1112

ἱερᾱκ-ίσκος, ὁ, Dim. of ἱέραξ, Ar.Av. 1112.

ὀξύς [(A)], ύδος, ἡ,

A wood sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella, Plin.HN27.112.

2 = ὀξύσχοινος, great sea-rush, Juncus acutus, ib.21.113.

3 = ὀξαλίς, sorrel, Rumex acetosa, Gal.11.667.

------------------------------------

ὀξύς [(B)], εῖα, ύ, [dialect] Ion. fem.

A

ὀξέα Hdt.9.23

, al., v.l. in Hp.Mul.1.64, al. (in codd. freq. ὀξέη, and so Babr.73.1 metri gr.): ὀξεῖα, poet. for neut. pl. ὀξέα, Hes.Sc. 348 :—sharp, keen, whether of a point or an edge, in Hom. and Hes. mostly of weapons or anything made of metal,

ἄκων Il.10.335

, al.;

ἄορ 21.173

, Hes.Sc. 457 ;

βέλος Il.4.185

, etc.; also of non-metallic substances,

λᾶας 16.739

;

μοχλός Od.9.382

;

σκόλοπες Il. 12.56

,64 ; ὀξεῖα κορυφή, of a mountain-peak, Od.12.74 ; so

πάγοι ὀξέες 5.411

; λίθος ὀξὺς πεποιημένος sharpened so as to serve as a knife, Hdt. 7.69, cf. 3.8 ; κυρβασίας ἐς ὀξὺ ἀπηγμένας brought to a point, Id.7.64 ;

ὄρεα ἐς ὀ. τὰς κορυφὰς ἀ. Id.2.28

; τὸ ὀ. the apex of a triangle, ib.16 ; of the heart, Arist.Resp. 478b5 ;

τὸ ὀ. τοῦ ᾠοῦ Id.GA 752b8

; ὀ. γωνία an acute angle, Id.Top. 107a16, al., Euc.1 Def.12, Archim. Spir.16 ;

Χρόνος ὀξὺς ὀδόντας Simon.176

; ἡ ὀξεῖα, name of a surgical instrument, Hermes 38.282, Heliod. ap. Orib.44.23.59 ; but also, a pointed splinter of bone, ib.46.20.5.

II in reference to the senses,

1 of feeling, sharp, keen,

ὀδύναι Il.11.268

; ὀ. ἠέλιος the piercing sun, h.Ap. 374 ; ὀξειᾶν ἀκτίνων πατήρ, i.e. the Sun, Pi.O.7.70 ;

Σείριος ὀξὺς ἐλλάμπων Archil.61

;

πῦρ ὀ. Anaxipp.1.12

; so

χιὼν ὀξεῖα Pi.P.1.20

; so also of grief and the like ,

ἄχος Il.19.125

;

μελεδῶναι Od.19.517

: and generally, sharp, severe,

μάχη ὀξέα.. γίνεται

keenly contested,

Hdt.9.23

;

ὀ. πυρετός Hp.VM16

([comp] Sup.);

[ἡ νόσος] ὀξεῖα φοιτᾷ καὶ ταχεῖ' ἀπέρχεται S.Ph. 808

; νόσοι, μανίαι, Pi.O.8.85, N.11.48 ([comp] Comp.), cf. Hp.Acut.tit., Archig. ap. Gal.9.887 ;

πάθαι Pi.P.3.97

;

ἐπιμομφά Id.O.10(11).9

, etc.

2 of the sight,

ὀξύτατον ὄμμα Id.N.10.62

;

ὄψις.. ὀξυτάτη τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος.. αἰσθήσεων Pl.Phdr. 250d

: freq. in neut. as Adv., ὀξύτατον δέρκεσθαι to be keenest of sight, Il.17.675 ;

ὀξύτατα καθορᾶν Pl.R. 516c

; so ὀξὺ νοεῖν notice a thing sharply, Il.3.374 ;

ὀξὺ προϊδεῖν Od.5.393

;

ὀξύτερον βλέπει Ar.Pl. 1048

, Lys. 1202 (lyr.): prov.,

ὀξύτερον τοῦ Λυγκέως βλέπειν Id.Pl. 210

, cf. Macar.Prov.6.41 ; also ὀξὺ ἄκουσεν heard with sharp ear, Il.17.256, cf. Pl.Lg. 927b ; ὀξεῖαν ἀκοὴν.. λόγοις διδούς keen attention, S.El. 30.

b of things that affect the sight, dazzling, bright,

αὐγὴ Ἠελίου Il.17.372

;

[Ἠελίου] ὀξύτατον πέλεται φάος εἰσοράασθαι 14.345

: hence of colours, Ar. Pax 1173 (v.

φοινικίς 2

) ;

αἱ ὀξεῖαι χροιαί Arist. Phgn. 806b4

;

πορφύρα Plu.Cat.Mi.6

, PHolm.20.36 ;

[ἐσθὴς] ὀξυτέρα καὶ τηλαυγεστέρα Ael.NA4.46

.

3 of sound, shrill, piercing,

ἀϋτή Il.15.313

;

ὀξὺ βοήσας 17.89

;

ὀξὺ δὲ κωκύσασα 18.71

;

ὀξὺ λεληκώς 22.141

;

ὀξέα κεκληγώς 17.88

, etc.; of whinnying horses,

ὀξεῖα χρέμισαν Hes.Sc. 348

; of young pigs,

ὀξὺ κεκράγατε Ar.Ach. 804

; of the scream of birds of prey,

ὀξέα κλάζων S.Ant. 112

(anap.) ; of metals,

ἰάχεσκε σάκος ὀξέα καὶ λιγέως Hes.Sc. 233

; also of the wail of the nightingale (cf. ὀξύφωνος),

ὄρνιθος ὀ. φθόγγον S.Ant. 424

; so ἐπηλάλαξαν τὸν ὀ. νόμον shrieked their shrill song, A.Th. 952 (lyr.) ; ὀξὺ μέλος, of the grasshopper, Ar.Av. 1095 (lyr.).

b of musical tones, in a technical sense, high-pitched, opp.

βαρύς, φθόγγοι Pl.Ti. 80a

, X. Cyn.6.20 ;

ὀξυτάτη χορδή Pl.Phdr. 268d

;

φωνὴ ὀξεῖα, βαρεῖα, μέση Arist.Rh. 1403b29

;

τῷ ὀξεῖ ἐν φωνῇ μὲν ἐναντίον τὸ βαρύ, ἐν ὄγκῳ δὲ τὸ ἀμβλύ Id.Top. 106a13

.

c in Music, δι' ὀξειῶν ([dialect] Dor. - ᾶν) interval of a fifth, Philol.6, Arist.Pr. 920a24.

d ἡ ὀξεῖα (sc. προσῳδία ) the acute accent, D.T.630.1, A.D.Pron.35.10, al.; τὸν τόνον φυλάσσειν ὀ. ib.60.1 ;

ὀ. συλλαβή Pl.Cra. 399b

;

ὀ. στοιχεῖον S.E.M.1.113

.

4 of taste, sharp, pungent, acid,

φακῆ X.Cyr.6.2.31

;

ὄξος Diph.18.1

;

οἶνος Alex. 141.12

;

ἐξ ὀξέος καὶ ἁλμυροῦ ξυνθεὶς ζύμωμα Pl.Ti. 74c

.

5 of smell, Arist.de An. 421a30 ;

ὀξύτατον ὄζειν τινός Ar.Ach. 193

.

III metaph., of the inner sense, sharp, keen, hasty, esp. quick to anger, passionate, epith. of Ares, Il.2.440,al. ;

μένος ὀξύ h.Hom.8.14

;

καρδίη ὀξυτέρη Thgn.366

;

θυμὸς ὀ. S.OC 1193

;

νέος καὶ ὀ. Pl.Grg. 463e

;

οἱ ἀκρόχολοι ὀξεῖς Arist.EN 1126a18

: so in ὀξύ-θυμος, -κάρδιος, -χολος.

2 sharp, quick,

δεινοὶ καὶ ὀξεῖς Pl.Ap. 39b

: c. inf.,

ἐπινοῆσαι ὀ. Th.1.70

;

γνῶναι.. ὀξύτατοι τὰ ῥηθέντα D.3.15

; also

εἰς πάντα τὰ μαθήματα ὀξεῖς Pl.R. 526b

;

τὰς ἐνθυμήσεις ὀξύς Luc.Salt. 81

.

IV of motion, quick, swift, post-Hom.,

ὀξυτάτους ἵππους Hdt. 5.9

(v.l. ὠκυτάτους) ;

ἱερακίσκος Ar.Av. 1112

;

ὀξυτέρῳ χαλινῷ S.Ant. 108

(lyr.) ; of a report,

ὀξεῖα βάξις διῆλθ' Ἀχαιούς Id.Aj. 998

; ὀξεῖαν ἐκβάλλει ῥοήν, of a dying man, Id.Ant. 1238, cf. A.Ag. 1389 ; of a flame, fierce, Thphr.HP5.9.3 ;

ᾄξας ὀξὺς νότος ὥς S.Aj. 258

(anap.) ; τὸ εὔψυχον.. ὀξεῖς ἐνδείκνυνται are quick in displaying, Th.4.126 ; opp. βραδύς, Id.8.96 ; opp. ῥάθυμος, Arist.EE 1240a2 ; opp. ἡσύχιος, Id.EN 1116a9 ;

ὀ. παράγγελμα Onos.10.2

; ὀ. καιρός an urgent crisis, Id.6.1, al.; ὁ ὀ. δρόμος the express post, POxy.900.7 (iv A. D.), 2115.6 (iv A. D.) ;

ὀξεῖς οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν ἐκχέαι αἷμα Ep.Rom.3.15

: esp. in Adv. (v. infr.).

V regul. Adv. ὀξέως quickly, soon, βοηθεῖν, μεταχειρίσαι, Th.6.10,12, etc.; sharply, ὁρᾶν, αἰσθάνεσθαι, Pl.R. 567b, Phdr. 263c ; poet.

ὀξείως Epigr.Gr.986.3

([place name] Philae): [comp] Comp.

ὀξυτέρως Hp. Epid.3.17

.β' ; ὀξυτέρως ἀποθῄνσκειν ib.1.2 ; but,

2 neut. ὀξύ and pl. ὀξέα as Adv., v. supr. 11.2,3 : [comp] Comp.

ὀξύτερον Th.2.8

, Pl.Tht. 190a : [comp] Sup.

ὀξύτατον Il.17.675

, Pl.Lg. 741d ; or

ὀξύτατα Id.R. 401e

, al. (Cf. ὀξίνα, ὄκρις.)

ὑβρίζω, Od.18.381, etc., [dialect] Dor. [suff] ὑᾰλ-ίσδω Theoc. 14.9: [tense] fut. [dialect] Att.

A

- ιῶ D. 21.221

, ([etym.] ἐν-) prob. in Ar.Th. 720 (- ίσεις cod. R): [tense] aor.

ὕβρισα Hdt. 6.87

, S.Aj. 560, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὕβρικα Ar.Lys. 400

, D.21.128: [tense] plpf.

ὑβρίκειν Id.3.14

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

ὑβριοῦμαι Ar.Ec. 666

(anap.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

ὑβρισθήσομαι D.21.222

: [tense] aor.

ὑβρίσθην S.Aj. 367

, Pl.Lg. 885a: [tense] pf.

ὕβρισμαι E.Cyc. 665

, etc.: ([etym.] ὕβρις):—wax wanton, run riot, in the use of superior strength or power, or in sensual indulgence,

ὑβρίζοντες ὑπερφιάλως δοκέουσι δαίνυσθαι κατὰ δῶμα Od.1.227

;

ὑβρίζοντες ἀτάσθαλα μηχανόωνται 3.207

, 17.588;

ἀλλὰ μάλ' ὑβρίζεις 18.381

;

ὁππότ' ἀνὴρ ἄδικος καὶ ἀτάσθαλος.. ὑβρίζῃ πλούτῳ κεκορημένος Thgn. 751

;

ἐνταῦθα νῦν ὕβριζε A.Pr.82

, cf. S.Ant. 480, etc.; esp. of lust, X.Mem.2.1.30; opp. σωφρονεῖν, Id.Cyr.8.1.30, Antipho 4.4.2.

2 of over-fed asses, neigh or bray and prance about,

ὑβρίζοντες οἱ ὄνοι ἐτάρασσον τὴν ἵππον Hdt.4.129

; of horses, X.Cyr.7.5.62; of elephants, Ael.NA10.10.

3 of plants, run riot, grow rank and luxuriant, Thphr.HP2.7.6, CP3.15.4.

4 metaph., of a river that swept away and drowned a horse, Hdt.1.189; so γῆ ὕβριστο had been carried away by river-floods, Emp.(?) 154.

II trans., ὑ. τινά treat him despitefully, outrage, insult, maltreat, ἡμέας ὑβρίζοντες ἀτάσθαλα μηχανόωντο (v. infr. 2) Il.11.695;

ὑ. τοὺς ὑβρίζοντας χρεών A.Pr. 970

;

ὑ. γυναῖκα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ And.4.15

; με, ἐμέ, S.Ant. 840 (lyr.), Lys.1.4;

τὰς νήσους Isoc.8.99

: more freq. (esp. in Prose) ὑ. εἴς τινα (s) commit an outrage upon or towards him (them), E.Ph. 620 (troch.), Hipp. 1073, Ar.Pl. 899; ὑ. εἰς (dub. l.)

τοὺς θεούς Id.Nu. 1506

;

εἰς σὲ καὶ τὴν σὴν γυναῖκα Lys.1.16

;

εἰς τὰς πατρίδας Isoc.4.111

;

εἰς ταύτην τὴν παροιμίαν Pl.Smp. 174b

(acc. to Luc.Sol.10, ὑ. τινά was to do one a personal injury, ὑ, εἴς τινα to injure that which belongs to one; but the distinction was not observed): also

ὑ. ἐν κακοῖσιν A.Ag. 1612

, cf. S.Aj. 1151.

2 freq. c. acc. cogn.,

ὑ. ὕβριν A.Supp. 880

(lyr.);

ὕβρεις E.Ba. 247

;

ὕβριν ἐς ἡμᾶς ὑ. Id.IA 961

, cf. Heracl.18;

ὕ. ὑβρίζεις ἐπὶ θανοῦσι τοῖς ἐμοῖς Id.HF 708

;

ὕβρεις ἃς κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν ὕβριζεν D.22.68

: with neut. Adj., ὑ. τάδε commit these outrages, Hdt.3.118;

ὑ. τἄλλα Ar.Lys. 400

;

ὅσα περὶ θεοὺς ὑ. τις Pl.Lg. 885b

, cf. 761e: and with other Nouns,

τῶν ἀδικημάτων.., τῶν ἐς Ἀθηναίους ὕβρισαν Hdt.6.87

(so prob. θεοὶ τεισαίατο λώβην, ἣν οἵδ' ὑβρίζοντες ἀτάσθαλα μηχανόωνται (v. supr. 11.1) Od. 20.170): and c. dupl. acc.,

τοιαῦτα ὑ. τινά S.El. 613

;

τίνος δέ σ' οὕνεχ' ὕβρισ' Αἴγισθος τάδε; E.El. 266

, cf. Pl.Smp. 222a, X.An.6.4.2, Cyr.5.2.28:—[voice] Pass.,

ὕβριν ὑβρισθείς E.Ba. 1297

, cf. D.23.121;

τάλαιν' ἐγὼ τῆς ὕβρεος ἧς ὑβρίζομαι Ar.Pl. 1044

;

ὧν δ' εἰς τὸ σῶμα ὑβρίσθαι φημί D.21.25

.

3 in legal sense, commit a physical outrage on one (cf.

ὕβρις 11.2

,3), Lys.14.26, 24.18,Fr.44, D.21.6 ([voice] Pass.), etc.; so later,

ἐμὲ δέ, ἐὰν δύνῃ, καὶ ὕβριζε καὶ ἄπαγε PCair.Zen.454.9

(iii B. C.), cf. PEnteux.79.7, al. (iii B. C.);

γυναῖκες καὶ παῖδες ὑβρίζονται Th.8.74

;

ὑβρισθῆναι βίᾳ Pl.Lg. 874c

; τὰς γνάθους ὑβρισμένη mauled on the cheeks, Ar.Th. 903; ὑβριζομένους ἀποθανεῖν to die of ill-treatment, X. An.3.1.13; ὑβρίσθαι to be mutilated, of eunuchs, Id.Cyr.5.4.35: of acts,

τὰ ὑβρισμένα

outrages,

Lys.3.7

.

4 [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., of things, arrogant, ostentatious,

σημεῖ' ἔχων ὑβρισμένα E.Ph. 1112

;

στολὴ οὐδέν τι ὑβρισμένη X.Cyr.2.4.5

.

ὑπ-έρχομαι, [tense] aor. ὑπῆλθον, [dialect] Ep. -ήλυθον, the only tense used by Hom. (in both forms); [dialect] Dor.subj.

A

ὑπένθῃ Berl.Sitzb.1927.158

([place name] Cyrene); [tense] pf.

ὑπελήλυθε Men.498

:—go or come under, get under, c. acc.,

ὑπήλυθε θάμνους Od.5.476

;

ὑπήλθετε δῶμ' Ἀΐδαο 12.21

;

ἐπεί κε μέλαθρον ὑπέλθῃ 18.150

, cf. Berl.Sitzb. l.c.;

ὄφρ' ἂν γᾶν ὑπέλθῃ A.Eu. 339

(lyr.); [

ἡ μήτρα] ὅλη [τὴν κύστιν] ὑπελήλυθεν Sor.1.7

: with a Prep., ὑπὸ τὴν φορὰν τοῦ ἀκοντίου come within its range, Antipho 3.2.5;

εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ ἀκοντίου Id.3.4.5

; ὑπὸ τὸ βέλος ibid.: rarely c. dat., τοῖς στενοῖς enter (come under the mountains), Plu.Comp.Per.Fab.2.

II of involuntary feelings, come upon, steal over one, c. acc.,

Τρῶας δὲ τρόμος αἰνὸς ὑπήλυθε γυῖα Il.7.215

, 20.44;

φρίκης αὐτὸν ὑπελθούσης Hdt.6.134

;

ὥς μ' ὑπῆλθέ τις φόβος S.Ph. 1231

, cf. El. 1112; θαῦμά τοί μ' ὑπέρχεται ib. 928; ὥσθ' ἵμερός μ' ὑπῆλθε .. E.Med.57, cf. Philem.79.1;

οὐ γάρ τις οἶκτος σῆς μ' ὑ. φυγῆς E.Hipp. 1089

; ἐς δ' ἄκραν δεῖμ' ὑπῆλθε κρατὸς φόβαν, of fear causing the hair to stand up, S.OC 1465 (lyr.);

ἐκ ποδῶν δ' ἄνω ὑ. σπαραγμὸς εἰς ἄκρον κάρα A.Fr. 169

;

ὑπελήλυθέν τέ μου νάρκα τις ὅλον τὸ δέρμα Men.498

.

III of persons, creep or insinuate oneself into another's good graces, fawn upon,

εἶδες οἷ' ὑπέρχεται ἡμᾶς; Ar.Eq. 269

(troch.);

οἱ κριταὶ ὑ. Ἀλκιβιάδην And.4.21

; ὑ. τὰς ἀρχάς, τοὺς πολεμίους, X.Lac.8.2, Ath.2.14;

ὑ. πάντας ἀνθρώπους καὶ δουλεύων Pl.Cri. 53e

;

ὑ. καὶ θεραπεύειν D.23.8

;

ὑ. δώροις καὶ κολακείαις Plu.Luc.6

.

2 entrap, beguile,

λάθρᾳ μ' ὑπελθών S.OT 386

;

οἷ αὖ μ' ὑπῆλθες Id.Ph. 1007

;

δόλῳ μ' ὑπῆλθες E.Andr. 435

, cf. Supp. 138, IA67;

τὸν ἄνδρα ποικίλως ὑ. ἐν λόγοισιν Ar.Eq. 459

.

IV c. acc. rei, seek by base arts,

τυραννίδα Plu. Dio7

;

φιλίαν D.Chr.74.5

.

V advance slowly, of an army, X.An.5.2.30; cf.

ὑπάγω A. 111

.

VI recede, give way,

ὑπελθόντος τοῦ ἀέρος Arist.Cael. 295a22

(s. v.l.).

VII of excrements, pass, Gal.18(2).147, Orib.Eup.1.9.10; ὑπέρχεται ῥᾳδίως, of laxative food, Gal.6.629; also of semen,

καθεύδοντι ὑπέρχεται Ruf.

ap. Orib.6.38.29.

VIII undertake, assume, ὑπελθεῖν τοὔνομα καὶ τὸ ἔργον assume the title and the duty, Lib.Or.49.5.

ὑποδύω, [full] ὑποδύνω,

A put on under,

κιθῶνας ὑποδύνειν τοῖσι εἵμασι Hdt.1.155

.

2 metaph., κίνδυνον ὑποδύνειν undergo danger, Id.3.69;

ταῦτα ὑποδύνειν Id.7.10

.θ.

3 intr., slip in under,

ὑποδύνουσι ὑπὸ τοὺς πίλους Id.4.75

: c. acc., slip into, insinuate oneself into,

ὑπέδυνε τῶν Ἰώνων τὴν ἡγεμονίην Id.6.2

;

τὸ δὶς παῖδες οἱ γέροντες ὑποδῦνον αὐτοὺς νύττει Phld.Lib.p.64

O.: v. infr. 11.1d.

4 slip from under,

ἧττον ἂν ὑποδύοι ὁ ἵππος X.Eq.8.7

(the only place in which [tense] pres. [voice] Act. ὑποδύω is found).

II mostly in [voice] Med. [full] ὑποδύομαι, [tense] fut.

- δύσομαι Od.20.53

, Arr.Fr. 126 J.: [tense] aor. 1 -εδυσάμην, [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

- εδύσετο Od.4.570

(tm.): also [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Act. -έδυν, [tense] pf. - δέδῡκα:—go or get under or down into, c. acc., ὑποδῦσα θαλάσσης κόλπον having plunged into.., Od. 4.435, cf. 570 (tm.), Il.18.145 (tm.);

ὑ. ὑπὸ τὴν ζεύγλην Hdt.1.31

;

ὑπὸ τὴν φοινικίδα Ar.Pl. 735

;

- δεδυκότος τοῦ ἄρθρου εἰς χωρίον Hp.Art. 10

;

ὑ. ὑπὸ τῶν κεραμίδων

creep under,

Ar.V. 205

; φέρει τιν' ὑποδεδυκότα underneath it, like Odysseus under the ram of Polyphemus, ib. 182;

ὑπὸ παντὶ λίθῳ σκορπίος ὑποδύεται Scol.23

;

εἰς τὴν θάλατταν Luc. Herm.71

: c. dat.,

ὑ. τῇ πέλτῃ Id.DMort.27.3

.

b put one's feet under a shoe, put on,

ἀνύσας ὑπόδῡθι τὰς Λακωνικάς Ar.V. 1158

; ὑποδύσασθαι.. δυσμενῆ καττύματα ib. 1159; ὑποδυσάμενος ib. 1168 (but in these places Scal. restored ὑποδοῦ (ὑ. δ' ἀνύσας τι Van Leeuwen), ὑποδήσασθαι, -δησάμενος, cf.

ὑποδέω 111.1

).

c metaph., put on a character (because the actor's face was put under a mask), ἡ κολακευτικὴ.., ὑποδῦσα ὑπὸ ἕκαστον τῶν μορίων, προσποιεῖται εἶναι τοῦθ' ὅπερ ὑπέδυ pretends to be the character which it puts on, Pl.Grg. 464c;

οἱ σοφισταὶ ταὐτὸν ὑποδύονται σχῆμα τῷ φιλοσόφῳ Arist.Metaph. 1004b18

;

ὑποδύεται ὑπὸ τὸ σχῆμα τὸ τῆς πολιτικῆς ἡ ῥητορική Id.Rh. 1356a27

;

τὴν ἡδονὴν ὑποδύεται τὸ βλάπτον Ath.Med.

ap. Orib. inc.23.25; also ὑ. τὸν Δία, τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, Luc.Pisc.33: c. dat.,

προγόνων ἀρεταῖς Plu.Arat.1

, cf. Gal.Thras.36; for ὀνόματι ὑ. συμμάχων in D.H.15.7, ὄνομα is prob. cj.

d metaph., insinuate oneself into favour with,

τὸν δῆμον Plu.Cat.Mi.32

, cf. 57: abs., creep,

θαύματα καὶ τότε ὑπεδύετο Pl.Lg. 967b

: v. supr. 1.3.

2 c. gen., come from under, come forth from,

θάμνων ὑπεδύσετο Od.6.127

: metaph.,

κακῶν ὑποδύσεαι 20.53

.

3 go under so as to bear, bear on one's shoulders,

τὸν μὲν ἔπειθ' ὑποδύντε Il.8.332

, 13.421.

b metaph., undergo labour or toil, take it on oneself, c. acc.,

ὑπέδυσαν τὸν πόλεμον Hdt.4.120

, cf. supr. 1.2; πόνον, κίνδυνον, X.Cyr.1.5.12, etc.;

τὸν Ἀριστοφάνην

tackle,

Luc.Ind.27

; ὑ. αἰτίαν make oneself subject to.., D. 23.12.

c c. inf., submit, undertake,

ὑποδύεσθαι διδάσκειν X.Oec.14.3

.

4 of feelings, steal into or over (cf. ὑφέρπω)

, τίς μ' ὑποδύεται πλευρὰς ὀδύνα; A.Eu. 842

(lyr.): rarely c. dat., πᾶσιν δ' ὑπέδυ γόος sorrow stole upon all, Od.10.398;

ἀλλά μοι ἄσκοπα κρυπτά τ' ἔπη.. ὑπέδυ S.Ph. 1112

(lyr.);

ὑποδύεται.. ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὁρμή Luc.Anach.37

: abs., of diseases, X.Eq.4.2.

5 abs., slip or slink away, D.25.28.

6 submit to, τισι Arr.Parth.Fr.87 Roos;

ὑποδύσεται τοῖς ἐκ Ῥωμαίων.. ἀξιουμένοις Id.Fr. 126

J.: also c. acc.,

ὑπέδυσαν τὰ ἐπαγγελλόμενα Id.Fr.3

J.; μηκέτι τὸ εἱμαρμένον ἢ παρὸν δυσχερᾶναι ἢ μέλλον ὑποδύεσθαι (sic cod. P) M.Ant.2.2 (vv. ll. ἀπο-, ἀνα-: ὑπιδέσθαι cj. Wilamowitz).

7 abs., ὀφθαλμοὶ ὑποδεδυκότες sunken, hollow eyes, Luc. Tim.17, Hippiatr.34.

ὦ and [full] ὤ, an exclamation, expressing surprise, joy, or pain,

A O! oh! with nom.,

ὢ τάλας ἐγώ S.Aj. 981

, etc.;

ὢ ἔβενος, ὢ χρυσός Theoc.15.123

: also c. gen.,

ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας Luc.Pisc.5

; with interrog.,

ὤ, τί λέγεις; Pl.Prt. 309d

; in the middle of a sentence, E.Hipp. 362 (lyr.), al.

II with voc., a mode of address, whether at the beginning of a sentence or in a parenthesis,

ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ Il.1.74

, etc., esp. in dialogue and Oratt., ἐβουλόμην, ὦ ἄνδρες, τὴν δύναμιν κτλ. Antipho.5.1; in invocations of the gods,

ὦ Ζεῦ τε καὶ Γῆ καὶ πολισσοῦχοι θεοί A.Th.69

, etc.; with imper.,

ὦ χαῖρε Id.Ag.22

, S.Aj. 91; ὦ πρὸς θεῶν ὕπεικε ib. 371, cf. D.21.98: sts. following the Verb, E.Tr. 335 (lyr.); in different number from the voc.,

προσέλθετ', ὦ παῖ, πατρί S.OC 1104

, cf. 1112, Sch.Ar.Pl.66.

2 with nom. instead of voc., ὦ δῐος αἰθήρ, ὦ φίλος, A.Pr.88, 545;

ὦ γενναῖος Pl. Phdr. 227c

;

ὦ οὗτος Αἴας S.Aj.89

;

ὦ οὗτος οὗτος Οἰδίπους Id.OC 1627

; also οὗτος, ὦ σέ τοι (sc. καλῶ) Ar.Av. 274.

3 with both together,

φίλος ὦ Μενέλαε Il.4.189

;

ὦ τλάμων πάτερ S.Aj. 641

(lyr., τλᾶμον codd. rec., edd.).

4 with the latter of two nouns,

Ἀγάμεμνον, ὦ Μενέλαε Id.Ph. 794

.—In the first sense usu. written ὤ, in the second ὦ :

[τὸ ὢ] ἡνίκα θαυμαστικὸν λαμβάνεται βαρύνεται, καὶ χωρεῐ εἰς ἐπιρρηματικὴν σύνταξιν, οἷον ὢ Ἡρακλῆς EM79.13

: Thom.Mag. p.408R. prescribes ὢ with the gen., but ὦ with the voc., e.g. ὦ Ἡράκλεις, where the whole expression, and not merely the ὤ ([etym.] ὦ, ) expresses surprise (but A.D.Adv.127.24 seems to imply ὦ in both senses); ὤ as an exclam. is found in forms like ὤ μοι, ὤ μοι ἐγώ, ὢ πρὸς τῶν θεῶν D. l. c.: but ὦ πόποι δυσὶ τόνοις χρῆται Hdn.Gr.1.503, so that ὢ πόποι is improbable, cf. Theognost.Can. 158 (as emended by Lehrs Aristarch.3p.119); ᾤμοι and ὤμοι are both recognized by EM822.33, cf. Lex.Mess.p.413;

ωιμ' Sapph.Supp.23.4

; in E., when it stands in the middle of a sentence, it shd. be written ὤ, Hipp. 362, al.: sts. doubled,

ὢ ὢ κακά A.Ag. 1214

;

ἰὼ ὢ ὤ S.OC 224

(v.l. ὣ ὣ ὣ); written ὼ ώ in Pap. of S.Ichn.61; tripled,

ὢ ὢ ὤ A.Pers. 985

(lyr., prob.). To those who (like D.T.640.11, cf. Sch. D.T.p.257H. ) took ὦ for the voc. of the Art. ὁ, A.D.Synt.45.22-53 replies at length.

ῥαίω, poet. subj.

A

ῥαίῃσι Od.5.221

: [tense] fut. ῥαίσω ([etym.] διαρ-) 2.49; [dialect] Ep. inf. ῥαισέμεναι (v.l. ῥαίσεσθαι) 8.569: [tense] aor. ἔρραισα, subj.

ῥαίσῃ 23.235

:— [voice] Pass., [tense] fut. (in med. form) ῥαίσομαι ([etym.] διαρ-) Il.24.355: [tense] aor.

ἐρραίσθην 16.339

:—break, shiver, shatter, ῥ. νῆα wreck a ship, Od.8.569, 13.151, 23.235; ῥ. τινά cause one to suffer shipwreck, 5.221:—in [voice] Pass., ῥαιόμενος suffering shipwreck, 6.326;

νηῦς ῥαισθεῖσα A.R.2.1112

; also φάσγανον ἐρραίσθη it was shivered, Il.16.339; τῷ κέ οἵ ἐγκέφαλός γε διὰ σπέος.. ῥαίοιτο πρὸς οὔδεϊ his brain would be dashed on the ground throughout the cavern, Od.9.459; so αἰὼν δι' ὀστέων ἐρραίσθη the marrow spurted through the bones, Pi.Fr. 111.

II generally, destroy, A.R.1.617:—[voice] Pass., to be broken down, crushed by suffering,

ὅταν.. ῥαισθῇ A.Pr. 191

, AP7.529 (Theodorid.), etc. (anap.), cf. S.Tr. 268.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `long robe kept by a belt worn by Arabs and Thracians (Hdt. 7, 69, 75); cf. ζειροφόρος (Antim. 98 Wyss)

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Prob. a loan. Latte refers to ζτεραῖον (sic) λο̃πος in an Arc. inscr., SEG 11, 1112

γερουσία, ας, ἡ (s. next; Eur., X.+; s. OGI index VIII; Thieme 16; SEG XXXIX, 1318, 2; XL, 1121, 5 [both II A.D.]; APF 3, 1906, 138 no. 21, 5; PRyl 599, 12; LXX; Philo, In Flacc. 76; 80, Leg. ad Gai. 229; Joseph. Of various boards or councils [e.g. the Roman Senate: Diod S 14, 113, 7 and 8], some having a sacred character [SIG 1112, 1f ἔδοξεν τῇ ἱερᾷ γερουσίᾳ τοῦ Σωτῆρος Ἀσκληπιοῦ; the ἱερὰ γερουσία of Eleusis IG III, 702, 2; 10]) council of elders, esp. the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem (Jdth 4:8; 1 Macc 12:6; 2 Macc 1:10 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 166) Ac 5:21 (on the juxtaposition of συνέδριον and γερουσία cp. IGR IV, 836, 8 τῷ σεμνοτάτῳ συνεδρίῳ γερουσίας). GJs 4:3; 6:2.—Schürer II 199–209. DELG s.v. γέρων. M-M. TW.

μεσημβρία, ας, ἡ (μέσος, ἡμέρα; s. Schwyzer I 277 on the shift μβρ; ‘midday, noon’ Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, JosAs; SyBar 12:2; ApcEsdr 4:22 p. 28, 25 Tdf.; Philo, Joseph.).

① of time midday, noon (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; PRyl 27, 66; PGM 7, 157. So as a rule in LXX; Jos., Ant. 11, 155) Ac 22:6; GPt 5:15. κατὰ μεσημβρίαν Ac 8:26 about noon (Philo, Somn. 1, 202; so EbNestle, StKr 65, 1892, 335–37; Wendt et al.).

② of place the south (Hdt. 1, 6; 142; 2, 8 al.; SIG 972, 96; 1112, 26; Da 8:4, 9; Philo; JosAs 2:13; ApcEsdr 4:22 p. 28, 25 Tdf.; Jos., Bell. 5, 505; SibOr 3, 26) as the position of the sun at midday κατὰ μεσημβρίαν Ac 8:26 toward the south (s. B-D-F §253, 5; Preuschen, Zahn, Bauernfeind, Haenchen ad loc.—Conzelmann [Hermeneia] is undecided betw. 1 and 2).—B. 873; 996. DELG s.v. μέσος. M-M.

σωτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ (σῴζω) one who rescues, savior, deliverer, preserver, as a title of divinities Pind., Aeschyl.+; ins, pap; TestSol 17:4. This was the epithet esp. of Asclepius, the god of healing (Ael. Aristid. 42, 4 K. ς. τῶν ὅλων; OGI 332, 9 [138–133 B.C.], s. note 8; SIG 1112, 2; 1148); Celsus compares the cult of Ascl. w. the Christian worship of the Savior (Origen, C. Cels. 3, 3). Likew. divinities in the mystery religions, like Sarapis and Isis (Σαράπιδι Ἴσιδι Σωτῆρσι: OGI 87; Sb 597 [both III B.C.]; Sb 169 [Ptolemaic times]; 596; CIG 4930b [I B.C.]), as well as Heracles (τῆς γῆς κ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς.: Dio Chrys. 1, 84) or Zeus (Ael. Aristid. 52 p. 608 D.: Ζεὺς ὁ ς.).—GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 105ff.—In gnostic speculation: ὁ ς. = ὁ παράκλητος Iren. 1, 4, 5 (Harv. I, 38, 9). The LXX has σωτήρ as a term for God; so also ApcSed 13:6 p. 135, 29 Ja.; and so do Philo (s. MDibelius, Hdb., exc. on 2 Ti 1:10) and SibOr 1, 73; 3, 35; but ς. is not so found in EpArist, Test12Patr, or Josephus (s. ASchlatter, Wie sprach Jos. von Gott? 1910, 66).—At an early date σωτήρ was used as a title of honor for deserving pers. (s. X., Hell. 4, 4, 6, Ages. 11, 13; Plut., Arat. 53, 4; Herodian 3, 12, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Ocyp. 78 in an address to a physician [s. θεός 4a]; JosAs 25:6 [of Joseph]; the same phrase IXanthos p. 45 no. 23, 3f, of Marcus Agrippa [I B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 244; 259 Josephus as εὐεργέτης καὶ σωτήρ of Galilee), and in ins and pap we find it predicated of high-ranking officials and of persons in private life. This is never done in our lit. But outside our lit. it is applied to personalities who are active in the world’s affairs, in order to remove them fr. the ranks of ordinary humankind and place them in a significantly higher position. For example, Epicurus is called σωτήρ by his followers (Philod.: pap, Herc. 346, 4, 19 ὑμνεῖν τὸν σωτῆρα τὸν ἡμέτερον.—ARW 18, 1930, 392–95; CJensen, Ein neuer Brief Epikurs: GGAbh. III/5, ’33, 80f). Of much greater import is the designation of the (deified) ruler as ς. (Ptolemy I Soter [323–285 B.C.] Πτολεμαῖος καὶ Βερενίκη θεοὶ Σωτῆρες: APF 5, 1913, 156, 1; see Sb 306 and oft. in later times, of Roman emperors as well [Philo, In Flacc. 74; 126, Leg. ad Gai. 22; cp. Jos., Bell. 3, 459]).—PWendland, Σωτήρ: ZNW 5, 1904, 335ff; Magie 67f; HLietzmann, Der Weltheiland 1909; WOtto, Augustus Soter: Her 45, 1910, 448–60; FDölger, Ichthys 1910, 406–22; Dssm., LO 311f (LAE 368f); ELohmeyer, Christuskult u. Kaiserkult 1919; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 241ff; EMeyer III 392ff; E-BAllo, Les dieux sauveurs du paganisme gréco-romain: RSPT 15, 1926, 5–34; KBornhausen, Der Erlöser 1927; HLinssen, Θεος Σωτηρ, diss. Bonn 1929=Jahrb. f. Liturgiewiss. 8, 1928, 1–75; AOxé, Σωτήρ b. den Römern: WienerStud 48, 1930, 38–61; WStaerk, Soter, I ’33; II ’38. S. also GHerzog-Hauser, Soter … im altgriech. Epos ’31; ANock, s.v. εὐεργέτης.—CColpe, Die Religionsgeschichtliche Schule ’61 (critique of some of the lit. cited above); FDanker, Benefactor ’82.

ⓐ of God ὁ θεὸς ὁ σωτήρ μου (Ps 24:5; 26:9; Mi 7:7 al.) Lk 1:47. θεὸς ς. ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:1; Jd 25. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν θεός 1 Ti 2:3; Tit 1:3; 2:10; 3:4. ς. πάντων ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:10 (cp. PPetr III, 20 I, 15 [246 B.C.] πάντων σωτῆρα and s. above Heracles as τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. and in b below Sarapis). ὁ τῶν ἀπηλπισμένων σωτήρ the Savior of those in despair 1 Cl 59:3.

ⓑ of Christ (Just., A I, 33, 7 τὸ … Ἰησοῦς … σωτὴρ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι διαλέκτῳ δηλοῖ) Lk 2:11; Ac 13:23; Phil 3:20; Dg 9:6; Ox 840, 12; 21 (restored); 30; GMary 463, lines 4, 8, 18, 22, 31; Ox 1081, 27 (SJCh 90, 4); Qua. W. ἀρχηγός Ac 5:31; 2 Cl 20:5 (ἀρχηγὸς τῆς ἀφθαρσίας). σωτὴρ τοῦ σώματος Savior of the body (i.e. of his body, the Christian community) Eph 5:23. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κόσμου (ins; cp. WWeber, Untersuchungen zur Gesch. des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225f; 222) J 4:42; 1J 4:14. ς. τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Ael. Aristid. 45, 20 K.=8 p. 90 D. calls Sarapis κηδεμόνα καὶ σωτῆρα πάντων ἀνθρώπων αὐτάρκη θεόν) GPt 4:13. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἰ. 2 Ti 1:10; ISm 7:1; w. Χρ. Ἰ. or Ἰ. Χρ. preceding Tit 1:4; 3:6; IEph 1:1; IMg ins; Pol ins. ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἱ. our great God and Savior Christ Jesus Tit 2:13 (cp. PLond III, 604b, 118 p. 80 [47 A.D.] τῷ μεγάλῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι; but the presence of καί Tit 2:13 suggests a difft. semantic aspect and may justify the rendering in NRSV mg). S. MDibelius, exc. after Tit 2:14; HWindisch, Z. Christologie der Past.: ZNW 34, ’35, 213–38.—ὁ σωτὴρ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. IPhld 9:2. ὁ ς. τῶν ψυχῶν MPol 19:2. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. 2 Pt 1:1. ὁ κύριος (ἡμῶν) καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. vs. 11; 2:20; 3:18; without any name (so ὁ σωτήρ [meaning Asclep.] Ael. Aristid. 47, 1 K.=23 p. 445 D.; 66 K.=p. 462 D.; 48, 7 K.=24 p. 466 D.—Orig., C. Cels. 6, 64, 16; Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 27) 2 Pt 3:2; AcPl Ha 8, 29 (restored: καὶ σωτῆρα). S. Loewe s.v. σωτηρία end.—Pauly-W. 2, VI 1211–21; Kl. Pauly V 289; RAC VI 54–219; DLNT 1082–84; BHHW I 430–32.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος, η, ον (Hippocr., Epid. 6, 3, 2 L.; SIG 1112, 14; PEleph 1, 1 [311 B.C.]; PYadin 20, 18 al.; POslo 40, 35 [150 A.D.]; LXX [cp. Thackeray 189]; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 2, 311 al., C. Ap. 1, 159. The Ionic-Hellenistic form τεσσερεσκαιδέκατος Hdt. 1, 84; SIG 633, 27 [c. 180 B.C.]; 1017, 10) fourteenth Ac 27:27, 33.—M-M.

ἀνατολή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀνατέλλω; poetic form ἀντ-, some mss. Pre-Socratics, Hdt.; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol 9:7 P; TestAbr A 11 p. 88, 28 [Stone p. 24]; TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs; ApcEsdr 5:12 p. 30, 22 Tdf.; ApcMos, Philo, Joseph.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14 [Fgm. 8b 43 = Goodsp., Apol. p. 309]).

① upward movement of celestial bodies, rising, of stars (Aeschyl. et al.; PHib 27, 45 πρὸς τ. δύσεις καὶ ἀνατολὰς τ. ἄστρων; PTebt 276, 38; Neugebauer-Hoesen index; PGM 13, 1027; 1037; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 187) ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ at its rising, when it rose Mt 2:2, because of the sg. and the article in contrast to ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν, vs. 1, prob. not a geograph. expr. like the latter, but rather astronomical (B-D-R §235, 5; cp. B-D-F); likew. vs. 9; GJs 21:1, 3 (cp. Petosiris, Fgm. 6, ln. 31 of the moon ἅμα τῇ ἀνατολῇ=simultaneously with its rising; 12, ln. 133 ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἄστρου ἀνατολῇ; FBoll, ZNW 18, 1918, 44f; a distinction is also made by PGM 36, 239 ἐξ ἀνατολῆς τ. χωρίου πλησίον ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου. Cp. EHodous, CBQ 6, ’44, 81f [‘near the horizon’], and L-S-J-M s.v. 2).

② the position of the rising sun, east, orient (Hdt. et al.; LXX).

ⓐ sg. ἀπὸ ἀ. ἡλίου (cp. Aeschyl., Pr. 707 ἐνθένδʼ ἡλίου πρὸς ἀντολάς) from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12 (Just., D. 28, 5 [Mal 1:11 ἀνατολῶν]); simply ἀπὸ ἀ. (SIG 1112, 25) 21:13; (opp. δύσις; cp. Appian, Mithrid. 68 §288 ἀπό τε δύσεως καὶ ἐξ ἀνατολῆς; OGI 199, 32; Jos., Bell. 6, 301) short ending of Mk; πρὸς τὴν ἀ. toward the east (Jos., Ant. 1, 37, C. Ap. 1, 77) Hv 1, 4, 1; 3 (cp. Mel., HE 4, 26, 14). Gener. of the orient (opp. δύσις) 1 Cl 5:6; IRo 2:2.

ⓑ pl. (Hdt. et al.; Diod S 5, 42, 3; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 65; B-D-F §141, 2; Rob. 408) 1 Cl 10:4 (Gen 13:14). ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν from the east (pap, s. Preis.; Gk. Parchments fr. Avroman IIa, 8: JHS 35, 1915, p. 30 ἀπὸ τ. ἀνατολῶν; Num 23:7) μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀ. Mt 2:1. ἐξέρχεσθαι ἀπὸ ἀ. come from the east (of lightning) Mt 24:27. ἀπὸ ἀ. καὶ δυσμῶν (this contrast Apollon. Rhod. 1, 85; Epict. 3, 13, 9; Sb 385, 2; Mal 1:11; Zech 8:7; Is 59:19; Philo, In Flacc. 45) from east and west=fr. the whole world Mt 8:11. The four points of the compass (Ps 106:3) Lk 13:29 (cp. En 18:6f εἰς ἀ. … πρὸς ἀ. Mel., P. 47, 335 κατὰ ἀνατολὰς ἐν Ἐδέμ to the east, in Eden [on Gen. 2:8]).

[b]③ a change from darkness to light in the early morning, the dawn, fig., of the coming of the Messiah (cp. Damasc., Vi. Isidori 244 φέρειν τ. θείαν ἀνατολήν [s. ἀνατέλλω 2]; of Augustus: Kaibel 978, 4 ὸ̔ς (ς)ωτ[ὴ]ρ Ζεὺ[ς ἀ]ν[έ]τ[ειλε] μέγας; [s. ἀνατέλλω 2]; Mel. Fgm. 8b, 45 περὶ λουτροῦ 4, Perler p. 232 = Goodsp., Apol. p. 311: ἥλιος ἀνατολῆς) ἀ. ἐξ ὕψους the dawn from heaven Lk 1:78, interpr. by AJacoby, ZNW 20, 1921, 205ff as sprout or scion of God, and sim. by Billerb. II, 1924, 113 as Messiah of Yahweh.—FDölger, Sol Salutis², 1925, 149ff.—B. 871. DDD s.v.‘Helel’ (הילל). DELG s.v. τέλλω. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+) ‘messenger’.

① a human messenger serving as an envoy, an envoy, one who is sent

ⓐ by humans (Hom.+; ins, pap; Gen 32:4, 7; Jdth 1:11; 3:1; 1 Macc 1:44; 7:10; Jos., Ant. 14, 451, Vi. 89): in his earthly ministry Jesus ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους (Diod S 2,18,1 the king of India to Semiramis; 4, 65, 4) Lk 9:52; of John the Baptist’s disciples 7:24; of Joshua’s scouts Js 2:25 (cp. Josh 7:22).

ⓑ by God (prophets Hg 1:13; Mal subscr.; a priest Mal 2:7.—1 Esdr 1:48f. S. also Theognis 1, 769, where the poet is Μουσέων ἄγγελος; Epict. 3, 22, 23; 38; Ael. Aristid. 37 K.=1 p. 15 D.; Maximus Tyr. 11, 9c Plato, as the one who brings us information about God, is called ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας ἄγγ.; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 20, 3; 5 Carnus the soothsayer is ἄγγ. of the gods) of John the Baptist as forerunner Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (all Mal 3:1; cp. Ex 23:20).

② a transcendent power who carries out various missions or tasks, messenger, angel (ἄ. as a spirit-being, oft. connected w. the nether world in Gr-Rom. sources [EZiebarth, Neue attische Fluchtafeln: NGG 1899, 127ff no. 24; IG XII/3, 933–74. Other material in Dibelius, Geisterwelt 209ff. S. also the oracles: Theosophien 13 p. 169, 31; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 1, 3 ἐπεκαλεῖτο τοὺς ἀγγέλους καὶ θεὸν Ἄμμωνα; 2, 25, 1; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 21 ἄγγελοι θεῖοί τε κ. ἀγαθοὶ δαίμονες; Hierocles 3, 424; 23, 468.—ἄ. w. θεοί and δαίμονες Damascius (V/VI A.D.) 183 Ruelle; ἄ. w. δαίμονες and ἥρωες Proclus, Rep. II 243 Kroll, Tim. III 109 Diehl.—FCumont, RHR 72, 1915, 159–82; FAndres, D. Engellehre d. griech. Apologeten 1914 and in Pauly-W. Suppl. III 1918, 101ff; Rtzst., Myst. 171, 2; Bousset, ARW 18, 1915, 170ff] and as a transcendent power in Judaism [LXX; En 10:7; 20:1; 99:3 al.; Essenes in Jos., Bell. 2, 142; Philo, cp. Schürer III 881–85 (on Philo) w. lit.; Joseph.; Test12Patr; prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia (I B.C.) 9f κύριε ὁ πάντα ἐφορῶν καὶ οἱ ἄνγελοι θεοῦ; on this Dssm. LO 353f; 357=LAE 414; 418f; SIG 1181 w. note 2; PFouad 203, 3f (I A.D.); on this PBenoit, RB 58, ’51, 549–65; PKatz, TZ 10, ’54, 228–31. Loanw. in rabb.—Bousset, Rel. 320ff; J-BFrey, L’Angélologie juive au temps de J-Chr.: RSPT 5, 1911, 75–110; HKuhn, JBL 67, ’48, 217–32 Jewish apocalypses], likewise in the magical pap, w. their mixture of gentile and Jewish infl. [PGM 1, 76 an ἄ. as a star fr. heaven; 4, 570ff; 998; 1112; 13, 329; 585; 609; 744]. Cp. the ins APF 3, 1906, 445 no. 67; 451 no. 94. The more common term in polytheistic lit. for beings intermediate between gods and humans is δαίμων [q.v.], which monotheistic writers reserved for reference to a realm hostile to God’s interests, while retaining the term ἄ. for intermediate beings, either those loyal to God or those in rebellion [s. c].)

ⓐ as messengers of God, angels (LXX; Philo, Somn. 1, 190; transcendent messengers of the gods in Hom. are not intermediate beings. Yet the description of Hermes, the κῆρυξ τῶν θεῶν, as their ἄγγελος ἄριστος [Diod S 5, 75, 2] may have made it easier for Gr-Romans in general to understand ἄ. as God’s heavenly messenger; cp. the messenger of the god Men: EA 18, ’91 p. 92f, no. 2, 5f [lit.]) mostly w. gen.: κυρίου (Gen 16:10f al.) Mt 1:20; 2:13, 19; Lk 1:11; 2:9; Ac 5:19; 12:7, 23. τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 31:11; 32:2 al.; Philo, Deus Imm. 1; Jos., Bell. 5, 388) Lk 12:8f; 15:10; J 1:51 (HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; also s. below on Lk. 2:15). ἄ. θεοῦ (Gen 21:17 A; Judg 13:6 B; Jos., Ant. 1, 73; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 31, 18) Gal 4:14; Hb 1:6 (Ps 96:7; Dt 32:43); 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). Abs. (Num 20:16; Judg 13:11; Tob 6:4ff al.) Lk 1:13, 18, 38; 2:10, 13, 15, 21; J 20:12; Ac 7:53; 1 Ti 3:16; 1 Pt 1:12 (in wordplay on the superiority of human beings to angels s. Sextus 32; on their status and classification s. also Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 16) al. ἅγιοι ἄ. (PGM 4, 1934, 1938) Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26; Ac 10:22; Rv 14:10; 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:1); Hv 2, 2, 7; ἐκλεκτοὶ ἄ. 1 Ti 5:21 (ἄ. as witnesses so TestLevi 19:3 and SIG 1181, 10=Dssm. LO 351–62 [LAE 413–24]; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401); ἄ. ἰσχυρός (cp. Da 4:13; Ps 102:20) Rv 5:2; 18:21. Their abode is heaven, and so they are ἄ. τῶν οὐρανῶν Mt 24:36 (unless οὐρ.=θεοῦ); ἄ. ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mk 12:25; ἄ. ἐν οὐρανῷ 13:32; ἄ. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Gal 1:8, cp. Mt 22:30; 28:2; Lk 22:43. They return to heaven when they have fulfilled their mission on earth 2:15. Hence ἄ. φωτός (cp. SJCh 78, 17) 2 Cor 11:14; ἄ. φωταγωγοί B 18:1. There the good are united w. them after death Hv 2, 2, 7; Hs 9, 27, 3. They appear in dazzling light Lk 2:9; Ac 7:30 (Ex 3:2); ISm 6:1; cp. the ‘shining face’ of Ac 6:15; or in white garments J 20:12; cp. Mt 28:3; Lk 24:4. Called πνεύματα Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both after Ps 103:4). πνεύματα λειτουργικά serving spirits Hb 1:14. Their voice is like thunder J 12:29; γλῶσσαι τῶν ἀ. language of angels 1 Cor 13:1 (after the analogy of the languages of the gods, Plato in Clem. Al., Strom. 1, 143; cp. 2 Cor 12:4; Rv 14:2f; TestJob 48–50; GSteindorff, Apk. d. Elias: TU 17, 3a, 1899, 153). They bring messages fr. God to men Lk 1:11f; Mt 28:2ff, and were also active in the giving of the law νόμος διαταγεὶς διʼ ἀγγέλων Gal 3:19; cp. Ac 7:38, 53; Hb 2:2 (Jos., Ant. 15, 136 τῶν ἐν τοῖς νόμοις διʼ ἀγγέλων παρὰ τ. θεοῦ μαθόντων; cp. Did., Gen. 110, 15 κἂν γὰρ διὰ ὑπουργῶν ἀγγέλων ποιῇ ἃ βούλεται θεός). As guardian angels of individuals (Tob 5:6, 22; cp. PGM 1, 172ff; Ael. Aristid. 50, 57 K.=26 p. 519 D.: ὁ σὸς Ἑρμῆς ἐστιν, to whom Aristid. has been entrusted since his birth) Mt 18:10 (PBarry, ET 23, 1912, 182); Ac 12:15 (JMoulton, JTS 3, 1902, 514–27, ET 14, 1903, 5ff); Lk 4:10 (Ps 90:11); Hv 5:1f. They conduct the blessed dead into heaven Lk 16:22 (Hermes does this acc. to Pythag. [Diog. L. 8, 31]); instruct humans to do good Hv 3, 5, 4; δικαιοσύνης m 6, 2, 1 (ParJer 8:12); rejoice at the repentance of a sinner Lk 15:10; cp. the ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας Hm 12, 4, 7; 12, 6, 1 al. They preside over various realms ἄ. ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός Rv 14:18; ἄ. τῶν ὑδάτων 16:5; the four winds 7:1. God assigns them διακόσμησις γῆς Pa (4) (cp. ἄγγελοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἐξουσιῶν GrBar 12:3). An angel, Thegri, rules the animal world Hv 4, 2, 4 (Synes., Ep. 57 p. 192b δαίμονες as leaders of the grasshoppers). ἄ. τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ προφητικοῦ m 11:9; τὸν ἄ. τὸν τιμωρητήν Hs 7:6; cp. ὁ ἄ. ὁ μέγας Hs 8, 4, 1.—As creator of the world AcPlCor 1:15. On ἄ. τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν Rv 1:20, cp. 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14 (on the textual problems associated w. these vss. s. RCharles, ICC Comm. 1920, I, clvii; clxf; II 244; RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 42f) and s. on ἀστήρ.—Subordinate to Christ Mt 4:11; 13:41; 16:27; Hb 1:4ff (Ps 96:7; B-D-F §254, 2); 1 Pt 3:22; Rv 5:11f; glorify him J 1:51 (JFritsch “… videbitis … angelos Dei ascendentes …,” VD 37, ’59, 1–11). δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀ. Mt 26:53; μυριάσιν ἀ. Hb 12:22; cp. Rv 5:11. Seven principal angels (Tob 12:15) Rv 8:2, 6; 15:1, 6; 16:1; 17:1; 21:9 (GDix, The Seven Archangels and the Seven Spirits: JTS 28, 1927, 233–50). Six angels, created first, to whom the management of all creation is entrusted Hv 3, 4, 1. Angels at the Parousia Mt 24:31; 2 Th 1:7. Μιχαὴλ καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ Rv 12:7. Revered by people (Celsus 1, 26 Ἰουδαίους σέβειν ἀγγέλους; 5, 6) θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18; λατρεύειν ἀγγέλοις as a sign of Jewish piety PtK 2 p. 14, 26=Clem. Al., Strom. 6, 41 p. 452, 9. Christ as σεμνότατος ἄ. Hv 5:2; m 5, 1, 7; cp. ὁ ἅγιος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4 v.l.; ὁ ἔνδοξος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4; 7:1ff; 8, 1, 2. ὁ ἄ. κυρίου Hs 7:5; 8, 1, 2ff; called Michael in Hs 8, 3, 3, where it is to be noted that Michael was the guardian angel of God’s people (WLueken, D. Erzengel Michael 1900; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 575f).

ⓑ intermediate beings gener., w. no ref. to their relation to God (opp. ἄνθρωποι; s. 2 above immediately before a) 1 Cor 4:9 (cp. TestJos 19:9 ἔχαιρον ἐπʼ αὐτῷ οἱ ἄγγελοι κ. οἱ ἄνθρωποι κ. πᾶσα ἡ γῆ).—Ro 8:38 ἄ. as serving spirit-powers seem to be differentiated fr. the ἀρχαί, who rule.

ⓒ evil spirits (Lactant., Inst. 2, 15, 8 daemonas Trismegistus ἀγγέλους πονηρούς appellat. Cp. also Job 1:6; 2:1; Philo, Gig. 16; TestAsh 6:4; PGM 4, 2701; αἱ πονηραὶ δυνάμεις, διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 5; ADieterich, Nekyia 1893, 60f) τῷ διαβόλῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ Mt 25:41; cp. Rv 12:9. ὁ δράκων καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ vs. 7; ἄ. τῆς ἀβύσσου 9:11 (s. Ἀβαδδών); ἄ. πονηρός B 9:4; ἄ. τῆς πονηρίας in contrast to guardian angels Hm 6, 2, 1; ἄ. Σατανᾶ, which causes physical pain 2 Cor 12:7; esp. called ἄ. τρυφῆς καὶ ἀπάτης Hs 6, 2, 1f; leading men into evil B 18:1. Of the angels’ fall and their punishment (cp., in the opinion of many, Gen 6:2; En 6ff; 54; Book of Jubilees 5; SyrBar 56:13; LJung, Fallen Angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan Lit. 1926; ALods, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 29–54) ὁ θεὸς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο 2 Pt 2:4; ἀ. τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχήν who did not keep to their proper domain (s. ἀρχή 7) Jd 6. From the pass. already quoted above w. Gen. 6:2 (cp. also TestReub 5:3; Jos., Ant. 1, 73 ἄγγελοι θεοῦ γυναιξὶ συνιόντες; and polytheists’ concept of erotic desires of transcendent beings: HUsener, Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 74f; Rtzst., Poim. 228ff. Herr der Grösse 14f; and GJs 14:1) some conclude that the angels were subject to erotic desires; this is held to explain the regulation that women are to wear a veil in church services, since angels are present (cp. Origen, Orat. 31 and Ps 137:1 ἐναντίον ἀγγέλων ψαλῶ σοι) 1 Cor 11:10 (for another view and for the lit. s. ἐξουσία 7; s. also JFitzmyer, [Qumran angelology] NTS 4, ’57/58, 48–58; LJervis, JBL 112, ’93, 243–45: angels mediate God’s presence). In 6:3 οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ἀγγέλους κρινοῦμεν; it is not certain whether only fallen angels are meant; θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18 polemicizes against what appears to be a type of gnostic reverence for angels. (On Qumran angelology s. Fitzmyer, cited above.)—OEverling, D. paulinische Angelologie u. Dämonologie 1888; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 1909; GKurze, D. Engels-u. Teufels-glaube d. Ap. Pls 1915; MJones, St Paul and the Angels: Exp. 8th ser., 16, 1921, 356–70; 412–25; EPeterson, D. Buch von den Engeln ’35; JMichl, D. Engelvorstellungen in Apk I ’37; ELangton, The Angel Teaching of the NT ’37; JBernardin, JBL 57, ’38, 273–79; ESchick, D. Botschaft der Engel im NT ’40; WMichaelis, Z. Engelchristol. im Urchristent. ’42; GHatzidakis, Ἄγγελος u. Verwandtes: SBWienAk 173, 1914.—B. 1486. DELG. DDD 81–96 (lit.). M-M. New Docs 5, 72f. TW. Sv.

Ἐπαφρᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ (GDI 1489, 1 [Locris]; CIG I, 268, 37; II, 1963, 1; 2248, 4; SIG 1112, 26; 1243, 34) Epaphras (prob. short form of Ἐπαφρόδιτος q.v.; s. W-S. §16, 9; B-D-F §125, 1; Mlt-H. 119; 314) a Christian of Colossae Col 4:12, founder of the church there 1:7; cp. Phlm 23.—LGPN I. M-M.