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1 Chepstow
Чепстоу (Великобритания, Англия) -
2 Caird, Sir James
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 2 January 1864 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 27 September 1954 Wimbledon, London, England[br]Scottish shipowner and shipbuilder.[br]James Caird was educated at Glasgow Academy. While the connections are difficult to unravel, it is clear he was related to the Cairds of Greenock, whose shipyard on the Clyde built countless liners for the P \& O Company, and to the Caird family who were munificent benefactors of Dundee and the Church of Scotland.In 1878 Caird joined a firm of East India Merchants in Glasgow, but later went to London. In 1890 he entered the service of Turnbull, Martin \& Co., managers of the Scottish Shire Line of Steamers; he quickly rose to become Manager, and by 1903 he was the sole partner and owner. In this role his business skill became apparent, as he pioneered (along with the Houlder and Federal Lines) refrigerated shipping connections between the United Kingdom and Australia and New Zealand. In 1917 he sold his shipping interests to Messrs Cayzer Irvine, managers of the Clan Line.During the First World War, Caird set up a new shipyard on the River Wye at Chepstow in Wales. Registered in April 1916, the Standard Shipbuilding and Engineering Company took over an existing shipbuilder in an area not threatened by enemy attacks. The purpose of the yard was rapid building of standardized merchant ships during a period when heavy losses were being sustained because of German U-boat attacks. Caird was appointed Chairman, a post he held until the yard came under full government control later in the war. The shipyard did not meet the high expectations of the time, but it did pioneer standard shipbuilding which was later successful in the USA, the UK and Japan.Caird's greatest work may have been the service he gave to the councils which helped form the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He used all his endeavours to ensure the successful launch of the world's greatest maritime museum; he persuaded friends to donate, the Government to transfer artefacts and records, and he gave of his wealth to purchase works of art for the nation. Prior to his death he endowed the Museum with £1.25 million, a massive sum for the 1930s, and this (the Caird Fund) is administered to this day by the Trustees of Greenwich.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1928 (with the title Sir James Caird of Glenfarquhar).Further ReadingFrank C.Bowen, 1950, "The Chepstow Yards and a costly venture in government shipbuilding", Shipbuilding and Shipping Record (14 December).FMW -
3 extension
ɪksˈtenʃən сущ.
1) а) удлинение, растягивание, вытягивание Syn: lengthening б) протяжение, протяженность (в частности, как философская категория) Matter has extension. ≈ Материя имеет свойство протяженности. в) мед. выпрямление;
вытягивание, вытяжка (при переломах) extension apparatus г) шаг максимальной величины, который способна сделать лошадь при данном аллюре д) жесты: вытянутая рука, высунутый язык
2) а) расширение, распространение;
предел распространения Showing the former extension of the Esquimaux race to the higher north. ≈ Показывая, как далеко на север распространялась эскимосская колонизация. б) надставка, удлинитель extension table в) пристройка A dining-room extension. ≈ Пристройка к столовой. Syn: annex, addition г) ж.-д. ветка By subsequent acts, an extension from Chepstow to Grange Court was authorised. ≈ Рядом последовательных постановлений была разрешено дотянуть ветку от Чепстоу до Грейндж Корт. д) комп. расширение (трехбуквенное сокращение, указывающее тип файла, тип данный, содержащийся в файле)
3) телефония а) параллельный телефон (подключенный к тому же номеру, но к другой розетке) б) отводная трубка в) добавочный номер в коммутаторе, внутренней АТС и т.п.
4) воен. размыкание строя
5) а) отсрочка, продление to grant an extension ≈ дать отсрочку to ask for extension, to request extension ≈ просить об отсрочке to get, receive an extension ≈ получить отсрочку Syn: prolongation б) юр. разрешение продавать алкогольные напитки до более позднего времени, чем разрешено обычно ∙ extension of time
6) графа "итого" в таблицах, счетах и т.п.
7) юр. подача протеста ∙ extension bag вытягивание;
протягивание;
натягивание протяжение;
протяженность (геология) простирание( пласта) расширение;
удлинение;
растяжение, увеличение - * of a railway удлинение линии железной дороги - tools are *s of the human hands орудия - это продолжение рук человека распространение, расширение - * of useful knowledge расширение практических знаний - the * of influence рост влияния - the * of competence распространение компетенции (на что-л.) - a greater * of liberty расширение границ свободы - by * расширительно, в расширительном смысле - by * the word has come to mean... расширительно это стало означать... продление, удлинение (срока) ;
отсрочка, пролонгация - I want an * until... я прошу отсрочки до... пристройка;
надставка - * bag складной чемодан - * table раздвижной стол - a table with side *s стол с двумя откидными досками - a house with two *s дом с двумя пристройками - an * for an electric-light cord удлинитель электропровода дополнение;
приложение - * of remarks (американизм) приложение к речи в конгрессе (печатается как часть протокола) (техническое) надставка;
выступ курсы при колледже (в т.ч. вечерние и заочные) - University E. курсы при университете предоставление( кредита, помощи) оказание (услуги, гостеприимства и т. п.) телефонный отвод;
отводная трубка добавочный номер - E. 23 добавочный 23 (о телефоне) (железнодорожное) ветка (медицина) выпрямление;
вытяжение - * apparatus( медицина) приспособление для вытяжения (логика) объем понятия( военное) (спортивное) размыкание;
расчленение( специальное) детализация agricultural ~ service служба пропаганды сельскохозяйственных знаний и внедрения достижений code ~ вчт. расширение кода credit ~ предоставление кредита data set ~ вчт. расширение набора данных extension ж.-д. ветка ~ "всего на сумму" ~ мед. выпрямление;
вытяжение ~ вытягивание ~ добавление ~ добавочный номер ~ дополнительный телефон (с тем же номером) ;
отводная трубка;
добавочный номер (в коммутаторе) ~ курсы при колледже ~ тех. наставка, удлинитель ~ общая стоимость ~ отсрочка;
продление ~ отсрочка ~ предоставление кредита ~ пристройка ~ продление, пролонгация ~ продление ~ пролонгация ~ протяжение;
протяженность ~ воен. размыкание (строя) ~ распространение ~ расширение, распространение;
удлинение;
продолжение, развитие;
to put an extension to one's house сделать пристройку к дому ~ вчт. расширение ~ расширение ~ содействие развитию ~ телефонный отвод ~ увеличение ~ attr.: ~ table раздвижной стол;
extension apparatus мед. приспособление (в ортопедии) для вытяжения ~ attr.: ~ table раздвижной стол;
extension apparatus мед. приспособление (в ортопедии) для вытяжения ~ of a term of office продление срока пребывания в должности ~ of credit предоставление кредита ~ of invoice выставление счета ~ of judgment вынесение приговора ~ of jurisdiction of court расширение юрисдикции суда ~ of tenancy продление срока аренды ~ of the loan period продление срока погашения ссуды ~ of time продление срока ~ of time for payment продление срока платежа ~ of time limit продление предельного срока ~ attr.: ~ table раздвижной стол;
extension apparatus мед. приспособление (в ортопедии) для вытяжения file name ~ вчт. расширение имени файла filename ~ вчт. расширение имени файла industrial ~ распространение информации среди промышленников;
усилия по привлечению внимания руководителей предприятий к техническим новинкам line ~ расширение ассортимента ~ расширение, распространение;
удлинение;
продолжение, развитие;
to put an extension to one's house сделать пристройку к дому rebuilding and ~ реконструкция и расширение the son was an ~ of his father сын был весь в отца University Extension популярные лекции;
заочные курсы;
практические занятия, организуемые университетом для лиц, не являющихся студентами with no ~ вчт. без расширенияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > extension
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4 extension
сущ.1)а) общ. удлинение, вытягивание; наращиваниеSee:б) эк. углубление, внедрениеSee:2)а) общ. надставка, пристройкаA dining-room extension. — Пристройка к столовой.
б) трансп. веткав) комп. расширение (трехбуквенное сокращение, указывающее тип файла)3) связьб) добавочный номер в коммутаторе внутренней АТС.4)а) общ. отсрочка, продлениеSyn:See:б) юр. (разрешение продавать алкогольные напитки до более позднего времени, чем разрешено обычно)5) учет общая стоимость, итого, всего на сумму (графа в таблицах, счетах и т. п., отражающая итоговую сумму, результат умножения количества на цену единицы продукции)See:extend 7)6) юр. подача протеста
* * *
1) продление, отсрочка, пролонгирование; 2) расширение, увеличение; 3) предоставление (кредита, помощи).* * *. Добровольное соглашение на реструктуризацию задолженности компании, в рамках которого дата погашения переносится на более поздний срок . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *продление; пролонгация-----Финансы/Кредит/Валютапродление срока действия соглашения (договора, займа, ссуды и т. д.) см. prolongation -
5 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
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6 Rastrick, John Urpeth
[br]b. 26 January 1780 Morpeth, Englandd. 1 November 1856 Chertsey, England[br]English engineer whose career spanned the formative years of steam railways, from constructing some of the earliest locomotives to building great trunk lines.[br]John Urpeth Rastrick, son of an engineer, was initially articled to his father and then moved to Ketley Ironworks, Shropshire, c. 1801. In 1808 he entered into a partnership with John Hazledine at Bridgnorth, Shropshire: Hazledine and Rastrick built many steam engines to the designs of Richard Trevithick, including the demonstration locomotive Catch-Me-Who-Can. The firm also built iron bridges, notably the bridge over the River Wye at Chepstow in 1815–16.Between 1822 and 1826 the Stratford \& Moreton Railway was built under Rastrick's direction. Malleable iron rails were laid, in one of the first instances of their use. They were supplied by James Foster of Stourbridge, with whom Rastrick went into partnership after the death of Hazledine. In 1825 Rastrick was one of a team of engineers sent by the committee of the proposed Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) to carry out trials of locomotives built by George Stephenson on the Killingworth Waggonway. Early in 1829 the directors of the L \& MR, which was by then under construction, sent Rastrick and James Walker to inspect railways in North East England and report on the relative merits of steam locomotives and fixed engines with cable haulage. They reported, rather hesitantly, in favour of the latter, particularly the reciprocal system of Benjamin Thompson. In consequence the Rainhill Trials, at which Rastrick was one of the judges, were held that October. In 1829 Rastrick constructed the Shutt End colliery railway in Worcestershire, for which Foster and Rastrick built the locomotive Agenoria; this survives in the National Railway Museum. Three similar locomotives were built to the order of Horatio Allen for export to the USA.From then until he retired in 1847 Rastrick found ample employment surveying railways, appearing as a witness before Parliamentary committees, and supervising construction. Principally, he surveyed the southern part of the Grand Junction Railway, which was built for the most part by Joseph Locke, and the line from Manchester to Crewe which was eventually built as the Manchester \& Birmingham Railway. The London \& Brighton Railway (Croydon to Brighton) was his great achievement: built under Rastrick's supervision between 1836 and 1840, it included three long tunnels and the magnificent Ouse Viaduct. In 1845 he was Engineer to the Gravesend \& Rochester Railway, the track of which was laid through the Thames \& Medway Canal's Strood Tunnel, partly on the towpath and partly on a continuous staging over the water.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1837.Bibliography1829, with Walker, Report…on the Comparative Merits of Locomotive and Fixed Engines, Liverpool.Further ReadingC.F.Dendy Marshall, 1953, A History of Railway Locomotives Down to the End of the Year 1831, The Locomotive Publishing Co.R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.C.Hadfield and J.Norris, 1962, Waterways to Stratford, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (covers Stratford and Moreton Railway).See also: Stephenson, RobertPJGR
См. также в других словарях:
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Chepstow — (Tschepsto), engl. Stadt unweit Bristol, mit 5200 E., Hafen, lebhaftem Handel mit Eisen, Steinkohlen, Mühlsteinen und Bauholz … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
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