be+freed+from

ἐλευθερόω fut. ἐλευθερώσω; 1 aor. ἠλευθέρωσα; pf. inf. ἠλευθερωκέναι (Just., D. 41, 1). Pass.: 1 fut. ἐλευθερωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠλευθερώθην; pf. pass. ἠλευθέρωμαι (s. ἐλεύθερος; Aeschyl., Hdt.+) to cause someone to be freed from domination, free, set free, lit. (Appian, Hann. 27 §116; TestJos 1:5) ἀπὸ τ. κοινοῦ ἐλευθεροῦσθαι (of slaves) be freed at the church’s expense IPol 4:3.—Elsewh. in our lit. only w. ref. to spiritual and moral matters (Epict. 4, 7, 17 ἠλευθέρωμαι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ …, οὐκέτι οὐδεὶς δουλαγωγῆσαί με δύναται; Maximus Tyr. 36, 5a ἄνδρα ἐλευθερωθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός; Iren., Hippol.; VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos, ’96, 303–25, on Dionys. as liberator). τινά someone J 8:32, 36. πᾶσαν σάρκα διὰ τῆς ἰδίας σαρκός AcPlCor 2:6. ἀπὸ τ. ἁμαρτίας fr. sin Ro 6:18, 22 (Just., D. 41, 1 ἀπὸ τῆς κακίας). ἀπὸ τ. νόμου τ. ἁμαρτίας 8:2; ἀπὸ τ. δουλείας τ. φθορᾶς Ro 8:21. τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ for freedom (fr. the Mosaic law, w. implication of God as patron) Gal 5:1. ἐν ᾧ ἠλευθερώμεθα whereby (Christ’s body) we have been liberated AcPlCor 2:18. JFrame, Paul’s Idea of Deliverance: JBL 49, 1930, 1–12.—DELG s.v. ἐλεύθερος. M-M. TW.

ἀπολύω [v. λύω], [tense] fut. -λύσω, etc.: [tense] fut. [voice] Pass.

A

ἀπολελύσομαι X.Cyr. 6.2.37

:—loose from,

ἱμάντα θοῶς ἀπέλυσε κορώνης Od.21.46

; ὄφρ' ἀπὸ τοίχους λῦσε κλύδων τρόπιος the sides of the ship from the keel, ib.12.420; undo, ἀπὸ κρήδεμνον ἔλυσεν ib.3.392;

ἐπιδέσματα Hp. Fract.25

.

2 set free, release, relieve from,

ἀ. τινὰ τῆς φρουρῆς Hdt. 2.30

;

τῆς ἐπιμελείας X.Cyr.8.3.47

;

τῶν ἐκεῖ κακῶν Pl.R. 365a

;

τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ σώματος κοινωνίας Id.Phd. 65a

, cf. 67a; ἀ. τῆς μετρήσεως save them from the trouble of measuring, Arist.Pol. 1257a40:— [voice] Pass., to be set free, τῶν δεινῶν, φόβου, Th.1.70, 7.56, etc.

b freq. in legal sense, ἀ. τῆς αἰτίης acquit of the charge, Hdt.9.88, X.An.6.6.15; opp. καταψηφίζω, Democr.262;

τῆς εὐθύνης Ar.V. 571

: c. inf., ἀ. τινὰ μὴ φῶρα εἶναι acquit of being a thief, Hdt.2.174; so

ἀπολύεται μὴ ἀδικεῖν Th.1.95

, cf. 128: abs., acquit, Ar.V. 988, 1000, Lys.20.20, etc.

II in Il. always, = ἀπολυτρόω, release on receipt of ransom,

οὐδ' ἀπέλυσε θύγατρα καὶ οὐκ ἀπεδέξατ' ἄποινα 1.95

;

Ἕκτορ' ἔχει.. οὐδ' ἀπέλυσεν 24.115

, al.:—[voice] Med., set free by payment of ransom, ransom, redeem,

χαλκοῦ τε χρυσοῦ τ' ἀπολυσόμεθ'

at a price of..,

Il.22.50

(but [voice] Act. in Prose,

ἀπολύειν πολλῶν χρημάτων X.HG4.8.21

).

2 let go, let alone, leave one, of an illness, Hp.Coac. 564.

III discharge, disband an army,

ἀ. οἴκαδε X.HG6.5.21

; generally, dismiss, discharge,

ἐμὲ.. ἀπέλυσ' ἄδειπνον Ar.Ach. 1155

, cf. Bion 1.96.

2 divorce a wife, Ev.Matt.1.19, etc.;

τὸν ἄνδρα D.S.12.18

.

3 do away with, remove,

αἰσχύνην D.20.47

:—[voice] Pass., Antipho 2.1.5.

4 discharge or pay a debt, Pl.Cra. 417b; pay,

ἀ. τὸν χαλκόν PTeb. 490

(i B. C.); pay off a mortgage, POxy.509.15.

5 dismiss a charge,

εἰσαγγελία ὑπὸ τοῦ κατηγόρου ἀπολελυμένη Hyp.Eux.38

.

IV

ἀ. ἀνδράποδα Θρᾳξίν

sell,

Antipho 5.20

; ἀ. οἰκίαν τινί sell a mortgaged house outright, Is.6.33.

V deliver,

τί τινι PFlor. 123.2

(iii A. D.): —[voice] Pass., ib.228.6 (iii A. D.).

VI begin to count, [μοίρας] ἀπό.. Vett. Val. 135: abs., Id.19.19, Paul.Al.Q.2.

VII intr., depart (cf. B.IV, C. 2), Plb.3.69.14, al.

B [voice] Med. with [tense] aor. 2 ἀπελύμην (in pass. sense), Opp.C.3.128:— redeem, v. supr. A.11.

II ἀπολύεσθαι διαβολάς do away with, refute calumnies against one, Th.8.87, Pl.Ap. 37b, al.: abs., Arist.Rh. 1416b9.

2 τὴν αἰτίαν, τὰς βλασφημίας, τὰ κατηγορημένα, Th.5.75, D. 15.2, 18.4: c. gen.,

τῶν εἰς Ἀριστόβουλον -σασθαι J.AJ15.3.5

.

b refute,

τοὺς ἐναντίους λόγους Dam.Pr. 126

ter: abs.,

ὁ δὲ ἀπολυόμενος ἔφη

in defence,

Hdt.8.59

.

III like [voice] Act., acquit,

τοῦ μὴ κακῶς ἔχειν ἀλλ' ὀρθῶς Pl.Lg. 637c

.

2 release from,

τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀ. δουλείας Id.Mx. 245a

.

IV like [voice] Pass. (c. 11), depart, S.Ant. 1314; also, put off,

πνεῦμα ἀ. AP9.276

(Crin.); but

πνεῦμα μελῶν ἀπέλυε IG14.607e

([place name] Carales).

C [voice] Pass., to be released, ἐλπίζων τοὺς υἱέας τῆς στρατηΐης ἀπολελύσθαι from military service, Hdt.4.84, cf. X.Cyr.6.2.37; τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀπολυθῆναι βουλόμενοι to be freed from their rule, Th.2.8;

τῶν δεινῶν μηδέποτε οἴεσθαι ἀπολυθήσεσθαι Id.1.70

;

τῆς ὑποψίας Antipho 2.4.3

; τῆς μιαρίας ib. 3.11: abs., to be acquitted, Th.6.29; to be absolved from,

τῶν ἀδικημάτων Pl.Phd. 113d

.

II of combatants, to be separated, part,

οὐ ῥᾳδίως ἀπελύοντο Th.1.49

; generally, to be separated or detached, ἀλλήλων or ἀπ' ἀλλήλων, Arist.Metaph. 1031b3, Ph. 185a28;

ἀ. τὰ ᾠὰ τῆς ὑστέρας Id.GA 754b18

, al.; ἀπολελυμένος, abs., detached, αἰδοῖον, γλῶττα, ὄρχεις, Id.HA 500b2, 533a27, 535b2; τὴν γλῶτταν ἀ. having its tongue detached, Id.Fr. 319, al.; also, distinct, differentiated, Id.HA 497b22.

2 depart, ἔθανες, ἀπελύθης, S.Ant. 1268 (lyr.), cf. Plb.6.58.4, al., LXX Nu.20.29, al.; cf. supr. B. IV.

III of a child, to be brought forth, Hp.Superf.11, cf. 24, Arist.GA 745b11; of the mother, to be delivered, Hp.Epid.2.2.17.

IV to be annulled, Arist. EN 1156a22.

V ἀπολελυμένος, η, ον, absolute, esp. in Gramm., D.T. 636.15, A.D.Synt.97.20, al.: also, general, of meaning, Olymp.Alch. p.72B.

VI of metres, irregular, without strophic responsion, Heph.Poëm.5.

ἀπογίγνομαι, [dialect] Ion. and later [dialect] Att. [suff] ἀπογευ-γίνομαι, [tense] fut. - γενήσομαι:—

A to be away from, have no part in,

τῆς μάχης Hdt.9.69

;

τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων Th.1.39

; to be freed from,

κακῶν ἀπογεγονότες J.AJ19.2.2

.

II abs., to be taken away, opp. προσγίγνομαι, Zeno Eleat.2, Pl.Ti. 82b, Lg. 850a;

ἀπεγίγνετο οὐδέν.. προσεγίγνετο δέ Th.2.98

: generally, to be away, absent, Antipho 2.3.5, Pl.Phd. 69b, D.8.35:

ἀπό τινος Aeschin.2.126

; of diseases, opp. προσπίπτω, Hp.Morb.Sacr.1 (dub. 1.).

2 esp. of death, ἀ. ἐκ τῶν οἰκίων depart from the house, die out of it, Hdt.2.85; ἀπογενέσθαι alone, to be dead, ib. 136, cf.IG9(1).334.37 ([dialect] Locr.), Ocell.1.14;

οἱ ἀπογενόμενοι

the dead,

Th.2.34

; ὁ ὕστατον αἰεὶ ἀ. he who died last, Hdt.6.58. cf.5.4;

οἱ ἀπογιγνόμενοι

the dying,

Th.2.51

, Hdt.3.111.

3 fall away, be lost, Th.5.74; opp. ἐκβλαστάνω, Paus.5.12.1.

III arrive at,

ἀ. δωδεκαταῖος Hp.Epid. 4.11

.

IV turn out, become, τράχηλος σκληρὸς ἀ. ib.12 (dub. l.);

νωθροὶ ἀ. Id.Prorrh.1.117

(dub.1.).

V

ἀ. τὸ ἕκτον μέρος εἰς τρίχας καὶ αἷμα

goes into, is consumed in forming..,

Arist.HA 595b1

.

ἐξῑόω, ([etym.] ἰός)

A clean from rust, Arr.Epict.4.11.13, PLeid.X.6:—[voice] Pass., to be freed from rust, ib.10; from poison, Aët.8.16.

II make poisonous,

τοὺς χυμούς Herod.Med.

in Rh.Mus.58.104.

ἄμοιρ-ος, ον, (cf. ἄμμορος)

A without lot or share in thing,

τινός A.Th. 733

, Eu. 353, etc.; mostly of those bereft of some good,

τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἄ. Pl.Smp. 202d

;

τῆς τοῦ θείου συνουσίας Id.Phd. 83e

;

τῆς ἀρετῆς Arist.EN 1102b12

:—rarely, freed from some evil, ἄ. ὕβρεως, μεταβολῆς, Pl.Smp. 181c, Plt. 269e;

τοῦ γήρως Isoc.9.71

.

2 abs., portionless, E.Ph. 610, Pl.Smp. 197d:—ofthings,

ἄχωρακαὶ ἄ. Tab.Defix.96.18

, 97.30.

3 exempt from fate, Trag.Adesp.248.

II c. gen. pers., τῶν κάτωθεν θεῶν having no portion with them, S.Ant. 1071.

ἐλεύθερος, α, ον (ος, ον A.Ag. 328, E.El. 868): later [full] ἐλαύθερος BCH22.76(Delph.); Elean [full] ἐλεύθαρος Schwyzer416.3:—

A free, Hom. has the word only in Il. in two phrases, ἐλεύθερον ἦμαρ the day of freedom, i.e. freedom, Il.6.455, 16.831, al.; and κρητὴρ ἐλεύθερος the cup drunk to freedom, 6.528;

ἐ. πιοῦσαν οἶνον ἀποθανεῖν Xenarch.5

codd. Ath. (fort. - ριον, cf.

ἐλευθέριος 1.2

); of persons, Alc.Supp.25.11, Hdt.1.6, A.Pr.50, S.Aj. 1020, Th.8.15, etc.: [comp] Comp., X.Cyr.8.3.21: [comp] Sup., Id.Hier.1.16; τὸ ἐ. freedom, Hdt 7.103, etc.;

τοὐλεύθερον E.Supp. 438

: c.gen., free or freed from a thing, φόνου, πημάτων, φόβου, A.Eu. 603 codd., Ch. 1060, E.Hec. 869;

αἰτίας Men.Sam. 272

; ἔξω αἰτίας ἐ. S.Ant. 445; ἐ. ἀπ' ἀλλήλων independent, X.Cyr.3.2.23, Pl.Lg. 832d.

b ἐλευθέρα, ἡ, married woman, Ath.13.571d; wife, POxy. 1872.8(v/vi A.D.); but, freedwoman, IG14.2490 ([place name] Vienne).

c free, of cities, in Roman Law, BGU316.3 (iv A.D.).

2 of things, free, open to all,

ἀγορά X.Cyr.1.2.3

; ἐ. φυλακή,= Lat. libera custodia, D.S. 4.46;

περιωπή Ael.NA 15.5

; unencumbered, of property, D.35.21, IG 9(1).32.10 ([place name] Stiris), SIG364.36 (Ephesus, iii B.C.).

3 ἐλεύθερον εἶναί τινι, c. inf., legally permissible, open to.., ib.45.42 (Halic., v B.C.).

II = ἐλευθέριος, fit for a freeman, free, frank,

φρήν Pi.P.2.57

;

ἐλευθερωτέρη ὑπόκρισις Hdt.1.116

;

ἐλεύθρα βάζειν A.Pers. 593

(lyr.);

ὦ μηδὲν ὑγιὲς μηδ' ἐ. φρονῶν S.Ph. 1006

;

δούλη μέν, εἴρηκεν δ' ἐ. λόγον Id.Tr.63

, cf.El. 1256;

φρονήματα Pl.R. 567a

; βάσανοι ἐ. tortures such as might be used to a freeman, Id.Lg. 946c (so

φάσγανα E. Fr.495.38

); τὸ ἐ. Pl.Mx. 245c: freq. in Adv.

-ρως, εἰπεῖν Hdt.5.93

, al.; χαίρειν.. καὶ γελᾶν ἐ. S.El. 1300;

τεθραμμένους Isoc.7.43

codd. (fort. - ερίως) ; παιδευθεὶς ἐ. Aeschin.3.154 codd. (fort. - ερίως)

; ἐ. δούλευε, δοῦλος οὐκ ἔσει Men.857

; ἐλεύθεροι ἐλευθέρως free and like free men, Pl.Lg. 919e. (Cf. Lat. līber, fr. Ital. * loufero-(cf. Osc. Luvfreis 'Liberi'), I.-E. ( e)leudh-ero-: the connexion with Slav. liud, OHG. liut, etc. 'people' is doubtful.)

ἐπιπτίσσομαι,

A to be shelled, freed from the husk, Gp.3.7.1.

ὑπεκ-λύω,

A loosen or weaken a little,

τὴν γνώμην Plu.Nic.14

;

τὴν σφοδρότητα τῆς ἐμβολῆς J.BJ7.8.5

;

τὸν τῆς ὁλκῆς τόνον Sor.2.61

(prob.); ἐπὶ συνουσίαν ὁρμάς Ps.-Dsc.1.103; [ ὁ οἶνος] στρατηγοὺς τῆς φρονήσεως ὑπεκλύει Sch.Il.6.260; weaken the force of,

τὸν λόγον A.D.Synt.224.4

:—[voice] Pass., cease, become weaker and weaker,

παλμοὶ ὑπεκλυόμενοι Hp.Mul.1.25

; οἶνος Sch.Ar.V. 151;

ὑπεκλυομένην ἴσχει τὴν ταραχήν S.E.M.11.214

, cf. Sor.2.11: c. gen., to be freed from, τινος A.D.Synt.41.11.

δικαιόω fut. δικαιώσω; 1 aor. ἐδικαίωσα. Pass.: 1 fut. δικαιωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐδικαιώθην, subj. δικαιωθῶ, ptc. δικαιωθείς; pf. δεδικαίωμαι Ro 6:7; 1 Cor 4:4; ptc. δεδικαιωμένος Lk 18:14 (Soph., Hdt.; Aristot., EN 1136a; et al.; pap, LXX; En 102:10; TestAbr A 13 p. 93, 14 [Stone p. 34]; Test12Patr; ApcSed, 14:8 p. 136, 15 Ja.; Jos., Ant. 17, 206; Just.; Ath., R. 53, 1; 65, 14) to practice δικαιοσύνη.

① to take up a legal cause, show justice, do justice, take up a cause τινά (Polyb. 3, 31, 9 ὑμᾶς δὲ αὐτοὺς … δικαιώσεσθε ‘you will (find it necessary to) take up your own cause’ = you will sit in judgment on yourselves; Cass. Dio 48, 46 ‘Antony was not taking Caesar’s side’ in the matter; 2 Km 15:4; Ps 81:3) δικαιῶσαι δίκαιον take up the cause of an upright pers. 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11); τινί χήρᾳ (χήραν v.l.) 8:4 (Is 1:17 ‘take up the cause of the widow’).

② to render a favorable verdict, vindicate.

ⓐ as activity of humans justify, vindicate, treat as just (Appian, Liby. 17 §70; Gen 44:16; Sir 10:29; 13:22; 23:11 al.) θέλων δ. ἑαυτόν wishing to justify himself Lk 10:29; δ. ἑαυτὸν ἐνώπιόν τινος j. oneself before someone=‘you try to make out a good case for yourselves before the public’ 16:15 (δ. ἐαυτόν as En 102:10; but s. JJeremias, ZNW 38, ’39, 117f [against him SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 1ff]). ὁ δικαιούμενός μοι the one who vindicates himself before (or against) me B 6:1 (cp. Is 50:8). τελῶναι ἐδικαίωσαν τὸν θεόν βαπτισθέντες tax-collectors affirmed God’s uprightness and got baptized i.e. by ruling in God’s favor they admitted that they were in the wrong and took a new direction (opp. τὴν βουλὴν τ. θεοῦ ἀθετεῖν) Lk 7:29 (cp. PsSol 2:15; 3:5; 8:7, 23; 9:2).

ⓑ of experience or activity of transcendent figures, esp. in relation to humans

α. of wisdom ἐδικαιώθη ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς is vindicated by her children (on δικ. ἀπό cp. Is 45:25. S. also Appian, Basil. 8: δικαιόω=consider someth. just or correct) Lk 7:35; also ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς Mt 11:19 (v.l. τέκνων). On this saying s. DVölter, NThT 8, 1919, 22–42; JBover, Biblica 6, 1925, 323–25; 463–65; M-JLagrange, ibid. 461–63. Of an angel Hm 5, 1, 7.

β. of God be found in the right, be free of charges (cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 93, 14 [Stone p. 34] ‘be vindicated’ in a trial by fire) Mt 12:37 (opp. καταδικάζειν). δεδικαιωμένος Lk 18:14; GJs 5:1; δεδικαιωμένη (Salome) 20:4 (not pap). Ac 13:39 (but s. 3 below); Rv 22:11 v.l; Dg 5:14.—Paul, who has influenced later wr. (cp. Iren. 3, 18, 7 [Harv. II 102, 2f]), uses the word almost exclusively of God’s judgment. As affirmative verdict Ro 2:13. Esp. of pers. δικαιοῦσθαι be acquitted, be pronounced and treated as righteous and thereby become δίκαιος, receive the divine gift of δικαιοσύνη through faith in Christ Jesus and apart from νόμος as a basis for evaluation (MSeifrid, Justification by Faith—The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme ’92) 3:20 (Ps 142:2), 24, 28; 4:2; 5:1, 9; 1 Cor 4:4; Gal 2:16f (Ps 142:2); 3:11, 24; 5:4; Tit 3:7; Phil 3:12 v.l.; B 4:10; 15:7; IPhld 8:2; Dg 9:4; (w. ἁγιάζεσθαι) Hv 3, 9, 1. οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο δεδικαίωμαι I am not justified by this (after 1 Cor 4:4) IRo 5:1. ἵνα δικαιωθῇ σου ἡ σάρξ that your flesh (as the sinful part) may be acquitted Hs 5, 7, 1; δ. ἔργοις by (on the basis of) works, by what one does 1 Cl 30:3; cp. Js 2:21, 24f (ἔργον 1a and πίστις 2dδ); διʼ ἐαυτῶν δ. by oneself=as a result of one’s own accomplishments 1 Cl 32:4. (cp. κατὰ νόμον Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1).—Since Paul views God’s justifying action in close connection with the power of Christ’s resurrection, there is sometimes no clear distinction between the justifying action of acquittal and the gift of new life through the Holy Spirit as God’s activity in promoting uprightness in believers. Passages of this nature include Ro 3:26, 30; 4:5 (on δικαιοῦν τὸν ἀσεβῆ cp. the warning against accepting δῶρα to arrange acquittal Ex 23:7 and Is 5:23; δικαιούμενοι δωρεάν Ro 3:24 is therefore all the more pointed); 8:30, 33 (Is 50:8); Gal 3:8; Dg 9:5. For the view (held since Chrysostom) that δ. in these and other pass. means ‘make upright’ s. Goodsp., Probs. 143–46, JBL 73, ’54, 86–91.

③ to cause someone to be released from personal or institutional claims that are no longer to be considered pertinent or valid, make free/pure (the act. Ps 72:13) in our lit. pass. δικαιοῦμαι be set free, made pure ἀπό from (Sir 26:29; TestSim 6:1, both δικ. ἀπὸ [τῆς] ἁμαρτίας) ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν οὐκ ἠδυνήθητε ἐν νόμω Μωϋσέως δικαιωθῆναι from everything fr. which you could not be freed by the law of Moses Ac 13:38; cp. vs. 39. ὁ ἀποθανὼν δεδικαίωται ἀπὸ τ. ἁμαρτίας the one who died is freed fr. sin Ro 6:7 (s. KKuhn, ZNW 30, ’31, 305–10; EKlaar, ibid. 59, ’68, 131–34). In the context of 1 Cor 6:11 ἐδικαιώθητε means you have become pure.—In the language of the mystery religions (Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 258ff) δικαιοῦσθαι refers to a radical inner change which the initiate experiences (Herm. Wr. 13, 9 χωρὶς γὰρ κρίσεως ἰδὲ πῶς τὴν ἀδικίαν ἐξήλασεν. ἐδικαιώθημεν, ὦ τέκνον, ἀδικίας ἀπούσης) and approaches the sense ‘become deified’. Some are inclined to find in 1 Ti 3:16 a similar use; but see under 4.

④ to demonstrate to be morally right, prove to be right, pass. of God is proved to be right Ro 3:4; 1 Cl 18:4 (both Ps 50:6). Of Christ 1 Ti 3:16.—Lit. s. on δικαιοσύνη 3c.—HRosman, Iustificare (δικαιοῦν) est verbum causativum: Verbum Domini 21, ’41, 144–47; NWatson, Δικ. in the LXX, JBL 79, ’60, 255–66; CCosgrove, JBL 106, ’87, 653–70.—DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq.

ἀπολύω impf. ἀπέλυον; fut. ἀπολύσω; 1 aor. ἀπέλυσα, inf. ἀπολῦσαι; pf. 1 pl. ἀπολελύκαμεν 3 Macc 7:7. Pass.: 1 fut. ἀπολυθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἀπελύθην; pf. ἀπολέλυμαι (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Joseph.).

① As legal term, to grant acquittal, set free, release, pardon τινά a prisoner (PGiss 65a, 4; 66, 11; POxy1271, 5; 2 Macc 4:47; 12:25; 4 Macc 8:2; Jos., Bell. 2, 4; Just., D. 4, 5 [ψυχὴ] ἀπολυθεῖσα τοῦ σώματος al.) ἀ. ἕνα τῷ ὄχλῳ δέσμιον release a prisoner for the crowd (JMerkel, D. Begnadigung am Passahfeste: ZNW 6, 1905, 293–316; RMerritt, JBL 104, ’85, 57–68; —ἀπολύω=pardon: Diod S 3, 71, 5; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15; OGI 90, 14 [196 B.C.]; UPZ 111, 2 [163 B.C.]; Just., A I, 7, 4 ἀπολύηται ὡς Χριστιανός; Mel., P. 101, 775 τὸν κατάδικον) Mt 27:15–26; cp. Mk 15:6–15; Lk 23:16–25; J 18:39; 19:10, 12; Ac 3:13; 5:40; 16:35f; 26:32; 28:18; AcPl Ha 10, 4; on GJs 16:3 cp. 3 below, on Lk 22:68 see JDuplacy in: Neutest. Aufsätze, Festchr. JSchmid, ’63, 42–52 (for genuineness); release from threat of being sold Mt 18:27.—Abs. ἀπολύετε καὶ ἀπολυθήσεσθε pardon (your debtors) and you will be pardoned Lk 6:37.

② to release from a painful condition, free, pass. be freed (Tob 3:6; 2 Macc 12:45; Jos., Ant. 2, 65 τ. δεσμῶν) of diseases (Diog. L. 3, 6; Jos., Ant. 3, 264 τ. νόσου) ἀπολέλυσαι (v.l.+ ἀπὸ) τῆς ἀσθενείας σου Lk 13:12.

③ to permit or cause someone to leave a particular location let go, send away, dismiss (X., Hell. 6, 5, 21; UPZ 62, 18 [161 B.C.]; Tob 10:12 S; 1 Macc 11:38; 2 Macc 14:23; Jos., Ant. 5, 97) of a crowd (Jos., Ant. 11, 337 ἀ. τὸ πλῆθος) Mt 14:15, 22; 15:32, 39; Mk 6:36, 45; 8:9 al.; ἀ. τὴν ἐκκλησίαν dismiss the assembly Ac 19:40. Also of individuals (Ps 33 ins; ParJer 3:22) Mt 15:23; Lk 8:38; 14:4; GJs 21:2 (not pap); Lk 22:68 v.l. Perh. GJs 16:3 (s. 1 above). W. the goal indicated (Jos., Vi. 271 εἰς) εἰς οἶκον (send them away) to their homes Mk 8:3. εἰς τὰ τείχη let (them) go into the building Hs 8, 2, 5; cp. 8, 2, 1. πρὸς … τὸν ἄνδρα αὔτῆς AcPl Ha 4, 5. Pass. be dismissed, take leave, depart (Philo, In Flacc. 96; Jos., Ant. 5, 99) Ac 4:23; 15:30, 33, also Hb 13:23, unless the ref. is to a release fr. imprisonment (s. 1 above) or simply mng. 6 (s. WWrede, D. Literar. Rätsel d. Hb. 1906, 57ff).—Euphem. for let die (Ps.-Plut., Consol. ad Apoll. 13 p. 108c ἕως ἂν ὁ θεὸς ἀπολύσῃ ἡμᾶς; M. Ant. 12, 36, 2 and 5; a veteran’s gravestone [Sb 2477] Ἡλιόδωρε ἐντείμως ἀπολελυμένε, εὐψύχει; Gen 15:2; Num 20:29; Tob 3:6; 2 Macc 7:9) νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου Lk 2:29 (some interpret this as modal now mayest thou … JKleist, Mk. ’36, 147–50 and AFridrichsen, ConNeot 7, ’42, 5f; s. also Goodsp., Probs. 77–79). Perh. discharge fr. Simeon’s long vigil (vs. 26); cp. POxy 2760, 2f (179/80 A.D.), of a cavalryman’s discharge (on the desire for departure cp. TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 5f [Stone p. 22]). Mt 15:23 is semantically dense: as the context indicates, the riddance is to be expedited by granting the woman’s request (s. 4).

④ to grant a request and so be rid of a pers., satisfy Mt 15:23 (cp. 3).

⑤ to dissolve a marriage relationship, to divorce τὴν γυναῖκα one’s wife, or betrothed (1 Esdr 9:36; cp. Dt 24:1ff; the expr. ἀ. τ. γυν. Dionys. Hal. 2, 25, 7) Mt 1:19; 5:31f (Just., A I, 15, 3); 19:3, 7–9 (BWitherington, Matthew 5:32 and 19:9—Exception or Exceptional Situation?: NTS 31, ’85, 571–76); Mk 10:2, 4, 11 (GDelling, NovT 1, ’56, 263–74); Lk 16:18; Hm 4, 1, 6; ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ GJs 14:1. Of the woman ἀ. τὸν ἄνδρα divorce her husband (Diod S 12, 18, 1) Mk 10:12. This is in accord not w. Jewish (Jos., Ant. 15, 259), but w. Gr-Rom. custom (D has simply ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρός; on Roman custom relating to women s. MMcDonnell, American Journal of Ancient History 8, ’83, 54–80). See on divorce TEngert, Ehe-u. Familienrecht d. Hebräer 1905; AOtt, D. Auslegung d. ntl. Texte über d. Ehescheidung 1910; HNordin, D. ehel. Ethik d. Juden z. Zt. Jesu 1911; AEberharter, D. Ehe-u. Familienrecht d. Hebräer 1914; LBlau, D. jüd. Ehescheidung u. d. jüd. Scheidebrief 1911/12; RCharles, The Teaching of the NT on Divorce 1921; Billerb. I 303–21 al.; SJohnson, Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce ’45; FCirlot, Christ and Divorce ’45; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70; HCronzel, 363–88, L’Église primitive face au divorce, ’71; JFitzmyer, The Matthean Divorce Texts and Some New Palestinian Evidence: TS 37, ’76, 197–226; BVawter, CBQ 39, ’77, 528–42.

⑥ mid. to make a departure from a locality, go away (Thu., Polyb.; PHal 1, 174 [III B.C.]; Ex 33:11; EpArist 304; Anz 285. ἀπολυόμενος τὰς διαβολάς ‘refuting the calumnies’ Ath. 2, 3) Ac 28:25; perh. Hb 13:23.—B. 768. EDNT. DELG s.v. λύω. M-M. TW.

πλάτος, ους, τό (πλατύς; Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 21:7; TestSol 11:8 C; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 2 [Stone p. 30]; GrBar 11:8; EpArist; Philo; Jos., Bell. 7, 312, Ant. 8, 65, C. Ap. 2, 119.—ὁ πλάτος only as an oversight Eph 3:18 P⁴⁶) extent from side to side, breadth, width, w. τὸ μῆκος Rv 21:16a as well as τὸ μῆκος and τὸ ὕψος vs. 16b. On τὸ πλάτος καὶ μῆκος καὶ ὕψος καὶ βάθος Eph 3:18 s. βάθος 1.—τὸ πλάτος τῆς γῆς Rv 20:9 comes fr. the OT (Da 12:2 LXX. Cp. Hab 1:6; Sir 1:3), but the sense is not clear: breadth = the broad plain of the earth is perh. meant to provide room for the countless enemies of God vs. 8, but the ‘going up’ is better suited to Satan (vs. 7), who has recently been freed, and who comes up again fr. the abyss (vs. 3).—In imagery (cp. Procop. Soph., Ep. 65; Nicetas Eugen. 2, 10 H. καρδίας πλάτος) τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ κυρίου ἐπὶ τὰ πλὰτη τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐγέγραπτο the ordinances of the Lord have been written on your heart from side to side 1 Cl 2:8 (s. Pr 7:3; 22:20; 3:3 A; sim. metaphors Aeschyl., Prom. 789; Soph., Fgm. 540 TGF; cp. s.v. πλάξ.—Renehan ’75, 165).—DELG s.v. 1 πλατύς.

δέω 3 sg. pres. δεῖται (Ath. 21, 3); fut. δήσω LXX; 1 aor. ἔδησα, subj. δήσω; pf. ptc. δεδεκώς Ac 22:29. Pass.: 1 aor. inf. δεθῆναι 21:33; pf. δέδεμαι (Hom.+)

① to confine a pers. or thing by various kinds of restraints, bind, tie

ⓐ of things τὶ someth. 1 Cl 43:2; τὶ εἴς τι (Ezk 37:17): tie weeds in bundles Mt 13:30. τί τινι (cp. Ezk 27:24): τοὺς πόδας κειρίαις J 11:44. ἔδησαν (τὸ σῶμα) ὀθονίοις μετὰ τῶν ἀρωμάτων they bound (the corpse) in linen cloths with spices 19:40.

ⓑ of binding and imprisoning pers. δ. τινὰ ἁλύσεσι (cp. Lucian, Necyom. 11; Wsd. 17:16) bind someone w. chains, of a possessed person Mk 5:3f; of prisoners (PLips 64, 58) Ac 12:6; 21:33; Taubenschlag, Op. Min. II 722f. Also simply δ. τινά (Judg 16:5, 7f) Mt 12:29 (cp. TestLevi 18:12); 14:3; 27:2; Mk 3:27; 15:1; J 18:12; Ac 9:14; 21:11, 13; 22:29; B 6:7 (Is 3:10). (τοὺς) πόδας καὶ (τὰς) χεῖρας bind hand and foot (the acc. as Jos., Ant. 19, 294) Mt 22:13; Ac 21:11; δ. τινὰ ἐν φυλακῇ bind someone (and put him) in prison (4 Km 17:4) Mk 6:17. Pass. (Biogr. p. 238) δέδεμαι be bound, i.e., a prisoner 15:7. κατέλιπε δεδεμένον leave behind as a prisoner Ac 24:27 (δεδεμένος=in prison, as Diog. L. 2, 24 of Socrates); ἀπέστειλεν δ. J 18:24. Cp. Col 4:3; IEph 1:2 al. in Ignatius. Παύλου δεδεμένου AcPl Ha 2, 1. δέδεμαι ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι be a prisoner because of the name (=being a Christian) IEph 3:1. Also δ. ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ ITr 1:1; IRo 1:1. δεδεμένον ἄγειν τινά bring someone as prisoner (Jos., Bell. 7, 449) Ac 9:2, 21; 22:5; cp. IRo 4:3. Pass. δ. ἀπάγεσθαι IEph 21:2; δ. θεοπρεπεστάτοις δεσμοῖς bound w. chains that befit God’s majesty (i.e. through his bondage Ignatius displays his total devotion to God, s. IEph 3:1 above) ISm 11:1; δ. ἢ λελυμένος a prisoner or one (recently) freed 6:2.—Fig. ὁ λόγος τ. θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται God’s message cannot be imprisoned (though the speaker can) 2 Ti 2:9.—Mid. (s. L-S-J-M s.v. δέω A, II) οὐκ ἔξεστί μοι δήσασθαι αὐτό (viz. τὸ κεφαλοδέσμιον) I am not allowed to put on the headscarf GJs 2:2 (vv.ll. ἀναδήσασθαι and περιδήσασθαι).—A metaphorical use derived from ancient perceptions of illness explains the expr. ἣν ἔδησεν ὁ σατανᾶς whom Satan had bound of a deformed woman Lk 13:16 (cp. SIG 1175, 14ff; 32–35 Ἀριστὼ ἐγὼ ἔλαβον καὶ ἔδησα τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὴν γλῶσσαν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν). For another transcendent binding cp. δεδεμένος τῷ πνεύματι bound by the Spirit Ac 20:22 (similar imagery, perh., in Apollon. Rhod. 4, 880 ἀμηχανίη δῆσεν φρένας ‘perplexity bound his mind’).—On the binding of the dragon Rv 20:2 s. JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32, esp. 316ff; Tob 8:3; TestLevi 18:12.

② to tie someth. to someth., tie to an animal (4 Km 7:10) Mt 21:2; Mk 11:2, 4 (πρὸς θύραν); Lk 19:30; angels Rv 9:14. δ. δέκα λεοπάρδοις tied to ten leopards (on the language: Soph., Aj. 240 κίονι δήσας = πρὸς κίονα 108; cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 196) IRo 5:1 v.l.— Fasten someth. (ParJer 7:35 τὴν ἐπιστολὴν εἰς τὸν τράχηλον τοῦ ἀέτου) a linen cloth at its four corners Ac 10:11 v.l.

③ to constrain by law and duty, bind w. dat. of pers. to someone: of a wife to her husband Ro 7:2; of a husband to his wife 1 Cor 7:27 (for the form cp. Posidippus [III B.C.]: Anth. Pal. 9, 359, 5f ἔχεις γάμον; οὐκ ἀμέριμνος ἔσσεαι• οὐ γαμέεις; ζῇς ἔτʼ ἐρημότερος=You are married? You won’t be without cares. You remain unmarried? You’ll live still lonelier.). Abs. vs. 39 (cp. Achilles Tat. 1, 11, 2 v.l. ἄλλῃ δέδεμαι παρθένῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 11, 56 τὴν μὲν ἄγαμον … τὴν δὲ πρὸς ἄνδρα δεδεμένην); τοῖς λαϊκοῖς προστάγμασιν be bound by the rules for the people (those without official duties) 1 Cl 40:5.

④ The combination δ. καὶ λύειν bind and loose (Ael. Aristid. 40, 7 K.=5 p. 55 D. of Prometheus: ὅσα δήσειεν ὁ Ζεύς, ταῦτʼ ἐξὸν Ἡρακλεῖ λῦσαι; 41, 7 K.; Teleclides Com. [V B.C.] Fgm. 42 K. δέω—ἀναλύω) is found Mt 16:19; 18:18. On the meaning δέω has here cp. J 20:22f (cp. 1QH 13:10). Another interpretation starts fr. the rabbinic viewpoint. Aram. אֲסַר and שְׁרָא are academic language for the decision of the rabbis as to what was to be regarded as ‘bound’ (אֲסִיר), i.e. forbidden, or ‘loosed’ (שְׁרֵי), i.e. permitted; s. Dalman, Worte 175ff; Billerb. I 738–47. Binding and loosing in magical practice are emphasized by WKöhler, ARW 8, 1905, 236ff; ADell, ZNW 15, 1914, 38ff. S. also VBrander, Der Katholik 94, 1914, 116ff; KAdam, Gesammelte Aufsätze ’36, 17–52; JMantey, JBL 58, ’39, 243–49; HCadbury, ibid. 251–54 (both on J 20:23; Mt 16:19; 18:18).—B. EDNT. DELG s.v. δέω 1. M-M. TW.

εἰς prep. w. acc. (Hom.+; s. the lit. under ἀνά, beg., also ATheimer, Die Präp. εἰς, ἐν, ἐκ im NT: Progr. z. 24. u. 29. Jahresbericht des niederösterr. Landes-Real-u. Obergymnasiums Horn 1896; 1901; AOepke, TW II 418–32), indicating motion into a thing or into its immediate vicinity or relation to something.

① extension involving a goal or place, into, in, toward, to

ⓐ into, toward, to after verbs of going, or those that include motion toward a place (also after subst. as ἄφιξις Tat. 37, 1 or πορεία 38, 1); so after ἄγω, ἀκολουθέω, ἀναβαίνω, ἀνάγω, ἀναχωρέω, ἀνέρχομαι, ἄπειμι, ἀπέρχομαι, ἀποδημέω, ἀποπλέω, γίνομαι δεῦρο, διαβαίνω, διαπεράω, διασῴζω, διέρχομαι, διώκω, εἰσάγω, εἴσειμι, εἰσέρχομαι, εἰσπορεύομαι, ἐκπηδάω, ἐκπλέω, ἐκπορεύομαι, ἐμβαίνω, ἐμβάλλω, ἐνδύνω, ἐξέρχομαι, ἐπανάγω, ἐπιβαίνω, ἐπιστρέφω, ἔρχομαι (s. Goodsp., Probs. 56f), εὐθυδρομέω, ἥκω, καθίζω, καταβαίνω (s. Goodsp., Probs. 52–54), κατάγομαι, καταντάω, καταπλέω, καταφεύγω, κατέρχομαι, μεταβαίνω, ὁρμάω, παραβάλλω, παραγίνομαι, πέτομαι, πλέω, πορείαν ποιοῦμαι, πορεύομαι, προάγω, συμβάλλω, συνάγομαι, συναναβαίνω, συνέρχομαι, ὑπάγω, ὑποστρέφω, ὑποχωρέω, φεύγω, χωρέω; s. these entries.

α. extension toward, in the direction of, a specific place to be reached. Hence w. nouns that denote an accessible place εἰς τὸν οἶκον into the house Mt 9:7; synagogue Ac 17:10; heaven Lk 2:15; abyss 8:31. φεύγειν εἰς τὰ ὄρη Mk 13:14. W. names of places and countries to Spain Ro 15:24, 28. εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ vs. 25 al. Also on, in εἰς (τὰς) ὁδούς Lk 14:23; Mt 10:5, 10; εἰς ὁδόν Mk 6:8; 10:17. εἰς ἀγρόν 16:12. In another sense ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος 3:13; Mt 15:29.—In the vicinity of, near, to (Jos., Vi. 115 εἰς τ. κώμην) εἰς (τὴν) θάλασσαν Mk 7:31; 3:7 v.l.; Mt 17:27. εἰς πόλιν (Hdt. 2, 169; 4, 200, 1; Diod S 15, 32, 2 παραγενόμενος εἰς πόλιν) J 4:5; cp. vs. 28. εἰς τό μνημεῖον 11:31, 38; 20:1, 3f (cp. vs. 6). ἐγγίζειν εἰς (Tob 11:1) Mt 21:1; Mk 11:1; Lk 18:35; 19:29. εἰς τοὺς φραγμούς to the hedges 14:23. κλίνειν τὸ πρόσωπον εἰς τ. γῆν toward the ground 24:5.

β. with focus on the area within the point reached. After verbs of sending, moving, etc., which result in movement or include a movement of the body to, into, among εἰς τὴν πόλιν into the city Mt 26:18 al.; boat Mt 8:23; J 6:17; world J 1:9; εἰς τ. ναόν 2 Th 2:4; εἰς (τὸ) μέσον (Sir 27:12; cp. 48:17): ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον (X., Cyr. 4, 1, 1), he (came and) stood among them J 20:19, 26; cp. Mk 14:60; Lk 6:8, also ἔγειρε εἰς τὸ μ. get up and come here Mk 3:3.—δέχεσθαι εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας take in (into) one’s arms Lk 2:28 (cp. Jos., Ant. 8, 28).

γ. of movement directed at a surface of an area on, in: of striking (PRyl 145, 13f [38 A.D.] ἔδωκεν πληγὰς πλείους εἰς πᾶν μέρος τοῦ σώματος=gave many blows all over his body; cp. PTebt 39, 32) τύπτειν εἰς τ. κεφαλήν on the head Mt 27:30 (cp. Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4 ἐμβάλλειν εἰς τ. κεφαλήν). ῥαπίζειν εἰς τὴν σιαγόνα on the cheek 5:39.—εἰς τ. ὄμματα Mk 8:23; εἰς τ. ὁδόν 11:8; ἀναπίπτειν εἰς τ. ἔσχατον τόπον sit in the lowest place Lk 14:10; cp. vs. 8. εἰς τὴν χεῖρα, τοὺς πόδας on his hand, his feet Lk 15:22.

δ. of a position within a certain area be at, be in, be on εἰς is freq. used where ἐν would be expected (s. 1bβ below; for Mark usage s. JO’Rourke, JBL 85, ’66, 349–51)—(Hdt. 7, 239, 1; Diod S 13, 101, 3; 20, 30, 2; Vett. Val. index III p. 394b; PTebt 38, 14 [113 B.C.] εἰς ὸ̔ν ἐνοικεῖ … οἶκον; POxy 294, 6 [22 A.D.]; 929, 12; BGU 385, 5; 423, 7; Kaibel 134; LXX. Cp. GHatzidakis, Einl. in die neugr. Gramm. 1892, 210f; Mlt. 62f, 234f; Rob. 592f; Rdm.² 14; 140; B-D-F §205; EOldenburger, De Or. Sib. Elocutione, diss. Rostock 1903, 26ff) εἰς τ. κοίτην εἶναι Lk 11:7. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν Mk 10:10. οἱ εἰς τ. οἶκόν μου (ὄντες) Lk 9:61. οἱ εἰς μακρὰν (ὄντες) Ac 2:39. καθημένου εἰς τὸ ὄρος Mk 13:3 (cp. Musonius 43, 18 H. καθῆσθαι εἰς Σινώπην). ὁ εἰς τὸν ἀγρὸν (ὤν) he who is in the field 13:16. γίνεσθαι εἰς τὴν Καφαρναούμ happen in Capernaum Lk 4:23. εἰς συναγωγὰς δαρήσεσθε you will be beaten in the synagogues Mk 13:9. εὑρέθη εἰς Ἄζωτον he found himself in A. Ac 8:40 (cp. Esth 1:5 τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τοῖς εὑρεθεῖσιν εἰς τ. πόλιν; Gen 37:17). ἀποθανεῖν εἰς Ἰερ. Ac 21:13 (cp. Aelian, VH 7, 8 Ἡφαιστίων εἰς Ἐκβάτανα ἀπέθανε). κατοικεῖν εἰς Ἰερ. Ac 2:5; cp. Mt 2:23; 4:13; Ac 7:4; Hb 11:9 (cp. Thu. 2, 102, 6; X., An. 1, 2, 24; Num 35:33; 2 Ch 19:4). χάριν, εἰς ἣν στῆτε the favor in which you stand 1 Pt 5:12. ἔχειν βιβλίον εἰς τὰς χεῖρας have a book in one’s hands Hv 1, 2, 2. πηλὸς γάρ ἐσμεν εἰς την χεῖρα τοῦ τεχνίτου for we are clay in the hand of the artisan. εἰς ταύτην τὴν πόλιν in this city 2, 4, 3 al.—εἰς=at or on (BGU 845, 20f; τραπέζας … εἰς ἃς ἤσθιον οἱ πτωχοί TestJob 25:5) ὁ ὢν εἰς τ. κόλπον τ. πατρός who leans on the breast (or reclines in the lap) of the Father (=who is on intimate terms w. the Father, s. κόλπος) J 1:18. In AcPlCor 2:35 the prepositions εἰς and ἐν appear to be carefully distinguished: τὰ δεσμὰ εἰς τὰς χείρας ἔχω … καὶ τὰ στίγματα ἐν τῷ σώματί μου.

ε. of presence in an area determined by other objects, esp. after verbs of sending, moving, etc. including ἀπολύω, ἀποστέλλω, βάλλω, βαπτίζω, δέχομαι, δίδωμι, ἐγκεντρίζω, ἐκβάλλω, ἐκπέμπω, ἐκχέω, ἐμβάπτω, ἐξαποστέλλω, καθίημι, μεταπέμπομαι, παρακύπτω, πέμπω, χαλάω; s. these entries. ἐμπίπτειν εἰς τοὺς λῃστάς fall among robbers Lk 10:36. εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας among the thorns Mk 4:7; εἰς τ. λαόν Ac 4:17 et al., where the transl. depends on the verb in question. πνεύματος ἁγίου … ἀποσταλέντος εἰς αὐτήν (Μαρίαν) sent into her AcPlCor 2:5; cp. 2:10 ἔπεμψεν εἰς τοὺς προφήτας into the prophets; 2:14 κατέπεμψε … εἰς Μαρίαν.—ἔστη εἰς τὸ κριτήριον she stood before the tribunal GJs 15:2 (difft. J 20:19, 26, s. 1aβ).

ⓑ of direction toward something without ref. to bodily motion.

α. w. verbs of looking (fr. Od. 10, 37; Il. 3, 364; LXX) ἀναβλέπειν εἴς τι look up toward someth. (2 Macc 7:28; Sus 35 Theod.) Mk 6:41; Lk 9:16; Ac 22:13; cp. ἀτενίζω, βλέπω, ἐμβλέπω, ὁράω (Just., D. 112, 1).—ἐπαίρειν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἴς τινα raise one’s eyes toward someone Lk 6:20.

β. after verbs of saying, teaching, proclaiming, preaching, etc. (Trag.; Hdt. 8:26, 3; Thu. 1, 72, 2; 5, 45, 1 and many later wr., incl. LXX) λαλεῖν εἰς τ. κόσμον say to the world J 8:26. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον εἰς ὅλον τ. κόσμον the gospel in the whole world Mk 14:9. εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 13:10; Lk 24:47. εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Th 2:9. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι εἴς τινα 2 Cor 10:16; 1 Pt 1:25; γνωρίζειν Ro 16:26. ἀπαγγέλλειν τι εἴς τινα Mk 5:14; Lk 8:34. διαμαρτύρεσθαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ, μαρτυρεῖν εἰς Ῥώμην bear witness in Jerusalem, Rome Ac 23:11. ἵνα εἰς Νινευὴ μὴ κηρύξῃ AcPlCor 2:29. In these and similar cases εἰς approaches ἐν in mng.; s. 1aδ.

γ. The same is true of βαπτίζεσθαι εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην Mk 1:9 and νίπτεσθαι εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν J 9:7; these expr. look like exx. of the interchange of εἰς and ἐν, but were orig. formed on the analogy of X., Cyr. 1, 3, 5 ἀποκαθαίρει τὴν χεῖρα εἰς τὰ χειρόμακτρα= lit. ‘into the towels’; cp. Epict. 3, 22, 71 ἵνʼ αὐτὸ (sc. τὸ παιδίον) λούσῃ εἰς σκάφην; Alciphron, Ep. 3, 7, 1; Athen. 10, 438e.

② extension in time, to, until, on

ⓐ w. indication of specific time

α. up to which someth. continues εἰς τέλος to the end (Epict. 1, 7, 17) Mt 10:22; 24:13; Mk 13:13. εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν until that day 2 Ti 1:12 (Ath. 2, 1 εἰς … τὴν σήμερον ἡμέραν). εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ Phil 1:10. εἰς Χριστόν until the coming of the Messiah Gal 3:24.

β. for or on which someth. happens μεριμνᾶν εἰς τὴν αὔριον be anxious for tomorrow Mt 6:34; cp. Hs 6, 5, 3; εἰς τὸ μέλλον for the future 1 Ti 6:19. εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ σάββατον on the next Sabbath Ac 13:42. εἰς ἡμέραν (UPZ 66, 5 [153 B.C.]) for the day Phil 2:16; cp. Eph 4:30; Rv 9:15.

γ. at which someth. takes place (Appian, Mithrid. 74 §321 ἐς ἑσπέραν=in the evening; Epict. 4, 10, 31 αὔριον ἢ εἰς τὴν τρίτην; En 1:1 οἵτινες ἔσονται εἰς ἡμέραν ἀνάγκης) εἰς τὸν καιρὸν αὐτῶν in their time Lk 1:20; εἰς τὸ μέλλον in the future 13:9. εἰς τέλος in the end, finally (Hdt. 3, 403; Gen 46:4; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 18, 2) 18:5 (B-D-F §207, 3 prefers mng. 3 below and ὑπωπιάζω 3; s. also Mlt-Turner 266). εἰς τὸ πάλιν=πάλιν 2 Cor 13:2; s. Schmid I 167; II 129; III 282; IV 455; 625. εἰς ταχεῖαν soon AcPlCor 2:3.

ⓑ to indicate duration of time for, throughout (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 16 Jac. εἰς νύκτα; Arrian, Anab. 4, 30, 1 ἐς τρεῖς ἡμέρας; Just., D. 2, 5 εἰς μακρὰν for a long time) εἰς ἔτη πολλά for many years Lk 12:19. εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας (αἰών 1b) forever Mt 21:19; Mk 3:29; 11:14; Lk 1:33; J 8:35 and oft. εἰς ἡμέραν αἰῶνος to the day of eternity 2 Pt 3:18. εἰς γενεὰς καὶ γενεάς for generation after generation Lk 1:50. εἰς τὸ διηνεκές forever Hb 7:3; 10:1, 12, 14 (cp. Thu. 2, 64, 3 ἐς ἀί̈διον).

③ marker of degree, up to: εἰς τέλος completely, fully, absolutely (s. Just, A I, 44, 12 and on τέλος 2bγ) 1 Th 2:16; B 4:7; 19:11; Hv 3, 7, 2; m 12, 2, 3; Hs 8, 6, 4; 8, 8, 5; 8, 9, 3.—J 13:1 combines in εἰς τέλος the mngs. to the end (s. 2aα above) and to the uttermost (cp. Appian, Mithrid. 58 §239 ἡμῶν ἀμυναμένων ἤδη καὶ ἀμυνουμένων ἐς τέλος=we have defended ourselves up to now and will defend ourselves ἐς τέλος). εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα 2 Cor 10:13, 15 (cp. PVat A 12=Witkowski 36, 12 [168 B.C.] εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα). εἰς περισσείαν 10:15. εἰς ὑπερβολήν (Eur., Hipp. 939; Aeschin., F. Leg. 4) 4:17. εἰς τὸ παντελές (q.v. 2) Lk 13:11; Hb 7:25 (Tat. 6, 1).

④ marker of goals involving affective/abstract/suitability aspects, into, to

ⓐ of entry into a state of being w. verbs of going, coming, leading, etc., used in a fig. sense: ἀπέρχεσθαι εἰς κόλασιν αἰώνιον Mt 25:46 (cp. Sir 41:10). εἰσφέρειν εἰς πειρασμόν 6:13. πορεύεσθαι εἰς θάνατον Lk 22:33. ὑπάγειν εἰς ἀπώλειαν Rv 17:8, 11. βάλλειν εἰς θλῖψιν 2:22. παραδιδόναι εἰς θλῖψιν Mt 24:9; cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Lk 24:20. συγκλείειν εἰς ἀπείθειαν Ro 11:32. ἐμπίπτειν εἰς κρίμα 1 Ti 3:6f; cp. 6:9 (and Ath. 24, 5 εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν πεσόντες παρθένων). ἄγειν εἰς μετάνοιαν Ro 2:4; cp. Hb 2:10 εἰς δόξαν. (Just., A I, 10, 4 εἰς πίστιν; 42, 11 εἰς ἐπίστασιν καὶ ἀνάμνησιν.) αἰχμαλωτίζειν εἰς ὑπακοήν 2 Cor 10:5. ἀνακαινίζειν εἰς μετάνοιαν Hb 6:6; cp. 2:10. Sim. ἀπάγω, ἀποβαίνω, εἰσέρχομαι, εἰσφέρω, ἐκβάλλω, ἐλευθερόω, ἐπιστρέφω, κατευθύνω, μεταβαίνω, ὁδηγέω et al.; s. these entries.

ⓑ of change from one state to another w. verbs of changing: στρέφειν (Esth 4:17h; 1 Macc 1:39), μεταστρέφειν (Sir 11:31; 1 Macc 9:41; 3 Macc 6:22) τι εἴς τι Rv 11:6; Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Js 4:9. μεταλλάσσειν Ro 1:26. μετασχηματίζεσθαι (q.v. 2) 2 Cor 11:13f; μετατίθεσθαι εἰς turn away to Gal 1:6.

ⓒ of actions or feelings directed in someone’s direction in hostile or friendly sense (Thu. 1, 38; 66; 130; X., Cyr. 1, 3, 5; Paus. 7, 9, 3; 7, 10, 2; Aelian, VH 11, 10).

α. in a hostile sense (Arrian, Anab. 1, 1, 4; PEleph 1, 9 [311/310 B.C.] κακοτεχνεῖν εἰς Δημητρίαν; UPZ 170b, 47 [127 B.C.]): ἁμαρτάνειν εἴς τινα (Herodian 7, 9, 11; EpJer 12; Jdth 5:20; 11:10) sin against someone Lk 15:18, 21. βλασφημεῖν εἴς τινα (Bel 8 Theod.; Just., D. 122, 2) defame someone Mk 3:29; Lk 12:10; 22:65; θαρρεῖν εἴς τινα 2 Cor 10:1. ψεύδεσθαι εἴς τινα (Sus 55; 59 Theod.) Col 3:9. Also w. nouns and adj. (Paus. 7, 8, 4; PFay 12, 7 [c. 103 B.C.] ἀδικήματα εἴς με; En 97:7 μνημόσυνον εἰς ὑμᾶς κακόν) Ac 6:11; 23:30; Ro 8:7.

β. in a friendly sense: μακροθυμεῖν 2 Pt 3:9. τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν Ro 12:16. So also πιστεύειν εἴς τινα trust or believe in someone Mt 18:6; Mk 9:42 and oft. (s. πιστεύω 1aε). Also w. nouns (OGI 49, 10 [III B.C.] φιλοτιμία εἰς; 51, 4; UPZ 22, 18 [162 B.C.]; 39, 5 εἰς τὸ θεῖον εὐσέβεια; 2 Macc 9:26 εὔνοια; Tat. 16:2 τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς [δαίμονας] θρησκείας) ἀγάπη Ro 5:8; 2 Cor 2:4, 8; Col 1:4; 1 Th 3:12. ἐλπίς (2 Macc 9:20; Synes., Ep. 104 p. 264a εἰς τὸν κομήτην ἐ.) Ac 24:15. κοινωνία Phil 1:5 (Tat. 18, 2); πεποίθησις 2 Cor 8:22. δύναμις Eph 1:19. πίστις (Jos., Ant. 16, 48; 18, 334) Ac 20:21; 24:24; 26:18; Col 2:5; and adj. φιλόξενος 1 Pt 4:9; χρηστός Eph 4:32. διακονία Ro 15:31 (cp. the v.l. Ac 12:25 and s. JDupont, NovT 1, ’56, 275–303); 2 Cor 8:4. The context of 1 Pt 1:11 suggests consolation of Christians for the sufferings they endure in a hostile environment, hence REB: sufferings in Christ’s cause; for εἰς Χρ. construed genitivally (UPZ 180a II, 2 [113 B.C.] χωρὶς τοῦ εἰς αὐτὴν οἴκου; PTebt 16:9f contains a restoration of εἰς) s. NRSV ‘sufferings destined for Christ’ (for a parallel expr. in a hostile sense cp. Polyb. 1, 7, 12 τῆς εἰς ἐκείνους τιμωρίας; 1, 69, 7; 38, 1 [4], 13; s. [s.v. ἀνά beg.] Kuhring 13; Rudberg 201).

ⓓ w. the vocation, use, or end indicated for, as: αἱρέομαι εἴς τι 2 Th 2:13. ἀφορίζω Ro 1:1; Ac 13:2. προγράφω Ro 15:4; Jd 4. ἀποστέλλω Hb 1:14. πέμπω Phil 4:16; 1 Th 3:2, 5. ποιῶ τι εἰς 1 Cor 10:31; 11:24. S. also under κεῖμαι, προορίζω, τάσσω, τίθημι.—εἰμὶ εἴς τι serve as someth. (s. εἰμί 6; also ins 134, 33ff fr. the Delphinion at Miletus [I A.D.] 1914; s. Dssm., LO 97, 1 [LAE 123]; Ar. 5, 1 ὕδωρ … εἰς χρῆσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων γέγονε) 1 Cor 14:22; for destruction Col 2:22; as a testimony Js 5:3. Used w. a noun σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν, ἀτιμίαν a vessel meant for honorable, dishonorable use Ro 9:21; cp. vs. 22f; 2 Ti 2:20f; φύλλα τοῦ ξύλου εἰς θεραπείαν Rv 22:2. φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν a light serving as a revelation Lk 2:32. θεράπων εἰς μαρτύριον τῶν λαληθησομένων a servant to bear witness to what would be said Hb 3:5. (Cp. Just., A I, 66, 1 τὸ … εἰς ἀναγέννησιν λουτρόν). W. acc. of pers. (Just., A II, 12, 4 συκοφαντίᾳ τῇ εἰς ἡμᾶς; Tat. 17, 3 τὴν εἰς τοὺς μεμηνότας βοήθειαν) ἡ εἰς ὑμᾶς χάρις the grace meant for you 1 Pt 1:10. διδόναι εἴς τι pay out for someth., money for a field Mt 27:10.

ⓔ w. the result of an action or condition indicated into, to, so that: αὐξάνειν εἰς ναόν grow into a temple Eph 2:21. πληροῦσθαι εἴς τι 3:19. λυπηθῆναι εἰς μετάνοιαν be grieved so that repentance takes place 2 Cor 7:9. Of prayer ἀναβαίνειν εἰς μνημόσυνον Ac 10:4. ὁμολογεῖν εἰς σωτηρίαν confess to salvation = so as to receive salvation Ro 10:10; cp. 1:16; 1 Pt 2:2; εἰς ἔπαινον κτλ. to praise etc. 1 Pt 1:7; εἰς βοήθειαν (1 Ch 12:17; Jdth 6:21; JosAs 23:4) Hb 4:16; cp. 10:39; Rv 13:3; Ro 6:16; 8:15; 13:4, 14; 1 Cor 11:34; 2 Cor 2:16 al.; εἰς κενόν (s. κενός 3) 2 Cor 6:1; Gal 2:2; Phil 2:16; 1 Th 3:5. σχίζειν εἰς δύο tear in two Mt 27:51; Mk 15:38. Cp. GPt 5:20 (cp. Polyb. 2, 16, 11; Lucian, Symp. 44, Tox. 54; 1 Km 15:29; Tob 5:3 S; 1 Macc 9:11; Ath. 18, 3 ᾠὸν … εἰς δύο ἐρράγη). W. subst. inf. foll. so that Ro 1:20; 3:26; 4:18; 6:12; 7:4; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Th 2:10f; Hb 11:3 al.

ⓕ to denote purpose in order to, to (Appian, Liby. 101 §476 ἐς ἔκπληξιν=in order to frighten; Just., A I, 21, 4 εἰς προτροπήν ‘to spur on’) εἰς ἄγραν in order to catch someth. Lk 5:4. εἰς ἀπάντησιν, συνάντησιν, ὑπάντησίν τινι (s. these 3 entries) to meet someone, toward someone Mt 8:34; 25:1; J 12:13. εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς as a witness, i.e. proof, to them Mt 8:4; 10:18; 24:14 al. εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν for forgiveness of sins, so that sins might be forgiven Mt 26:28; cp. Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3; Ac 2:38. εἰς μνημόσυνόν τινος in memory of someone Mt 26:13; Mk 14:9; cp. Lk 22:19 al. (εἰς μνημόσυνον En 99:3). εἰς ὅ for which purpose (Hdt. 2, 103, 1) Col 1:29; otherw. 2 Th 1:11 with this in view; εἰς τί; why? (Wsd 4:17; Sir 39:16, 21) Mt 14:31; Mk 14:4; 15:34; Hm 2:5; D 1:5. εἰς τοῦτο for this reason or purpose Mk 1:38; Lk 4:43 v.l.; J 18:37; Ac 9:21; 26:16; Ro 9:17; 14:9; 2 Cor 2:9; 1J 3:8; Hs 1:9 (Just., A I, 13, 3). εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο for this very reason 2 Cor 5:5; Eph 6:22; Col 4:8. W. subst. inf. foll. (X., Ages. 9, 3, Mem. 3, 6, 2; Just., A I, 9, 5) in order to (oft. LXX; neg. μή in order not to; s. B-D-F §402, 2) Mt 20:19; 26:2; 27:31; Mk 14:55 and oft.—εἰς ὁδόν for the journey 6:8.

ⓖ As in Mod. Gk., it is used for the dat., esp. the dat. of advantage, but also= for in general (X., An. 3, 3, 19 τ. ἵππους εἰς ἱππέας κατασκευάσωμεν; Lycurg. 85 διεκαρτέρουν εἰς τ. πατρίδα; UPZ 180a I, 7 [113 B.C.] τὸν εἰς Τάγην οἶκον ᾠκοδομημένον; BGU 37, 4f [51 A.D.] ξύλα εἰς τοὺς ἐλαιῶνάς μου wood for my olive orchards; PLond I, 43, 9 p. 48 [II B.C.]; PTebt 5, 77; POxy 37 I, 9; EpJer 9; Sir 37:7, cp. vs. 8; Jdth 14:2; Bel 3 Theod., vs. 22 LXX) εἰς πάντα τ. λαόν Lk 9:13; cp. 3J 5. εἰς ἡμᾶς Eph 1:19; cp. Col 1:25; 1 Th 4:10; Ro 10:12. χρείαν ἔχειν εἰς τ. ἑορτήν J 13:29; cp. Mk 8:19f; Gal 2:8; 1 Th 2:9; 5:15 et al.—εἰς is commonly used in speaking of the person for whom a payment etc. is made (Dssm., B 113–15; NB 23 [BS 117f; 194f]) 1 Cor 16:1; 2 Cor 8:4; 9:1, 13; Ro 15:26; Ac 24:17. εἰς λόγον τινός in an account for someth. (POxy 275, 19; 21 [66 A.D.]; 496, 10; 530, 15) Phil 4:15; cp. vs. 17. εἰς Χριστόν Phlm 6 prob. in honor of Christ (Tetrast. Iamb. 1, 7, 4 p. 266 εἰς θεούς; Pla., Lysis 205d ᾂδεις εἰς σαυτὸν ἐγκώμιον; Ps.-Pla., Minos 319c; Athen. 15, 667c; Synes., Ep. 75 p. 222b).

⑤ marker of a specific point of reference, for, to, with respect to, with reference to (Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 3 τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον εἰς καρτερίαν ἐπαινῶ Ἀλεξάνδρου=I praise this deed with regard to Alexander’s endurance; Ath. 31, 1 οὐδὲν χείρους εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον ‘none the worse in respect to excellence’) εὔθετος εἴς τι fit, suitable for someth. Lk 14:35; also εὔχρηστος 2 Ti 4:11. ἡτοιμασμένος ready for 2:21. εὐκαιρέω εἴς τι Ac 17:21. ἱκανόω Col 1:12. ἰσχύω Mt 5:13. περισσεύω 2 Cor 9:8. συνεργέω Ro 8:28. τοῦτο οὐκ εἰς ταύτας τ. ἡμέρας λέγω I say this not with reference to these days Hs 9, 26, 6.—After the verbs ἀπορέομαι, διακρίνομαι, καυχάομαι, παρρησίαν ἔχω, s. these entries. After the adj. ἄκαρπος, ἀκέραιος, βραδύς, σοφός, συνεργός, ὑπήκοος, φρόνιμος, s. these entries. W. acc. of pers. ἀσθενεῖν εἴς τινα be weak toward someone 2 Cor 13:3. εὐδοκεῖν 2 Pt 1:17. λέγειν εἴς τινα say w. reference to someone (Diod S 11, 50, 4; Just., D. 77, 1 εἰς Χριστὸν … εἰρῆσθαι) Ac 2:25.—On Ro 6:17 s. παραδίδωμι 1b end. δέχομαί τινα εἰς ὄνομά τινος Mt 10:41f; s. ὄνομα 1dγא.

⑥ marker of a guarantee, by ὀμνύναι εἴς τι swear by someth. Mt 5:35 (cp. PGiss 66, 8f [early II A.D.] ἐρωτῶ εἰς τὴν τ. θεῶν εὐσέβειαν; but the sole use of εἰς in a series of datives w. ἐν may reflect bilingualism; for prob. Hb. perspective, s. M’Neile, comm. ad loc).

⑦ distributive marker: w. numbers εἰς is distributive ‘-fold’ (cp. ἐστρίς ‘until three times’ Pind., O. 2, 68; GDI IV p. 884, ⁿ62, 36 [IV B.C.]) Mk 4:8 v.l. (otherw. ἐς τετρακοσίους, ἐς ὀγδοήκοντα about 400, about 80: Arrian, Anab. 5, 15, 2; 6, 2, 4; 7, 20, 3).

⑧ The predicate nom. and the predicate acc. are somet. replaced by εἰς w. acc. under Semitic influence, which has strengthened Gk. tendencies in the same direction:

ⓐ predicate nom.

α. w. γίνεσθαι (PFay 119, 34 [100 A.D.] ἵνα μὴ εἰς ψωμίον γένηται; Wsd 14:11; 1 Macc 1:36; 10:70; Jdth 5:10, 18 al.) Mt 21:42 (Ps 117:22). ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον Lk 13:19; cp. J 16:20; Ac 5:36; Rv 8:11; 16:19.

β. w. εἶναι (Bar 2:23; Jdth 5:21, 24; Sir 31:10 et al.) Mt 19:5 (Gen 2:24); Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5; 8:10 (in the last 3 pass. OT expressions are also reproduced). Not fr. the OT: 1J 5:8.

γ. λογίζεσθαι εἰς (Wsd 2:16; 1 Macc 2:52) Ro 4:3 (Gen 15:6); cp. 2:26; 9:8. λ. εἰς οὐθέν (Is 40:17; Wsd 3:17; cp. 9:6) Ac 19:27.

ⓑ predicate acc. (Heliod. 6, 14, 1 τ. πήραν εἰς καθέδραν ποιησαμένη=she used the knapsack as a seat; Vett. Val. 59, 7; 1 Macc 10:54; 11:62; Jdth 5:11 al.; JosAs 13:12 παράθου με αὐτῷ εἰς παιδίσκην) ἐγείρειν τινὰ εἰς βασιλέα Ac 13:22 (cp. 1 Km 13:14). ἀνατρέφεσθαί τινα εἰς υἱόν 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10). τέθεικά σε εἰς φῶς ἐθνῶν 13:47 (cp. Is 49:6). Cp. Mt 21:46; 1 Cl 42:4.—B-D-F §145; 157, 5; Rdm.² 20f; Mlt. 71f; Mlt-H. 462. Johannessohn, Kasus 4f.

⑨ marker of instrumentality, by, with (Arrian, Anab. 5, 12, 3 ἐς ἀκρίβειαν=with care; Vi. Aesopi I G 7 P. νικᾶν εἰς εὐσέβειαν πάντα ψόγον=overcome all censure with piety) εἰς διαταγὰς ἀγγέλων Ac 7:53 (=ἐν διαταγαῖς, B-D-F §206, 1). Sim. ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην (1 Km 1:17) Mk 5:34; Lk 7:50; 8:48 (=ἐν εἰρήνῃ). Mlt-Turner 254f.

⑩ Other uses of εἰς

ⓐ at, in the face of μετανοεῖν εἰς τὸ κήρυγμα repent at the proclamation Mt 12:41; Lk 11:32; cp. Ro 4:20 and perh. Mt 3:11. JMantey, JBL 70, ’51, 45–48, 309–11 argues for a causal use here because of the proclam., with reff.; against him RMarcus, ibid. 129f; 71, ’52, 43f; JDavis, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 80–88.

ⓑ for βαπτίζω εἰς s. βαπτίζω 2c.

ⓒ μένειν εἰς remain with (PFay 111, 12 [95/96 A.D.]) so perh. J 6:27.

ⓓ in pregnant constructions: σῴζειν εἰς bring safely into 2 Ti 4:18 (cp. X., An. 6, 4, 8; Diod S 2, 48; Cebes 27; SIG 521, 26 [III B.C.], OGI 56, 11; 4 Macc 15:3). διασῴζειν 1 Pt 3:20 (cp. Gen 19:19). μισθοῦσθαι ἐργάτας εἰς τ. ἀμπελῶνα to go into the vineyard Mt 20:1. ἐλευθεροῦσθαι εἰς be freed and come to Ro 8:21. ἀποδιδόναι τινὰ εἰς Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:9 (cp. Gen 37:28). ἔνοχος εἰς τ. γέενναν Mt 5:22; cp. 10:9; Mk 6:8; J 20:7.—DELG. M-M. TW.

λούω (s. prec. entry; Hom.+) fut. λούσω LXX; 1 aor. ἔλουσα. Pass. 1 aor. 2 sg. ἐλούσθης Ezk 16:4; pf. ptc. λελουμένος J 13:10 and λελουσμένος Hb 10:22 (B-D-F §70, 3; W-S. §13, 1; Mlt-H. 248; Helbing 100f)

① to use water to cleanse a body of physical impurity, wash, as a rule of the whole body, bathe

ⓐ act., abs. of the washing of a corpse (Hom. et al.) Ac 9:37; GPt 6:24. Of persons who have been scourged ἔλουσεν ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν he washed their wounds (lit., ‘by washing he freed them from the effects of the blows’) Ac 16:33 (on the constr. w. ἀπό s. 3 below. Also Antig. Car. 163 of Europa: λούσασθαι ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Διὸς μίξεως=wash off the traces of intercourse with Zeus). For Rv 1:5 v.l. s. 3.

ⓑ mid. I wash myself, I bathe myself (Hom. et al.) lit., of man or beast: of a woman λουομένη εἰς τὸν ποταμόν bathing in the river Hv 1, 1, 2 (λ. εἰς also Ptolem. Euerg. II [II B.C.]: 234 Fgm. 3 Jac.; Alciphron 3, 7, 1 λουσάμενοι εἰς τὸ βαλανεῖον; Cyranides p. 57, 6; Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 11 and 12]). ὗς λουσαμένη 2 Pt 2:22 (s. βόρβορος 2).

② to use water in a cultic manner for purification, wash oneself, bathe oneself, cleanse, bathe, mid., of cultic washings

ⓐ (Soph., Ant. 1201 τὸν μὲν λούσαντες ἁγνὸν λουτρόν; Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1203 λοέσσατο ποταμοῖο … θείοιο … before the sacrifice Jason washed himself clean of pollution, in the divine river; Plut., Mor. 264d λούσασθαι πρὸ τῆς θυσίας; Ael. Aristid. 33, 32 K.=51 p. 582 D.: πρὸς θεῶν λούσασθαι κέρδος ἐστὶ ζῶντα, ὸ̔ καὶ τελευτήσαντι μένει; Dssm., NB 54 [BS 226f] cites for this usage three ins, all of which have the mid., two in combination w. ἀπό τινος; Sb 4127, 14 ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἁγίῳ τῷ τῆς ἀθανασίας ὕδατι λουσάμενος; Ramsay, Exp. 7th ser., 8, 1909, p. 280, 1; LXX; Jos., Vi. 11 λ. πρὸς ἁγνείαν) of the act of purification necessary before entering the temple Ox 840, 14; 19; 24f (ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ τοῦ Δαυίδ); 32 (ὕδασιν). ὁ λελουμένος the one who has bathed (in contrast to the one who has his feet washed, and with allusion to the cleansing of the whole body in baptism [λελουμένος ‘newly bathed, after the bath’ Hdt. 1, 126; Aristoph., Lysist. 1064; Plut., Mor. 958b λουσαμένοις ἢ νιψαμένοις; Lev 15:11 τ. χεῖρας νίπτεσθαι, λούεσθαι τὸ σῶμα]; difft. HWindisch, Johannes u. d. Synoptiker 1926, 77. On foot-washing s. also GKnight, Feetwashing: Enc. of Rel. and Ethics V 814–23; PFiebig, Αγγελος III 1930, 121–28; BBacon, ET 43, ’32, 218–21; HvCampenhausen, ZNW 33, ’34, 259–71; FBraun, RB 44, ’35, 22–33; ELohmeyer, ZNW 38, ’39, 74–94; AFridrichsen, ibid. 94–96; Bultmann, comm. J ad loc., 355–65; JDunn, ZNW 61, ’70, 247–52) J 13:10 (λού. beside νίπτ. in eating Tob 7:9 S; λού. before eating AcThom 89=Aa p. 204 l. 7f). λούσασθε wash yourselves 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:16). Always of baptism (Hippol., Ref. 5, 7, 19) AcPl Ha 2, 35; 3, 6; 5, 1f; 7, 20.—The sense is in doubt in εἴ τις μεταλάβῃ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ κυρίου καὶ λούσεται if anyone receives the body of the Lord (in the Eucharist) and then mouth-rinses or bathes Agr 19.

ⓑ I wash for myself w. obj. in acc. (Hes.+) τὸ σῶμα ὕδατι καθαρῷ (cp. Dt 23:12) Hb 10:22 (of baptism).

③ to cause to be purified, cleanse, act. (in imagery, via liquid other than water) τῷ λούσαντι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ Rv 1:5 v.l. (For the use of an agent other than water in connection with λ., but in a difft. sense, s. Simonid. 144 a bow bathed in blood [Diehl² II p. 113=Bergk 143]; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 13, 3 pers. bathed in blood.) On this rdg. s. PvonderOsten-Sacken, ZNW 58, ’67, 258 n. 17.—B. 579. DELG. M-M. TW.

σατάν, ὁ indecl. and σατανᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ (the former=Hebr. שָׂטָן 3 Km 11:14; Just., D. 103, 5; the latter Sir 21:27, also TestSol 1:1 D al.; TestJob; Test12Patr; ApcMos 17; Just.=Aram. סָטָנָא; for σατανος Lk 11:18 P⁷⁵ read σατανας) literally ‘adversary’, in our lit. only as title or name: (the) Satan, in a very special sense, the enemy of God and all of those who belong to God, simply Satan, the Enemy (on the concept of Satan s. the lit. s.v. διάβολος 2), almost always w. the art. (B-D-F §254, 1), without it only in Mk 3:23; Lk 22:3; 2 Cor 12:7 and in personal address.—Mt 4:10 (here, as well as in the two passages from Mt and Mk near the end of this entry, without the art. and in the voc.); Mk 1:13; 3:26; Lk 11:18; 22:31. W. διάβολος of the same being Rv 20:2; cp. 2:9f; Pol 7:1 (Just., A I, 28, 1 al.). The Lawless One (Antichrist) appears κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τοῦ σατανᾶ 2 Th 2:9. He incites people to evil (cp. Homeric usage LfgrE s.v. δαιμόνι[ος] col. 198; TestJob 41:5 Ἐλίους ἐμπνευσθεὶς ἐν τῷ Σ. ; 23:11 ὁ Σ. … ἐπλαγίαζεν αὐτῆς τὴν καρδίαν; cp. 26:6) Mk 4:15; Ac 5:3; 1 Cor 7:5; 2 Cor 2:11; Rv 12:9. Esp. guilty of instigating Judas’ evil deed by entering into this disciple Lk 22:3; J 13:27. Causing sickness Lk 13:16 (s. δέω 1b, end). Hence driven out in healings Mt 12:26; Mk 3:23. Hindering the apostle in his work 1 Th 2:18 (cp. Julian., Ep. 40 [68] p. 46, 19 Bidez-Cumont εἰ μή τι δαιμόνιον γένοιτο κώλυμα). Causing false beliefs to arise 1 Ti 5:15; hence the one who denies the resurrection and judgment is called πρωτότοκος τοῦ ς. Pol 7:1; Polycarp uses the same expr. in speaking of Marcion, Epil Mosq 3. Persecutions of Christians are also inspired by Satan Rv 2:13ab (on the θρόνος τοῦ ς. s. θρόνος 1bε); hence certain Judeans who were hostile to Christians are called συναγωγὴ τοῦ ς. Rv 2:9; 3:9. God will crush him Ro 16:20. Jesus saw Satan falling (or fallen) fr. heaven Lk 10:18 (Burton, Moods and Tenses §146 [deZwaan §148]; FSpitta, ZNW 9, 1908, 160–63; CWebster, ET 57, ’45/46, 52f: πες. is timeless and means ‘I watched him fall’). Imprisoned, but freed again after a thousand years Rv 20:7. ὁ ς. μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός Satan disguises himself as an angel of light 2 Cor 11:14 (TestJob 6:4 μετασχηματισθεὶς εἰς ἐπαίτην a beggar; ApcMos 17 ἐγένετο ἐν εἴδει ἀγγέλου; s. μετασχηματίζω; on the subject s. Windisch ad loc.). ἄγγελος σατανᾶ 2 Cor 12:7 (UHeckel, ZNW 84, ’93, 69–75); ἄγγελοι τοῦ ς. B 18:1 (ἄγγελος 2c). αἱ δυνάμεις τοῦ ς. IEph 13:1 (δύναμις 5). τὰ βαθέα τοῦ ς. Rv 2:24 (s. βαθύς 2). ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ ς. the power of Satan Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms. ln. 6 (ἐξουσία 2); ibid. ln. 2 ὁ αἴων οὗτος … ὑπὸ τὸν ς. ἐστιν.—παραδοῦναί τινα τῷ ς. 1 Cor 5:5 (s. ὄλεθρος; cp. the Christ. ins New Docs 3, 83); 1 Ti 1:20 (s. on both passages παραδίδωμι 1b).—In Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 Peter is called Satan by Jesus, because his attempt to turn Jesus aside fr. his divine assignment to accept the consequences of his involvement with humanity has made him a tempter of a diabolical sort, who might thwart the divine plan of salvation. This metaph. usage relates to the striking verdict Rv 2:9; 3:9 above (cp. διάβολος J 6:70; 8:44).—BNoack, Satanás u. Sotería ’48. 1369–80 (lit.). DBS XII 1–47. DNP III 269. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TRE III 608f. TW.

στόμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.).

① mouth

ⓐ of humans or of beings whose appearance resembles that of humans: Mt 15:11a, 17; J 19:29; Ac 11:8; 23:2; 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6); Rv 11:5.—Used in imagery Rv 1:16; 2:16; 3:16; 10:9f (cp. Ezk 3:1ff); 19:15, 21.—As an organ of speech Mt 15:11b, 18 (cp. Num 32:24); 21:16 (Ps 8:3); Lk 4:22; 11:54; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14); Eph 4:29; Js 3:10 (cp. Aesop, Fab. 35 P.=64 H./60 Ch./35 H-H.: ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος τὸ θερμὸν καὶ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἐξιεῖς=out of the same mouth you send forth warm and cold [of the person who blows in his hands to warm them, and on his food to cool it off]); 1 Cl 15:3 (Ps 61:5), 4 (Ps 77:36); 2 Cl 9:10; B 11:8; Hm 3:1. ἀπόθεσθε αἰσχρολογίαν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν put away shameful speech from your mouth = don’t let any dirty talk cross your lips Col 3:8. ἀκούειν τι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός τινος Ac 22:14; 2 Cl 13:3; B 16:10 (cp. ParJer 6:24); ἀκ. ἀπὸ τοῦ στ. τινος (Polyaenus 8, 36 ἀπὸ στόματος τῆς ἀδελφῆς) Lk 22:71; ἀκ. τι διὰ τοῦ στ. τινος Ac 1:4 D; 15:7.—ἀνεῴχθη τὸ στ. αὐτοῦ (of a mute person) his mouth was opened (Wsd 10:21) Lk 1:64, words could now come out, as REB renders: ‘his lips and tongue were freed’. ἀνοίγειν τὸ στόμα τινός open someone’s mouth for him and cause him to speak 1 Cl 18:15 (cp. Ps 50:17). ἀνοίγειν τὸ (ἑαυτοῦ) στόμα open one’s (own) mouth to speak (ApcMos 21; ApcrEzk; s. ἀνοίγω 5a) Mt 5:2; 13:35 (Ps 77:2); Ac 8:35; 10:34; 18:14; GEb 34:60. οὐκ ἀνοίγει τὸ στ. αὐτοῦ=he is silent Ac 8:32; 1 Cl 16:7 (both Is 53:7; cp. Mel., P. 64; 462). For ἄνοιξις τοῦ στόματος Eph 6:19 s. ἄνοιξις. On στόμα πρὸς στόμα λαλεῖν speak face to face 2J 12; 3J 14 s. πρός 3aε. On ἵνα πᾶν στ. φραγῇ Ro 3:19 s. φράσσω.—There is no δόλος or ψεῦδος in the mouth of the upright Rv 14:5; 1 Cl 50:6 (Ps 31:2); esp. of God’s ‘Servant’ (Is 53:9) 1 Pt 2:22; 1 Cl 16:10; Pol 8:1.—στόμα stands for the person in the capacity of speaker (3 Km 17:24; 22:22; 2 Ch 36:21f): ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ Mt 12:34 (καρδία … στ. as TestNapht 2:6). διὰ στόματός τινος (ApcMos 16f; B-D-F §140) by (the lips of) someone Lk 1:70; Ac 1:16; 3:18, 21.—ἐν ἑνὶ στόματι with one voice (ἓν στόμα Aristoph., Equ. 670; Pla., Rep. 364a, Laws 1, 634e; Ael. Aristid. 51, 40 K.=I p. 544 D.; PGiss 36, 12 [161 B.C.] αἱ τέτταρες λέγουσαι ἐξ ἑνὸς στόματος; Pla., Rep. 364a) Ro 15:6; cp. 1 Cl 34:7.—For Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; Lk 19:22; Lk 21:15 s. 2.

ⓑ of God (Dexippus of Athens [III A.D.]: 100 Fgm. 1, 7 Jac. ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ μαρτυρία διὰ στόματος; Theognis18; ParJer 6:12) Mt 4:4 (Dt 8:3); 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:20).

ⓒ of animals and animal-like beings, mouth, jaws, of a fish (PGM 5, 280ff) Mt 17:27. Of horses Js 3:3; cp. Rv 9:17–9; a weasel B 10:8; lion (Judg 14:8) Hb 11:33; Rv 13:2; in imagery 2 Ti 4:17; an apocalyptic monster (Diod S 3, 70, 4 the Aegis: ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἐκβάλλον φλόγα) Rv 12:15, 16b; 16:13abc; Hv 4, 1, 6; 4, 2, 4 (cp. Da 6:22 Theod.; JosAs 12:10).

② the product of the organ of speech, utterance, mouth. By metonymy for what the mouth utters ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων (Dt 19:15) Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1. ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ σε Lk 19:22. ἐγὼ δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα καὶ σοφίαν I will give you eloquence and wisdom Lk 21:15. S. also 1a.

③ a geological fissure, mouth in imagery of the earth in which a fissure is opened (s. Gen 4:11) ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς Rv 12:16a.

④ the foremost part of someth., edge fig. ext. of 1. The sword, like the jaws of a wild animal, devours people; hence acc. to OT usage (but s. Philostrat., Her. 19, 4 στ. τῆς αἰχμῆς; Quint. Smyrn. 1, 194; 813 and s. μάχαιρα 1; cp. στ.=‘point’ of a sword Hom. et al.; στόμα πολέμου Polemo Soph. B8 Reader p. 134) στόμα μαχαίρης the edge of the sword = the voracious sword (Josh 19:48; Sir 28:18; s. also μάχαιρα 1, end) Lk 21:24; Hb 11:34.—B. 228; esp. 860. DELG. M-M. TW.

χαρίζομαι (χάρις; Hom.+) mid. dep.: fut. χαρίσομαι Ro 8:32 (also Lucian, Dial. Mort. 9, 1; Jos., Ant. 2, 28; for Att. χαριοῦμαι); 1 aor. ἐχαρισάμην; pf. κεχάρισμαι. Pass., w. pass. sense: 1 fut. χαρισθήσομαι Phlm 22; 1 aor. ἐχαρίσθην Ac 3:14; 1 Cor 2:12; Phil 1:29.

① to give freely as a favor, give graciously (a common term in honorific documents lauding officials and civic-minded pers. for their beneficence, s. SIG index and indexes of other inscriptional corpora) of God (so Ael. Aristid. 39, 3 K.=18 p. 409 D.; Herm. Wr. 12, 12; 16, 5 and p. 462, 30; 490, 9; 35; 492, 11 Sc.; 3 Macc 5:11; EpArist 196; TestSim 4:6; Jos., Ant. 3, 87; 4, 317) θεὸν … τὰ ἐκεῖ θαυμάσια χαριζόμενον God, who graciously bestows wonderful things from the world beyond (as opposed to the finery of this world, which in contrast is ‘shit’; s. δεινός and σκύβαλον) AcPl Ha 2, 23f. τινί τι someth. to someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 79 §360 χαρίζεσθαί τινι τὴν σωτηρίαν; Paus. 6, 18, 4 χαρίσασθαί μοι τήνδε ὦ βασιλεῦ τὴν χάριν; TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 30 [Stone p. 6] τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν) Ro 8:32; Phil 2:9; 2 Cl 1:4; Hs 9, 28, 6; D 10:3. This is also the place for Gal 3:18 if τὴν κληρονομίαν is to be supplied fr. the context (but s. end of this sec.). τυφλοῖς ἐχαρίσατο βλέπειν to the blind he granted the power of sight Lk 7:21 (v.l. τὸ βλέπειν; cp. Plut., Mor. 609a; 2 Macc 3:31, 33). ὁ χαρισάμενος ὑμῖν τοιοῦτον ἐπίσκοπον κεκτῆσθαι the one who (by his favor) granted you to obtain such a bishop IEph 1:3. Pass. 1 Cor 2:12. ὑμῖν ἐχαρίσθη τὸ ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ πάσχειν you have (graciously) been granted the privilege of suffering for Christ Phil 1:29.—χ. τινά τινι give or grant someone to someone (Semonides 7, 93f D.³: Zeus χαρίζεταί τινά τινι=Z. grants one [i.e., a good wife] to someone) κεχάρισταί σοι ὁ θεὸς πάντας τοὺς πλέοντας μετά σου God has given you all those who are sailing with you, i.e. at your request God has granted them safety fr. deadly danger Ac 27:24. The one who is ‘given’ escapes death or further imprisonment by being handed over to those who wish him freed ᾐτήσασθε ἄνδρα φονέα χαρισθῆναι ὑμῖν Ac 3:14. Cp. Phlm 22 (Diod S 13, 59, 3 ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τοὺς συγγενεῖσ=he granted him his [captured] relatives [and set them free]; Plut., C. Gracch. 836 [4, 3] χ. τὸν Ὀκτάβιον τῇ μητρί; PFlor 61, 61 [I A.D.] cited s.v. ὄχλος 1a, end; Jos., Vi. 355.—On the ‘giving’ of Barabbas s. JMerkel, Die Begnadigung am Passahfeste: ZNW 6, 1905, 293–316). On the other hand, the giving of a man to those who wish him ill results in harm to him (cp. Jos., Vi. 53) οὐδείς με δύναται αὐτοῖς χαρίσασθαι Ac 25:11; cp. vs. 16 (without dat., which is easily supplied; the v.l. adds εἰς ἀπώλειαν to it). Ign. rejects every attempt of others to save his life, because he wishes to leave the world and be with God, and martyrdom opens the way for this: τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ θέλοντα εἶναι κόσμῳ μὴ χαρίσησθε do not give to the world the one who wishes to belong to God IRo 6:2.—W. only the dat. χ. τινι show oneself to be gracious to someone (Diod S 14, 11, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 112 §467; SIG 354, 4f βουλόμενος χαρίζεσθαι τῷ δήμῳ; ApcEsdr 25:7 τοὺς δικαίους τί χαρίζεις; Jos., Ant. 17, 222; Eunap. p. 77 Boiss.) Gal 3:18 (s. above; also Betz, Gal. ad loc.).

② to cancel a sum of money that is owed, cancel (Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 14; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 39 τὰ δάνεια) Lk 7:42f. This forms a transition to

③ to show oneself gracious by forgiving wrongdoing, forgive, pardon (Dionys. Hal. 5, 4, 3; Jos., Ant. 6, 144 ἁμαρτήματα χαρίζεσθαι) w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing (TestJob 43:1 αὐτοῖς … τὴν ἁμαρτίαν αὐτῶν) χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ παραπτώματα Col 2:13; cp. 2 Cor 2:10a; 12:13. W. dat. of pers. alone Eph 4:32ab; Col 3:13ab (Plut., Mor. 488a χαίρειν τῷ χαρίζεσθαι μᾶλλον αὐτοῖς ἢ τῷ νικᾶν=to delight in doing them favors rather than getting the better of them). W. acc. of thing alone 2 Cor 2:10bc. Abs. (cp. EpArist 215) rather forgive 2 Cor 2:7.—B. 1174. DELG s.v. χάρις. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἐράω impv. ἐράτω (Pind., Hdt. et al.; PSI 406, 36 [III B.C.]; Philo, Just., Tat., Ath.; the noun ἔρως Just., D. 8, 1 of affection for prophets and ‘friends of Christ’). From ἔραμαι (Hom. et al.; e.g. 1 aor. mid. ἠρασάμην Il. 14, 316b; Ath. 21, 4) 1 aor. pass. ἠράσθην. Freq. of sexual attraction, as Hdt. 9, 108; X., Cyr. 5, 1, 10; then, as in our lit., to feel passionately about, have a longing for, feel fervently about τινός someth. (Aeschyl., Eum. 852 γῆς; Herm. Wr. 6, 4b; Pr 4:6; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 258 ἀληθείας) τῆς σαρκός IRo 2:1. Desire, yearn (Il. 9, 64) ἐ. τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν 7:2. W. inf. foll. (Pind. et al.) ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ ἐλευθεροῦσθαι have a desire to be freed (fr. slavery) at the expense of the church IPol 4:3 (in view of the subtle wordplay suggested by the purpose clause, the writer evidently projects the sensual connotation that the word has in some contexts outside our lit.; s. above).—BWarfield, The Terminology of Love in the NT, PTR 16, 1918, 1–45; 153–203.—DELG s.v. ἔραμαι. TW. Sv.