-
21 kolě̀no
kolě̀no Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `knee'Page in Trubačev: X 132-134Old Church Slavic:kolěno `knee' [n o]Russian:koléno `knee' [n o]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:kòljeno `knee, joint' [n o];Čak. kolȉno (Vrgada) `knee, joint' [n o];Čak. kolȅno (Novi, Orbanići) `knee' [n o]Slovene:kolẹ́nọ `knee, generation, origin' [n o]Bulgarian:koljáno `knee, generation, origin' [n o]Lithuanian:kẽlis `knee' [m io]Latvian:Comments: As to the etymology of the root, there are two candidates, viz. *kelH- `rise, raise, lift' and *kʷel(H)- `turn, rotate'. I prefer the former option for semantic reasons. The connection with Gk. κω̃λον `limb', which cannot reflect an initial labiovelar, is hardly secure enough to serve as a formal argument. -
22 majati
majati; mavati Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `wave, beckon'Page in Trubačev: XVII 133-135, XVIII 21-22Old Church Slavic:namaiaaxǫ (Supr.) `beckoned' [3pl ipf]Church Slavic:Russian:májat' `exhaust, harass' [verb];Old Russian:Czech:mávati `wave' [verb]Slovak:mávat' `wave' [verb]Lower Sorbian:mawaś `wave, rock' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:mȁjati `beckon, keep, detain' [verb]Slovene:májati `move about, shake' [verb], májam [1sg], májem [1sg]Bulgarian:mája `dawdle, detain' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: maH-Lithuanian:móti `beckon' [verb]Latvian:mãt `beckon' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: meh₂-IE meaning: beckonPage in Pokorny: 693Comments: It is clear that *majati and *mavati continue one and the same verb, j and v being "Hiatustilger". While majati `to beckon' cannot be separated from Lith. móti, Latv. mãt `id.', majati `to detain, to tire, to exhaust' has been linked to Germanic forms like OHG muoan and Go. afmauiʮs (cf. Stang 1972: 35). The respective roots in Pokorny are mā- (693) and mō- (746). If we assume that *majati indeed continues *meh₂- as well as *meh₃- (LIV: 382), we have to settle for semantic arguments. Since it is also possible to argue on semantic grounds that *majati ultimately continues *meh₂- `to beckon' only (Trubačëv XVII 134), it is to a certain extent a matter of choice which solution one prefers.Other cognates: -
23 mavati
majati; mavati Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `wave, beckon'Page in Trubačev: XVII 133-135, XVIII 21-22Old Church Slavic:namaiaaxǫ (Supr.) `beckoned' [3pl ipf]Church Slavic:Russian:májat' `exhaust, harass' [verb];Old Russian:Czech:mávati `wave' [verb]Slovak:mávat' `wave' [verb]Lower Sorbian:mawaś `wave, rock' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:mȁjati `beckon, keep, detain' [verb]Slovene:májati `move about, shake' [verb], májam [1sg], májem [1sg]Bulgarian:mája `dawdle, detain' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: maH-Lithuanian:móti `beckon' [verb]Latvian:mãt `beckon' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: meh₂-IE meaning: beckonPage in Pokorny: 693Comments: It is clear that *majati and *mavati continue one and the same verb, j and v being "Hiatustilger". While majati `to beckon' cannot be separated from Lith. móti, Latv. mãt `id.', majati `to detain, to tire, to exhaust' has been linked to Germanic forms like OHG muoan and Go. afmauiʮs (cf. Stang 1972: 35). The respective roots in Pokorny are mā- (693) and mō- (746). If we assume that *majati indeed continues *meh₂- as well as *meh₃- (LIV: 382), we have to settle for semantic arguments. Since it is also possible to argue on semantic grounds that *majati ultimately continues *meh₂- `to beckon' only (Trubačëv XVII 134), it is to a certain extent a matter of choice which solution one prefers.Other cognates: -
24 matorъ
matorъ; materъ Grammatical information: adj. oPage in Trubačev: XVII 244-249Church Slavic:Russian:matëryj `experienced, full-grown' [adj o];materój `full-grown' [adj o]Serbo-Croatian:mȁtor `old, elderly' [adj o]Slovene:matǫ́r `old' [adj o]Indo-European reconstruction: meh₂tor-IE meaning: motherPage in Pokorny: 693Comments: While the ESSJ (Trubačëv) states that *matorъ(jь) is older than *materъ(jь), the same dictionary considers the o-grade of the suffix in *matorьnъ(jь) as well as the meaning of this formation (in comparison with materьnъ(jь) `motherly') to be late. The point is, however, that *matorьnъ(jь) and *matorьnъ(jь) may not be cognate with *mȁti at all. Lat. mātūrus has been connected with mānus `good', OIr. maith `id.' (Pokorny 693, Ernout - Meillet s.v., Schrijver 1991: 143). In Trubačëv's dictionary, the connection with the latter form is dismissed. Instead, *matorъ(jь) is considered cognate with both *mȁti and mātūrus (with references to Trubačëv 19??: 32 and - incorrectly - Meillet 1902-1905 II: 407, where merely the connection with māne and mātūrus is considered). Yet another etymology was proposed by Vaillant, who tried to link the Slavic etymon to words meaning `big', such as OPr. muis `bigger' (1961: 189). In my opinion, Lat. mātūrus has the best chance of being cognate with *matorъ(jь) etc. (pace Vasmer s.v. matëryj). The connection with *mȁti cannot be disproved on formal grounds but there are sufficient semantic reasons for keeping this word apart. Athough ultimately we may be dealing with the same root, it is unlikely that *matorъ(jь) is a recent derivative of *mȁti.Other cognates: -
25 materъ
matorъ; materъ Grammatical information: adj. oPage in Trubačev: XVII 244-249Church Slavic:Russian:matëryj `experienced, full-grown' [adj o];materój `full-grown' [adj o]Serbo-Croatian:mȁtor `old, elderly' [adj o]Slovene:matǫ́r `old' [adj o]Indo-European reconstruction: meh₂tor-IE meaning: motherPage in Pokorny: 693Comments: While the ESSJ (Trubačëv) states that *matorъ(jь) is older than *materъ(jь), the same dictionary considers the o-grade of the suffix in *matorьnъ(jь) as well as the meaning of this formation (in comparison with materьnъ(jь) `motherly') to be late. The point is, however, that *matorьnъ(jь) and *matorьnъ(jь) may not be cognate with *mȁti at all. Lat. mātūrus has been connected with mānus `good', OIr. maith `id.' (Pokorny 693, Ernout - Meillet s.v., Schrijver 1991: 143). In Trubačëv's dictionary, the connection with the latter form is dismissed. Instead, *matorъ(jь) is considered cognate with both *mȁti and mātūrus (with references to Trubačëv 19??: 32 and - incorrectly - Meillet 1902-1905 II: 407, where merely the connection with māne and mātūrus is considered). Yet another etymology was proposed by Vaillant, who tried to link the Slavic etymon to words meaning `big', such as OPr. muis `bigger' (1961: 189). In my opinion, Lat. mātūrus has the best chance of being cognate with *matorъ(jь) etc. (pace Vasmer s.v. matëryj). The connection with *mȁti cannot be disproved on formal grounds but there are sufficient semantic reasons for keeping this word apart. Athough ultimately we may be dealing with the same root, it is unlikely that *matorъ(jь) is a recent derivative of *mȁti.Other cognates: -
26 màzati
màzati Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `smear, anoint'Page in Trubačev: XVIII 23-25Old Church Slavic:Russian:mázat' `smear, oil, grease' [verb], mážu [1sg], mážet [3sg]Czech:Slovak:Polish:mazać `smear' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:mȁzati `smear, grease, paint' [verb], mȁžēm [1sg];Čak. mȁzati (Vrgada) `soil, besmirch' [verb], mȁžeš [2sg];mȁzati `smear, grease, paint' [verb];Čak. mȁzat (Orbanići) `smear, grease' [verb], mȃžen [1sg]Slovene:mázati `smear, grease, paint' [verb], mȃžem [1sg]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: moʔź-Lithuanian:mė́žti `manure, muck out'Latvian:muõzêt `gobble, pound, fool, harass, beat' [verb]Page in Pokorny: 696Comments: For the time being I have grouped together Slavic *màzati and Lith. mė́žti `manure, muck out', Latv. mêzt `muck out, sweep' and muõzêt `gobble, pound etc.' (cf. Oštir 1912: 214, Fraenkel I: 444). It seems to me that the Baltic words can be linked semantically to *màzati `smear' if we start from a meaning `smear, wipe, sweep' (for the semantic development attested in muõzêt, cf. Ru. smázat' `strike a blow', MoDu. (dial.) afsmeren `give s.o. a beating'). Another possibility would be to connect *màzati with Gk. μάσσω (aor. pass. μαγη̃ναι) `knead' (provided that the root is not μακ- instead of μαγ-, which, according to Chantraine (670), cannot be determined), Arm. macanim `thicken, stick together' and OHG mahhōn, OS makōn etc. `make'. This would entail a reconstruction *meh₂ǵ- (*maǵ- in Pokorny), which would preclude a connection with mė́žti, Latv. mêzt. -
27 mogti
mogti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `be able'Page in Trubačev: XIX 107-111Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:móc `be able' [verb], mogę [1sg], może [3sg]Serbo-Croatian:mòći `be able' [verb], mògu [1sg], mȍžē [3sg];Čak. mȍći (Vrgada) `be able' [verb], mȏgu [1sg], mȍže [3sg];Čak. mȍć (Orbanići) `can, be able (to), be allowed (to)' [verb], mȍren [1sg]Slovene:móči `be able, must' [verb], mǫ́rem [1sg], mórem [1sg]Bulgarian:móga `be able, be allowed' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: mog-Lithuanian:magė́ti `please, interest' \{1\} [verb], mãga [3sg]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: mogʰ-IE meaning: be able, capablePage in Pokorny: 695Comments: The generally accepted apophonic relationship between Slavic *mogti, Lith. magė́ti etc. on the one hand and mė́gti `love, like', Latv. mêgt `be able, be accustomed to' on the other cannot be maintained if one adheres to the view that the lengthened grade yielded a Balto-Slavic circumflex. The acute of the latter verbs may be due to Winter's law (*h₁meǵ- if cognate with Gk. περιημεκτέω `be aggrieved, chafe'). The o-vocalism of magė́ti and the Slavic and the Germanic forms points to an old perfect. For the semantic development `to be able' -> `to like', cf. Go. mag vs. MoHG mögen. As Pokorny remarks himself, his reconstruction *magʰ-, māgʰ- is entirely based on the presumed connection of the aforementioned forms with Gk. μηχανή `means, instrument', μη̃χος `instrument, apparatus', Dor. μᾱχᾱνα, μα̃ χος, which was rejected by Endzelīns (1931: 183), Fraenkel (1951, 168), Stang (1972, 37) a.o. for various reasons (cf. ESSJa X: 110) but nevertheless reappears in Lehmann 1986 (239).Other cognates:Skt. maghá- `power, wealth, gift';Notes:\{1\} The verb usually occurs in impersonal constructions. \{2\} The scholarly community is divided with respect to the question whether massi is a borrowing from Slavic (viz. Polish może) or a genuine Prussian form (see Mažiulis III: 114 for the relevant literature). -
28 òlkati
òlkati Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `be hungry'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 57-58Old Church Slavic:Russian:alkát' `hunger (for), crave (for), (obs.) be hungry' [verb], álču [1sg], álčet [3sg]Old Russian:Old Czech:lákati `crave (for)' [verb], lákaju [1sg], láču [1sg]Slovene:lákati `be hungry, be greedy, starve' [verb], lákam [1sg]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: olʔkteiLithuanian:álkti `be hungry' [verb]Latvian:al̂kt `be hungry' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: HolHk-teiPage in Pokorny: 307Comments: The reconstruction * ōlk- < *h₁eh₁olk- (Rasmussen Sel. Pap.: 116) cannot account for the acute tone of the root.Other cognates:\{1\} According to the Staroslavjanskij slovar', the ratio between alъk- (including al'k- and alk-) and lak- is 19: 9, respectively. Zogr. (1: 4), Mar. (3: 1) and Ass. (3: 1) have both variants. -
29 olьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
30 elьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
31 slàbъ
slàbъ Grammatical information: adj. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `weak'Old Church Slavic:Russian:slábyj `weak' [adj o]Czech:slabý `weak' [adj o]Slovak:slabý `weak' [adj o]Polish:Serbo-Croatian:slȁb `weak' [adj o], slȁba [Nomsf];slȁb `weak, bad' [adj o], slàba [Nomsf];Čak. slȁb (Vrgada) `weak' [adj o], slabȁ [Nomsf], slȁbo [Nomsn];Čak. slȁp (Orbanići) `weak, bad' [adj o], slȁba [Nomsf], slȁbo [Nomsn]Slovene:slàb `weak, bad' [adj o], slába [Nomsf]Bulgarian:Lithuanian:slãbnas (Žem.) `weak' [adj o];slõbnas (E. Lith.) `weak' [adj o] \{1\}Latvian:slãbs `weak' [adj o]Indo-European reconstruction: slob-o-Comments: Though Latv. slãbs matches the Slavic etymon perfectly, I am inclined to regard the Baltic forms as borrowings. Rasmussen (1992: 72) mentions slãbnas as an example of his blocking rule, according to which Winter's law, did not operate for resonants. Since he also claims that Winter's law applied exclusively to the syllable immediately preceding the stress, his version of Winter's law cannot account for PSl. *slàbъ.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} According to Fraenkel (151), the vocalism of slõbnas may be due to an East Lithuanian development (cf. Zinkevičius 1966: 103). -
32 vaditi
vaditi Grammatical information: v.Old Church Slavic:Russian:vádit' (arch., dial.) `slander, lure, spend time, deceive' [verb];vádit' (Novg.) `lure, spend time, deceive' [verb]Czech:Slovak:Polish:wadzić (obs.) `annoy, hamper' [verb]Kashubian:vȧ̃ʒĭc `hamper' [verb]Slovene:Lithuanian:vadìnti `call' [verb]Comments: If we derive * vaditi from * h₂uedh₂ (cf. Skt. vadi `speak, talk'), the *a can be attributed to Winter's law. This would rule out a connection with Lith. vadìnti `call', which is best derived from * uedʰ- `lead', cf. Latv. vadinât `lead, accompany, urge, lure', vedinât `urge, lure' (cf. Trautmann 1923a: 337, Būga RR II: 642). It seems to me that Ru. dial. vádit' (Novg.) `lure, spend (time), deceive' cannot be separated from vodít' `lead' (Baltic influence?) and therefore does not belong to our etymon * vaditi.Other cognates:Skt. vádati `speak, talk' [verb];Hitt. u̯ātarnahh- [verb] -
33 vъ̑šь
vъ̑šь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `louse'Russian:Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:vȃš `louse' [f i], vȁši [Gens];ȗš `louse' [f i], ȕši [Gens]Slovene:ùš `louse' [f i], ušȋ [Gens];ȗš `louse' [f i]Lithuanian:utėlė̃ `louse' [f ē] 3b;utìs (Žem.) `louse' [f i] 4Latvian:Comments: It is unclear if and how Slavic * vъšь and Baltic * ut- are related. The forms may have been distorted for reasons of taboo. It cannot be excluded that OHG lūs f. `louse' also belongs here.Other cognates:
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См. также в других словарях:
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cannot — c.1400, from CAN (Cf. can) (v.) + NOT (Cf. not). O.E. expressed the notion by ne cunnan … Etymology dictionary
cannot — ► CONTRACTION ▪ can not … English terms dictionary
cannot — can|not [ kæ,nat, kə nat ] modal verb *** the negative form of CAN. The less formal way of saying and writing this is can t: Please don t tell me what I can and cannot do! What if the parties cannot agree? You cannot escape the law. cannot (help) … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
cannot */*/*/ — UK [ˈkænɒt] / US [ˈkæˌnɑt] / US [kəˈnɑt] modal verb the negative form of can. The less formal way of saying and writing this is can t Please don t tell me what I can and cannot do! What if the parties cannot agree? You cannot escape the law. •… … English dictionary
cannot — /kan ot, ka not , keuh /, v. 1. a form of can not. 2. cannot but, have no alternative but to: We cannot but choose otherwise. [1350 1400; ME] Usage. CANNOT is sometimes also spelled CAN NOT. The one word spelling is by far the more common:… … Universalium
cannot — can|not [ˈkænət, nɔt US na:t] modal v 1.) a negative form of can ▪ Mrs Armstrong regrets that she cannot accept your kind invitation. 2.) cannot but formal used to say that you feel you have to do something ▪ One cannot but admire her… … Dictionary of contemporary English
cannot — This term should be spelled as one word (cannot) unless you wish to emphasize not. Such usage is rare, but it is permissible in a statement such as I can hear you, but I can not understand you. Use of can t for cannot is sanctioned by widespread… … Dictionary of problem words and expressions
cannot — contraction can not. Usage Both the one word form cannot and the two word form can not are acceptable, but cannot is far more common. Reserve the two word form for constructions in which not is part of a set phrase, such as ‘not only … but… … English new terms dictionary
