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101 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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102 tenacious
tɪˈneɪʃəs прил.
1) крепкий, прочный, сильный, цепкий tenacious grip ≈ цепкая хватка to be tenacious of ≈ цепок держаться за что-л., отстаивать что-л. Syn: strong, firm
2) упорный, настойчивый, упрямый
3) вязкий, липкий, клейкий цепкий - * grip цепкая хватка крепкий, прочный - * memory цепкая память - * of life живучий - * in defence стойкий в защите - to be * of one's opinions стойко отстаивать свои взгляды - to be * of one's rights цепко держаться за свои права настойчивый, упорный, упрямый - * сourage несгибаемое мужество прочный - * alloy прочный сплав - * as the bamboo прочный, как бамбук клейкий, липкий, вязкий - * clay вязкая глина( устаревшее) бездействующий tenacious вязкий, липкий ~ упорный;
tenacious of life живучий ~ цепкий, крепкий;
tenacious memory хорошая память ~ цепкий, крепкий;
tenacious memory хорошая память ~ упорный;
tenacious of life живучийБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > tenacious
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103 В-161
ВО ВЛАСТИ (ПОД ВЛАСТЬЮ) чего PrepP these forms only the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human) (a person is) overcome by sth., fully absorbed in sth. (that elicits a strong emotional response)X во власти Y-a -X is in the power (the grip) of YX is overpowered (gripped, overwhelmed) by Y X is under the spell of Y....Я молчу, я весь во власти необыкновенного ритма и серебряного звука трубы (Казаков 2)....I'm quiet, I'm entirely in the power of that extraordinary rhythm and the silvery sound of the trumpet (2a)....Она опять во власти какой-то навязчивой идеи, смотрит в одну точку с тем же сосредоточенным, напряжённым, упрямым выражением (Рыбаков 2)....She was obviously in the grip of some new obsession, gazing at a single spot with her fixed, tense, stubborn stare (2a).Он сидит ночью один, весь во власти охватившей его душу любви - единственной, неповторимой любви...» (Катаев 3). "Не sits there alone in the night, completely overpowered by the love that has taken possession of his soul, unique, inimitable..." (3a). -
104 Р-241
ДЕРЖАТЬ В ЕЖОВЫХ РУКАВИЦАХ (БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ В ЕЖОВЫЕ РУКАВИЦЫ) кого coll VP subj: human the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WOto keep or assume strict control over s.o., subjugate, oppress s.o.: X держит Y-a в ежовых рукавицах = X keeps a tight rein on YX keeps Y in an iron grip X rules Y with an iron hand (fist, rod) X rules Y with a rod of iron X controls Y with a heavy hand (in limited contexts) X runs a tight ship X holds Y in a mailed fist.По правде сказать, он (Мандельштам) держал меня в ежовых рукавицах, а я побаивалась его, но виду не показывала и все пыталась не то чтобы соскользнуть, но ускользнуть хоть на часок (Мандельштам 2). То tell the truth, he (Mandelstam) kept a very tight rein on me, and indeed I was rather frightened of him, but I did not show it and kept trying not so much to escape as to slip away for an hour or so (2a)Больной Самсонов... подпал... под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал в ежовых рукавицах и в черном теле... (Достоевский 1). The ailing Samsonov... fell... under the strong influence ofhis protegee, whom he had at first kept in an iron grip, on a short leash.. (1a).Руководитель) держал жену в ежовых рукавицах и, путешествуя по джунглям общепита, звонил ей, проверяя, дома ли она (Евтушенко 2)... Не (the leader) ruled (his wife) with an iron hand. As he traveled through the jungles of gastronomy, he telephoned home to make sure she was there (2a).«...Мужики Чичикова пьяницы...» - «Нужно... чтоб он держал их в ежовых рукавицах, гонял бы их за всякий вздор...» (Гоголь 3). ".. Chichikov's serfs are drunkards....""...He should rule them with a rod of iron, punish them for every trifle" (3a)....Он распечатал письмо и стал читать его вполголоса, делая свои замечания... „Теперь о деле... К вам моего повесу"... гм... „держать в ежовых рукавицах"...» (Пушкин 2). "...He broke the seal and started reading the letter under his breath, making comments as he read on....And now, turning to business.. my rascal to your care'., hmm... 'hold him in a mailed fist'" (2a). -
105 во власти
I• В МОЕЙ <твоей и т. п.> ВЛАСТИ < ВОЛЕ>[PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula; fixed WO]=====⇒ (doing sth. is) within s.o.'s ability, authority etc:- Y doesn't have the wherewithal to do X.♦...Если б статья была в своё время опубликована, то не в вашей власти было бы ограждать читателя от знакомства с ней... (Битов 2)....If the article had been published in its own day, you wouldn't be in a position to shield the reader from an acquaintance with it... (2a).2. Also: ВО ВЛАСТИ кого [subj: usu. human or collect]⇒ (a person or thing is) under s.o.'s control completely, (a person is) dependent upon or defenseless against s.o.:- X was in Y's hands.♦ Насмешка Пугачёва возвратила мне бодрость. Я спокойно отвечал, что я нахожусь в его власти и что он волен поступать со мною, как ему будет угодно (Пушкин 2). Pugachev's taunting manner restored my courage. I answered calmly that I was in his power and he was free to deal with me in whatever way he thought fit (2a).♦ "Голова моя в твоей власти: отпустишь меня - спасибо; казнишь - бог тебе судья..." (Пушкин 2). "My life is in your hands: if you let me go, I'll be grateful; if you execute me, God shall be your judge..." (2a).II• ВО ВЛАСТИ < ПОД ВЛАСТЬЮ> чего[PrepP; these forms only; the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]=====⇒ (a person is) overcome by sth., fully absorbed in sth. (that elicits a strong emotional response):- X is overpowered (gripped, overwhelmed) by Y;- X is under the spell of Y.♦...Я молчу, я весь во власти необыкновенного ритма и серебряного звука трубы (Казаков 2)....I'm quiet, I'm entirely in the power of that extraordinary rhythm and the silvery sound of the trumpet (2a).♦...Она опять во власти какой-то навязчивой идеи, смотрит в одну точку с тем же сосредоточенным, напряжённым, упрямым выражением (Рыбаков 2)....She was obviously in the grip of some new obsession, gazing at a single spot with her fixed, tense, stubborn stare (2a).♦ "Он сидит ночью один, весь во власти охватившей его душу любви - единственной, неповторимой любви..." (Катаев 3). "He sits there alone in the night, completely overpowered by the love that has taken possession of his soul, unique, inimitable..." (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > во власти
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106 под властью
• ВО ВЛАСТИ < ПОД ВЛАСТЬЮ> чего[PrepP; these forms only; the resulting PrepP is subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]=====⇒ (a person is) overcome by sth., fully absorbed in sth. (that elicits a strong emotional response):- X is overpowered (gripped, overwhelmed) by Y;- X is under the spell of Y.♦...Я молчу, я весь во власти необыкновенного ритма и серебряного звука трубы (Казаков 2)....I'm quiet, I'm entirely in the power of that extraordinary rhythm and the silvery sound of the trumpet (2a).♦...Она опять во власти какой-то навязчивой идеи, смотрит в одну точку с тем же сосредоточенным, напряжённым, упрямым выражением (Рыбаков 2)....She was obviously in the grip of some new obsession, gazing at a single spot with her fixed, tense, stubborn stare (2a).♦ "Он сидит ночью один, весь во власти охватившей его душу любви - единственной, неповторимой любви..." (Катаев 3). "He sits there alone in the night, completely overpowered by the love that has taken possession of his soul, unique, inimitable..." (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под властью
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107 брать в ежовые рукавицы
• ДЕРЖАТЬ В ЕЖОВЫХ РУКАВИЦАХ <БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ В ЕЖОВЫЕ РУКАВИЦЫ> кого coll[VP; subj: human; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]=====⇒ to keep or assume strict control over s.o., subjugate, oppress s.o.:- X keeps Y in an iron grip;- X rules Y with an iron hand (fist, rod);- X rules Y with a rod of iron;- [in limited contexts] X runs a tight ship;- X holds Y in a mailed fist.♦ По правде сказать, он [Мандельштам] держал меня в ежовых рукавицах, а я побаивалась его, но виду не показывала и все пыталась не то чтобы соскользнуть, но ускользнуть хоть на часок (Мандельштам 2). То tell the truth, he [Mandelstam] kept a very tight rein on me, and indeed I was rather frightened of him, but I did not show it and kept trying not so much to escape as to slip away for an hour or so (2a)♦ Больной Самсонов... подпал... под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал в ежовых рукавицах и в черном теле... (Достоевский 1). The ailing Samsonov... fell... under the strong influence ofhis protegee, whom he had at first kept in an iron grip, on a short leash... (1a).♦ [Руководитель] держал жену в ежовых рукавицах и, путешествуя по джунглям общепита, звонил ей, проверяя, дома ли она (Евтушенко 2)... Не [the leader] ruled [his wife] with an iron hand. As he traveled through the jungles of gastronomy, he telephoned home to make sure she was there (2a).♦ "...Мужики Чичикова пьяницы..." - " Нужно... чтоб он держал их в ежовых рукавицах, гонял бы их за всякий вздор..." (Гоголь 3). ".. Chichikov's serfs are drunkards.He should rule them with a rod of iron, punish them for every trifle" (3a).♦ "...Он распечатал письмо и стал читать его вполголоса, делая свои замечания... "Теперь о деле... К вам моего повесу"... гм... " держать в ежовых рукавицах"..." (Пушкин 2). "...He broke the seal and started reading the letter under his breath, making comments as he read on....And now, turning to business... my rascal to your care'., hmm... 'hold him in a mailed fist"' (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > брать в ежовые рукавицы
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108 взять в ежовые рукавицы
• ДЕРЖАТЬ В ЕЖОВЫХ РУКАВИЦАХ <БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ В ЕЖОВЫЕ РУКАВИЦЫ> кого coll[VP; subj: human; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]=====⇒ to keep or assume strict control over s.o., subjugate, oppress s.o.:- X keeps Y in an iron grip;- X rules Y with an iron hand (fist, rod);- X rules Y with a rod of iron;- [in limited contexts] X runs a tight ship;- X holds Y in a mailed fist.♦ По правде сказать, он [Мандельштам] держал меня в ежовых рукавицах, а я побаивалась его, но виду не показывала и все пыталась не то чтобы соскользнуть, но ускользнуть хоть на часок (Мандельштам 2). То tell the truth, he [Mandelstam] kept a very tight rein on me, and indeed I was rather frightened of him, but I did not show it and kept trying not so much to escape as to slip away for an hour or so (2a)♦ Больной Самсонов... подпал... под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал в ежовых рукавицах и в черном теле... (Достоевский 1). The ailing Samsonov... fell... under the strong influence ofhis protegee, whom he had at first kept in an iron grip, on a short leash... (1a).♦ [Руководитель] держал жену в ежовых рукавицах и, путешествуя по джунглям общепита, звонил ей, проверяя, дома ли она (Евтушенко 2)... Не [the leader] ruled [his wife] with an iron hand. As he traveled through the jungles of gastronomy, he telephoned home to make sure she was there (2a).♦ "...Мужики Чичикова пьяницы..." - " Нужно... чтоб он держал их в ежовых рукавицах, гонял бы их за всякий вздор..." (Гоголь 3). ".. Chichikov's serfs are drunkards.He should rule them with a rod of iron, punish them for every trifle" (3a).♦ "...Он распечатал письмо и стал читать его вполголоса, делая свои замечания... "Теперь о деле... К вам моего повесу"... гм... " держать в ежовых рукавицах"..." (Пушкин 2). "...He broke the seal and started reading the letter under his breath, making comments as he read on....And now, turning to business... my rascal to your care'., hmm... 'hold him in a mailed fist"' (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > взять в ежовые рукавицы
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109 держать в ежовых рукавицах
• ДЕРЖАТЬ В ЕЖОВЫХ РУКАВИЦАХ <БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ В ЕЖОВЫЕ РУКАВИЦЫ> кого coll[VP; subj: human; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]=====⇒ to keep or assume strict control over s.o., subjugate, oppress s.o.:- X keeps Y in an iron grip;- X rules Y with an iron hand (fist, rod);- X rules Y with a rod of iron;- [in limited contexts] X runs a tight ship;- X holds Y in a mailed fist.♦ По правде сказать, он [Мандельштам] держал меня в ежовых рукавицах, а я побаивалась его, но виду не показывала и все пыталась не то чтобы соскользнуть, но ускользнуть хоть на часок (Мандельштам 2). То tell the truth, he [Mandelstam] kept a very tight rein on me, and indeed I was rather frightened of him, but I did not show it and kept trying not so much to escape as to slip away for an hour or so (2a)♦ Больной Самсонов... подпал... под сильное влияние своей протеже, которую сначала было держал в ежовых рукавицах и в черном теле... (Достоевский 1). The ailing Samsonov... fell... under the strong influence ofhis protegee, whom he had at first kept in an iron grip, on a short leash... (1a).♦ [Руководитель] держал жену в ежовых рукавицах и, путешествуя по джунглям общепита, звонил ей, проверяя, дома ли она (Евтушенко 2)... Не [the leader] ruled [his wife] with an iron hand. As he traveled through the jungles of gastronomy, he telephoned home to make sure she was there (2a).♦ "...Мужики Чичикова пьяницы..." - " Нужно... чтоб он держал их в ежовых рукавицах, гонял бы их за всякий вздор..." (Гоголь 3). ".. Chichikov's serfs are drunkards.He should rule them with a rod of iron, punish them for every trifle" (3a).♦ "...Он распечатал письмо и стал читать его вполголоса, делая свои замечания... "Теперь о деле... К вам моего повесу"... гм... "держать в ежовых рукавицах"..." (Пушкин 2). "...He broke the seal and started reading the letter under his breath, making comments as he read on....And now, turning to business... my rascal to your care'., hmm... 'hold him in a mailed fist"' (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > держать в ежовых рукавицах
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110 Bann
m; -(e)s, -e1. HIST. banishment; (Kirchenbann) excommunication; den Bann aussprechen über jemanden, jemanden in den Bann tun, jemanden mit dem Bann belegen banish s.o., outlaw s.o.; kirchlich: excommunicate s.o.; gesellschaftlich: ostracize s.o.; geschäftlich: boycott s.o.; vom Bann gelöst werden have one’s banishment ( oder excommunication) lifted2. fig. (Zauber) charm, spell; unter dem Bann stehen von (einer Person) be ( oder have come) under the spell ( oder sway) of; (Musik etc.) be spellbound by, be under the spell of; (Alkohol etc.) be in the grip of; in jemandes (Akk) Bann geraten come under s.o.’s spell ( oder sway); in den Bann der Musik etc. geraten be enthralled ( oder spellbound) by the music etc.; in den Bann des Alkohols geraten become a slave to alcohol ( oder the demon drink); jemanden in seinen Bann schlagen oder ziehen captivate s.o., spellbind s.o.; jemanden in Bann halten have s.o. spellbound; den Bann brechen break the spell ( oder charm); endlich war der Bann gebrochen the ice had finally been broken* * *der Bannban* * *Bạnn [ban]m -(e)s, -e1) no pl geh = magische Gewalt) spellsie zog or zwang ihn in ihren Bann — she cast her spell over him
2) (HIST = Kirchenbann) excommunicationjdn in den Bann tun, jdn mit dem Bann belegen, den Bann über jdn aussprechen — to excommunicate sb
* * *(a strong influence: He was completely under her spell.) spell* * *<-[e]s>[ban]m1. (geh) spelljdn in \Bann halten (geh) to hold sb in one's spelljdn in seinen \Bann schlagen [o ziehen] to cast a spell over sb2. HIST excommunicationden \Bann über jdn aussprechen to excommunicate sbjdn vom \Bann lösen to absolve sb [from excommunication]jdn in den \Bann tun [o jdn mit dem \Bann belegen] to excommunicate sb* * *der; Bann[e]s1) (kath. Kirche) excommunication2) (fig. geh.) spellin jemandes Bann/im Bann einer Sache (Gen.) stehen — be under somebody's spell/under the spell of something
jemanden in seinen Bann schlagen — cast one's/its spell over somebody
* * *den Bann aussprechen über jemanden, jemanden in den Bann tun, jemanden mit dem Bann belegen banish sb, outlaw sb; kirchlich: excommunicate sb; gesellschaftlich: ostracize sb; geschäftlich: boycott sb;vom Bann gelöst werden have one’s banishment ( oder excommunication) lifted2. fig (Zauber) charm, spell;unter dem Bann stehen von (einer Person) be ( oder have come) under the spell ( oder sway) of; (Musik etc) be spellbound by, be under the spell of; (Alkohol etc) be in the grip of;in jemandes (akk)Bann geraten come under sb’s spell ( oder sway);in den Bann des Alkohols geraten become a slave to alcohol ( oder the demon drink);ziehen captivate sb, spellbind sb;jemanden in Bann halten have sb spellbound;den Bann brechen break the spell ( oder charm);endlich war der Bann gebrochen the ice had finally been broken* * *der; Bann[e]s1) (kath. Kirche) excommunication2) (fig. geh.) spellin jemandes Bann/im Bann einer Sache (Gen.) stehen — be under somebody's spell/under the spell of something
jemanden in seinen Bann schlagen — cast one's/its spell over somebody
* * *nur sing. m.ban n. -
111 rope
1 თოკი, ბაგირი●●a rope of garlic ნივრის ასხმა2 თოკით შეკვრა (შეკრავს)to rope off თოკით გადაღობვა / გადატიხვრაhe extended a rope between two poles ორ ბოძს შორის თოკი გაჭიმა / გააბა -
112 Vice
I noun1) Laster, dasa life/den of vice — ein Lasterleben/eine Lasterhöhle
2) (character or behaviour defect) Fehler, derII noun* * *I noun(a kind of strong tool for holding an object firmly, usually between two metal jaws: The carpenter held the piece of wood in a vice; He has a grip like a vice.) der SchraubstockII noun1) (a serious moral fault: Continual lying is a vice.) die Untugend2) (a bad habit: Smoking is not one of my vices.) das Laster* * *vice1[vaɪs]nmy one real \vice is chocolate ( hum) mein einziges echtes Laster ist Schokolade[vaɪs]* * *I [vaɪs]nLaster nt; (of horse) Unart f, Untugend f, Mucken pl (inf)his main vice is laziness —
II (US)you don't smoke or drink, don't you have any vices? (hum) — Sie rauchen nicht, Sie trinken nicht, haben Sie denn gar kein Laster? (hum)
nSchraubstock mto have/hold sth in a vice-like grip — etw fest umklammern; (between legs, under arm) etw fest einklemmen
* * *V. abk1. Venerable2. Very3. Vice Vize…4. Viscount* * *I noun1) Laster, dasa life/den of vice — ein Lasterleben/eine Lasterhöhle
2) (character or behaviour defect) Fehler, derII noun* * *(tools) n.Schraubstock m.Schraubzwinge f. n.Laster - n. prep.entgegen präp. -
113 vice
I noun1) Laster, dasa life/den of vice — ein Lasterleben/eine Lasterhöhle
2) (character or behaviour defect) Fehler, derII noun* * *I noun(a kind of strong tool for holding an object firmly, usually between two metal jaws: The carpenter held the piece of wood in a vice; He has a grip like a vice.) der SchraubstockII noun1) (a serious moral fault: Continual lying is a vice.) die Untugend2) (a bad habit: Smoking is not one of my vices.) das Laster* * *vice1[vaɪs]nmy one real \vice is chocolate ( hum) mein einziges echtes Laster ist Schokolade[vaɪs]* * *I [vaɪs]nLaster nt; (of horse) Unart f, Untugend f, Mucken pl (inf)his main vice is laziness —
II (US)you don't smoke or drink, don't you have any vices? (hum) — Sie rauchen nicht, Sie trinken nicht, haben Sie denn gar kein Laster? (hum)
nSchraubstock mto have/hold sth in a vice-like grip — etw fest umklammern; (between legs, under arm) etw fest einklemmen
* * *vice1 [vaıs] s1. Laster n:a) Untugend fb) schlechte Angewohnheit2. Lasterhaftigkeit f, Verderbtheit f:4. fig Verirrung f, Auswuchs m5. obs (körperlicher) Fehler, Gebrechen n6. Unart f (eines Pferdes etc)vice2 [vaıs] TECH besonders BrA s Schraubstock mB v/t einspannenvice3 [ˈvaısı] präp anstelle von (oder gen)vice4 [vaıs] s umg Vize m, Stellvertreter m* * *I noun1) Laster, dasa life/den of vice — ein Lasterleben/eine Lasterhöhle
2) (character or behaviour defect) Fehler, derII noun* * *(tools) n.Schraubstock m.Schraubzwinge f. n.Laster - n. prep.entgegen präp. -
114 weaken
1. transitive verbschwächen; beeinträchtigen [Augen]; entkräften, schwächen [Argument]; lockern [Griff]2. intransitive verbbe weakened by stress/too much work — durch Stress/zu viel Arbeit angegriffen werden
[Kraft, Entschlossenheit:] nachlassen* * *verb (to (cause to) become weak, especially in physical strength or character: The patient has weakened; The strain of the last few days has weakened him.) schwächen* * *weak·en[ˈwi:kən]I. vi (become less strong) schwächer werden, nachlassen; (become less resolute) schwachwerden, weich werden; FIN (decline, sink) nachgeben, sich abschwächen akkII. vt▪ to \weaken sb/sth jdn/etw schwächenthey were \weakened by hunger sie waren vom Hunger geschwächtto \weaken an argument ein Argument entkräften* * *['wiːkən] schwächen; influence also, control, suspicion etc verringern; argument also entkräften; walls, foundations angreifen; hold lockernschwächer werden, nachlassen; (person) schwach or weich werden; (foundations) nachgeben; (defence, strength) erlahmen; (dollar) nachlassenhe weakened his grip on my arm — er hielt meinen Arm nicht mehr ganz so fest
* * *A v/t1. jemanden, etwas schwächen2. ein Getränk etc verdünnen3. fig ein Argument etc abschwächen, entkräftenB v/i2. fig nachgeben* * *1. transitive verbschwächen; beeinträchtigen [Augen]; entkräften, schwächen [Argument]; lockern [Griff]2. intransitive verbbe weakened by stress/too much work — durch Stress/zu viel Arbeit angegriffen werden
[Kraft, Entschlossenheit:] nachlassen* * *v.abschwächen v.schwächen v. -
115 firm
Firma f, Unternehmen nt;\firm of lawyers [Rechts]anwaltsbüro nt, [Rechts]anwaltskanzlei f;small \firm kleine Firma;state-owned \firm staatliches Unternehmen1) ( steady) stabil, fest;keep a \firm hold of the railing halten Sie sich am Geländer fest2) ( secure) sicher, robust;3) ( strong) fest, stark;\firm grip fester Griff;to have a \firm grip on sth etw fest in der Hand haben;with a \firm hand mit starker Hand;\firm handshake kräftiger [o fester] Händedruck4) ( strict) entschieden, streng;to be \firm with sb gegenüber jdm bestimmt auftreten;love and a \firm hand are keys to successful childrearing Liebe und Disziplin sind die Grundlagen jeder erfolgreichen Kindererziehung5) ( thorough) zuverlässig, sicher;\firm basis sichere Grundlage;\firm understanding feste Vereinbarung6) ( sure) fest, sicher;we're appealing to the government for a \firm commitment to help the refugees wir fordern die Regierung dazu auf, eine definitive Zusage zur Unterstützung der Flüchtlinge abzugeben;some still claim that there is no \firm evidence linking smoking with cancer manche Leute behaupten noch immer, es gebe keine eindeutige Verknüpfung zwischen Rauchen und Krebs;\firm offer verbindliches Angebot7) ( hard) fest, hart;\firm ground fester Boden8) ( staunch) standhaft, beständig;\firm ally enger Verbündeter/enge Verbündete;\firm friend enger Freund/enge Freundin;( resolute) entschlossen;to be a \firm believer in sth fest an etw akk glauben;\firm in the belief that they could never be caught they didn't bother to hide the clues fest davon überzeugt, niemals gefasst zu werden, kümmerten sie sich nicht darum, die Hinweise zu beseitigen adv fest;to hold \firm standhaft bleiben, nicht nachgeben;to stand \firm eine feste Haltung einnehmen; ( fig) unnachgiebig sein;to stand \firm in sth unerschütterlich bei etw dat bleiben; -
116 fuerte agarre
m.strong hold, grip, clench, good grip. -
117 firm
A n ( business) entreprise f ; electronics/haulage firm entreprise d'électronique/de transports ; small firm petite entreprise f ; taxi firm compagnie f de taxi ; security firm société f de surveillance ; firm of architects cabinet m d'architecte ; law firm cabinet m juridique.B adj1 ( hard) [mattress, fruit, handshake] ferme ; to get a firm grip on sth tenir fermement qch ; to give sth a firm tap/tug taper/tirer qch d'un coup sec ;2 ( steady) [table, ladder] solide ;3 fig ( strong) [foundation, base, basis, grasp, friend] solide ; one must keep a firm grip on the facts il faut bien saisir les faits ; it's my firm belief that je crois fermement que ; the firm favourite le grand favori ;4 ( definite) [offer, commitment, intention, assurance, refusal] ferme ; [date] définitif/-ive ; [evidence] concret/-ète ;5 ( resolute) [person, voice, stand, leadership, purpose, response] ferme (with sb avec qn) ; he needs a firm hand il a besoin qu'on soit ferme avec lui ;6 Fin [pound, dollar, yen, market] ferme.C adv to stand firm tenir bon (against contre) ; to remain ou hold firm [currency] rester ferme (against par rapport à).■ firm up:▶ firm up [sth], firm [sth] up confirmer [arrangement, deal] ; raffermir [muscle, flesh]. -
118 firm
Ⅰ.firm1 [fɜ:m]∎ it's a good firm to work for cette entreprise est un bon employeurⅡ.firm2(a) (solid, hard → flesh, fruit, mattress etc) ferme;∎ on firm ground sur la terre ferme; figurative sur un terrain solide;∎ I'm on firmer ground when it comes to the marketing side je suis plus à mon affaire pour ce qui touche au marketing(b) (stable, secure → basis) solide; (→ foundations) stable; Commerce & Finance (→ currency, market) stable; (→ offer, sale, deal) ferme; (→ contango rates) tendu;∎ these shares remain firm at 370p ces actions se maintiennent à 370 pence;∎ the dollar remained firm against the yen le dollar est resté fort contre le yen(c) (strong → handshake, grip, leadership) ferme;∎ to have a firm hold or grasp or grip of sth tenir qch fermement(d) (unshakeable, definite → belief, evidence, friendship) solide; (→ view, opinion) déterminé, arrêté; (→ intention, voice, agreement, offer) ferme; (→ date) définitif;∎ they are firm friends ce sont de bons amis;∎ he was very firm about this il a été très ferme à ce propos;∎ she gave a firm denial elle a nié fermement;∎ a firm favourite for the Derby/with the crowd un grand favori dans le Derby/auprès de la foule;∎ I am a firm believer in female equality je crois fermement à l'égalité de la femme;∎ to be firm with a child/dog être ferme avec un enfant/chien;∎ he was polite but firm il a été poli mais ferme2 adverb∎ to stand firm on sth ne pas céder sur qch;∎ he stands firm on this issue il a une position bien arrêtée sur le sujet∎ to firm the soil tasser le sol(muscles, prices) se raffermir➲ firm up(make firm → muscles, prices) raffermir;∎ to firm up an agreement régler les derniers détails d'un accord(muscles, prices) se raffermir -
119 fuerza
Del verbo forzar: ( conjugate forzar) \ \
fuerza es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: forzar fuerza
forzar ( conjugate forzar) verbo transitivo 1 ( obligar) to force 2 3 ‹puerta/cerradura› to force
fuerza 1 sustantivo femenino 1 no me siento con fuerzas I don't have the strength; tiene mucha fuerza en los brazos she has very strong arms; agárralo con fuerza hold on to it tightly; empuja con fuerza push hard; le fallaron las fuerzas his strength failed him; recuperar fuerzas to get one's strength back; gritó con todas sus fuerzas she shouted with all her might; fuerza de voluntad willpower 2 ( violencia) force; fuerza bruta brute force 3 (Mil, Pol, Fís) force; las fuerzas armadas the armed forces; las fuerzas de orden público (period) the police; fuerza de gravedad (force of) gravity 4 ( en locs)◊ a la fuerza: a la fuerza tuvo que verme he must have seen me;lo llevaron a la fuerza they dragged him there; comí a la fuerza I forced myself to eat; entraron a la fuerza they forced their way in; a fuerza de by; aprobó a fuerza de estudiar he managed to pass by studying hard; por fuerza: por fuerza tiene que saberlo he must know about it; por la fuerza by force
fuerza 2,◊ fuerzas, etc see forzar
forzar verbo transitivo
1 (obligar por la fuerza) to force: la forzaron a casarse, she was forced to get married
2 (un motor, una situación) to force
3 (una cerradura) to force, break open
4 (violar a alguien) to rape
fuerza sustantivo femenino
1 Fís force
2 (vigor físico) strength
3 (violencia física) force
sin usar la fuerza, without violence (obligación, autoridad) force
fuerza mayor, force majeure
4 (garra, ímpetu) grip
5 (grupo de tropas) force
las Fuerzas Armadas, the Armed Forces Locuciones: figurado a fuerza de, by dint of
a la fuerza, (por obligación) of necessity (con violencia) by force
por fuerza, of necessity ' fuerza' also found in these entries: Spanish: aflojar - agarrar - ánimo - boca - camisa - cerrarse - débil - decaer - declinar - demostración - descafeinada - descafeinado - enfriar - estrujar - fenomenal - flaquear - forzar - fuerte - garra - gravedad - impulso - incapaz - me - menos - motor - motriz - poder - remolque - renegar - resistencia - reunir - sonora - sonoro - tirar - Titán - toro - voluntad - alarde - apretar - arrollador - bloque - capitán - ceder - chaleco - comunicar - fortificar - maña - siniestro - someter - vigor English: act - apply - arm - blow over - bluster - bodily - bolster - brawn - burn - constraint - decrease - deterrent - display - draw - driving force - drum - dynamic - force - forcible - forcibly - G-force - gain - gale - gather - grit - hard - hp - hustle - jam - jam in - juggernaut - might - motive - muscle - necessarily - peacekeeping - plonk - power - pull - punch - ram - rule out - sanction - sap - shall - shoot out - shoot up - show - spent - straitjacket -
120 deep
1. n глубь, глубина2. n углубление, впадина; глубокое место3. n абиссальные глубины4. n поэт. море, океан; пучина5. n книжн. бездна, пропасть6. n поэт. ритор. непостижимое, вечная тайна7. n мор. расстояние между двумя отметками лотлиня8. n горн. уклон, наклонная выработка9. a глубокий10. a имеющий определённую глубину, глубиной в11. a широкий; имеющий большую толщину12. a находящийся на большой глубине, глубинный13. a покрытый толстым слоем, находящийся подlanes deep in snow — дорожки, засыпанные толстым слоем снега
14. a находящийся или расположенный в глубине, далеко отa house deep in the valley — домик, стоящий глубоко в долине
15. a погружённый, увлечённый, поглощённый16. a сильный, крепкийdeep in the chest — широкогрудый, с широкой грудью
to be deep in debt — сильно задолжать, быть кругом в долгу
17. a серьёзный, глубокий, фундаментальный, основательный18. a сложный; непостижимый; таинственный19. a сложный; глубинный20. a интенсивный; сильный, глубокийdeep plough — плуг для глубокой пахоты, плантажный плуг
21. a полный, совершенный, абсолютный22. a глубоко укоренившийся; заядлый, завзятый23. a тяжёлый; серьёзный; мучительный24. a насыщенный, тёмный, густой25. a низкий, полный, грудного тембраa deep, resonant voice — низкий, звучный голос
26. a разг. хитрый, ловкий27. a мед. подкожный28. a психол. подсознательный29. a как компонент сложных слов30. a стоящий в столько-то рядов31. a погрузившийся на столько-то32. adv глубоко; в глубинеdeep pocket theory — «доктрина глубокого кармана»
33. adv на большом удаленииdeep in the mountains — высоко в горах;
34. adv до момента наиболее полного проявления35. adv очень, весьма; сильно, многоСинонимический ряд:1. bass (adj.) bass; low pitched; low toned; low-pitched; resonant; sonorous2. bottomless (adj.) bottomless; immeasurable3. buried (adj.) buried; deep-seated; inmost4. difficult (adj.) abstract; acute; difficult; incisive; rich5. intensive (adj.) abstruse; abysmal; blood-and-guts; complex; hard; intensive; profound6. intent (adj.) absorbed; consumed; engaged; engrossed; immersed; intent; preoccupied; rapt; wrapped; wrapped up7. involved (adj.) absorbing; earnest; extreme; fast; great; heartfelt; intimate; involved8. low (adj.) below; beneath; low; subterranean9. recondite (adj.) acroamatic; esoteric; heavy; hermetic; occult; orphic; recondite; secret10. serious (adj.) grave; grievous; serious11. sly (adj.) crafty; foxy; guileful; insidious; sly; subdolous; subtle; tricky; vulpine; wily12. strong (adj.) deep-felt; intense; strong13. wise (adj.) artful; astute; bright; cunning; designing; discerning; intelligent; penetrating; wise14. ocean (noun) abyss; blue; brine; drink; main; ocean; river; seaАнтонимический ряд:familiar; flighty; frivolous; high; ignorant; shallow; simple; superficial
См. также в других словарях:
strong´ness — strong «strng, strong», adjective, strong|er«STRNG guhr, STRONG »,strong|est«STRNG guhst, STRONG », adverb. –adj. 1. a) having much force or power: »strong arms, a strong army. A strong man can lift heavy things. A strong wind blew down the trees … Useful english dictionary
strong´ly — strong «strng, strong», adjective, strong|er«STRNG guhr, STRONG »,strong|est«STRNG guhst, STRONG », adverb. –adj. 1. a) having much force or power: »strong arms, a strong army. A strong man can lift heavy things. A strong wind blew down the trees … Useful english dictionary
strong — [strôŋ] adj. [ME < OE strang, akin to ON strangr, strong, severe, Ger streng, severe < IE base * strenk , *streng , tense, taut > STRING, Gr strangos, twisted, L stringere, to draw taut] 1. a) physically powerful; having great muscular… … English World dictionary
grip — grip1 [grıp] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(firm hold)¦ 2¦(power)¦ 3¦(understanding)¦ 4 come/get to grips with something 5 lose your grip 6 get/take a grip on yourself 7 Get a grip 8 be in the grip of something 9¦(stop something slipping)¦ 10¦(for hair)¦ … Dictionary of contemporary English
grip — grip1 [ grıp ] noun ** ▸ 1 firm strong hold ▸ 2 power/control ▸ 3 part of object for holding ▸ 4 someone who moves cameras ▸ 5 small bag for traveling ▸ 6 for holding hair ▸ + PHRASES 1. ) singular a firm strong hold: Marguerite took my hand in a … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
grip */*/ — I UK [ɡrɪp] / US noun Word forms grip : singular grip plural grips 1) a) [singular] a firm strong hold Marguerite took my hand in a surprisingly strong grip. tighten your grip: Pete tightened his grip on her arm. release/loosen your grip: She… … English dictionary
grip — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 hold on sth ADJECTIVE ▪ firm, good, secure, solid (esp. AmE), strong, tight ▪ crushing, death … Collocations dictionary
grip — [[t]grɪp[/t]] n. v. gripped, grip•ping 1) the act of grasping; a seizing and holding fast; firm grasp 2) the power of gripping: to have a strong grip[/ex] 3) a grasp, hold, or control: in the grip of fear; Get a grip on yourself[/ex] 4) mental or … From formal English to slang
grip — gripless, adj. /grip/, n., v., gripped or gript, gripping. n. 1. the act of grasping; a seizing and holding fast; firm grasp. 2. the power of gripping: He has a strong grip. 3. a grasp, hold, or control. 4. mental or intellectual hold: to have a… … Universalium
Grip strength — is the force applied by the hand to pull on or suspend from objects and is a specific part of hand strength. Optimum sized objects permit the hand to wrap around a cylindrical shape with a diameter from one to three inches. Stair rails are an… … Wikipedia
grip — grip1 [grip] n. [ME gripe < OE gripa, a clutch, handful < base of grīpan: see GRIPE] 1. the act of taking firmly and holding fast with the hand, teeth, an instrument, etc.; secure grasp; firm hold 2. the manner in which this is done 3. any… … English World dictionary