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21 ἅπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `join, fasten, grasp; kindle' (Il.).Other forms: mostly med.Derivatives: ἁφή `the kindling, the touching, the grip etc.' (Hdt.); from here, or as deverb., ἀφάω `handle' only pres. (Il.) - ἅψις `handling' (Hp.); ἅψος n. `join', pl. `joints' (Od.; Chantr. Form. 421); ἅμμα `noose, cord' (Hp.) - ἁψίς, - ῖδος f. `loop, mesh'- Perhaps also ἄφθα, αὑαψή, χορδαψός s.s.vv.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unknown. Cf. Kretschmers Glotta 7, 352. Wrong Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 28 (from *ἅπϜω to Av. āfǝnte). vW. connects ἰάπτω. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971) 656 connects `fasten' with Lat. apiō and `kindle' with Gm. sengen, OCS prě-sǫčiti `dry' from * senkʷ-. Fur. 324, 353 ( ἕμμα!) takes ἀφάω as evidence for Pre-Greek (but it may be derived from ἁφή). On ἅψος and Armenian forms s. Clackson 98ff.Page in Frisk: 1,126-127Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἅπτω
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22 ἀφρός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `foam, slaver' (Il.).Derivatives: ἀφρώδης `foaming' (Hp.), ἀφριόεις `id.' (Nic.; metri causa, s. Chantr. Form. 272). ἀφρῖτις, - ιδος f. `kind of ἀφύη' (Arist., s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 81). Denom. ἀφρέω `foam' (Il.), ἀφρίζω `id.' (Ion.-Att.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Meillet BSL 31, 51f. connected Arm. p`rp`ur `foam' (not to σπείρω). But the ἀ- is problematic (a * h₂- would give a- in Armenian), and the *bh supposed by Greek did not give p` in Arm. - Not to Skt. abhrá- n. `cloud', ὄμβρος (because of the meaning). Not here ἀφρίους ἀθέρας H. (s.v.).Page in Frisk: 1,197Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀφρός
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23 ἀχλύ̄ς
ἀχλύ̄ς, - ύοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `mist; darkness' (Il.).Other forms: Later -ῠς.Derivatives: ἀχλύω `become or make dark' (Od.). - ἀχλυδιᾶν θρύπτεσθαι H. after the verbs for diseases in - ιᾶν (Schwyzer 732), perh. contamination with χλιδᾶν ( χλιδιᾶν).Etymology: Seems identical with OPr. aglo n. (u-stem). Arm. aɫǰ-a-m-uɫǰ-k` (pl.) `darkness' requires metathesis of gh-l, and palatalization of gh to ǰ ; the reduplication is typical Armenian.Page in Frisk: 1,201-202Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀχλύ̄ς
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24 γάλα
γάλα, γάλακτοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `milk' (Il.);Other forms: Rare forms dat. γάλακι (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. γάλατος (Pap.), τοῦ γάλα (Pl. Com.). - Also γλάγος n. (Β 471). Other forms: γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος H.; κλάγος γάλα. Κρῆτες H. (s. below); with hypocoristic gemination γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν H.; and γλακτο-φάγος (Il.); these forms may be due to simple assimilations (or metathesis).Compounds: Old is γαλα-θη-νός `sucking milk' (Od.) from γάλα and θῆσθαι; on the suffix cf. ἀγανός etc. (Schwyzer 452), also τιθήνη. γαλακτο-πότης (Hdt.) etc. On γάλα as second member Sommer Nominalkomp. 83.Derivatives: γαλακτίς ( πέτρα) name of a stone (Orph.) = γαλακτίτης (Dsc.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 53), both also plant names = τιθύμαλλος (Aët., Gloss.; from the juice, s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58, Redard 70); γάλαξ name of a white shellfish (Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 109; cf Chantr. Form. 379); γάλιον s. v. - Adj.: γαλακτώδης (Arist.) - Denom. verbs: γαλακτίζω, γαλακτόομαι, γαλακτιάω. - With ξ (from τ assibilated before ι?) γαλαξίας ( κύκλος) `Milky Way' (D. S.; s. Chantr. 95; also γαλακτίας Ptol.); γαλάξια n. pl. name of a Cybele feast (inscr., Thphr.), from which Γαλαξιών months name on Delos (Inschr. IIIa). - Independent γαλατμόν λάχανον ἄγριον H. (cf. γάλιον); perhaps from *γαλακτ-μόν (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58); Fur. 374, 389 compares ἀδαλτόμον. - γάλαγγα s.v. - From γλάγος late γλαγερός, γλαγόεις; also περιγλαγής (Π 642) and γλαγάω (AP). -Etymology: Outside Geek only in Lat. lac. - The basis of the Greek forms is * galakt- or * glakt- seen in γλακτο-φάγος (Ν 6); but the latter can be a simple syncope; Latin also points to * glakt. From * galakt, with loss of the final consonants and development of sec. vowel in nom.-acc.-form (cf. on γυνή) γάλα, and analogical γάλακτος. - J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 179 assumed that the -t originally occurred only in the nom.-acc, as in Skt. yákr̥-t (s. ἧπαρ). As the nom. lost its final consonants (* galakt \> * galak \> γάλα), the intermediate stage could have given the t-less forms. The Armenian forms, class. kat`n, dial. kaxc` have been explained by Kortlandt, following Weitenberg, (*through an intermediate *kaɫt`- with al \< *l̥ ) from *gl̥kt-m, *gl̥kt-s resp. (Rev. Et. Arm. XIX (1985) 22). - From Lat. lac MIr. lacht etc. Szemerényi's proposal (KZ 75, 1958, 17--184), from *mlg\/k from the root of ἀμέλγω, is impossible (as this root was *h₂melǵ-). - Old Chin. lak `Kumys' in first instance a nordasiatic (turkish) LW [loanword], cf. Turk. dial. raky, araky; from where Arab. ' araq, Japan. sake etc., s. Karlgren DLZ 1926, 1960f. - Vgl. Schwyzer IF 30, 438ff., Kretschmer Glotta 6, 305, Ernout-Meillet s. lac, Buck Synonyms 385 - Not here Hitt. galaktar `Besänftigung, s. Tischler HEW.Page in Frisk: 1,283-284Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γάλα
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25 γάλακτος
γάλα, γάλακτοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `milk' (Il.);Other forms: Rare forms dat. γάλακι (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. γάλατος (Pap.), τοῦ γάλα (Pl. Com.). - Also γλάγος n. (Β 471). Other forms: γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος H.; κλάγος γάλα. Κρῆτες H. (s. below); with hypocoristic gemination γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν H.; and γλακτο-φάγος (Il.); these forms may be due to simple assimilations (or metathesis).Compounds: Old is γαλα-θη-νός `sucking milk' (Od.) from γάλα and θῆσθαι; on the suffix cf. ἀγανός etc. (Schwyzer 452), also τιθήνη. γαλακτο-πότης (Hdt.) etc. On γάλα as second member Sommer Nominalkomp. 83.Derivatives: γαλακτίς ( πέτρα) name of a stone (Orph.) = γαλακτίτης (Dsc.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 53), both also plant names = τιθύμαλλος (Aët., Gloss.; from the juice, s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58, Redard 70); γάλαξ name of a white shellfish (Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 109; cf Chantr. Form. 379); γάλιον s. v. - Adj.: γαλακτώδης (Arist.) - Denom. verbs: γαλακτίζω, γαλακτόομαι, γαλακτιάω. - With ξ (from τ assibilated before ι?) γαλαξίας ( κύκλος) `Milky Way' (D. S.; s. Chantr. 95; also γαλακτίας Ptol.); γαλάξια n. pl. name of a Cybele feast (inscr., Thphr.), from which Γαλαξιών months name on Delos (Inschr. IIIa). - Independent γαλατμόν λάχανον ἄγριον H. (cf. γάλιον); perhaps from *γαλακτ-μόν (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58); Fur. 374, 389 compares ἀδαλτόμον. - γάλαγγα s.v. - From γλάγος late γλαγερός, γλαγόεις; also περιγλαγής (Π 642) and γλαγάω (AP). -Etymology: Outside Geek only in Lat. lac. - The basis of the Greek forms is * galakt- or * glakt- seen in γλακτο-φάγος (Ν 6); but the latter can be a simple syncope; Latin also points to * glakt. From * galakt, with loss of the final consonants and development of sec. vowel in nom.-acc.-form (cf. on γυνή) γάλα, and analogical γάλακτος. - J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 179 assumed that the -t originally occurred only in the nom.-acc, as in Skt. yákr̥-t (s. ἧπαρ). As the nom. lost its final consonants (* galakt \> * galak \> γάλα), the intermediate stage could have given the t-less forms. The Armenian forms, class. kat`n, dial. kaxc` have been explained by Kortlandt, following Weitenberg, (*through an intermediate *kaɫt`- with al \< *l̥ ) from *gl̥kt-m, *gl̥kt-s resp. (Rev. Et. Arm. XIX (1985) 22). - From Lat. lac MIr. lacht etc. Szemerényi's proposal (KZ 75, 1958, 17--184), from *mlg\/k from the root of ἀμέλγω, is impossible (as this root was *h₂melǵ-). - Old Chin. lak `Kumys' in first instance a nordasiatic (turkish) LW [loanword], cf. Turk. dial. raky, araky; from where Arab. ' araq, Japan. sake etc., s. Karlgren DLZ 1926, 1960f. - Vgl. Schwyzer IF 30, 438ff., Kretschmer Glotta 6, 305, Ernout-Meillet s. lac, Buck Synonyms 385 - Not here Hitt. galaktar `Besänftigung, s. Tischler HEW.Page in Frisk: 1,283-284Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γάλακτος
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26 δαίομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `divide', `feast' (Il.)Derivatives: Abstracta δαίς, - τός f. `portion, meal' (Il.), compp. ἁβρό-, ὁμό-; δαίτη `meal' (Il.); δαιτύς, - ύος f. `id.' (X 496; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 96) with δαιτυμών, - όνος m. `guest' (Od.); δαιτυμονεύς (Nonn.); δαῖσις `division (of property)' (Gortyn) with δαισάνη = πτισάνη (EM), δαίσιμον (- ιον EM) ἐδώδιμον H.; δαιθμός `division, divided land' (inscr.). - Nomen loci: δαιτήριον (EM). - Nomina agentis: δαιτρός `divider, carver' (Od.) with δαιτροσύναι pl. `the arts of the carver' (π 253); denomin. δαιτρεύω `divide, carva' (Il.) with δαιτρεία (Hdn.); Δαίτωρ als EN (Θ 275), συνδαίτωρ `conviva' (A.); - δαιτρόν `part, portion' (Δ 262); - δαίτης title of a priest (E. Fr. 472, 12), as second member in λαγο-δαίτας (A.) s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 193f. - Isolated δαιταλεύς `banqueter' (A.), cf. δαιταλάομαι `banquet' and δαιταλουργία (Lyk.). - An enlargement of δαίομαι is δαΐζω. On δαίμων s. v.Etymology: To δαίομαι (with analogical - ι-) agrees Skt. dáyate `divide'. Beside this diphthongical form there is monophthongical with ā- (* deh₂-) or ĭ- (* dh₂-) vowel, e. g. dā́-ti `cut off', di-tí- `dividing'; without vowel d-yá-ti `divide', *dh₂-i̯e-; the forms go back on * d(e)h₂-(i)-. - Here also δῆμος (Dor. δᾶμος), s. v. From Germanic and Armenian the word for `time', as OE tīma, ONo. tīme `hour, time', PGm. * tī-man- \< * dī-mon-, OHG zīt, Arm. ti `old age, time', IE * dī-t(i)-. - Cf. δατέομαι, and δάπτω.Page in Frisk: 1,341-342Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δαίομαι
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27 δέχομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `take, accept, receive etc.' (Att.)Other forms: δέκομαι (Ion. Aeol. Cret.), aor. δέξασθαι (Il.). 3. pl. δέχαται (Μ 147), ep. aor. ptc. δέγμενος, ind. ἐδέγμην etc., (metr. determined), προτί-δεγμαι προσδέχομαι H. (cf. Debrunner ΜΝΗΜΗΣ ΧΑΡΙΝ 1, 77ff.; on the analogical aspirata c.q. media s. Schwyzer 772 and 769 n. 6).Derivatives: - δόκος as second member in comp. (Il.; also Att.), e. g. ἰο-δόκος `receiving arrows' (ep.), δωρο-δόκος `accepting presents, corruptable' (Att.); also the simplex δοκός `beam' (s. v.); δοχός `container' (Thphr., H.). δοκάν θήκην H.; also in ἀν-δοκά `surety' (Cret.), ἐσ-δοκά `taking over' (Arc.) etc., ( ἀνα-, ἐκ- etc.) δοχή (Att.) with δοχαῖος (Nic.), δοχικός (Pap.); ἀνδοκεύς `guarantor' (H.; Dor., cf. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 91); ( ἐκ-, ὑπο- etc.) δοχεύς `receiver etc.' (hell. and late); πανδοκεύς `inn-keeper' (retrograde formation, cf. Boßhardt 57); to δοχεύς: ( ἐκ-, ὑπο- etc.) δοχεῖον `container' (hell. and late). ( ἀπό-, ἔκ- etc.) δέξις `reception' (Hdt.) with δέξιμος `acceptable' (pap.). ( ἐκ-, δια- etc.) δέκτωρ `who undertakes' (A.). ( ἀπο-)δεκτήρ `intaker', an official (X.) with the fem. δέκτρια (Archil.). δέκτης `beggar' (δ 248); ἀπο-, ὑπο-δέκτης `intaker' (Att. hell. and late; with ( ἀνα-, ὑπο- etc.) δεκτικός `prepared to adopt' (Arist.); ὑποδέξιος `id.' (Hdt.), ὑποδεξί̄η `friendly reception' (Ι 73). ἀρι-δείκετος, δεξαμενη `watercollector' (ptc. δεξαμένη with oppos. accent) - δόκιμος, δόχμη s. v.; δόκανα, δοκάνη s. δοκός. - Deverb. δοκέω ( δοκεύω, δοκάζω), προσ-δοκάω (s. vv.). On δεκανᾶται ἀσπάζεται H. s. δηδέχαται. On δεκάζω (from δεκάς) s. δέκα.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [189] *deḱ- `take, accept'Etymology: Several forms IE deḱ-, doḱ- which can be combined with δέκομαι. E.g. Lat. decet `it is fitting' with decus n. (= Skt. *dáśas- in daśas-yáti `honour', MIr. dech `the best'; cf. also δεξιός), dignus, doceō etc.; δέκομαι therefore prop. `consider something as fitting, gern aufnehmen'? - From Armenian here primary tesanem, aor. tesi `see'?; cf. δοκεύω. - Uncertain Arm. ǝncay `gift', Toch. A täk- `judge', tāskmāṃ `similar', B tasemane `id.', and Slavic and Germanic words, e. g. OCS dešǫ, desiti `find' (s. δήω), OHG gi-zehōn `order'. - Isolated is Skt. dāś-noti, dā́ṣṭi, dā́śati `bring a sacrifice, honour', s. δηδέχαται. (Impossible is connection with Skt. átka- `mantle'.) - From Greek here δεξιός, from the zero grade of an s-stem ( decus) *deḱs- with adverbial loc. *deḱsi `right'; s. δεξιός. - S. Pok. 189ff.; and Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dẽšinas, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. desitь.Page in Frisk: 1,373-374Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δέχομαι
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28 δυσ-
Grammatical information: inseparable prefixCompounds: See DELGEtymology: Old element, also seen in Indoiranian (Skt. duṣ-, dur-, Av. duš-, duž-). Some compounds are found in both branches like δυσ-μενής = Skt. dur-mánas-, Av. duš-manah-; s. also zu δύστηνος. It is also found in other branches, as in Germanic (Goth. tuz-werjan `hesitate', OWNo. OE tor-, OHG zur-), in Celtic (OIr. du-, do-), in Armenian (t-, z. B. t-gēt `unknowing'). Also the Slav. word for `rain', OCS dъždь, Russ. doždь etc. is often connected; s. Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v. Very doubtful, improbable is Lat. dif-ficilis \< * dus-fac. (Wackernagel l. c.). - IE * dus- is mostly connected with δεύομαι `lack' (s. 2. δέω).Page in Frisk: 1,425Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δυσ-
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29 ἐ-
ἐ-Grammatical information: preterite prefixMeaning: the augment (Il.).Other forms: rarely ἠ- (s. below)Dialectal forms: rare in Mycenaean, apedoke \/ap-e-dōke\/.Origin: IE [Indo-European] * h₁e- augmentEtymology: Old element, also found in Indo-Iiranian (a-, ā-), Armenian (e-) and Phrygian (e-), e. g. ἔ-φερε = Skt. á-bharat, Arm. e-ber; Phryg. ἔ-δαες `ἔθηκε'. See Schwyzer 651ff.; on the form ἠ- s. Debrunner, Festschrift Zucker 85ff; Rix, Hist. Gramm. d. griech. 226ff. Often long vowel through contractieon: *e- h₂ege-t \> ἠ̃γε. A long augment analogically from ἠθελον \< * e-h₁dhel-, e.g. in ήβουλόμην. Probably all long augments are analogical (Ruijgh, Lingua 28, 1971, 166.Page in Frisk: 1,431Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐ-
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30 ἔδω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `eat'.Other forms: athem. inf. ἔδμεναι (Hom.), fut. ἔδομαι (Il.), perf. ptc. act. ἐδηδώς (Ρ 542), med. ἐδήδοται (χ 56; after πέποται), with act. ἐδήδοκα (Att.); aor. pass. ἠδέσθην, perf. med. ἐδήδε(σ)μαι (Att.); new pres. ἔσθω (Il.), ἐσθίω (Od.)Compounds: with prefix κατ-έδω, - εσθίω (- έσθω), - έδομαι `eat up' (Il.), ἀπ-εσθίω, - έδομαι `id.' (Att.).Derivatives: εἶδαρ \< *ἔδ-Ϝαρ `food' (Il.; Porzig Satzinhalte 347; ἔδαρ βρῶμα H., s. below). ἐδωδή `food, meal' (Il.), redupl. with - ω-; ἐδώδιμος `eatable' (Hdt.; s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 50f.), ἐδωδός `usable as food' (Hp.). ἐδητύς f. (only gen. -τῠ́ος) `food' (Hom.); - η- unclear, but cf. βοητύς, ἀγορητύς; s. Porzig Satzinhalte 183f., Benveniste Noms d'agent 67. ἔδεσμα `food' (Att.) with ἐδεσμάτιον (Procl.); ἐδεστής `eater' (Hdt.). ἐδηδών φαγέδαινα H., cf. ἐδηδώς and Specht Ursprung 389. - On ὀδούς ( ὀδών), ὀδύνη, ὠδίς s. vv.Etymology: The old athem. present, seen in Greek in inf. ἔδμεναι, in the fut. = subj. ἔδ-ο-μαι, perh. also in ipv. ἔσθι (ρ 478?; s. Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 292), is found in several languages; Hitt. ed-mi ( e-it-mi) `eat', Skt. ád-mi `id.', 3. sg. át-ti, Lat. ēs-t, Lith. ė́s-ti, OCS jas-tъ `eat'; IE * ed-mi, -ti. Younger themat. forms (cf. Goth. itan, 3. sg. pres. it-iÞ) s. Chantr. l. c. (Armenian has iterative utem (as if Gr. *ὠδέω). - From the ipv. ἔσθι (= Skt. addhí) developed the sec. presents ἔσθω and ἐσθίω (s. Schwyzer 713 n. 6). The other forms are Greek innovations, ἠδέσθην, ἐδήδε(σ)μαι (after ἐτελέσθην); from there ἔδεσμα, ἐδεστής (cf. ὠμηστής), ἐδεστός. As aorist φαγεῖν, see Schwyzer-Debrunner 258). - With the r-n-stem εἶδαρ \< *ἔδϜαρ, pl. εἴδατα cf Skt.vy-advar-á- `eating away' and agrādvan- ( agra-ad-van-). - See Ernout-Meillet s. edō. - S. also and δείπνηστος (s. δεῖπνον).Page in Frisk: 1,444-445Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔδω
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31 ἔνερθε(ν)
ἔνερθε(ν)Grammatical information: adv., prep.Meaning: `(from) below, below'.Derivatives: Compare ἔνεροι `those below, those below the earth', of the dead and the gods below the earth (Hom.), ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος `below (the earth)' (Hom.), sup. ἐνέρτατος `the lowest' (Emp.).Etymology: Cf. the opposites ὕπερ-θε(ν), ὑπέρ-τερος, - τατος, to ὑπέρ; also ὕπερον, ὑπέρα (s. vv.). - A good formal agreement to νέρτερος gives Italic in Umbr. nertru `sinistro', Osc. nertra-k `a sinistra'. One compares further Germanic words for `north', e. g. OWNo. norđr n., which requires zero grade: PGm. *núrÞra-, IE *nr̥tro-. Basic meaning: `region where the sun is below', or `left side of someone who prays when turning to the east'. Another formation in Arm. ner-k`-in `the one below' (cf. i nerk`oy, i nerk` ust `(from) below'). Diff. again is Skt. naraka- `hell' (Wackernagel-Debrunner Ai. Gramm. II: 2, 150). Without consonantal suffix Toch. B ñor `below'; also A ñare, B nray, nrey `world below, hell' rather LW [loanword] from Skt.. niraya- `id.'; cf. Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 180. - As Armenian has no e-, this may be a Greek innovation. (Improbable Bezzenberger BB 27, 174, Güntert IF 27, 49 and Sonne KZ 14, 11: ἔν ἔρᾳι = in the earth). - Further to Lith. neriù, ner̃ti `dive in, slip in' etc. (s. δενδρύω)? S. also νειρός. - The e- may be compared with that of ἐκεῖ?Page in Frisk: 1,514-515Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔνερθε(ν)
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32 ἔρεβος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `the dark of the underworld' (Il.).Derivatives: ἐρεβεννός, Aeol. \< *ἐρεβεσ-νός prop. `belonging to the ἔρεβος', `dark' (Il., Hes.), more common ἐρεμνός \< *ἐρεβ-νός (cf. Risch 92; s. also on δεινός) `id.' (Il.); ἐρεβώδης `ids.' (late).Etymology: Old word for `darkness etc.', also in Sankrit, Armenian and Germanic: Skt. rájas- n. `dark (lower) air, dust' (diff. Burrow BSOAS 12, 645ff.; Gonda KZ 73, 163f.), Arm. erek, -oy `evening', Goth. riqiz, OWNo. røkkr n. `dark, dusk'; IE *h₁régu̯os- n. - Pok. 857.Page in Frisk: 1,550Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔρεβος
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33 ἕσπερος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `evening' (Od.), adj. `of the evening, western', also substant. `evening-star' (Il.); ἑσπέρα, Ion. - ρη f. `evening, west' (Pi., Ion.-Att., like ἡμέρα).Compounds: As 2. member in ἐφέσπερος `western' (S. OC 1059 [lyr.]), ἀκρ-έσπερος `on the edge of evening, at nightfall' (Arist., Theoc., Hp. etc., - ιος AP), ποθ-έσπερα adv. (Theoc.), προσ-εσπέριος (Arist.)Derivatives: ἑσπέριος `of the evening, westerrn' (Φ 560), subst. Έσπερία `West, Hesperia' (Agathyll. ap. D. H. 1, 49), Ϝεσπάριοι name of the western Locrians (Va), f. ἑσπερίς, esp. in plur. as PN `the Hesperides' (Hes.); later ἑσπερινός `id.' (X., LXX, Schwyzer 490); ἑσπερικός `id.' (Juba), ἑσπερίτης, - ῖτις ( χώρα; D. L.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 112). - Denomin. verb ἑσπερίζω `pass the night' (Doroth.; NGr. σπερίζω, cf. Kretschmer Glotta 11, 247) with ἑσπέρισμα (Lex. ap. Ath. 1, 11 d).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1173] *u̯e-kʷsp-er-os `to(wards) the night, evening'Etymology: Inherited word, identical with Lat. vesper, -ī `evening'; further to Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ `evening', which go back to *u̯ekeros, and in Celtic, e. g. Welsh ucher, and Arm. gišer. See e.g. W.-Hofmann s. vesper. - This difficult puzzle has recently been solved. Armenian had *e which became ei \> i before š, ž. The š can go back to - k(ʷ)s- (cf. vec` \< *u̯eks beside veš-tasan); s. Beekes, FS Rasmussen 2004, 59-62. Combined with the -k- and - sp- reconstructed for the other languages (above), this gives a group - k(ʷ)sp-. This group has been identified with Skt. kṣap- `night', of which the zero grade has been found in Hitt. i-spant- `night'. Welsh ucher can continue *u̯e followed by ks(p) or sp. The first element is probably cognate with Lat. uē- as in uē-sanus. The meaning will have been `(what stretches) to(wards) the night'. For the - er- cf. words connected with time like Gr. νυκτερός.Page in Frisk: 1,575Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕσπερος
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34 θάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: aor. 2 ἔθᾱ̆λον (h. Hom. 19, 33, hell.), perf. with pres. meaning τέθηλα, Aeol. Dor. τέθᾱλα (Il.); later forms aor. 1 ἀν-έθηλα (Ael.), fut. ἀνα-θᾰλήσομαι (AP),Compounds: also with prefix ( ἀνα- a. o.)Derivatives: 1. From the root aorist: θάλος n. `sprout', only metaph. (Il.) with ἀμφι-θαλής `surrounded by θάλος (θάλεα), rich' (Χ 496; also to θαλεῖν); adj. f. θάλεια `flowering, rich' (Il.; on the accent cf. ἐλάχεια, s. ἐλαχύς), m. n. *θαλύς, -ύ only in gen. pl. θαλέων (Χ 504); for it (Il.) θαλερός (as γλυκερός to γλυκύς). θαλία, - ίη `flower, abundance', pl. `feast' (Il., Hdt.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 39 w. diff. analysis) with θαλιάζω `amuse oneself' (Plu.). PN Θάλης (- ῆς), gen. Θάλεω, Θάλητος etc.. (Schwyzer 461f.). On θαλύσια s. v. 2. From the present: θαλλός m. `green twig, esp. of the olive, sprout', also `(festive) gift' (ρ 224) with θαλλία f. sg. `foliage' (Thphr.), θαλλία n. pl. `gifts' (pap.), θάλλῐνος `consisting of θαλλοι' (Rhodes). Θαλλώ f. `goddess of Growth' (Iusi. ap. Lykurg. 77, Paus. 9, 35, 2). - Sec. presents. 1. to the root aorist: θᾰλ-έθω (Il.; s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 327, Shipp Studies 39). 2. to the perfect: θηλέω, θᾱλέω, aor. θηλῆσαι, θᾱλ- (Il.) with ἐρι-θηλής `richly growing' (Il., Hes.) etc. (but ἐριθαλίς εἶδος δένδρου H., erithales n. Plin. to θάλος). From θηλέω lengthened: τηλεθάω, old only Ptc. τηλεθάων (Il.; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 359).Etymology: A certain agreement to this richly developped family only in Albanian and Armenian with the present Alb. dal `sprout' \< IE * dhal-nō, which can even be identical with θάλλω (*θαλ-ι̯ω is also possible; cf. on βάλλω), the aor. dol(l)a (IE * dhāl- as τέ-θᾱλ-α) and Arm. adj. dalar `green, fresh', which one compares with θαλερός. Celtic and - even more - Germanic material can better remain apart; s. Pok. 234; also Mann Lang. 26, 380; 28, 36.Page in Frisk: 1,649-650Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θάλλω
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35 θεός
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `god, goddess' (Il.);Compounds: myk. te-o. Very often in compp., e. g. ἄ-θεος, θεο-ειδής; θεόσ-δοτος after Διόσ-δοτος; on the form θεσ- s. θέσκελος, θέσπις. On θεσ- as magnifying prefix in MoGr. Georgakas Άθ. 46, 97ff.Derivatives: 1. θεά f. `goddess' (ep.; details in Lommel Femininbildungen 13f., also Wackernagel Syntax 2, 25; on θεά and fem. θεός in Hom. s. Humbach Münch. Stud. zur Sprachwiss. 7, 46ff.). 2. θέαιναι pl. `goddesses' (after τέκταιναι a. o.; in Hom. as metr. filling; not with Chantraine REGr. 47, 287 n. 1 archaic form; further Schwyzer 475 w. n. 7). 3. θεῖος `divine' (Il.; cf. below) with θειώδως adv. (pap.), θειότης `godliness' (LXX, NT, Plu.), θειάζω `prophesy, honour as god' (Th.), also with prefix, e. g. ἐπι-θειάζω `swear in the name of the gods' with ( ἐπι-)θειασμός (Th.) 4. θεϊκός `id.' (late). 5. Denomin. verb θεόω, - όομαι `make to a god, become a god' (Call.), mostly with prefix, e. g. ἀπο-θεόω `id.' (pap., Plb., Plu.) with ἀποθέωσις (Str.).Etymology: The connection with Arm. di-k` pl. `gods' (Bartholomae BB 17, 348) seems probable; further to Lat. fēriae `festive days', fēstus `feastly, fānum `temple', s. W.-Hofmann s. vv.; to Skt. dhíṣṇiya- Mayrhofer KEWA s. dhiṣáṇā. Arm. di-k` would come from IE * dhēs-es, and θεός could be *dhĕs-ós; cf. θέσ-κελος; θεῖος then from *θέσ-ι̯ος (Schwyzer 467). The ē: ĕ go back on * dheh₁s-: * dhh₁s-; this explains also the Latin forms, e.g. fānum \< * fasnom \< * dʰh₁s-nom; thus Rix, Kratylos XIV (1969) [1972] 179f. - The etymology as *θϜεσ-ός with Lith. dvasià `spirit', MHG getwās `ghost' (s. on θεῖον) can be abandoned; there is no trace of the F in Greek and it is impossible in the Armenian word.Page in Frisk: 1,662-663Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θεός
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36 θρέομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `cry aloud, shriek, proclaim' (A., E., always of women), only pres. except θρεύετο (poet. inscr., Epid. IVa), artificially formed after θρεῦμαι A. Th. 78; on the imperfective actio Fournier Les verbes "dire" 90 and 228.Compounds: very oft en as 2. member, e. g. ἀλλό-θροος `with other(mans) voice, with foreigm language'Derivatives: θρόος, Att. θροῦς m. `noise, murmur, rumour' (Δ 437, Pi. N. 7, 81, Th., X.), (Od.). Iterative deverbative resp. denominative (cf. Schwyzer 719 and 726; θρόος partly postverbal?) θροέω, aor. θροῆσαι, rarely with prefix δια-, προσ- a. o., `cry, proclaim, speak' (trag.); pass. θροεῖσθαι, θροηθῆναι `be drowned, confused, frightened' (LXX, NT); from there συνθρόησις `confusion, shyness' (S. E. M. 9, 169).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [255?] *dhreu-??Etymology: Beside the thematic root present θρέ(Ϝ)ομαι, IE -dhreu̯-o-, Armenian has an athematic root present erdnum, aor. erdu-ay `swear', IE * dhru-neu-mi; cf. OLat. deicō againt δείκ-νυ-μι. Frisk Etyma Armen. 8ff., where also relation with θάρνυται as `speak' ( δηλοῖ την διὰ λόγων ἔντευξιν H.) is considered. Here perhaps also θόρυβος and θρυλέω, θρῦλος; but this is hardly IE; Pok. 255 should be reconsidered, it contains much Greek that is non-IE [the Arm form is not mentioned here]. Cf. also θρῆνος.Page in Frisk: 1,681Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θρέομαι
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37 ἰχθῦς
ἰχθῦς, - ύοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `fish' (Il.; on the accent Schwyzer 377f. and Berger Münch. Stud. zur Sprachwiss. 3, 7).Compounds: Often as 1. member, mostly with added ο, e. g. ἰχθυο-πώλης (Com.) beside ἰχθυ-βόλος (A., AP ; - βολεύς Nic., Call.; Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 64). As 2. member in ἄν-, εὔ-, πολύ-ϊχθυς (Str.), also πολυ-ΐχθυος (h. Ap. 417; metr. easy).Derivatives: Diminutivum ἰχθύδιον (Com., pap., prob. from - υ-ΐδιον \> -ύ̄διον; later -ῠ-; Schwyzer 199 and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 177f.; diff. Chantraine Formation 70). Othe subst.: ἰχθύᾱ, Ion. - ύη `dried fish(skin), fishery' (medic., pap.); ἰχθυήματα pl. (rarely sg.) `fish-scales' (Hp.); ἰχθυΐα `fishery' (Procl.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 41); ἰχθυεῖον `fishmarket' (Nesos; uncertain); ἰχθυόνερ ἰχθυαγωγοί H.; cf. Schwyzer 487. - Adjectives: ἰχθυόεις `rich in fish, consisting of fish' (H.; on the formation Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28ff.); ἰχθυώδης `rich in fish, fish-like' (Hdt.); ἰχθυηρός `consisting of fish, scaly, polluted' (Ar., Ph.; on the unpleasant side Chantraine Formation 233), ἰχθυηρά f. `fish-taxes' (pap.; Mayser 1: 3, 96); ἰχθυϊκός `regarding fish, fish-like' (LXX), - ική `fish-toll' (Magnesia, Ephesos); ἰχθυακός `id.' (Aq., Sm., Thd.); ἰχθύϊνος `id.' (Ael.). - Verbs: ἰχθυάω `fish', also intr. `behave like a fish' (Od.), also ἰχθυάζομαι `fish' (AP). Cf. the derivv. of ἅλς: ἁλι-εύς, - εύω, - εία etc., which compete with the ἰχθῦς-group.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [416] *dǵhuH- `fish'Etymology: Old word for `fish' in gen., found in Armenian and Baltic: Arm. ju-kn (with the same enlargement as in mu-kn: μῦς), Lith. žuvìs, gen. pl. žuv-ų̃, Latv. zuvs. On the Greek vowelprothesis Schwyzer 413; on the initial consonants ibd. 325, Deroy L'Ant. class. 23, 306ff., Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 53; cf. on ἰκτῖνος, χθών and χθές. The long vowel represents a laryngeal. The word is now reconstructed *dǵhuH-. - Beside the central word ἰχθῦς- jukn - žuvìs there was in the West (Latin, Celtic, Germanic) a different word for `fish', Lat. piscis, OIr. īasc, NHG Fisch.Page in Frisk: 1,745-746Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰχθῦς
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38 λορδός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `with the upper part of the body bent backwards, with inward bent back', also sens. obsc., opposite κυφός (Hp., Arist.).Derivatives: Λόρδων, - ωνος m. name of a demon (Pl. Com. 174, 17, beside Κύβδασος from κύβδα); λορδόομαι, - όω `bend inward' (Hp., com.) with λόρδ-ωσις, - ωμα `curvature of the spine inward' (Hp., Gal.), oppos. κύφ-ωσις, - ωμα; also λορδαίνω = - όω (Hp.).Etymology: Isolated in Greek. One supposes cognates in Armenian, but also in Celtic and Germanic. Semantically agrees Arm. lorc̣-k` pl. (i-st.) = ὀπισθότονοι (Pl. Ti. 84e), i.e. `spasmodic curvature of the upper body inward' (cf. λόρδωσις, - ωμα above); but lorc̣-k` must be derived from IE * lor(d)- sk-(i)-. An agreeing formation may be found in Celt. (Gael.) loirc f. `deformed foot', which admits also an IE basis * lor(d)- sk-ā. Further we have, without sk- suffix and in ablaut deviant, MHG lerz, lurz `left\/link' (prop. `crooked', cf. lürzen `deceive' = MEngl. bi-lurten `id.'), IE * lerd-, *lr̥d-. - Bq s. v., WP. 2, 439, Pok. 679 (nach Fick 1, 538 u. 3, 364, Lidén Armen. Stud. 46f.).Page in Frisk: 2,137Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λορδός
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39 μορύσσω
Meaning: only ptc. pf. μεμορυχμένος (v.l. - γ-) `defiled, blackened' (ν 435, Nic., Q. S., Opp.), also opt. aor. 2. sg. μορύξαις `one should besmear' (Nic. Al. 144).Derivatives: Beside μορυχώτερον comp. as adv. `darker' (v.l. in Arist. Metaph. 987 a 10), Μόρυχος surn. of Dionysos in Sicily (Sophr. 94; as his face was besmeart with yeast at the wine-harvest), also name of a tragic poet (Ar.) with Μορυχία οἰκία (Pl. Phdr. 227b); s. Praechter Herm. 42, 647. On Μόρυχος cf. ἥσυχος, βόστρυχος uad the popular words in - χος, s. Chantraine Form. 402 ff.; a backformation from μορύσσω (with anal. - ύσσω, Schwyzer 733) is possible.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: On Μόρυχος cf. ἥσυχος, βόστρυχος and the popular words in - χος, s. Chantraine Form. 402 ff.; a backformation from μορύσσω (with anal. - ύσσω, Schwyzer 733) is possible. Possible Greek cognates are mentioned under μόρφνος (s..); outside Greek some Slavic words for `smear etc.' may be considered, e.g. Russ. mará-ju, -tь `smear, stain etc.' (IE mōr-), s. Vasmer s.v. with more forms. Uncertain considerations from Armenian (after H. Petersson LUÅ 1916, 40) in WP. 2, 280, Pok. 734, Hofmann Et. Wb. s. v. Other combinations (to μύρον, σμύρις; after L. Meyer 4, 404f., Torp in Fick 3, 527) in Bq. - If the word is Pre-Greek, it could stand for *μαρυ-.Page in Frisk: 2,257Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μορύσσω
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40 νήφω
νήφω Ch. 3, 134Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `be sober, fast', often metaph.Other forms: Dor. νάφω, in the older language only present, mostly in ptc. (IA., Thgn., Archil.), aor. νῆψαι (J., 1. Ep. Pet. 4, 7).Derivatives: 1. νήφων, - ονος in νήφονες νήφοντες H., dat. pl. νήφοσι (Thgn.); 2. νηφάλιος `without wine', of drink-offerings etc. (A.), later also of persons `fasten' (Ph., J.) with νηφαλιεύω `bring a drinkoffering without wine' (Poll.), νηφαλίζω in νηφαλισμένον ὕδατι, οὑκ οἴνῳ ἡγνισμένον H.; besides νηφαλιεύς surn. of Apollon (AP 9, 525, 14: - έα, metr. enlargement at verse-end, cf. Bosshardt 70); also νηφαλέος (Hdn. Gr., Ph.; after αὑαλέος etc., Debrunner IF 23, 17 f.) and νηφαντικός `sobering' (Pl. Phlb. 61, Porph.) as from *νηφαίνω; cf. e.g. σημαλέος: σημαντικός; on the suffixchange λ: ν in gen. s. e.g. Schwyzer 483, Benveniste Origines 45 f. -- Verbal noun νῆψις f. `soberness' (Plb., Str.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [754] *?? `sober'Etymology: Of νήφω, νάφω reminds Arm. nawt'i `sober' (Pedersen KZ 39, 349), but the phonetical, morphological and semantic interpretation of the Armenian form is unclear. Arm. nawt'i is prob. i- (i̯o-)deriv. of an unattested noun * nawt', which formally agrees to canawt `known' (to the aor. can-eay, pres. čanač̣em `recognise', s. γιγνώσκω) and like this must have a dental suffix; even the semantic relation is unclear, De Lamberterie, RPh. 72 (1998)134 (= DELG Suppl.); cf. Clackson 1994, 154ff; even the long a of Greek is doubted; so de L. prefers to connect Lat. ēbrius and reconstructs *n̥-h₁gʷʰon-. -- Given the preponderance of the nominal forms (including the ptc. νήφων) as also the meaning one might think that the relatively rare present νήφω (with secondary νῆψαι) was a denominative and to start from a noun *νᾱφ(ο-) v.t. (cf. for the type Schwyzer 722f.), to which there was an l \/ n-stem νηφ-άλ-ιος, νήφ-ον-. -- OHG nuoh-turn `sober', earlier conidered a testimony for an IE * nāgʷʰ-, remains far as LW [loanword] (Lat. nocturnus), s. WP. 2, 317 w. further lit.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νήφω
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