attribute+to

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: name of an Asiatic shoe or slipper of deer-skin (A. and E. in lyr., AP 7, 413 [ᾰ], Poll.); εὐμᾱρίδας acc. pl. as attribute of ἀσκέρας, so prob. adjectival (Lyc. 855).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Foreign word of unknown origin; cf. the foreign names for shoes in Schwyzer 61; also Björck Alpha impurum 68.

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Grammatical information: adj..

Meaning: attribute of Artemis, also used as substantive (Hom.; Pi. P. 2, 9 [with shortening of the ἰ-], poet. inscr.), also of the φαρέτρα (AP 6, 9); also name of the viper (Nic. Fr. 33).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [16] * h₂isu- `arrow' and [447] *ǵʰesr- `hand'

Etymology: Since antiquity mostly explained as `shaking out arrows, arrow-shootress, from ἰός `arrow' and χέω, cf. δούρατ' ἔχευαν Ε 618; through learned play by Nic. referring to ἰός `poison'. The 2. member was shaped after χίμαιρα, γέραιρα a. o. (Schwyzer 452 a. 475, Chantraine Formation 104); as it never existed as an independent word, it cannot be seen whether it is derived from an ρ-stem *χέϜ-αρ (Benveniste Origines 27) or from an ν-stem ( πίειρα: πίων, πέπειρα: πέπων). - However, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforschung 7, 275ff. derived it (with Pisani; objections by Belardi Doxa 3, 208, Fraenkel Ling. Posn. 4, 96) from ἰός and χείρ as `who has the arrow(s) in her hand'; this is supported by Skt. formations, e. g. íṣu-hasta- `who holds an arrow in the hand', śūla-hasta- `... a lance in...'. On the formal aspects s. on χείρ (s. v.). - Not with Ehrlich Sprachgeschichte 48 as `crying (a) hunting cry' from ἰά `cry' and a verb `call' (Skt. hávate); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 4, 350. Also R. Schmitt, Dicht. u. Dichterspr. 177ff.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `lascivious' (of women), `luxuriant, wild' (Hes., A.).

Other forms: μάχλης ἀκρατής, πόρνος H.; f. also μαχλάς, - άδος (Man., AP, Ph.), μαχλίς ἑταίρα, πόρνη H.

Derivatives: μαχλο-σύνη `lasciviousness, voluptuousness' (Ω 30, Hes., Hdt.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 225, Wyss - συνη 25), - της `id.' (EM, Sch.); μαχλικός `like a lascivious woman' (Man.); μαχλεύομαι `be lascivious' in μεμαχλευμένον ἦτορ (Man.), μαχλῶντες πορνεύοντες H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Barytonon wit λο-suffix as κτίλος, φαῦλος, ἕωλος; further isolated. By Prellwitz s.v. (after Uhlenbeck) compared with Skt. (Ved.) makhá- attribute of gods of unknown meaning (s. Mayrhofer EWAia 2, 288). Fur. 211 n. 48 compares Arm. mahaz `lascicious' (from Asia Minor?). The word, with this meaning, my well be Pre-Greek (the word has also been compared with Βάκχος, ib. 211).

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μῆλον 1

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `apple' (Il.), also (with diff. determining attribute) of other stone-fruits (Hp., Dsc.), often metaph.: `(seed-)capsule of a rose' (Thpr.), in plur. `breasts, cheeks, tonsils, apple-like beaker' (Ar., Theoc., medic., pap., inscr.).

Other forms: Dor. Aeol. μᾶλον.

Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in μῆλ-οψ `applecoloured' = `yellow' (η 104), μαλο-πάραυος `with apple-like cheekes' (Theoc.); μηλ-άπιον n. name of a fruit (medic., Plin.).). As 2. member in determinatives, e.g. γλυκύ-μαλον, - μηλον `sweet-apple' (Sapph. [?; Risch IF 59, 10 A. 2], Call.), μελί-μηλον `summer-apple, Pyrus praecox' (Dsc.), also `applemead' (medic.) for μηλό-μελι (Dsc.; Strömberg Wortstudien 7); cf. κοκκύ-μηλον; on ἐπιμηλίς s. v.

Derivatives: A. Subst. 1. μηλέη, -α `appletree' (Od.); 2. μηλίς, μαλίς f. = μηλέα (Ibyc., Theoc.), `yellow pigment' (Plu.), name of a distemper of asses, `glanders'? (Arist.); 3. μηλίτης οἶνος `apple-, quince-wine' (Plu., Dsc.; Redard 98); 4. μηλίσκα n. pl. name of cups shaped like apples (Delos III^a); 5. Μηλ-ιάδες f. pl. `fruittree-nymphs' (Poll.; like κρην-ιάδες); 6. μήλωθρον n. = ἄμπελος λευκή (Thphr., Dsc.; cf. ψίλωθρον `id.' from ψιλόω, πύρωθρον = πύρεθρον). -- B. Adj. 7. μήλινος, μάλινος `made of apples, applecoloured' (Sapph., Thphr.); 8. μήλειος `belonging to the apple' (Nic., A. R.); 9. μηλώδης `applelike' (Gal.). -- C. Verb. 10. μηλίζω `resemble an apple (in colour)' (medic.). -- Here also the island name Μῆλος ("apple-island")?; s. Heubeck Glotta 25, 271.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Mediterranean word. -- From Greek Lat. mālum, mēlum, with mālinus `applecoloured', mēlinus `of quince-apples'; s. W.-Hofmann s. 1. mālus. The word has been connected with Hitt. mahla-, but this appeared to have a diff. meaning (`grape, vine, twig of a vine'); Cuny, REA 26(1924)364f; corrected by Sturtevant CGr.¹ 292, Kronasser VLFL (1956) 88, Szemerényi, Phonetica 17(1967)47; hardly to ἀμάμαξυς, Fur. 212.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `wooded glade, forest' (since Λ 480).

Derivatives: Prob. here Νεμέα, ep. - είη f. valley and place in Argolis with a forest dedicated to Ζεὺς Νέμειος (since Hes.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [763] * nem- attribute' and\/but [764] * nem- ` bend'

Etymology: Identical with Lat. nemus n. `forest, (holy) wood'. Here also a Celtic word for `(holy) wood, sanctuary' in Gaul. nemeton, OIr. nemed (extensive on this K.H.Schmidt Münch. Stud. 12, 49 ff.); IE *némos n. resp. * nemetom n., cf. e.g. τέλος: τελετή. -- Further combinations are hypothetic: to Skt. námati `bend' with námas- n. `bow, adoration' (formally = νέμος: `curving' \> `(wooded) vale' \> `wood, forest'?; rejected by Benveniste BSL 32, 79ff.); to νέμω, - ομαι as `pasture, Waldtrift' ? (against this a. o. Porzig Satzinhalte 291). Thorough treatment w. lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nemus; also WP. 2, 331 f., Pok. 763, Mayrhofer s. námati and námaḥ. Cf. on νέμω.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `spotted, having dark spots', also as name of a kind of eagle (Ω 316, Hp., Arist.).

Derivatives: ἐπί-περκνος `somewhat spotted' (X.,; Strömberg Prefix Studies 105). - Beside it πέρκος m. `kind of eagle' (Arist.), πέρκη f. `redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis' (Emp., Com., Arist.) with - ίς, - ίον, - ίδιον (Com., pap., Dsc.); περκάς adj. f., attribute of κίχλη, prob. as fishname (Eratosth.). Denominatives. a. περκάζω, - ομαι, also w. ὑπο-, ἐπι-, ἐν-, `to start getting dark spots, to start ripening', act. also `to colour dark' (η 126, Thphr., LXX); b. περκαίνω, - ομαι ( ἐμ-) `id.' (E., H.); c. ἀπο-περκόομαι `to become dark', of ripening grapes (S. Fr. 255, 6). Here περκώματα τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώπου ποικίλματα H.; after Krahe IF 58, 225 also Περκώτη f. town in Mysia. -- Beside it 1. with zerograde: πρακνόν μέλανα H.; 2. with diff., prob. secondary full grade: πρεκνόν ποικιλόχροον ἔλαφον H., to which 3. with o-ablaut πρόξ, - κός f. (s. v.) and προκάς f. `deer- or roe-like animal', Πρόκνη PN "the nightingale" or "swallow", Radke P.-W. 23, 250; 4. with lengthened grade πρωξ, - κός f. `drop of dew' (s. v.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [820f] * perk- `vriegated, motley'

Etymology: The substantival πέρκος, πέρκη presuppose an adj. *περκός, to which f. περκάς, as λεῦκος, λεύκη from λευκός, f. λευκάς. From *περκός also περκ-άζω, - αίνω, - όομαι (like λευκ-αίνω a.o.). Beside it with ν-suffix περκ-νός like the synonymous ἐρεμ-νός, κελαι-νός a.o. (Chantraine Form. 194; cf. below). -- Old inherited family with representatives in several languages, where esp. the many animal names are remarkable. With πρακνόν agree except for the ending both Skt. pŕ̥śni-'spotted, variegated' as a Germ. name of the trout, OHG forhana (to which with l-suffix the dimin. Forelle), OE forn(e) f., IE *pr̥ḱ-n-. A full grade agreement gives the Swed. fishname färna f., IE *perḱ-n- like περκ-ν-ός. With *περκός, πέρκος a Celt. word can be identified: MIr. erc (Wesh erch) `spotted, dark-red', as subst. `salmon, trout', also `cow, lizard'. -- Another representative is the Germ. word for `vatiegated, colourful' and `colour' in OHG faro, farawa, IE *porḱ-u̯ó-; one must certainly also consider Lat. pulc(h)er `beautiful' from * pelc-ro-s or * polc-ro-s (with dissim.); IE *perḱ-, resp. *porḱ- or *pr̥ḱ-. On the formation also Borgström NTS 16, 141 f. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 45 f., Pok. 820f., W.-Hofmann s. pulc(h)er and 2. porcus. Older lit. also in Bq. Cf. also πάπραξ.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `plane' (Ar., Pl., Thphr.).

Derivatives: - ών, - ῶνος m. `plane grove' (Dsc.), - ιον n. `kind of apple, like the plane's fruit' (Diph. Siph.). Besides, earlier attested, πλατάνιστος f. `id.' (Β 307 a. 310, Hdt., Theoc.) with - ιστοῦς, - οῦντος m. `plane grove' (Thgn.), Lacon. - ιστάς (- ιστᾶς?), dat. -ιστᾳ̃ `id.' (Paus.), - ίστινος attribute of an appel (Gal.). Lat. platanista m. name of a great dolphin in the Ganges (Plin.); cf. Thompson Fishes s. πλατανιστής.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: As the oldest attested form πλατάνιστος is unclear in formation (to be rejected Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 194 ff.; not prob. Niedermann Glotta 19, 10 ff.; cf. still Chantraine Form. 302 and above om ἄκαστος), we must onsider that the name of this asiatic and southeasteuropean tree is a loan and only later associated with πλατύς a. cogn. (as "broadbranched, -leaved, etc." or even "plattrindig" (flat-barked?_)? Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 194, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 39, WP. 2, 99); cf. Chantraine Form. 199 f. The shorter form πλάτανος may have been shaped after λίβανος (: λιβανωτός).

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Grammatical information: f. (gender after βοέη, αἰγέη a.o.).

Meaning: `the skin of man and animal, the hide, espec. the cow skin, cow hide, shield made of cow hide' (ep. Il.; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 314f. against Bechtel Dial. 3, 19f.).

Other forms: rarely m. (Nic., Opp.) and - όν n. (after δέρμα, σκῦτος). γρῖνος δέρμα H.

Dialectal forms: Myc. wirino \/wrīnós\/, adj. wirinjeo.

Compounds: Compp., e.g. ῥινο-τόρος `shield-piercing', adjunct of Ares (Φ 392 a.o.), of the θύρσος (Nonn.); ταλαύρινος (= ταλά-Ϝρινος) `shield-bearing' ('shield-enduring' [because of the weight?]; Richardson Hermathena 55, 87ff.; to be rejected Stanford ibd. 54, 121 ff.); usu. attribute to πολεμιστής as des. of Ares (Il.); on the history and explanation of the expression a hypothesis by Leumann Hom. Wörter 196 ff.; on this Trümpy Fachausdrücke 38 w. Nachtr.

Derivatives: γρίντης (= Ϝρίντης) βυρσεύς H. (formation prob. after the primary ξάντης, ὑφάντης a.o.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: The notation γρῖνος δέρμα H. (Aeol.; γρινός Hdn. Gr.) confirms Ϝρῑνός, which is also seen in ταλαύρινος, which was connected with th same verb as ῥίνη (s.v.); so prop. "das Abreissen", resp. "die abgerissene Haut" like δέρμα from δέρω (to which a.o. Skt. dīrṇá- `torn up' with n-suffix like Ϝρῑ-νός). -- The Germanic long i derived from - ei- (cf. Goth. writs with short i), but this is impossible for the Greek form (the case is different with δέρμα, as δέρω means `flay', but *u̯rei-(d-) means rather `scratch'. So the etymology must be rejected. The word could be Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to dry up, to wither, to languish, to grow tired, to harden', act. `to dry up, to parch'.

Other forms: ( κατεσκέλλοντο A. Pr. 481, σκελλόμενα σκελετευόμενα H.), fut. 3 pl. σκελοῦνται σκελετισθήσονται H., perf. ἔσκληκα, mostly with κατα-, ἀπο-, ἐν- a. o. (Epich., Hp., Choeril., hell. a. late), aor. κατα-, ἀπο-σκλῆναι, 3. sg. ἀπ-έσκλη (Ar., Men., Alciphr.), opt. ἀπο-σκλαίῃ (Moer., H., Suid.); fut. 2. sg. ἀπο-σκλήσῃ (AP); few act. forms: aor. opt. σκήλειε (Ψ 191), subj. ἐνι-σκήλῃ (Nic. Th. 694), ind. ἔσκειλα (Zonar.)

Derivatives: 1. σκελετός m. `dried up body, mummy, skeleton' (Phryn. Com., Pl. Com. [appositive], Phld., Str. etc.), as attribute `dried up' (Nic. Th. 696), with σκελετ-ώδης `mummy-like' (Luc., Erot.), - εύω ( κατα σκέλλομαι) `to mummify, to dry up, to parch' (Teles, Dsc. a. o.), - εύομαι ( κατα-) `to dry up, to languish' (Ar. Fr. 851, Isoc., Gal. a. o.), to which - εία (- ίη) f. `the drying up, withering' (Gal., Aret.), - ευμα n. `that which has withered' (sch.); - ίζομαι = - εύομαι (H., Zonar.). 2. σκελιφρός `dried up, meagre, slender' (Hp., Erot. [v.l. - εφρός]); cf. σκληφρός, στιφρός (untenable on σκελε-: σκελι- Specht Ursprung 126; s. also below). 3. σκληρός `hard, brittle, harsh, severe' (Hes., also Dor.) with σκληρ-ότης, - ύνω, - υσμα, - υσμός, - όομαι etc. 4. σκληφρός `slender, weak, small, thin' (Pl., Theopomp. Com.; also Arist.); in form and meaning influenced by ἐλα-φρός (cf. below). 5. - σκελής as 2. member referring to the verb after Schwyzer 513 (a noun *σκέλος `drought, emaciation, exhaustion; hardness, brittleness' is in any case not attested): περι-σκελής `very hard, brittle, inflexible' (Hp., S., hell. a. late) with περισκέλεια (- ία) f. `hardness, inflexibility' (Arist., medic., Porph.); κατασκελ-ής (: κατα-σκέλλομαι) `meagre' (of stile), `powerless, brittle' (D. H., Prol.); unclear ἀ-σκελής (Hom., Nic.), as adj. of people in ἀσκελέες καὶ ἄθυμοι (κ 463), approx. `powerless and despondent', elsewhere as adv. - ές, - έως of crying resp. be engry (δ 543; T 68 a. α 68), of suffering (Nic. Th. 278), approx. `incessantly, violently'. As ἀ- can be both privative and copulative and σκέλλομαι, ἔσκληκα refers both to fading away and to growing hard, diff. interpretations are thinkable (not convincing Bechtel Lex. s. v.; s. also above (Frisk) I 163 s. v. ἀσκελής and Bq w. lit.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [927] * skelh₁- `dry (up), wither'

Etymology: From the above survey we find a system ἔσκληκα: σκλῆναι like e.g. τέτλη-κα: τλῆ-ναι; to this the full grade yot-present σκέλλομαι as ἀνα-τέλλω. The aoristforms σκήλειε and ἐνι-σκήλῃ stand therefore for σκειλ- (\< σκελ-σ-), perh. as old analogy to σφήλειε a. o. (cf. Schwyzer 756 w. lit.). Other deviations are ἐσκληῶτες (A. R.), after τεθνηῶτες, ἑστηῶτες (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 3, 311 f.), ἀπο-σκλαίη after τεθναίη, σταίη a. o. Because of Dor. σκληρός, σκελε-τός (cf. ἔ-τλᾱν, τελα-μών) - αι- cannot be old. -- The verb has maintained itself best in the perf. ἔσκληκα, was however elsewhere as the ep. τέρσομαι, τερσαίνω by ξηραίνω, αὑαίνω pushed back and replaced. Of the few derivv. esp. the semant. emancipated σκληρός maintained itself. -- Nearer non-Greek cognates do not exist. From other languages have been adduced: Germ. NHG schal `faint, vapid', LG. also `dry, barren', MEngl. schalowe `faint, tired, shallow' (NEngl. shallow), Swed. skäll `meagre' (of the bottom), `thin, faint' (of food, soup, beer), `sourish' (of milk), PGm. * skala-, -i̯a-; without anl. s-: Latv. kàlss `meagre', kàlstu, kàlst `dry up'; Germ., e.g. LG. hal(l) `dry, meagre', NHG hellig `tired, exhausted (by thirst)', behelligen `tire, vex'; Toch. A kleps-, B klaiks- `dry up, languish' (v. Windekens Orbis 11, 342 f. with direct identification with σκελιφ-ρός, σκληφρός; dif. on this above. On the very doubtful connection of σκελετός with Lat. calidus Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 24. -- Older lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 597.

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δίκαιος, αία, ον (s. δικαιοσύνη; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① pert. to being in accordance with high standards of rectitude, upright, just, fair

ⓐ of humans

α. In Gr-Rom. tradition a δ. pers. is one who upholds the customs and norms of behavior, including esp. public service, that make for a well-ordered, civilized society (Hom, Od. 6, 120f hospitality and fear of God mark an upright pers.; Dem. 3, 21 a δίκαιος πολίτης gives priority to the interest of the state). Such perspective opened a bridge to Greco-Romans for understanding of Jewish/Christian perspectives: e.g. the description of an eccl. overseer (w. σώφρων, ὅσιος) Tit 1:8. Both polytheistic and monotheistic societies closely associated uprightness, with special reference to behavior toward humans (cp. Pla., Rep. 4, 443; Aristot. EN 5, 1, 1129a-1130a), and piety in reference esp. to familial obligations and deity (Augustus enshrined the perspective, taking pride in being awarded a crown for his δικαιοσύνη and εὐσέβεια Res Gestae 34). In keeping with OT tradition, NT writers emphasize a connection between upright conduct and sense of responsibility to God; δ. like צַדִּיק=conforming to the laws of God and people. General definition ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δ. ἐστιν one who does what is right, is righteous 1J 3:7; cp. Rv 22:11.—Ro 5:7. δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται law does not apply to an upright person 1 Ti 1:9. οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος Ro 3:10 (cp. Eccl 7:20); δ. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13; δ. ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 7:1; Job 32:2) Lk 1:6. W. φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν of Cornelius Ac 10:22. W. εὐλαβής (Pla., Pol. 311ab ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δικαιον κ. εὐλαβές) Lk 2:25. W. ἀγαθός (Kaibel 648, 10; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; 9, 132 ἀνὴρ ἀγ. κ. δίκ.; s. ἀγαθός 2aα) 23:50; ἀθῷος (Sus 53) 1 Cl 46:4; ὅσιος (En 103:9) 2 Cl 15:3; ταπεινός B 19:6. (ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον Just., D. 47, 5). Serving God w. a pure heart makes one δ. 2 Cl 11:1. Hence the δίκαιοι=the just, the upright in a specif. Israelite-Christian sense Mt 13:43 (cp. Da 12:3 Theod.) Lk 1:17; 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:16); 1 Cl 22:6 (Ps 33:16); 33:7; 45:3f; 48:3 (Ps 117:20); 2 Cl 6:9; 17:7; 20:3f; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5f); MPol 14:1; 17:1; also of those who only appear upright (cp. Pr 21:2) Mt 23:28; Lk 18:9; 20:20; specifically of Christians Mt 10:41; Ac 14:2 D; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); Hv 1, 4, 2. W. apostles MPol 19:2; cp. 1 Cl 5:2. Esp. of the righteous of the OT: πατέρες δ. 1 Cl 30:7. W. prophets Mt 13:17; 23:29 (perh. teachers: DHill, NTS 11, ’64/65, 296–302). Of Abel (Did., Gen. 181, 10) Mt 23:35 (construction with τοῦ αἵματος deserves consideration: GKilpatrick, BT 16, ’65, 119); Hb 11:4; Enoch 1 Cl 9:3; Lot 2 Pt 2:7f (Noah: Just., D. 20, 1; 138, 1; δίκαιοι καὶ πατριάρχαι ibid. 67, 7); John the Baptist (w. ἅγιος) Mk 6:20; δ. τετελειωμένοι just persons made perfect (i.e., who have died) Hb 12:23. Opp. ἄδικοι (Pr 17:15; 29:27; En 99:3; 100:7) Mt 5:45; Ac 24:15; 1 Pt 3:18; ἁμαρτωλοί (Ps 1:5; En 104:6 and 12; PsSol 2:34) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 15:7; ἁμαρτωλοί and ἀσεβεῖς (Ps 1:5f) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); πονηροί (Pr 11:15) Mt 13:49 (μοχθηροί Tat. 3, 2). W. regard to the Last Judgment, the one who stands the test is δ. righteous Mt 25:37, 46.—Ro 1:17 (s. ζάω 2bβ); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38 (all three Hab 2:4; cp. Larfeld I 494); Ro 5:19. Resurrection of the just Lk 14:14; prayer Js 5:16; cp. 5:6 (1bβ below). Joseph, who is interested in doing the right thing honorable, just, good (Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Diod S 33, 5, 6 ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς κ. δικαίου; Conon [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac.; Galen CMG V/10, 3 p. 33, 13f [XVIII/1 p. 247 K.] ἄνδρες δ.) Mt 1:19 (w. connotation of ‘merciful’ DHill, ET 76, ’65, 133f; s. δικαιοσύνη 3b).

β. of things relating to human beings ἔργα 1J 3:12; αἷμα δ. (Jo 4:19; La 4:13=αἷμα δικαίου Pr 6:17, where αἷ. δίκαιον is a v.l.) blood of an upright, or better, an innocent man Mt 23:35 (s. 1bβ below), and esp. 27:4, where δ. is v.l. for ἀθῷον; AcPl Ha 11, 8; ψυχὴ δ. upright soul (cp. Pr 10:3; s. also GrBar 10:5) 2 Pt 2:8; πνεῦμα δ. upright spirit Hm 5, 2, 7; ἐντολή (w. ἁγία and ἀγαθή) Ro 7:12. κρίσις (Dt 16:18; Is 58:2; 2 Macc 9:18; 3 Macc 2:22; Jos., Ant. 9, 4) J 5:30; 7:24; 8:16 v.l.; 2 Th 1:5; B 20:2. Pl. Rv 16:7; 19:2. φύσει δικαίᾳ by an upright nature IEph 1:1 (Hdb. ad loc.; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 24, 8); ὁδὸς δ. (Vi. Aesopi I G 85 P. of the ‘right way’) 2 Cl 5:7; B 12:4; pl. Rv 15:3.

ⓑ of transcendent beings. Because of their privileged status as authority figures, the idea of fairness or equity is associated w. such entities (for δ. in the sense of ‘equitable’ in a very explicit form s. Strabo 4, 18, 7).

α. God (NRhizos, Καππαδοκικά 1856, p. 113: it is gener. assumed that deities are just or fair, but the attribute is esp. affirmed in an ins fr. Tyana Θεῷ δικαίῳ Μίθρᾳ.—JMordtmann, MAI 10, 1885, 11–14 has several exx. of ὅσιος κ. δίκαιος as adj. applied to gods in west Asia Minor.—δικ. of Isis: PRoussel, Les cultes égypt. à Delos 1916, p. 276.—Oft. in OT; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 11, 55 [w. ἀληθινός]; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 23, 2) just, righteous w. ref. to God’s judgment of people and nations κριτὴς δ. a righteous judge (Ps 7:12; 2 Macc 12:6; PsSol 9:2; cp. the description of Rhadamanthys, Pind., O. 2, 69) 2 Ti 4:8; δ. ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1; cp. 56:5 (Ps 140:5); πατὴρ δ. J 17:25; cp. Ro 3:26; 1J 2:29; cp. 3:7; ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ δ. AcPlCor 2:12. W. ὅσιος (Ps 144:17; Dt 32:4) Rv 16:5. W. πιστός 1J 1:9.

β. of Jesus who, as the ideal of an upright pers. is called simply ὁ δ. the upright one (HDechent, D. ‘Gerechte’, Eine Bezeichnung für d. Messias: StKr 100, 1928, 439–43) Ac 7:52; 22:14; Mt 27:19, cp. 24 v.l.; 1J 2:1; 3:7b; Lk 23:47 (for Gr-Rom. associations in favor of upright, esp. in Lk 23:47 s. Danker, Benefactor ’82, 345f. GKilpatrick, JTS 42, ’41, 34–36, prefers innocent, so also Goodsp., Probs. 90f, but against this interp. s. RHanson, Hermathena 60, ’42, 74–78; RKarris, JBL 105, ’86, 65–74). W. ἅγιος Ac 3:14. On the qu. whether Js 5:6 applies to Jesus, s. KAland, TLZ ’44, 103 and MDibelius, Commentary (Hermeneia), ad loc. (but s. Greeven’s note in this comm. p. 240, 58: ‘perhaps a veiled, melancholy allusion to the death of James’).—Also of angels Hs 6, 3, 2.

② The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice, right, fair, equitable (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 12; Jos., Ant. 15, 376; cp. Strabo 4, 18, 7; s. Larfeld I 494) δ. παρὰ θεῷ it is right in the sight of God 2 Th 1:6. Also δ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 4:19; δ. καὶ ὅσιον it is right and holy 1 Cl 14:1, pl. Phil 4:8; δ. ἐστιν it is right Eph 6:1; w. inf. foll. Phil 1:7; 1 Cl 21:4 (cp. Hyperid. 6, 14; PSI 442, 14 [III B.C.] οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι οὕτως εἶναι; Sir 10:23; 2 Macc 9:12; 4 Macc 6:34); δ. ἡγοῦμαι I consider it right (Diod S 12, 45, 1 δ. ἡγοῦντο) 2 Pt 1:13; τὸ δ. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 97 §409 τὸ δ.=the just cause; Arrian, Anab. 3, 27, 5; Polyb.; IMagnMai; SEG XLI, 625, 5; pap; 2 Macc 4:34; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:25; EpArist; Jos., Bell. 4, 340 Ant. 16, 158; το νῦν δ. Tat. 1, 3) what is right Lk 12:57. τὸ δ. παρέχεσθαι give what is right Col 4:1. ὸ̔ ἐὰν ᾖ δ. δώσω ὑμῖν whatever is right I will give you Mt 20:4 (Diod S 5, 71, 1 τὸ δίκαιον άλλήλοις διδόναι; 8, 25, 4). Abstract for concrete (Philipp. [=Demosth. 12] 23 μετὰ τοῦ δ.; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6 ἄνευ νόμου κ. δικαίου; Ael. Aristid, 46 p. 302 D.) τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν ἔχει uprightness goes the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2. Pl. (Diod S 15, 11, 1; 19, 85, 3; Appian, Samn. 11 §4 al.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 30, 1; Jos., Ant. 19, 288; SibOr 3, 257; Just., A I, 68, 3 δ. ἀξιοῦν; D. 28, 4 φυλάσσει τὰ αἰώνια δ.) δίκαια βουλεύεσθαι have upright thoughts Hv 1, 1, 8 (cp. λαλεῖν Is 59:4; ἐκζητήσεται 1 Macc 7:12; κρίνειν Ar. 15, 4; Just., A II, 15, 5).—B. 1180. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

καλέω impf. ἐκάλουν; fut. καλέσω (LXX; JosAs 17:5; 20:6; Jos., Ant. 11, 266.—W-S. §13, 5; B-D-F §74, 1; Mlt-H. 242); 1 aor. ἐκάλεσα; pf. κέκληκα. Mid.: fut. 3 sg. καλέσεται (Just., D. 43, 5). Pass. 1 fut. κληθῆσομαι (W-S. §15); 2 fut. 3 sg. κεκλήσεται Lev 13:45; Hos 12:1; 1 aor. ἐκλήθην; pf. κέκλημαι (Hom.+).

① to identify by name or attribute, call, call by name, name

ⓐ call (to someone) abs., with naming implied (opp. ὑπακούειν; cp. PHamb 29, 3 [89 A.D.] κληθέντων τινῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπακουσάντων; Just., D. 136, 2 οὔτε καλοῦντος αὐτοῦ ἀνέχεσθε οὔτε λαλοῦντος ἀκούετε) of God ἐκάλουν καὶ οὐχ ὑπηκούσατε 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:24); w. obj. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα καλεῖ κατʼ ὄνομα J 10:3 v.l.

ⓑ call, address as, designate as w. double acc. (Just., D. 3, 5 θεὸν σὺ τί καλεῖς; Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 1) αὐτὸν καλῶμεν κύριον 2 Cl 4:1; cp. Mt 22:43, 45; 23:9 (here the sense supplies the second acc.: you are to call no one your father); Lk 20:44; Ac 14:12; Ro 9:25; Hb 2:11; 1 Pt 1:17 P⁷²; 3:6. A voc. can take the place of the second acc. τί με καλεῖτε κύριε, κύριε; Lk 6:46. Pass. καλεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ῥαββί Mt 23:7. ὑμεῖς μὴ κληθῆτε ῥαββί you are not to have people call you ‘rabbi’ vs. 8; vs. 10. Cp. Lk 22:25; Js 2:23. ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς κληθήσεται Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17 (both Is 56:7). κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).

ⓒ name, provide with a name w. double acc. (Iren. 1, 1, 1 [Harv. I 8, 3]) ἐκάλουν αὐτὸ … Ζαχαρίαν they were for naming him Z. Lk 1:59 (on ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τ. πατρός after his father[’s name] cp. 1 Esdr 5:38; Sir 36:11 and s. Hs 9, 17, 4).—Pass. be given a name, be named (Jos., Ant. 1, 34) κληθήσεται Ἰωάννης his name is to be John Lk 1:60; cp. vs. 62. σὺ κληθήσῃ Κηφᾶς J 1:42. Also of localities Mt 27:8; Ac 1:19; ApcPt Rainer (s. Ἀχερουσία).—Have as a name, be called (Lucian, Jud. Voc. 7 Λυσίμαχος ἐκαλεῖτο; Just., D. 1, 3 Τρύφων…καλοῦμαι; 63, 5 Χριστιανοὶ … καλούμεθα) ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τ. ὀνόματι τούτῳ who bears this name Lk 1:61. Also of localities (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 70 §289; 3, 91 §374; SIG 599, 5 τὸ φρούριον ὸ̔ καλεῖται Κάριον; Just., A I, 59, 6 τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρεβος) πόλις Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ Lk 2:4. Cp. Ac 28:1; Rv 11:8.—Lk, Ac, Rv, GPt add to a pers. or thing the name or surname which he, she, or it bears, by means of the pres. pass. ptc. (cp. SIG 685, 39 νῆσον τὴν καλουμένην Λεύκην; 826e 22; 1063, 5; PPetr II, 45 II, 20; BGU 1000, 6; PCairGoodsp 9, 4; O. Wilck II, 1210, 4). The name: ἀδελφὴ καλουμένη Μαριάμ a sister named Mary Lk 10:39 (PCairMasp 23, 16 τ. ἀδελφὴν καλουμένην Πρόκλαν; TestJob 48:1 ἡ καλουμένη Ἡμέρα). Cp. 19:2; Ac 7:58; Rv 19:11, also 12:9. πόλις καλουμένη Ν. Lk 7:11; cp. 9:10; 19:29; 21:37; 23:33; Ac 1:12; 3:11; 8:10; 9:11; 10:1; 27:8, 14, 16; Rv 1:9; 16:16; GPt 6:24. The surname (2 Macc 10:12 Πτολεμαῖος ὁ καλούμενος Μάκρων; 1 Macc 3:1; Jos., Ant. 13, 367; TestJob 1:1 Ιωβ τοῦ καλουμένου Ιωβαβ): Σίμων ὁ κ. ζηλωτής Simon the Zealot Lk 6:15. Cp. 1:36; 8:2; 22:3 (s. ἐπικαλέω 2); Ac 1:23; 13:1; 15:22 (s. ἐπικαλέω), 37.—The example of the OT (Gen 17:19; 1 Km 1:20; Hos 1:9; 1 Macc 6:17) has influenced the expr. καλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος, w. the name added in the acc. καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν Mt 1:21; GJs 11:3; 14:2. Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14), 25; Lk 1:13, 31. Pass. Lk 2:21; Rv 19:13.

ⓓ Very oft. the emphasis is to be placed less on the fact that names are such and such, than on the fact that the bearers of the name actually are what the name says about them. The pass. be named thus approaches closely the mng. to be, and it must be left to the sensitivity of the interpreter whether this transl. is to be attempted in any individual case (Quint. Smyrn. 14, 434 οὔτʼ ἔτι σεῖο κεκλήσομαι=I do not wish any longer to be yours, i.e. your daughter). Among such pass. are these: Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται he is to be a Nazarene Mt 2:23. υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται 5:9; cp. vs. 19ab. υἱὸς ὑψίστου κληθήσεται (in parallelism w. ἔσται μέγας) Lk 1:32; so GJs 11:3, but without the ref. to greatness; cp. Lk 1:35, 76; 2:23. οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου 15:19, 21. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος 1 Cor 15:9. ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καί ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are 1J 3:1 (sim. Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; cp. Just., D. 123, 9; καλεῖσθαι beside εἶναι as Plut., Demetr. 900 [25, 6]). οἱ κεκλημένοι ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου those who are identified by the Lord’s name i.e. as Christians Hs 8, 1, 1. ἄχρις οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται as long as it is called ‘today’, as long as ‘today’ lasts Hb 3:13 (WLorimer, NTS 12, ’66, 390f, quoting Pla., Phd. 107c).—Here we may also class ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα in (through) Isaac you are to have your descendants Ro 9:7 and Hb 11:18 (Gen 21:12).

② to request the presence of someone at a social gathering, invite (Hom. et al.; pap; 2 Km 13:23; Esth 5:12; ISardRobert 1, ’64, p. 9, lines 1–4) τινά someone εἰς (τοὺς) γάμους to the wedding (Diod S 4, 70, 3; POxy 1487, 1 καλεῖ σε Θέων εἰς τοὺς γάμους) Mt 22:9; Lk 14:8, cp. vs. 10 (Syn. ἐρωτάω; s. three texts, invitations to the κλινή of Sarapis [ZPE 1, ’67, 121–26], two w. ἐ. and one w. καλέω New Docs 1, 5–9; on Luke’s compositional use of the meal context, s. XdeMeeûs, ETL 37, ’61, 847–70; cp. J 2:2; Rv 19:9. Abs. invite τινά someone 1 Cor 10:27 (Diog. L. 7, 184 of Chrysippus: ἐπὶ θυσίαν [sacrificial meal] ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν κληθῆναι); priests to a child’s birthday GJs 6:2. Cp. Lk 7:39; 14:9, 12f, 16. οἱ κεκλημένοι the invited guests (Damox. Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 2, 26 K. in Athen. 3, 59, 102c τ. κεκλημένον; Jos., Ant. 6, 48; 52); Mt 22:3b (οἱ κεκλημένοι εἰς τ. γάμους as Diphilus Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 17, 1), 4, 8; Lk 14:7, 17; cp. vs. 24. ὁ κεκληκώς, the host 14:10 (s. above).—If αὐτοῦ Mk 2:15 refers to Jesus’ home, κ. in vs. 17 registers the double sense of an invitation to dinner and receipt of Messianic benefits, w. Jesus as host (s. AMcNeile, Mt ’57, 118); difft. Lk 5:27–32, s. 4 below. Of a follow-up invitation to guests upon completion of banquet preparations Mt 22:3a (cp. 3b below).

③ to use authority to have a person or group appear, summon

ⓐ call together τινάς people: Workers to be paid Mt 20:8. Slaves to receive orders 25:14; Lk 19:13. Shepherds GJs 4:3. τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν Ἑβραίων for Mary’s diversion 6:1; 7:2. τὰς παρθένους Ox 404 recto, 21 (Hs 113, 5); GJs 10:1. Guests Mt 22:3a (s. 2 end).

ⓑ summon τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 82 §347; 4, 86 §362; 1 Macc 1:6) ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλοῦντες αὐτόν they sent to him to summon him Mk 3:31. Cp. Mt 2:7; 22:3a. Of Joseph ἐκάλεσεν αὐτήν GJs 13:2 (for the context cp. Mt 1:18f). Of God: the Israelites fr. Egypt (as a type of Christ) Mt 2:15.— Call upon (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10; 4 Macc 3:19) Hb 11:8.

ⓒ a legal t.t. call in, summon before a court (oft. pap) τινά someone (Jos., Ant. 14, 169) Ac 4:18; 24:2.—The transition to mng. 4 is well illustrated by Mt 4:21; Mk 1:20; Papias (8), where the summons is also a call to discipleship.

④ From the mngs. ‘summon’ and ‘invite’ there develops the extended sense choose for receipt of a special benefit or experience, call (Paus. 10, 32, 13 οὓς ἂν ἡ ῏Ισις καλέσῃ διʼ ἐνυπνίων; Ael. Aristid. 30, 9 K.=10 p. 116 D.: ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κληθείς) καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ Hb 5:4. τινὰ εἴς τι someone to someth., in the usage of the NT, as well as that of the LXX, of the choice of pers. for salvation: God (much more rarely Christ) calls εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν 1 Th 2:12; εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν 1 Pt 5:10. εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Ti 6:12. εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ to fellowship with his son 1 Cor 1:9. ἐκ σκότους εἰς τὸ αὐτοῦ φῶς from darkness to his light 1 Pt 2:9. ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς 1 Cl 59:2. διὰ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ Gal 1:15. for this God called you through our proclamation, namely to obtain the glory 2 Th 2:14; cp. 1 Th 2:12. καλέσαντι … εἰς τὴν μερίδα τοῦ κλήρους τῶν ἁγίων Col 1:12 v.l. (for ἱκανώσαντι). Without further modification Ro 8:30; 9:24; 1 Cor 7:17f, 20–22, 24; Eph 1:11 v.l.; 2 Cl 9:5; 10:1.—κ. κλήσει ἁγίᾳ call with a holy calling 2 Ti 1:9. ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως ἧς (attraction, instead of ἣν) ἐκλήθητε worthily of the calling by which you were called Eph 4:1 (on the constr. s. W-S. §24, 4b; Rob. 478). Of God: ὁ καλῶν τινά Gal 5:8; 1 Th 5:24. Abs. ὁ καλῶν Ro 9:12. ὁ καλέσας τινά Gal 1:6; 1 Pt 1:15; 2 Pt 1:3. Likew. of Christ ὁ καλέσας τινά 2 Cl 5:1 (Just., A I, 15, 7). Pass. οἱ κεκλημένοι those who are called Hb 9:15. κεκλημένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διʼ αὐτοῦ (=Ἰ. Χρ.) 1 Cl 65:2. οἱ κεκλημένοι ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ (=υἱοῦ τ. θεοῦ) Hs 9, 14, 5. οἱ κληθέντες Hm 4, 3, 4. S. also 1d.—More closely defined: ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ B 14:7 (Is 42:6). ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ (s. ἐλευθερία) Gal 5:13. οὐκ ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ not for impurity, but in consecration 1 Th 4:7. ἐν εἰρήνῃ in peace 1 Cor 7:15. ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν you were called in the one hope that you share in your call Eph 4:4. ἡμεῖς διὰ θελήματος αὐτου (=θεοῦ) ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ κληθέντες 1 Cl 32:4. εἰς εἰρήνην τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐνὶ σώματι Col 3:15. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 2 Cl 9:4. ἐν Ἰσαάκ Hb 11:18 (=Ro 9:7). πόθεν ἐκλήθημεν καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος καὶ εἰς ὸ̔ν τόπον 2 Cl 1:2. εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα for this reason, that 1 Pt 3:9; cp. 2:21. Of Christ: οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς (+ εἰς μετάνοιαν v.l.) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17 (on a prob. double sense in this pass. s. 2); 2 Cl 2:4; cp. vs. 7 (cp. Just., A I, 40, 7 εἰς μετάνοιαν καλεῖ πάντας ὁ θεός); Lk 5:32 (ἐλήλυθα … εἰς μετάνοιαν). Of God: ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς οὐκ ὄντας he called us when we did not exist 2 Cl 1:8. ὁ καλῶν τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα the one who calls into being what does not exist Ro 4:17 (Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 187 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ἐκάλεσεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι; cp. Is 41:4; 48:13).—Of the call to an office by God Hb 5:4.—JHempel, Berufung u. Bekehrung (also GBeer Festschr.) ’35; HWildberger, Jahwes Eigentumsvolk ’60.—B. 1276. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW.

λίαν adv. (Hom. et al. as λίην; as λίαν Pind.+) to a high degree, very (much), exceedingly.

ⓐ used w. verbs: preceding them (EpArist 312; Jos., Vi. 404) λ. ἀντέστη he vehemently opposed 2 Ti 4:15. λ. πρόσεχε be scrupulously on your guard D 6:3. λ. ἐκκέχυμαι ἀγαπῶν ὑμᾶς I pour out my love over you IPhld 5:1. ὅταν … λ. πικρανθῇ when the person becomes very bitter Hm 10, 2, 3; cp. 9:9b; 12, 1, 2; 12, 4, 1; Hs 5, 2, 7; 6, 2, 7; 7:1; 8, 3, 8; 9, 11, 3. Following the verb (Gen 4:5) ἐθυμώθη λ. he became very angry Mt 2:16. θαυμάζειν … λ. 27:14; ἔκλαυσα λ. I wept bitterly Hm 3:3; ἐχάρη λ. he was very glad Lk 23:8; Hs 5, 2, 5; 8, 1, 16; also λ. ἐχάρη 5, 2, 11. In a letter ἐχάρην λ. I was very glad (BGU 632, 10; PGiss 21, 3) 2J 4; 3J 3. ἐλυπήθη λ. (Cain) was filled with grief 1 Cl 4:3 (cp. Gen. 4:5). Strengthened λίαν ἐκ περισσοῦ altogether Mk 6:51.

ⓑ used w. adjs., which

α. serve as attribute (SIG 1102, 12 αἱ λίαν ἄκαιροι δαπάναι): preceding the adj(s).: καὶ γε λ. πιστοὺς κ. ἱσχυρούς also very committed and steadfast Hs 9, 9, 9a; λ. ὑψηλός grown very high Hs 8, 1, 2; λ. εὐειδής very charming AcPl Ha 3, 13. Following the adj.: ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λ. very high Mt 4:8; χαλεποὶ λ. very dangerous 8:28. ἀψινθίου μικρὸν λ. only a little bit Hm 5, 1, 5. πρόβατα πολλὰ λ. very many sheep Hs 6, 1, 6a. ῥάβδον σκληρὰν λ. a very sturdy stick 6, 2, 5. πικρὸν λ. AcPl Ha 4, 20 very fierce.

β. serve as predicate: preceding (Diod S 14, 58, 2 λίαν ὀχυρός; PTebt 315, 18 ὁ ἄνθρωπος λείαν ἐστὶν αὐστηρός; TestJob 13:6 λ. μου χρηστοῦ ὄντος) αἰσχρὰ καὶ λ. αἰσχρά shameful, very shameful 1 Cl 47:6. λ. ἄφρων εἰμί Hm 4, 2, 1; cp. κἂν λ. σύνετος ἦν τις Hs 5, 5, 4. ὤφθη … μοι … λ. πρεσβυτέρα a very elderly woman v 3, 10, 3; cp. m 8, 6; Hs 2:5; 5, 3, 5; 6, 1, 6bc; 6, 2, 3; 8, 1, 17f; 9, 1, 7b; 10a; 9, 2, 4; 9, 3, 1; 9, 6, 8; 9, 9, 2; 7. Following (Gen 1:31; Tob 6:12 S) ἐγένετο λευκὰ λ. Mk 9:3. ὸ̔ν ἀγαπητὸν λ. ἔχετε for whom you have a special affection 1 Pol 7:2. περίλυπος ἤμην λ. I was extremely unhappy Hv 3, 10, 6. ἐντολαὶ … σκληραὶ … σκληραί εἰσι very demanding or severe m 12, 3, 4; (λίθοι) σκληροὶ … λ. εὑρέθησαν turned out to be too hard to dress/shape Hs 9, 8, 6. αὐθάδης εἶ λ. you are very stubborn 5, 4, 2. Cp. 9, 1, 7a; 10b; 9, 9, 4.

ⓒ used w. an adv., following it (Da 11:25) πρωὶ̈ ἔννυχα λ. early in the morning, when it was still quite dark Mk 1:35. Preceding it (2 Macc 11:1; EpArist 230; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 286; 2, 3; Tat. 2, 1; 21, 3; PMich 154, 17 λ. νυκτός) λ. πρωί̈ very early in the morning 16:2. λ. ὀργίλως ἐλάλησεν with vehement anger Hm 12, 4, 1. S. ὑπερλίαν.—DELG. M-M.

μωρός, ά, όν (Trag., X., Pla.+; pap, LXX; TestLevi 7:2; ParJer 9:30; Philo; Ar.; Just.; loanw. in rabb.; on the accent s. B-D-F §13; Mlt-H.) foolish, stupid.

ⓐ of pers. (Simonides of Ceos 48, 6f [Diehl], who uses the word with reference to his opponent, Cleobulus; Diod S 10, 22; Epict. 2, 2, 16; 3, 24, 86; w. ἄνους Hippol. Ref. 6, 34, 8; subst.: Orig., C. Cels. 5, 16, 17; Hippol. Ref. 9, 13, 3) Mt 5:22 (s. c below); (w. τυφλός) 23:17, 19 v.l.; (opp. φρόνιμος) 7:26; 25:2f, 8. The same contrast 1 Cor 4:10, where the apostle ironically compares himself w. the Corinthians. (Opp. σοφός as Lucian, Epigr. 1; Dt 32:6; Sir 21:26) 3:18. W. ἀσύνετος (Sir 21:18) Hv 3, 6, 5; Hs 9, 22, 4. W. ἀσύνετος and other similar predicates 1 Cl 39:1. Of the overly ambitious Hs 8, 7, 4. τὰ μ. τοῦ κόσμου what is considered foolish in the world 1 Cor 1:27 also refers to persons, and can do so since it pertains not to individuals but to a general attribute (B-D-F §138, 1; 263, 4; Rob. 411; Mussies 124).

ⓑ of things (SibOr 3, 226; περὶ τροπολογουμένων καὶ οὐ μωρῶν συγγραμμάτων Orig., C. Cels. 4, 51, 28; Theoph. Ant 2, 12 [p. 130, 14]) ὀξυχολία Hm 5, 2, 4. παράδοσις Mk 7:13 v.l. ζητήσεις 2 Ti 2:23; Tit 3:9. πράγματα Hm 5, 2, 2. τρυφαί m 12, 2, 1. διδαχαί Hs 8, 6, 5. ἀφροσύνη 9, 22, 2. Of the πνεῦμα ἐπίγειον m 11:11.—τὸ μ. τοῦ θεοῦ the foolishness of God (in the judgment of unbelievers) 1 Cor 1:25 (cp. Eur., Hipp. 966 τὸ μ.=‘foolishness’).

ⓒ The mng. of μωρέ Mt 5:22 is disputed. Most scholars take it, as the ancient Syrian versions did, to mean you fool (Pla., Leg. 9, 857d and Socrat., Ep. 14, 6 ὦ μῶρε [as it is accented in Att.]=you fool! Likew. Biogr. p. 179.—Epict. 2, 16, 13; 3, 13, 17 μωρέ; Philo, Cher. 75 ὦ μωρέ), somet. also w. the connotation of an obstinate, godless person (like נָבָל; cp. Dt 32:6; Is 32:6; Sir 50:26). Fr. the time of HPaulus, Comm.² 1804ff I 671 to FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 241, and SFeigin, JNES 2, ’43, 195 it has been held to be a transliteration of מוֹרֵה rebel (Dt 21:18, 20); acc. to KKöhler, ZNW 19, 1920, 91–95 it is simply the Gk. translation of the calque ῥακά; acc. to HPernot, Pages choisies des Évang. 1925, 61, who refers to Mod. Gk., a simple exclamation w. humorous coloring.—RGuelich, ZNW 64, ’73, 39–52; Field, Notes 3–5; Mlt-H. 152f.—B. 1215. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq.

νίκη, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 10:9 C; TestJob 1:3 [proper name]; SibOr 13, 38; EpArist 180; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 186 ὅταν νικήσῃ νίκην; Jos., Ant. 6, 145 al.; Tat. 19, 3) victory, then as abstr. for concr. the means for winning a victory (but cp. also the custom of speaking of the emperor’s νίκη; ‘victoria’ as attribute of the emperor on coinage: Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, ed. Mattingly, I 241, no. 214 [Nero]) 1J 5:4.—B. 1406. DELG. M-M. TW.

παμμεγέθης, ες (πᾶς, μέγεθος ‘greatness’; Pla., X. et al.; Polyb. 5, 59, 4; Lucian, Charon 20; Herm. Wr. 2, 4a; OGI 619, 6; Ps 67:31 Sym.; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 10 [Stone p. 70]; 10 p. 114, 22 [Stone p. 76]; GrBar; Philo De Op. Mundi 134 al.; Jos., Ant. 15, 364) immense ἄστερα παμμεγέθη a prodigious star GJs 21:2 (not pap.). Superl. παμμεγεθέστατος (Suda on Γολιάθης) infinitely great, surpassing τὸ παμμεγεθέστατον κράτος (of God.—π. is a divine attribute also in Aberciusins. 14: ἰχθὺς π.) 1 Cl 33:3. Subst. τὸ παμμέγεθες by far the greatest 33:4 (on κατὰ διάνοιαν here s. διάνοια 3).—DELG s.v. μέγας.

πολυσπλαγχνία, ας, ἡ (s. πολύσπλαγχνος) a very high degree of affection and compassion for someone, sympathy, compassion, mercy (Just., D. 55, 3) as a divine attribute Hv 1, 3, 2; 2, 2, 8; 4, 2, 3; m 9:2.—DELG s.v. σπλήν.

I. πρόσειμι (from εἰμί; Aeschyl., X., Pla.+; ins, pap; Sir 13:24 v.l.; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 61; Just., Tat.; Ath. 1, 4, R. 20 p. 73, 19ff) pres. ptc. fem. dat. προσούσῃ (Just., A I, 7, 5); n. pl. προσόντα (Just.); impf. 3 sg. προσῆν (Tat. 32, 3) to belong to as an addition, belong to, be present with, be an attribute/custom of τινί someone (Nicolaus Com. 1, 41 πάντα πρόσεστί μοι; Herodas 1, 19; Diog. L. 2, 37; Dio, Ep. 2 τὰ προσόντα αὐτῷ) βία οὐ πρόσεστι τῷ θεῷ Dg 7:4.

II. πρόσειμι (from εἶμι; Hom.+; ins, pap; 4 Macc; TestSol 20:2 P; Jos., Bell. 2, 324; Ath. R. 11 p. 60, 15) to make movement towards, approach, come forward MPol 4.

φρόνησις, εως, ἡ (s. φρονέω; Soph., Isocr., Pla. et al.; OGI 332, 25; PSI 280; IDefixWünsch 1, 10 p. 6; LXX; En 98:3; TestSol; TestJob 37:8; 38:1; TestNapht 2:8; Philo, Jos., Just., Ath.)

① the faculty of thoughtful planning, way of thinking, (frame of) mind ἐπιστρέψαι ἀπειθεῖς ἐν φρονήσει (=εἰς φρόνησιν; but with the thought, so that they have the thought B-D-F §218) δικαίων Lk 1:17. W. νοῦς (Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 5) Hs 9, 17, 2ab, 4; 9, 18, 4. διέμειναν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ φρονήσει 9, 29, 2. συγκεράσαι ὑμῶν τὴν φρόνησιν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό Hv 3, 9, 8 (s. συγκεράννυμι 2).

② the ability to understand, understanding, insight, intelligence (Isocr., Pla., Aristot.; OGI loc. cit.; PGM 5, 313; LXX; En 98:3 [w. ἐπιστήμη]; TestJob loc. cit.; EpArist 124; Just., D. 3, 3; Ath., R. 22 p. 75, 22; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 14] as an attribute of God) w. σοφία (Dio Chrys. 42 [59], 1; Synes., Ep. 103 p. 243d; Pr 10:23; 4 Macc 1:18; Philo, Praem. 81; Jos., Ant. 2, 87; 8, 171; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 31, 42) Eph 1:8; (opp.: the eyes alone) Dg 2:1.—DELG s.v. φρήν II 3. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἁγνός, ή, όν (Hom.+) pure, holy, cultic word, orig. an attribute of the divinity and everything belonging to it; cp. ἅζομαι ‘stand in awe of’ DELG s.v. ἅζομαι (Hom. et al.; ἁ. θεαὶ Demeter and Persephone IG 14, 204; SEG VIII, 550, 2 [I B.C.] ῏Ισι, ἁγνή, ἁγία; PUps 8 no. 14 [pre-Christian] τῇ Ἁγνῇ Θεᾷ s. LMoulinier, Le pur et l’impur dans la pensée des Grecs, ’52) then transf. to moral sense (Clem. Al., Strom. defines it 7, 27, 2 πᾶς ἁ. ἐστιν ὁ μηδὲν ἑαυτῷ κακὸν συνειδώς).

ⓐ of pers. (Diog. L. 7, 119: acc. to the Stoics wise people are ἁγνοί, ὅσιοι, δίκαιοι; POxy 41, 29f ἁγνοὶ πιστοὶ σύνδικοι; Sb 4117; PHarr 55, 24 magic formula) of Christ 1J 3:3 (SibOr 3, 49 of the Messiah); of the apostles τῶν ἀγνῶν ἀνδρῶν AcPl Ha 1, 16; σεαυτὸν ἁ. τήρει keep yourself pure (fr. sins) 1 Ti 5:22; ἁ. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 1 Cl 38:2; ἁ. ἐν ἔργοις 48:5.— Innocent (Pla., Leg. 6, 759c ἁ. τοῦ φόνου) συνεστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς ἁγνοὺς εἶναι you have shown that you were innocent 2 Cor 7:11, where τῷ πράγματι is to be connected w. ἁγνούς.—Esp. of women chaste, pure (since Aeschyl., Fgm. 420 [238 N.]; Pla., Leg. 840d; SIG 985, 35; Sb 2481, 1f Ἰουλία ἁγνή; PGM 36, 289) παρθένος (Herodian 1, 11, 4; SIG 797, 20 [37 A.D.]; Aberciusins. 14; 4 Macc 18:7; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 107) 2 Cor 11:2; cp. Tit 2:5.

ⓑ of things ὅσα ἁγνά everything that is pure Phil 4:8; ἔργα ἁ. (Pr 21:8) Hv 3, 8, 7; μερίς (Dt 3:9) 1 Cl 30:1; χεῖρες (Eur., Hipp. 316f, Or. 1604) 1 Cl 29:1; ἁ. ἀναστροφή 1 Pt 3:2. ἀγωγή 1 Cl 48:1. συνείδησις clear conscience (w. ἄμωμος, σεμνός) 1:3; Pol 5:3; ἀγάπη holy love 1 Cl 21:8. Of one’s person (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θυσίας ἁ.): (w. ἀμίαντον) τὸ βάπτισμα ἁ. τηρεῖν keep oneself pure after baptism 2 Cl 6:9. τὴν σάρκα ἁ. τηρεῖν keep the body pure 8:4; 6. Of the wisdom from above Js 3:17.—EWilliger, Hagios 1922.—M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐπιείκεια, ας, ἡ (s. next entry; W-H. ἐπιεικία; cp. Gignac I 297; Mlt-H. 348) the quality of making allowances despite facts that might suggest reason for a different reaction, clemency, gentleness, graciousness, courtesy, indulgence, tolerance (Thu.; Aristot., EN 5, 14; Ps.-Pla., Def. 412b; Polyb. 1, 14, 4; Herodian 5, 1, 6; ins, pap, LXX; En 5:6; Philo, Mos. 1, 198; Jos., Ant. 6, 144; 15, 48) IPhld 1:1. τῇ σῇ ἐ. with your (customary) indulgence Ac 24:4. τῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ by gentleness IEph 10:3. W. πραΰτης (Plut., Pericl. 173 [39, 1], Sertor. 581 [25, 6]; Appian, Basil. 1 §5; Philo, Op. M. 103) 2 Cor 10:1; Dg 7:4; 1 Cl 30:8; w. μακροθυμία 13:1; w. ταπεινοφροσύνη 30:8; 56:1. μετʼ ἐκτενοῦς ἐπιεικείας w. constant forbearance 58:2; 62:2. ἐν πάσῃ ἐ. θεοῦ ζῶντος w. all the courtesy of the living God IPhld 1:2 (ἐ. as attribute of God, Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 19; Wsd 12:18; Bar 2:27; Da 3:42; 2 Macc 2:22; EpArist 192; 207).—AvHarnack, ‘Sanftmut, Huld u. Demut’ in d. alten Kirche: JKaftan Festschr. 1920, 113ff; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 305–8; CSpicq, RB 54, ’47, 333–39; FAgostino, Epieikia 1973, esp. 100–137. S. πραΰτης end.—DELG s.v. ἔοικα. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.