atmosphere

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air, atmosphere, ether, weather.

air, atmosphere, ether, weather.

āēr, āĕris, m. (in Enn. once fem., Gell. 13, 20, 14, as also aêr in Gr., in the earliest per, was fem., Gr. gen. aëros, Stat. Th. 2, 693; Gr. acc. aëra, Cic., Sen., Plin.;

pure Lat. form, āĕrem,

Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 65; Cato ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 10, 184; Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3; plur nom. and acc. āĕres, Vitr. 11; later āĕra, Ven. Fort. Carm 9, 1, 141, dat. āĕribus, Lucr. 4, 289; 5, 643), = aêr, the air, properly the lower atmosphere (in distinction from aether, the upper pure air):

istic est is Juppiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant Aërem, qui ventus est et nubes, imber postea, Atque ex imbre frigus, ventus post fit, aër denuo, Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 9 Vahl.,: terra circumfusa undique est hac animall spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Graecum illud quidem, sed perceptum jam tamen usu a nostris, tritum est enim pro Latino,

Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91:

itaque aër et ignis et aqua et terra primae sunt,

id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

Anaximenes aëra Deum statuit,

id. N. D. 1, 10:

aërem in perniciem vertere,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3 al. —Also in plur.: aëribus binis, Lucr 4, 291: aëres locorum salubres aut pestilentes, Vitr 1, 1 fin. —

Transf.

Poet.: aër summus arboris, the airy summit, for the highest point, Verg. G. 2, 123; cf. Juv. 6, 99.—

Also poet. for a cloud, vapor, mist:

Venus obscuro gradientes aëre sepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411: aëre septus, Val Fl. 5,401—

With limiting adj. = the weather:

crassus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81. fusus et extenuatus, id. N. D. 2, 39 purus et tenuis, id. ib. 2, 16 temperatus, id. Div 2, 42

† aera (dissyl.), ae, f., = aira, a weed among grain; darnel, tare, or cockle, Lolium temulentum, Linn.; Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156.

āēr, āĕris, m. (in Enn. once fem., Gell. 13, 20, 14, as also aêr in Gr., in the earliest per, was fem., Gr. gen. aëros, Stat. Th. 2, 693; Gr. acc. aëra, Cic., Sen., Plin.;

pure Lat. form, āĕrem,

Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 65; Cato ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 10, 184; Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3; plur nom. and acc. āĕres, Vitr. 11; later āĕra, Ven. Fort. Carm 9, 1, 141, dat. āĕribus, Lucr. 4, 289; 5, 643), = aêr, the air, properly the lower atmosphere (in distinction from aether, the upper pure air):

istic est is Juppiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant Aërem, qui ventus est et nubes, imber postea, Atque ex imbre frigus, ventus post fit, aër denuo, Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 9 Vahl.,: terra circumfusa undique est hac animall spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Graecum illud quidem, sed perceptum jam tamen usu a nostris, tritum est enim pro Latino,

Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91:

itaque aër et ignis et aqua et terra primae sunt,

id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

Anaximenes aëra Deum statuit,

id. N. D. 1, 10:

aërem in perniciem vertere,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3 al. —Also in plur.: aëribus binis, Lucr 4, 291: aëres locorum salubres aut pestilentes, Vitr 1, 1 fin. —

Transf.

Poet.: aër summus arboris, the airy summit, for the highest point, Verg. G. 2, 123; cf. Juv. 6, 99.—

Also poet. for a cloud, vapor, mist:

Venus obscuro gradientes aëre sepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411: aëre septus, Val Fl. 5,401—

With limiting adj. = the weather:

crassus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81. fusus et extenuatus, id. N. D. 2, 39 purus et tenuis, id. ib. 2, 16 temperatus, id. Div 2, 42

† aera (dissyl.), ae, f., = aira, a weed among grain; darnel, tare, or cockle, Lolium temulentum, Linn.; Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

cālīgo ( call-), ĭnis, f. [root cal-, cover; cf.: oc-culo, clam, cella], a thick atmosphere, a mist, vapor, fog (mostly poet. or in post-Aug. prose):

suffundere caelum caligine,

Lucr. 6, 479; 6, 461; 6, 92:

(ignis) piceă crassus caligine,

Verg. G. 2, 309; cf. id. A. 9, 36; Liv. 29, 27, 7:

densa caligo occaecaverat diem,

id. 33, 7, 2; cf. Suet. Ner. 19:

fumidam a terră exhalari caliginem,

Plin. 2, 42, 42, § 111:

caligo aestuosa,

Col. 11, 2, 53 (for which, id. 11, 2, 57:

nebulosus aestus): pruinae et caligo,

id. 3, 2, 4; cf. Pall. Febr. 9, 2.—Also in plur.:

inter caligines,

Col. 3, 1, 7.—Hence,

Transf.

(Causa pro effectu.) Darkness, obscurity, gloom (produced by mist, fog, etc.; freq. with tenebrae;

class. in prose and poetry): mi ob oculos caligo obstitit, Plaut Mil. 2, 4, 51: cum altitudo caliginem oculis obfudisset,

i. e. had caused dizziness, Liv. 26, 45, 3:

erat in tantā calligine major usus aurium quam oculorum,

id. 22, 5, 3 Weissenb.: noctem insequentem eadem calligc obtinuit;

sole orto est discussa,

id. 29, 27, 7:

nox terram caligine texit,

Lucr. 6, 853; 5, 649:

caeca noctis,

id. 4, 457:

caecae umbra,

id. 3, 305; cf. Verg. A. 3, 203:

quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras,

Ov. M. 4, 455:

ara obscurā caligine tecta,

Cic. Arat. 194.—With tenebrae, Cic. Agr. 2, 17, 44; Curt. 9, 4, 18; Lampr. Comm. 16.—In later writers also with a gen.:

caligo tenebrarum,

Quint. Decl. 18, 7; cf. Sen. Agam. 472 Heins.;

and inversely: tenebris illunae caliginis impeditus,

App. M. 9, p. 214.—

Trop.

In gen., mental blindness, dulness of perception:

quod videbam equidem, sed quasi per caliginem: praestrinxerat aciem animi D. Bruti salus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 3; so id. Fin. 5, 15, 43: adhuc tamen [p. 270] per caliginem video, Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 8: caecā mentem caligine consitus, * Cat. 64, 207:

Augustus... omnibus omnium gentium viris magnitudine suā inducturus caliginem,

to throw into the shade, Vell. 2, 37, 1. —

Of dark, difficult circumstances, calamity, affliction, gloom:

vide nunc caliginem temporum illorum,

Cic. Planc. 40, 96:

superioris anni,

id. post Red. in Sen. 3, 5:

an qui etesiis, qui per cursum rectum regnum tenere non potuerunt, nunc caecis tenebris et caligine se Alexandriam perventuros arbitrati sunt?

id. Agr. 2, 17, 44:

illa omnis pecunia latuit in illā caligine ac tenebris, quae totam rem publicam tum occuparant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177:

ecce illa tempestas, caligo bonorum, tenebrae rei publicae,

id. Prov. Cons. 18, 43:

tantum caliginis, tantum perturbationis offusum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 16:

quaedam scelerum offusa caligo,

Quint. 9, 3, 47.—

In medic. lang., as a disease of the eyes, dim-sightedness, weakness of the eyes, Cels. 6, 6, n. 32; Plin. 20, 7, 26, § 61; 20, 23, 95, § 254; 25, 13, 92, § 144; 32, 9, 31, § 97; 34, 11, 27, § 114; Scrib. Comp. 179.

cālīgo, āre, v. n. [1. caligo].

To emit vapor or steam, to steam, reek:

amnes aestate vaporatis, hieme frigidis nebulis caligent,

Col. 1, 5, 4:

aram tenui caligans vestiet umbrā,

Cic. Arat. 205 (449); cf.:

omnem quae nunc Mortalis hebetat visus tibi et umida circum Caligat, nubem eripiam,

Verg. A. 2, 606.—

Transf.

To be involved in darkness, to be dark, gloomy:

caligare oculos,

darkness covers the eyes, Lucr. 3, 157; Verg. G. 4, 468; Stat. Th. 1, 95. —

Poet.:

altae caligantesque fenestrae,

dizzy, Juv. 6, 31.—

Trop., of the understanding, to be blind, to be surrounded by darkness, to grope about:

orbatae caligant vela carinae,

Stat. S. 5, 3, 238:

caligare ad pervidendum,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 1, 1:

virtus inhorrescit ad subita, et caligabit, si, etc.,

id. Ep. 57, 4; Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2; Quint. Decl. 18 fin.:

rex caligare alto in solio, nec pondera regni posse pati,

Sil. 14, 88.—Prov.:

caligare in sole,

to grope in broad daylight, Quint. 1, 2, 19.—

In medic. lang., of the eyes, to suffer from weakness, be weak, Cels. 6, 6, 32; Plin. 20, 22, 87, § 239; cf. id. 11, 37, 54, § 147.— Transf., of the person, to be dim-sighted:

caligans Thyestes,

Mart. 10, 4, 1; Scrib. Comp. 184.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

crassus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. kart-, to spin; cf.: crates, cartilago, etc.]; as opp. to flowing, thin, lean, delicate, etc., solid, thick, dense, fat, gross, etc. (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).

Lit.:

semina (opp. liquida),

Lucr. 4, 1259; cf.:

crassius semen,

id. 4, 1244:

corpus,

id. 6, 857:

unguentum,

Hor. A. P. 375:

paludes,

Verg. G. 2, 110:

cruor,

id. A. 5, 469:

aquae,

greatly swollen, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 8:

ager,

Varr. R. R. 1, 24, 1; Cic. Fl. 29, 71; cf.:

terga (agri),

Verg. G. 2, 236:

homo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 26:

turdi,

Mart. 2, 40:

toga,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 15; cf.

filum,

Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 2; Ov. H. 9, 77:

restis,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 38:

digiti crassi tres, as a measure,

Cato, R. R. 40, 4.—

Esp., of the atmosphere, thick, dense, heavy:

aër crassus et concretus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42; cf.:

crassissimus aër,

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

caelum Thebis (opp. tenue Athenis),

id. Fat. 4, 7:

Baeotum in crasso jurares aëre natum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 244; Juv. 10, 50: caligo nubis, Lucr. [p. 478] 6, 461; cf.:

caliginis aër Crassior,

id. 4, 350 al.:

vitrum crassiore visu,

less transparent, Plin. 36, 26, 67, § 196.—

Trop. (rare;

not in Cic.): crassum infortunium,

i. e. a sound beating, Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 53: senes, stupid, dull, Varr. ap. Non. p. 86, 24:

Ofellus Rusticus abnormis sapiens crassāque Minervā,

i. e. dull, stolid, Hor. S. 2, 2, 3; cf.:

crassiore ut vocant Musa,

Quint. 1, 10, 28:

turba,

uncultivated, Mart. 9, 23:

neglegentia,

stupid, clumsy, Dig. 22, 6, 6: crassiora nomina, more rude or barbarous, Mart. 12, 18, 12; cf. Gell. 13, 20, 15.—Hence, adv.: crassē (rare; not in Cic.), thickly.

Lit.:

picare vasa,

Col. 12, 44, 5; cf.

oblinere,

Scrib. Comp. 46.—

Grossly, rudely:

crasse illepideve compositum poëma (the figure taken from a coarse web),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 76.—Of precious stones, not clearly, dimly ( comp.), Plin. 37, 7, 31, § 106; 37, 8, 36, § 114.—Hence of the indistinct understanding of any thing, not clearly, confusedly:

crasse et summatim et obscure intellegere aliquid,

Sen. Ep. 121, 11.

Crassus, i, m., a family name in the gens Licinia. The most distinguished were,

L. Licinius Crassus, a celebrated orator, a contemporary of Cicero, Cic. Brut. 38, 143; id. Off. 1, 30, 108 et saep.; cf. id. Brut. prol. pp. 68-77 Ellendt.—

M. Licinius Crassus, the triumvir.—Hence, Crassĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the triumvir Crassus:

exercitūs clades (in the war with the Parthians),

Vell. 2, 82, 2; cf.:

Crassiana clades,

Plin. 6, 16, 18, § 47; Flor. 4, 9, 7.