child into a delinquent cela a transformé l'enfant normal qu'il était en délinquant ; to stand there as if turned to stone rester là comme pétrifié ;6 ( deflect) détourner [person, conversation] ; to turn the conversation towards ou onto sth détourner or faire dévier la conversation vers qch ; to turn sb from a course of action/from her purpose détourner qn d'une ligne de conduite/de son but ;7 ○ ( pass the age of) he has turned 50 il a 50 ans passés ; she has just turned 20/30 elle vient d'avoir 20/30 ans ; as soon as I turn 18 dès que j'aurai mes 18 ans ; it's just turned five o'clock il est cinq heures passées ;10 ( in espionage) retourner [spy, agent].D vi1 ( change direction) [person, car, plane, road] tourner ; [ship] virer ; to turn (to the) left/right tourner à gauche/droite ; to turn to the east/the west tourner à l'est/l'ouest ; to turn down ou into tourner dans [street, alley] ; to turn off quitter [main road, street] ; to turn towards tourner en direction de [village, mountains] ; I turned towards home j'ai repris le chemin de la maison ; her thoughts turned to her family ses pensées se sont tournées vers sa famille ; the conversation turned to Ellie on en est venu/ils en sont venus à parler d'Ellie ; he later turned to teaching plus tard il s'est tourné vers l'enseignement ;2 ( reverse direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour ; [tide] changer ; [luck] tourner ; there's no room for the bus to turn le bus n'a pas assez de place pour faire demi- tour ; ‘no turning’ ( in driveway) ‘propriété privée, défense d'entrer’ ; ⇒ turn around ;3 ( revolve) [key, wheel, planet] tourner ; [person] se tourner (to, towards vers) ; to turn on its axis tourner sur son axe ; a key turned in the lock une clé a tourné dans la serrure ; to turn in one's chair se retourner dans sa chaise ; to turn and face the camera se tourner vers la caméra ; to turn and walk out of the room faire demi-tour et sortir de la pièce ; to turn to do se retourner pour faire ; to turn to face sth se retourner vers qch ; to turn and fight se retourner pour se battre ; to turn to lie on one's side se tourner pour se mettre sur le côté ; I turned once again to my book/my work j'ai repris encore une fois ma lecture/mon travail ;4 fig ( hinge) to turn on [argument] tourner autour de [point, issue] ; [outcome] dépendre de [factor] ;6 fig (resort to, rely on) to turn to se tourner vers [person, religion] ; to turn to drink se mettre à boire ; to turn to drugs commencer à se droguer ; to turn to sb for se tourner vers qn pour demander [help, advice, money] ; I don't know who to turn to for advice je ne sais vers qui me tourner pour demander conseil ; I don't know where ou which way to turn je ne sais plus où donner la tête ○ ;7 ( change) to turn into [tadpole] se transformer en [frog] ; [sofa] se transformer en [bed] ; [situation, evening] tourner à [farce, disaster] ; [conversation] tourner à [shouting match] ; ( magically) [person] se transformer en [animal, prince etc] ; to turn to [substance] se changer en [ice, gold etc] ; [fear, surprise] faire place à [horror, relief] ; his hopes had turned to dust ses espoirs étaient réduits en poussière ;8 ( become by transformation) devenir [pale, cloudy, green] ; to turn white/black/red gen blanchir/noircir/rougir ; Chem virer au blanc/noir/rouge ; the weather is turning cold/warm le temps se rafraîchit/se réchauffe ; events turned tragic les événements ont tourné au tragique ;9 ○ ( have change of heart) devenir [Conservative, Communist] ; businesswoman turned politician ancienne femme d'affaires devenue politicienne ; to turn ○ Catholic/Muslim se convertir au catholicisme/à l'islam ; to turn traitor se mettre à trahir ;10 ( go sour) [milk] tourner ;11 [trees, leaves] jaunir.at every turn à chaque instant, à tout moment ; one good turn deserves another Prov c'est un prêté pour un rendu ; to be done to a turn être cuit à point ; to do sb a good turn rendre un service à qn ; to feel another turn of the screw sentir la pression augmenter encore.■ turn against:▶ turn against [sb/sth] se retourner contre ;▶ turn [sb] against retourner [qn] contre [person, ideology].■ turn around:1 ( to face other way) [person] se retourner, faire demi-tour (to do pour faire) ; [bus, vehicle] faire demi-tour ;2 fig you can't just turn around and say you've changed your mind tu ne peux pas tout simplement dire que tu as changé d'avis ; what if he just turns around and says no? et si jamais il disait non? ;3 (revolve, rotate) [object, windmill, dancer] tourner ;4 ( change trend) the market has turned around il y a eu un renversement de situation sur le marché ; sales have turned round il y a eu un renversement de tendance dans les ventes ;5 Transp ( unload and reload) décharger et charger ;▶ turn [sth] around, turn around [sth]1 ( to face other way) tourner [qch] dans l'autre sens [car, chair, piano, head, baby] ;2 ( reverse decline in) redresser [situation, economy, company] ; redresser la situation de [political party, factory] ;3 Transp ( unload and reload) décharger et mettre en état de repartir [plane, ship] ; the plane can be turned around in an hour l'avion peut être déchargé et prêt à reprendre l'air en une heure ;4 ( rephrase) reformuler [question, sentence].■ turn aside se détourner (from de).■ turn away:▶ turn away se détourner ; to turn away in disgust/horror se détourner avec dégoût/horreur ;▶ turn [sth] away, turn away [sth] détourner [head, torch] ;▶ turn [sb] away, turn away [sb] refuser [spectator, applicant] ; ne pas laisser entrer [salesman, caller] ; chasser [beggar] ; I was turned away from the Ritz on ne m'a pas laissé entrer au Ritz.■ turn back:1 ( turn around) ( usu on foot) rebrousser chemin ; ( usu in vehicle) faire demi-tour ; it's too late to turn back lit il est trop tard pour faire demi-tour ; fig il est trop tard pour revenir en arrière ; there's no turning back fig il n'est pas question de revenir en arrière ;2 ( in book) revenir (to à) ;▶ turn [sth] back, turn back [sth]1 ( rotate backwards) reculer [dial, clock] ; to turn one's watch back five minutes retarder sa montre de cinq minutes ;▶ turn [sb] back, turn back [sb] faire faire demi-tour à, refouler [marchers, refugees, heavy vehicles] ; to be turned back at the border être refoulé à la frontière.■ turn down:▶ turn down [graph, curve] descendre ; his mouth turns down at the corners il a une bouche aux commissures tombantes ;▶ turn [sth] down, turn down [sth]1 ( reduce) baisser [volume, radio, heating, light, gas] ;▶ turn [sb/sth] down, turn down [sb/sth] refuser [suitor, candidate, request, application] ; rejeter [offer, suggestion].■ turn in:▶ turn in1 ○ ( go to bed) aller se coucher ;2 ( point inwards) his toes turn in il a les pieds tournés en dedans ; to turn in on itself [leaf, page] se recroqueviller ; to turn in on oneself fig se replier sur soi-même ;▶ turn in [sth], turn [sth] in ○1 ( hand in) rendre [membership, badge, homework] ;2 ( produce) to turn in a profit rapporter un bénéfice ; to turn in a good performance [player] bien jouer ; [company] avoir de bons résultats ; [currency, share] augmenter ;3 (give up, stop) laisser tomber ○ [job, activity] ;▶ turn [sb] in, turn in [sb] livrer [suspect] (to à) ;▶ turn oneself in se livrer.■ turn off:▶ turn off1 ( leave road) tourner ; turn off at the next exit prends la prochaine sortie ;2 [motor, fan] s'arrêter ; where does the light turn off? où est-ce qu'on éteint la lumière? ;▶ turn off [sth], turn [sth] off éteindre [light, oven, TV, radio, computer] ; fermer [tap] ; couper [water, gas, electricity, engine] ; turn that rubbish off! ○ éteins-moi ça! ○ ;■ turn on:▶ turn on [oven, device] s'allumer ;▶ turn on [sth], turn [sth] on allumer [light, oven, TV, radio, computer, gas, electricity] ; ouvrir [tap] ; to turn the water back on rouvrir l'eau ; to turn the electricity back on rétablir le courant ; to turn sth on like a tap fig faire qch sur commande ; to turn on the pressure fig mettre la pression ; ⇒ charm, heat ;▶ turn [sb] on, turn on [sb] ○ exciter ; to be turned on être excité (by par) ; to turn sb on to sth ○ brancher ○ qn sur [drug].■ turn out:▶ turn out1 ( be eventually) to turn out well/badly bien/mal se terminer ; to turn out differently prendre une tournure différente ; to turn out all right s'arranger ; it depends how things turn out cela dépend de la façon dont les choses vont tourner ; that child will turn out badly cet enfant tournera mal ; to turn out to be ( prove to be) se révéler, s'avérer être ; to turn out to be wrong se révéler faux ; the job turned out (to be) difficult finalement le travail a été difficile, le travail s'est avéré difficile fml ; it turned out to be a good decision finalement cela a été une bonne décision, cela s'est avéré être une bonne décision fml ; it turns out that il se trouve que, il s'avère que ; it turned out (that) she knew him il s'est trouvé qu'elle le connaissait ; as it turned out en fin de compte ;2 ( come out) [crowd, people] venir (to do pour faire ; for à) ; the fans turn out every Saturday les fans sont là tous les samedis ; we had to turn out at six GB il fallait être là à six heures ;3 ( point outwards) his toes ou feet turn out il a les pieds tournés en dehors ;▶ turn [sth] out, turn out [sth]1 ( turn off) éteindre [light] ;4 to turn one's toes ou feet out marcher en canard ;▶ turn [sb] out, turn out [sb]1 ( evict) mettre [qn] à la porte ; to turn sb out into the street jeter qn à la rue ;■ turn over:1 ( roll over) [person] se retourner ; [car] se retourner, faire un tonneau ; [boat] se retourner, chavirer ; to turn over and over [person, object] faire plusieurs tours ; [car] faire plusieurs tonneaux ;2 ( turn page) tourner la page ;3 [engine] se mettre en marche ;▶ turn [sth/sb] over, turn over [sth/sb]1 ( turn) tourner [page, paper] ; retourner [card, object, mattress, soil, baby, patient] ; faire chavirer [ship] ; he turned the car over sa voiture a fait un tonneau ;2 ( hand over) remettre [object, money, find, papers] (to à) ; livrer [person, fugitive] (to à) ; remettre la succession de [company, business] (to à) ; transmettre [control, power] (to à) ; I'm turning the new recruits over to you les nouvelles recrues sont à vous ;3 ( reflect) I've been turning it over in my mind j'y ai bien réfléchi ;6 [battery, starter motor] faire tourner [engine].■ turn to† GB se mettre au travail, s'y mettre.■ turn up:▶ turn up1 (arrive, show up) arriver, se pointer ○ (to, at à ; for pour) ; to turn up late arriver en retard ; to turn up in jeans se pointer ○ en jean ; she didn't turn up elle ne s'est pas pointée ○ ; guess who turned up at the station devine qui s'est pointé ○ à la gare ;2 ( be found) don't worry-it will turn up ne t'inquiète pas-tu finiras par le retrouver ;3 ( present itself) [opportunity, job] se présenter ; something will turn up (for me/for you etc) je finirai/tu finiras etc par trouver quelque chose ;▶ turn up [sth], turn [sth] up1 (increase, intensify) augmenter [heating, lighting, volume, gas] ; mettre [qch] plus fort [TV, radio, music] ;3 ( discover) déterrer [buried object] ; [person] dénicher ○ [discovery, information] ; facts turned up by the inquiry faits révélés or mis au jour par l'enquête.
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