civilized

συνεξημερόομαι

to be civilized together: pres part mp masc acc sg

συνεξημερόομαι

to be civilized together: pres part mp neut nom /voc /acc sg

συνεξημερόομαι

to be civilized together: pres part mp masc acc sg

συνεξημερόομαι

to be civilized together: pres part mp neut nom /voc /acc sg

δίκαιος [ῐ], α, ον, also ος, ον E.Heracl. 901 (lyr.), IT 1202, D.S.5.72: ([etym.] δίκη):

A in Hom. and all writers, of persons, observant of custom or rule, Od.3.52; esp. of social rule, well-ordered, civilized,

ὑβρισταί τε καὶ ἄγριοι οὐδὲ δ. 9.175

, cf. 8.575; [

Γαλακτοφάγοι] δικαιότατοι Il.13.6

; [

Χείρων] δικαιότατος Κενταύρων 11.832

, cf. Thgn.314, 794; δ. πολίτης a good citizen, D.3.21, etc.: metaph. of the sea, Sol.12.2 ([comp] Sup.); δικαίη ζόη a civilized way of living, Hdt.2.177. Adv. δικαίως, μνᾶσθαι woo in due form, decently, Od.14.90;

ὑπὸ ζυγῷ λόφον δ. εἶχον

loyally,

S.Ant. 292

.

2 observant of duty to gods and men, righteous, Od.13.209, etc.;

δ. πρὸς πᾶσαν ὁμιλίην Hp.Medic. 2

;

ἰθὺς καὶ δ. Hdt.1.96

; opp. δυσσεβής, A.Th. 598, cf. 610;

δ. καὶ ὅσιος Pl.Grg. 507b

;

δικαίων ἀδίκους φρένας παρασπᾷς S.Ant. 791

(lyr.); also of actions, etc., righteous, ἐπὶ ῥηθέντι δικαίῳ a thing rightly said, Od.18.414, etc.

3 ὁ δίκαιος, euphem. of a sacred snake, GDI 5056 ([place name] Crete).

B later:

I equal, even, well-balanced, ἅρμα δίκαιον evengoing chariot, X.Cyr.2.2.26: so metaph.,

νωμᾷ δικαίῳ πηδαλίῳ στρατόν Pi.P.1.86

;

δικαιόταται ἀντιρροπαί Hp.Art.7

; δικαιότατα μοχλεύειν ibid.: hence, fair, impartial,

βάσανος Antipho 1.8

;

συγγραφεύς Luc.Hist.Conscr.39

.

b legally exact, precise, τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ τῶν λόγων to speak quite exactly, Hdt.7.108, cf. Th.3.44; of Numbers,

αἱ ἑκατὸν ὀργυιαὶ δίκαιαι Hdt.2.149

. Adv.

-αίως, πάντα δ. ὑμῖν τετήρηται D.21.3

; δ. ἐξετάζειν ib.154.

2 lawful, just, esp. τὸ δ. right, opp. τὸ ἄδικον, Hdt.1.96, A.Pr. 189 (lyr.), etc.;

τὸ δ. τὸ νόμιμον καὶ τὸ ἴσον Arist.EN 1129a34

; δ. διορθωτικόν, διανεμητικόν, ib. 1131b25, 27; τὸ πολιτικὸν δ. ib. 1134b18;

ἔστι ἐπιεικὲς τὸ παρὰ τὸν γεγραμμένον νόμον δ. Id.Rh. 1374a27

, cf. EN 1137b12;

καὶ δίκαια κἄδικα Ar. Nu.99

;

τὰ ἴσα καὶ τὰ δ. D.21.67

; τοὐμὸν δ. my own right, E.IA 810; ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τοῦτο τὸ δ. bring the case to this issue, Antipho6.24; οὐδὲν τῶν δ. ποιεῖν τινί not to do what is just and right by a man, X.HG5.3.10; τὰ δ. ἔχειν, λαμβάνειν, receive one's due, Id.An.7.7.14, 17; τὰ δ. πράττεσθαι πόλιν give a city its deserts, A.Ag. 812; ἐκ τοῦ δικαίου, = δικαίως, Ar.Av. 1435, cf. Th.2.89; so ἀπὸ τοῦ δικαίου, τῶν δικαίων, Inscr.Prien.50.8 (ii B. C.), 123.8 (i B. C.);

μετὰ τοῦ δ. Lys.2.12

, D.21.177; τὸ δίκαιον lawful claim, ἃ ἔχομεν δίκαια πρός .. Th.3.54, cf. D. 21.179, Plu.Luc.3, etc.; τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους δ. mutual obligations or contracts, Plb.3.21.10; ἐπὶ συγκειμένοις τισὶ δικαίοις on certain agreed terms, D.H.3.51. Adv.

- αίως

rightly, justly,

Hdt.6.137

;

μεῖζον ἢ δ. A.Ag. 376

(lyr.);

καὶ δ. καὶ ἀδίκως And.1.135

.

II of persons and things, meet and right, fitting,

δ. τοῦδε τοῦ φόνου ῥαφεύς A.Ag. 1604

;

κόσμος οὐ φέρειν δ. Id.Eu.55

; ἵππον δ. ποιεῖσθαί τινι make a horse fit for another's use, X.Mem.4.4.5, cf. Cyn.7.4 (ἵππος δ. τὴν σιαγόνα having a good mouth, Poll.1.196).

b normal,

σχήματα Hp.Art.69

;

φύσις Id.Fract.1

([comp] Sup.).

2 real, genuine,

γόνος S.Fr.[1119]

;

ποιῶν τὰ ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ δ. Supp.Epigr.2.184.7

(Tanagra, ii B. C.). Adv., εἴπερ δικαίως ἐστ' ἐμός really and truly mine, S.Aj. 547, cf.Pl.Cra. 418e.

3 ὁ δ. λόγος the plea of equity, Th.1.76. Adv.

- αίως

with reason,

Id.6.34

, cf. S.OT 675: [comp] Comp.

- ότερον Ar.V. 1149

, etc.; also

- οτέρως Isoc. 15.170

: [comp] Sup.

- ότατα Ar.Av. 1222

; [dialect] Aeol.

δικαίτατα IG12(2).526c17

([place name] Eresus).

III ψυχὴ ἐς τὸ δ. ἔβη 'the land of the leal', IG7.2543.3 ([place name] Thebes).

C in Prose, δίκαιός εἰμι, c. inf., δίκαιοί ἐστε ἰέναι you are bound to come, Hdt.9.60, cf. 8.137;

δ. εἰμεν ἔχειν Id.9.27

; δ. εἰμι κολάζειν I have a right to punish, Ar.Nu. 1434, cf. S.Ant. 400;

δ. ἐστι περιπεσεῖν κακοῖς Antipho 3.3.7

; δ. εἰσι ἀπιστότατοι εἶναι they have most reason to distrust, Th.4.17;

δ. βλάπτεσθαι Lys.20.12

;

δ. ἐστιν ἀπολωλέναι

dignus est qui pereat,

D.6.37

; ὁ σπουδαῖος ἄρχειν δ. has a right to.., Arist.Pol. 1287b12; with a non-personal subject,

ἔλεος δ. ἀντιδίδοσθαι Th.3.40

: less freq. in [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.,

δικαιότεροι χαρίσασθαι Lys.20.34

;

δικαιότατος εἶ ἀπαγγέλλειν Pl.Smp. 172b

; but δίκαιόν ἐστι is also found, Hdt.1.39, A.Pr. 611, etc.: pl.,

δίκαια γὰρ τόνδ' εὐτυχεῖν S.Aj. 1126

, cf. Tr. 495, 1116; δικαίως ἄν, c. opt., Pl. Phdr. 276a. [ δικαίων with penult. short in Orph.Fr.247.2; cf. οὐ δίκαον· οὐ δίκαιον, Hsch.]

-ος,-ον ⁺

civilized, gentle 2 Mc 12,30; cultivated 4 Mc 2,14; tame 4 Mc 14,15

βᾰθύς, βαθεῖα [dialect] Ion. βαθέᾰ, βαθύ; fem.

A

βαθύς Call.Del.37

, Eratosth. 8; gen. βαθέος, βαθείας [dialect] Ion. βαθέης: dat. βαθέϊ, βαθείῃ [dialect] Ion. βαθέῃ: [comp] Comp. βαθύτερος, poet. βαθίων [ῑ [dialect] Att., [pron. full] ῐ Theoc.5.43], [dialect] Dor. βάσσων (q. v.): [comp] Sup. βαθύτατος, poet. βάθιστος:— deep or high, acc. to one's position, Hom., etc.; βαθέης ἐξάλλεται αὐλῆς a court within a high fence, Il.5.142, cf. Od.9.239; ἠϊόνος προπάροιθε βαθείης the deep, i.e. wide, shore, Il.2.92;

τάφρος 7.341

, al.;

κρατήρ S.Fr. 563

; κύλικες Id. Aj. 1200 (lyr.); βαθὺ πτῶμα a fall from a high rock, A.Supp. 796; πλευρὰ βαθυτάτη (vulg. βαρυτάτη), of an athlete, Ar.V. 1193; of a line of battle,

βαθύτεραι φάλαγγες X.Lac.11.6

, cf. HG2.4.34; β. τομή, πληγή, a deep cut, Plu.2.131a, Luc.Nigr.35.

2 deep or thick in substance, of a mist,

ἠέρα βαθεῖαν Il.21.7

, cf. Od.9.144; of sand,

ἀμάθοιο βαθείης Il.5.587

;

ἐπὶ θῖνα βαθύν Theoc.22.32

; of ploughed land,

νειοῖο βαθείης Il.10.353

; β. γῆ, opp. to stony ground, E.Andr. 637, Thphr.CP1.18.1; of luxuriant growth, deep, thick, of woods, etc.,

βαθείης τάρφεσιν ὕλης Il.5.555

;

βαθείης ἐκ ξυλόχοιο 11.415

;

βαθὺ λήϊον 2.147

, Thgn.107;

τοῦ ληΐου τὸ.. βαθύτατον Hdt.5.92

.

ζ; λειμών A.Pr. 652

;

σῖτος X.HG3.2.17

;

χλόα E.Hipp. 1139

(lyr.); χαίτη, τρίχες, πώγων, Semon.7.66, X.Cyn.4.8, Luc.Pisc.41.

b deep, of colour, PHolm.21.9: [comp] Comp., Ael.VH6.6, Lyd.Mag.2.13,

πορφύριον -ύτερον PLond.3.899.4

(ii A. D.).

3 of quality, strong, violent,

βαθείῃ λαίλαπι Il.11.306

.

b generally, copious, abundant,

β. κλᾶρος Pi.O.13.62

; β. ἀνήρ a rich man, X.Oec.11.10;

β. οἶκος Call. Cer. 113

;

β. πλοῦτος Ael.VH3.18

, Jul.Or.2.82b; β. χρέος deep debt, Pi.O.10(11).8;

στεφάνων β. τέρψις S.Aj. 1200

(lyr.);

β. κλέος Pi.O. 7.53

;

κίνδυνος Id.P.4.207

; β. ὕπνος deep sleep, Theoc.8.65, AP7.170, cf. Luc.DMar.2.3;

εἰρήνη Id.Tox.36

;

σιωπή App.Mith.99

, BC4.109 ([comp] Sup.).

4 of the mind, ἄχος ὀξὺ κατὰ φρένα τύψε β. in the depths of his soul, Il.19.125; but also, profound,

φρήν Pi.N.4.8

;

φροντίς A. Supp. 407

;

μέριμνα Pi.O.2.60

;

βαθεῖαν ἄλοκα διὰ φρενὸς καρπούμενος A.Th. 593

;

μουσικὴ πρᾶγμ' ἐστὶ β. Eup.336

; βαθύτερα ἤθη more sedate natures, Pl.Lg. 930a (but, more recondite, i.e. civilized, manners, Hdt.4.95): of persons, deep, wise,

β. τῇ φύσει στρατηγός Posidipp. 27.4

;

ταῖς ψυχαῖς Plb.6.24.9

; also, deep, crafty, Men.1001;

ἦθος Ph. 2.468

.

5 of time, β. ὄρθρος dim twilight, Ar.V. 216, Pl.Cri. 43a, etc.; β. νύξ a late hour in the night, Luc.Asin.34;

περὶ ἑσπέραν β. Plu.2.179e

, cf. Paus.4.18.3;

βαθὺ τῆς ἡλικίας Ar.Nu. 514

; β. γῆρας cj. in AP7.163 (Leon.), cf. Eun.VSp.457 B., al.;

β. ὥρα ἔτους Charito 1.7

.

II Adv.

- έως Theoc.8.66

; profoundly, Procl.in Prm.p.475 S.: [comp] Sup.

βαθύτατα, γηρῶν Ael.VH2.36

. (bṇqu/s, cf. βένθος.)

γηγεν-ής, ές, [dialect] Dor. [full] γᾱγενής Hdn.Gr.2.419:—

A earthborn,

βολβός Xenarch.1.5

; of a potter's vessel, Antiph.182.3; indigenous,

βούβαλις S.Fr. 792

.

2 earthborn, of primeval men,

Ἐρεχθεύς Hdt.8.55

;

Παλαίχθων A.Supp. 250

;

τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν φύεσθαι γηγενεῖς καὶ μὴ ἐξ ἀλλήλων γεννᾶσθαι Pl.Plt. 269b

, cf. Arist.GA 762b29; of the Thebans, Trag.Adesp.84;

γ. πρωτοπλάστης LXX Wi.7.1

; of body, opp. soul, Pl.Lg. 727e.

3 οἱ γ. the dead, the shades, ib.Pr. 2.18, 9.18.

II born of Gaia, of Titans and Giants, Batr.7, A.Pr. 353, E.Ba. 996 (lyr.);

ὁ γ. στρατὸς Γιγάντων S.Tr. 1058

; τὴν ἐπὶ τῶν γηγενῶν (sc. ἀναστροφήν), opp. civilized life, Phld.Sto.Herc.339.19: in Com. with an insinuation of impiety, Ar.Nu. 853; (but also boorish,

βῶλος, ἄροτρον, γ. ἄνθρωπος Alex.108.5

); of things, Titanic, i.e. portentous,

γηγενεῖ φυσήματι Ar.Ra. 825

: [comp] Sup. - έστατος most earthy, i. e. limited in intelligence, Procl.in Prm.p.763 S.

συνεξ-ημερόομαι, [voice] Pass.,

A to be civilized together, ὁ δῆμος ἅμα τῇ χώρᾳ ς. Plu.Num.16.

σῖτος, ὁ, heterocl. pl. σῖτα, τά, Xenoph.2.8, Hdt.4.128, 5.34 (neut. sg. σῖτον only Delph.3(5).3 ii 19 (iv B.C.)):—

A grain, comprehending both wheat ([etym.] πυρός ) and barley ([etym.] κριθή)

, ἐν [Ἰθάκῃ] σ. ἀθέσφατος ἐν δέ τε οἶνος γίγνεται Od.13.244

; περὶ σίτου ἐκβολήν about the shooting of the corn into ear, Th.4.1; τοῦ σ. ἀκμάζοντος at its ripening, Id.2.19;

πρὶν τὸν σ. ἐν ἀκμῇ εἶναι Id.4.2

;

τὸν νέον σ. σὺν τῇ καλάμῃ ἀποκείμενον X.An.5.4.27

; σ. ἀληλεσμένος or - εμένος ground corn, Hdt.7.23, Th.4.26;

σ. ἀπηλοημένος D.42.6

;

σῖτον ἐσαγαγεῖν Th.2.6

, etc.;

σ. ἐπείσακτος D.18.87

; σίτου εἰσαγωγή, ἐξαγωγή, Arist.EN 1133b9, IG12.57.35;

συγκομιδή X.HG7.5.14

;

ἐγδοχεία PMich.Zen.23

(iii B.C.); comprehending πυρός, κριθή, ὄλυρα, and φακός, PTeb.66.41 (ii B.C.);

περὶ τοῦ σ. καὶ τοῦ σησάμου PMich.Zen.43.3

(iii B.C.); ὁ σ. καὶ τὰ λάχανα as examples of πόα, Thphr.HP1.3.1.

2 food made from grain, bread, opp. flesh-meat,

σ. καὶ κρέα Od.9.9

, 12.19, cf. Hdt.2.168; σῖτον ἔδοντες, a general epith. of men as opp. to beasts, ὅσσοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπὶ χθονὶ σ. ἔδ. Od.8.222, cf. 9.89; of savages, who eat flesh only,

οὐδέ τι σῖτον ἤσθιον Hes.Op. 146

; of civilized men,

σῖτον καὶ σπείρουσι καὶ σιτέονται Hdt.4.17

;

σωρὸν σίτου κεχυμένον Id.1.22

;

ἐσθίειν ἐπὶ τῷ σ. ὄψον X.Mem.3.14.2

; κάρδαμον ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῷ ς. Id.Cyr.1.2.11; πίνειν ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τῷ ς. ib.6.2.27, cf. Plu. Them.29, with Id.2.328f.

3 in a wider sense, food, as opp. to drink,

σ. ἠδὲ ποτής Od.9.87

, cf. Il.19.306;

σ. καὶ οἶνος Od.3.479

, Il.9.706;

σ. καὶ μέθυ Od.4.746

, etc.; even of porridge ([etym.] κυκεών), 10.235;

σῖτα καὶ ποτά Hdt.5.34

, X.An.2.3.27;

σ. ποιεῖν καὶ οἶνον Pl.R. 372a

;

ἄκμηνος σίτοιο Il.19.163

, cf. A.Fr. 182; εὐνὴ καὶ ς. Od. 20.130, cf. Il.24.129;

ὕπνον καὶ σ. αἱρεῖσθαι Th.2.75

; provisions,

σῖτα ἀναιρέεσθαι Hdt.4.128

;

παρέχειν σῖτα καὶ νέας Id.7.21

; παρέχειν μέχρι τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν ς. Foed. ap. Th.5.47.

4 rarely of beasts, fodder, Hes.Op. 604, E.HF 383 (lyr.), X.Eq.4.1.—In the general sense of food, Prose writers prefer the dim. form σιτία, τά.

II in [dialect] Att. Law, allowance of grain made to widows and orphans. σῖτον διδόναι, ἀποδιδόναι, D.27.15, 28.11, Arist.Ath.56.7.

2 δίκην σίτου δικάσασθαι, bring an action under the Athen. Corn-law against regraters and monopolists, Is.3.9, cf. D.59.52.

3 allowance made to the Ἱππεῖς, IG12.304.4, al.

4 public distribution of corn in Rome, Lat. frumentatio,

τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ σίτου ὄντα ἐν Ῥώμῃ Arr.Epict.1.10.2

.

χειρο-ήθης, ες,

A accustomed to the hand, manageable, commonly of animals, tame,

κροκόδειλος Hdt.2.69

; θεός τις χ., as Cambyses sneeringly calls Apis, Id.3.28;

χ.πῶλος X.Eq.2.3

;

λέων D.S.1.48

, etc.: c. dat., used to,

ἐγχέλεις ἀνθρώποις χ. Plu.2.976a

; [θηρία] χ. γιγνόμενα τοῖς πόνοις, i.e. by training, ib.2f.

2 of persons, civilized, Str.11.2.4; amenable, c. dat., μοι χ. ἦν καὶ ἐτιθας (ς) εύετο (fort. ἐτετιθάσευτο ) had become submissive to me, of a person, X. Oec.7.10;

τιθασεύουσι χειροήθεις ἑαυτοῖς ποιοῦντες D.3.31

;

τῷ δήμῳ Plu.Per.15

;

τοῖς [ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ λεγομένοις] παρέχουσιν ἑαυτοὺς χ. Id.2.14e

; χ. ὕβρει used to it, Luc.Merc.Cond.35: [comp] Comp.,

ἡδονῇ -έστερος Jul.Caes. 318a

.

3 of things, manageable, tolerable,

τῇ διανοία χ. διὰ τῆς ὄψεως Plu.Mar.16

;

τὰ ὅπλα τοῖς σώμασιν ἐγίνετο χ. Id.Phil.9

, cf. 2.47b;

αὑτῷ χ. καταστησάτω τὸ παθηματικὸν τῆς ψυχῆς μόριον Jul. Or.6.199c

.

ἀλέω (A), [pron. full] [ᾰ]: [tense] impf.

A

ἤλουν Pherecr.10.1

: [tense] aor.

ἤλεσα Id.183

,Hp.Fist. 7, Steril.230, etc.; [dialect] Ep. ἄλεσσα ([etym.] κατ-) Od.20.109: [tense] pf.

ἀλήλεκα AP11.251

(Nicarch.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf.

ἀλήλεσμαι Hp.

ap. Gal.19.76, Hdt.7.23;

ἀλήλεμαι Th.4.26

, Amph.9: [tense] aor.

ἠλέσθην Dsc.1.120

:—grind, bruise, Hom. only in compd. κατ-αλέω, q. v.; ἤλουν τὰ σιτία Pherecr.l.c.; βίος ἀληλεμένος civilized life, in which one uses ground corn and not law fruits, Amph. l.c.; ἄλει, μύλα, ἄλει grind, mill, grind ! Carm. Pop.43: metaph., ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλαι, ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτά Poet. ap. S.E.M.1.287.

------------------------------------

ἀλέω (B), only in [voice] Med. ἀλέομαι, q.v.

ἀνα-στροφή, ἡ,

A turning upside down, upsetting, overthrow, E.Fr. 301 (pl.); μοῖραν εἰς ἀ. δίδωσι, = ἀναστρέφει, Id.Andr. 1007; disorder, confusion, Posidipp.26.22.

2 turning back, return, S.Ant. 226; πολλὰς ἀ. ποιούμενος, of a hunter, making many casts backward, X. Cyn.6.25; wheeling round, of a horse, Id.Eq.Mag.3.14; of soldiers in battle, whether to flee or rally, Id.Cyr.5.4.8;

μηκέτι δοῦναι αὐτοῖς ἀ.

time to rally,

Id.HG4.3.6

, cf. Ages.2.3; esp. of the reversal of a wheeling movement, Ascl.Tact.10.6, Ael.Tact.25.7, Arr.Tact.21.4; of a ship, Th.2.89;

ἐξ ἀ.

turning back,

Plb.4.54.4

;

κατ' ἀναστροφήν

conversely,

S.E.M.7.430

.

3 in Gramm., throwing back of the accent, as in Prepositions after their case, A.D.Synt.308.15, etc.

4 Rhet., = ἐπαναστροφή, repetition of words which close one sentence at the beginning of another, Hermog.Id.1.12, etc.

b inversion of the natural order, A.D.Synt.71.18, Phoeb.Fig.1.4, etc.;

τῆς τάξεως Theon Prog.4

.

5 Math., conversion of a ratio,

ἀ. λόγου Euc.5

Def.16;

κατ' ἀναστροφήν Papp.1002.25

.

II dwelling in a place, Plu.2.216a.

2 abode, haunt,

δαιμόνων ἀναστροφή A.Eu.23

.

3 mode of life, behaviour, Plb.4.82.1, D.L.0.64;

- φὴν ποιεῖσθαι IG2.477b12

, cf. SIG491.5, LXX To.4.14, Ep.Gal.1.13, Ep.Eph.4.22, al.;

ἀ. πολιτική PGiss. 40ii29

(iii A.D.); ἐξημερωμένης -φῆς civilized life, Phld.Sto.Herc.339.19.

4 delay, respite, time for doing a thing, Plb.1.66.3,al., D.S.10.5.

5 occupation, concern,

περί τι τὰν ἀ. ἔχειν Archyt.1

, cf. Phld.Po.5.1425.6.

6 return, way back, Arist. HA 631a26, cf. Pr. 940b23.

7 recourse,

ἀ. λαμβάνειν πρός τι Plu. 2.112c

.

ἐξημερ-όω,

A tame or reclaim entirely, χῶρον [ἀκανθώδη] Hdt.1.126; ἐ. γαῖαν free the land from wild beasts, etc., E.HF20, 852; reclaim wild plants,

κοτίνους εἰς σνκᾶς ἐ. Plu.Fab.20

, cf. Thphr.HP2.2.12 ([voice] Pass.), al.: metaph., soften, humanize,

τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀτέραμνον Plb.4

. 21.4;

διανοίας Ph.2.402

;

τὰς τῶν ἠθῶν καὶ παθῶν ὕλας LXX 4 Ma.1.29

;

αὑτὸν διὰ παιδείας Plu.Num.3

;

τὴν νῆσον ἐξηγριωμένην ὑπὸ κακῶν.. ἐξημέρωσε Id.Tim.35

, cf. Parth.20.1; ἡ ἐξημερωμένη ἐν τοῖς νῦν χρόνοις ἀναστροφή our present civilized life, Phld.Sto.339.19.

ἡγ-ητηρία (sc. παλάθη), ἡ,

A mass of dried figs, borne in procession at the Attic Πλυντήρια, in memory of the discovery of this food, which was considered the first step in civilized life, Ath.3.74d, Porph.Abst.2.7, Hsch., Phot.:

ἥμερος, [dialect] Dor. [pref] ἅμ-, in codd. of Pi. (v. infr.) and A. (v. infr.), but [pref] ἥμ- Tab.Heracl.1.172, ον, also α, ον Hdt.5.82, Pi.N.9.44, etc. (v. infr. 11).

1 tame, of animals,

χῆνα φέρων.. ἥμερον ἐξ αὐλῆς Od.15.162

;

ἥ. ζῷα Pl.Phdr. 260b

; κρέα θήρεια καὶ τῶν ἡ. X.Cyr.1.3.6.

2 of plants and trees, cultivated,

ἐλαίη Hdt.5.82

;

δένδρεα Id.4.21

,8. 115;

καρπός Pl.Criti. 115a

, cf. Ti. 77b; τροφή, of corn, Corn.ND 2.

3 of countries, cultivated, reclaimed,

ἡμερωτέρη χώρη Hp.

Aër. 12; so ἡμερώταται ὁδοί smooth, easy roads, Pl.Lg. 761a.

4 of men, civilized, gentle, Hdt.2.30 ([comp] Comp.), Pi.P.1.71,3.6;

ἄνδρες οὕτως ἥ. καὶ φιλάνθρωποι D.21.49

, cf. Phld.Ir.p.88W. ([comp] Sup.); ἁμέροις χερσίν, αἰὼν ἁ., Pi.N.8.3, 9.44;

οἶκος ἅ. ἀστοῖς Id.O.13.2

; so of a lion,

ἐν βιότου προτελείοις ἅμερον A.Ag. 721

; κρατηθεὶς -ώτερος φανεῖ ib. 1632, cf. Pl.Prt. 326b, Isoc.9.67. Adv.

- ρως Plb.5.54.9

: [comp] Comp.

- ωτέρως Pl.Lg. 867d

: [comp] Sup.

- ώτατα D.C.57.18

.

5 Medic., of tumours, benign, opp. κακοήθης, Leonid. ap. Aët.15.5.

II Ἡμέρα, ἡ, title of Artemis in Arcadia, B.10.39, Call.Dian. 236, IG5(2).398 ([place name] Lusi).

δίκαιος, αία, ον (s. δικαιοσύνη; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① pert. to being in accordance with high standards of rectitude, upright, just, fair

ⓐ of humans

α. In Gr-Rom. tradition a δ. pers. is one who upholds the customs and norms of behavior, including esp. public service, that make for a well-ordered, civilized society (Hom, Od. 6, 120f hospitality and fear of God mark an upright pers.; Dem. 3, 21 a δίκαιος πολίτης gives priority to the interest of the state). Such perspective opened a bridge to Greco-Romans for understanding of Jewish/Christian perspectives: e.g. the description of an eccl. overseer (w. σώφρων, ὅσιος) Tit 1:8. Both polytheistic and monotheistic societies closely associated uprightness, with special reference to behavior toward humans (cp. Pla., Rep. 4, 443; Aristot. EN 5, 1, 1129a-1130a), and piety in reference esp. to familial obligations and deity (Augustus enshrined the perspective, taking pride in being awarded a crown for his δικαιοσύνη and εὐσέβεια Res Gestae 34). In keeping with OT tradition, NT writers emphasize a connection between upright conduct and sense of responsibility to God; δ. like צַדִּיק=conforming to the laws of God and people. General definition ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δ. ἐστιν one who does what is right, is righteous 1J 3:7; cp. Rv 22:11.—Ro 5:7. δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται law does not apply to an upright person 1 Ti 1:9. οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος Ro 3:10 (cp. Eccl 7:20); δ. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13; δ. ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 7:1; Job 32:2) Lk 1:6. W. φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν of Cornelius Ac 10:22. W. εὐλαβής (Pla., Pol. 311ab ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δικαιον κ. εὐλαβές) Lk 2:25. W. ἀγαθός (Kaibel 648, 10; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; 9, 132 ἀνὴρ ἀγ. κ. δίκ.; s. ἀγαθός 2aα) 23:50; ἀθῷος (Sus 53) 1 Cl 46:4; ὅσιος (En 103:9) 2 Cl 15:3; ταπεινός B 19:6. (ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον Just., D. 47, 5). Serving God w. a pure heart makes one δ. 2 Cl 11:1. Hence the δίκαιοι=the just, the upright in a specif. Israelite-Christian sense Mt 13:43 (cp. Da 12:3 Theod.) Lk 1:17; 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:16); 1 Cl 22:6 (Ps 33:16); 33:7; 45:3f; 48:3 (Ps 117:20); 2 Cl 6:9; 17:7; 20:3f; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5f); MPol 14:1; 17:1; also of those who only appear upright (cp. Pr 21:2) Mt 23:28; Lk 18:9; 20:20; specifically of Christians Mt 10:41; Ac 14:2 D; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); Hv 1, 4, 2. W. apostles MPol 19:2; cp. 1 Cl 5:2. Esp. of the righteous of the OT: πατέρες δ. 1 Cl 30:7. W. prophets Mt 13:17; 23:29 (perh. teachers: DHill, NTS 11, ’64/65, 296–302). Of Abel (Did., Gen. 181, 10) Mt 23:35 (construction with τοῦ αἵματος deserves consideration: GKilpatrick, BT 16, ’65, 119); Hb 11:4; Enoch 1 Cl 9:3; Lot 2 Pt 2:7f (Noah: Just., D. 20, 1; 138, 1; δίκαιοι καὶ πατριάρχαι ibid. 67, 7); John the Baptist (w. ἅγιος) Mk 6:20; δ. τετελειωμένοι just persons made perfect (i.e., who have died) Hb 12:23. Opp. ἄδικοι (Pr 17:15; 29:27; En 99:3; 100:7) Mt 5:45; Ac 24:15; 1 Pt 3:18; ἁμαρτωλοί (Ps 1:5; En 104:6 and 12; PsSol 2:34) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 15:7; ἁμαρτωλοί and ἀσεβεῖς (Ps 1:5f) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); πονηροί (Pr 11:15) Mt 13:49 (μοχθηροί Tat. 3, 2). W. regard to the Last Judgment, the one who stands the test is δ. righteous Mt 25:37, 46.—Ro 1:17 (s. ζάω 2bβ); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38 (all three Hab 2:4; cp. Larfeld I 494); Ro 5:19. Resurrection of the just Lk 14:14; prayer Js 5:16; cp. 5:6 (1bβ below). Joseph, who is interested in doing the right thing honorable, just, good (Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Diod S 33, 5, 6 ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς κ. δικαίου; Conon [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac.; Galen CMG V/10, 3 p. 33, 13f [XVIII/1 p. 247 K.] ἄνδρες δ.) Mt 1:19 (w. connotation of ‘merciful’ DHill, ET 76, ’65, 133f; s. δικαιοσύνη 3b).

β. of things relating to human beings ἔργα 1J 3:12; αἷμα δ. (Jo 4:19; La 4:13=αἷμα δικαίου Pr 6:17, where αἷ. δίκαιον is a v.l.) blood of an upright, or better, an innocent man Mt 23:35 (s. 1bβ below), and esp. 27:4, where δ. is v.l. for ἀθῷον; AcPl Ha 11, 8; ψυχὴ δ. upright soul (cp. Pr 10:3; s. also GrBar 10:5) 2 Pt 2:8; πνεῦμα δ. upright spirit Hm 5, 2, 7; ἐντολή (w. ἁγία and ἀγαθή) Ro 7:12. κρίσις (Dt 16:18; Is 58:2; 2 Macc 9:18; 3 Macc 2:22; Jos., Ant. 9, 4) J 5:30; 7:24; 8:16 v.l.; 2 Th 1:5; B 20:2. Pl. Rv 16:7; 19:2. φύσει δικαίᾳ by an upright nature IEph 1:1 (Hdb. ad loc.; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 24, 8); ὁδὸς δ. (Vi. Aesopi I G 85 P. of the ‘right way’) 2 Cl 5:7; B 12:4; pl. Rv 15:3.

ⓑ of transcendent beings. Because of their privileged status as authority figures, the idea of fairness or equity is associated w. such entities (for δ. in the sense of ‘equitable’ in a very explicit form s. Strabo 4, 18, 7).

α. God (NRhizos, Καππαδοκικά 1856, p. 113: it is gener. assumed that deities are just or fair, but the attribute is esp. affirmed in an ins fr. Tyana Θεῷ δικαίῳ Μίθρᾳ.—JMordtmann, MAI 10, 1885, 11–14 has several exx. of ὅσιος κ. δίκαιος as adj. applied to gods in west Asia Minor.—δικ. of Isis: PRoussel, Les cultes égypt. à Delos 1916, p. 276.—Oft. in OT; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 11, 55 [w. ἀληθινός]; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 23, 2) just, righteous w. ref. to God’s judgment of people and nations κριτὴς δ. a righteous judge (Ps 7:12; 2 Macc 12:6; PsSol 9:2; cp. the description of Rhadamanthys, Pind., O. 2, 69) 2 Ti 4:8; δ. ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1; cp. 56:5 (Ps 140:5); πατὴρ δ. J 17:25; cp. Ro 3:26; 1J 2:29; cp. 3:7; ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ δ. AcPlCor 2:12. W. ὅσιος (Ps 144:17; Dt 32:4) Rv 16:5. W. πιστός 1J 1:9.

β. of Jesus who, as the ideal of an upright pers. is called simply ὁ δ. the upright one (HDechent, D. ‘Gerechte’, Eine Bezeichnung für d. Messias: StKr 100, 1928, 439–43) Ac 7:52; 22:14; Mt 27:19, cp. 24 v.l.; 1J 2:1; 3:7b; Lk 23:47 (for Gr-Rom. associations in favor of upright, esp. in Lk 23:47 s. Danker, Benefactor ’82, 345f. GKilpatrick, JTS 42, ’41, 34–36, prefers innocent, so also Goodsp., Probs. 90f, but against this interp. s. RHanson, Hermathena 60, ’42, 74–78; RKarris, JBL 105, ’86, 65–74). W. ἅγιος Ac 3:14. On the qu. whether Js 5:6 applies to Jesus, s. KAland, TLZ ’44, 103 and MDibelius, Commentary (Hermeneia), ad loc. (but s. Greeven’s note in this comm. p. 240, 58: ‘perhaps a veiled, melancholy allusion to the death of James’).—Also of angels Hs 6, 3, 2.

② The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice, right, fair, equitable (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 12; Jos., Ant. 15, 376; cp. Strabo 4, 18, 7; s. Larfeld I 494) δ. παρὰ θεῷ it is right in the sight of God 2 Th 1:6. Also δ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 4:19; δ. καὶ ὅσιον it is right and holy 1 Cl 14:1, pl. Phil 4:8; δ. ἐστιν it is right Eph 6:1; w. inf. foll. Phil 1:7; 1 Cl 21:4 (cp. Hyperid. 6, 14; PSI 442, 14 [III B.C.] οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι οὕτως εἶναι; Sir 10:23; 2 Macc 9:12; 4 Macc 6:34); δ. ἡγοῦμαι I consider it right (Diod S 12, 45, 1 δ. ἡγοῦντο) 2 Pt 1:13; τὸ δ. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 97 §409 τὸ δ.=the just cause; Arrian, Anab. 3, 27, 5; Polyb.; IMagnMai; SEG XLI, 625, 5; pap; 2 Macc 4:34; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:25; EpArist; Jos., Bell. 4, 340 Ant. 16, 158; το νῦν δ. Tat. 1, 3) what is right Lk 12:57. τὸ δ. παρέχεσθαι give what is right Col 4:1. ὸ̔ ἐὰν ᾖ δ. δώσω ὑμῖν whatever is right I will give you Mt 20:4 (Diod S 5, 71, 1 τὸ δίκαιον άλλήλοις διδόναι; 8, 25, 4). Abstract for concrete (Philipp. [=Demosth. 12] 23 μετὰ τοῦ δ.; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6 ἄνευ νόμου κ. δικαίου; Ael. Aristid, 46 p. 302 D.) τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν ἔχει uprightness goes the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2. Pl. (Diod S 15, 11, 1; 19, 85, 3; Appian, Samn. 11 §4 al.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 30, 1; Jos., Ant. 19, 288; SibOr 3, 257; Just., A I, 68, 3 δ. ἀξιοῦν; D. 28, 4 φυλάσσει τὰ αἰώνια δ.) δίκαια βουλεύεσθαι have upright thoughts Hv 1, 1, 8 (cp. λαλεῖν Is 59:4; ἐκζητήσεται 1 Macc 7:12; κρίνειν Ar. 15, 4; Just., A II, 15, 5).—B. 1180. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἥμερος, ον (s. next entry; ranging in mng. from ‘tame’ or ‘gentle’ of animals to ‘civilized’ or ‘gentle’ of humans: Hom. et al.; LXX; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 5 [Stone p. 6]; EpArist; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 137; 212. Loanw. in rabb.) gentle, kind

ⓐ of pers. who do not cause someone to feel intimidated because of their behavior (Pind. et al.; SIG 932, 7; OGI 116, 7; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 243, Mos. 2, 279; Ath.1, 2 and R. 49, 8) gentle, mild-mannered opp. ἄγριος (cp. Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 28) IEph 10:2.

ⓑ of words kind (opp. ἔκφρικτος ‘frightening’) Hv 1, 3, 3. Comp. ἡμερώτερος (since Aeschyl., Ag. 1632) of commandments Hm 12, 4, 5.—DELG. TW.