ἀρηΐ-φατος

Ἀρηΐ-φᾰτος [ᾰ], ον, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. for Ἀρείφατος (q.v.).

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `double, twofold' (Hdt.); cf. τριφάσιος `threefold' (Hdt.), by H. also explained as τρίφωνος.

Derivatives: δίφατον διφάσιον, δισσῶς λεγόμενον H. and τρίφατος `threefold' (Nic. Th. 102).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Cf. διπλάσιος; so based on δί-, τρί-φατος. The second member is uncertain. The reference to φημί, seen also in δισσῶς λεγόμενον and. τρίφωνος ini H., is taken over by von Skutsch IF 14, 488ff. referring to Lat. bifāriam. Brugmann IF 17, 367, Grundr.² 2: 1, 186 connected πεφνεῖν, φόνος, θείνω as in ἀρηΐ-φατος `killed in battle', i.e. `twice slayed' (cf. on δίπλαξ). Not better with Walde Lat. et. Wb.² 90, Brugmann Grundr.² 2: 2, 71 to φαίνω as `twice visible'; one would expect *δίφαντος like ἄφαντος (in the Il.).

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `slay', also `kill' ( πεφνεῖν, καταθείνω). -

Other forms: redupl. aor. πε-φν-εῖν (Il.), med. ἐπέφατο (cod. ἀπ-) ἀπέθανεν H.; beside it also, prob. as innovation, the them. root aor. θενεῖν (E., Ar.) and the σ-aor. ptc. θείνας (Υ 481; Schwyzer 755); fut. θενῶ (Ar.), perf. pass. 3. sg. πέφαται, inf. πεφάσθαι (Il.), with fut. pass. πεφήσεται (Ο 140 etc.: Schwyzer 783 A. 4, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 448);

Compounds: Verbal adj. as 2. member in compp., e. g. ἀρηΐ-φατος (s. also on διφάσιος),

Derivatives: Beside it φόνος m. `murther', s. v.; cf. also Άργεϊφόντης.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [491] * gʷʰen- `slay'

Etymology: The full grade themat. yot-present θείνω has an exact formal agreement in Lith. geniù (inf. geneti!!) `cut off branches', IE *g<sup>u</sup>ʰen-i̯ō; beside weakgrade OCS žьnjǫ (inf. žęti) `harvest, cut'. Arm. ǰnǰem `wipe off, clean, ' too can phonetically belong here, but differs in meaning. Very doubtful Alb. gjanj `hunt, follow' (s. Pedersen and Jokl in W.-Hofmann s. dēfendō). Older is an Indo-Iranian and Hittite athematic root present, Skt. hánti = Av. ǰainti = Hitt. kuen-zi `he slays, kills', IE *gʷʰén-ti. It was replaced by a thematic root formation: Skt. hanati `slay, fill', Lith. genù ` drive (the cattle on the field), hunt', OCS ženǫ `drive(off), pursue', perhaps also Arm. ǰnem `slay' (but rather denominative from ǰin `stick'). Other formations are OIr. gonim `wound, kill' (iterative) and Lat. dē-, of-fendō (with d-suffix). - The reduplicated aorist too has agreements outside of Greek, e. g. in Indo-Iranian: Av. ava-ǰaγnat_ `he struck' = πέφνε, Skt. ptc. ja-ghn-ant = πεφνόντ-, IE *gʷe-gʷ̯hn-ont-. The perfect formations also agree: Skt. ja-ghā́n-a, 3. pl. ja-ghn-úḥ: πέ-φα-ται, IE *gʷ̯e-gʷhon-, * gʷe-gʷhn-, *gʷe-gʷhn̥-. Verbal adjectives (resp. partic.): Skt hatá- = Av. ǰata- = - φατος, IE *gʷhn̥-to-s. - More forms in Bq s. v., Pok. 491ff. W.-Hofmann s. dēfendō. On the meaning of θείνω etc., prop. euphemistic, Chantraine Sprache 1, 143ff.; also Trümpy Fachausdrücke 92ff.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `handmill, mill, (Od.), (the nether) millstone', metaph. `molar' (LXX), `knee-cap, hard formation in a woman's womb' (Hp., Arist.).

Other forms: hell. a. late also μύλος m. (LXX, NT, Str.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2,58)

Compounds: Compp., e.g. μυλο-ειδής `as a millstone' (H 270), μυλή-φατος `ground by a mill' (β 355, A. R., Lyc.; after ἀρηΐ-φατος a.o.; diff. Chantraine Sprache 1, 145); χειρο-μύλη `handmill' (X.), also - μυλος ( Edict. Diocl.), - μυλον (Cass. Fel.; cf. on βούτυρον); dimin. - μύλιον (Dsc., pap.).

Derivatives: A. Subst. 1. μύλαξ, - ακος m. `millstone, big rounded stone' (M161, AP, Opp.), cf. λίθαξ a.o. (Chantraine Form. 379). 2. From this with ρ-suffix μύλακρος m. `millstone' (Alcm.), pl. = γομφίοι ὀδόντες (H.); f. - ακρίς, - ίδος as attr. of λᾶας `millstone' (Alex. Aet.), as subst. `cockroach', also (influenced by ἀκρίς) `locust' (Ar. Fr. 583, Poll.); also - αβρίς `id.' (Pl. Com., Poll.; prob. after ἁβρός, ἅβρα), - ηθρίς `id.' (Poll.). 3. μυλών, - ῶνος m. `millhouse, mill' (Att.) with - ωνικός `miller' (pap.), - ώνιον dimin. (gloss.). 4. μυλωθρός m. `miller' (Att., Arist.); on the formation which is not quite clear cf. Chantraine Form. 373; from this - ωθρίς f. `milleress' name of a comedy of Eubulos; - ωθρικός `belonging to a miller' (Plu.), - ωθρέω `grind' (Men.); backformation - ωθρον = μυλών (Phot.)?; also - ωθριαῖοι adjunct of καλυπ-τῆρες (= `roof-tiles'?; Delos II^a, reading uncertain); beside it μυλωρός `miller' (Aesop., Poll.), after πυλωρός a.o. 5. μυλάριον dimin. `small handmill' (pap.). 6. μυλεύς m. surn. of Zeus as keeper of mills (Lyc.; Bosshardt 67). 7. μυλίας m. ( λίθος) `millstone, stone, from which millstones were made' (Pl., Arist., Str.; Chantraine Form. 96). 8. μυλίτης m. ( λίθος, ὀδούς) `millstone, molar' (Gal.). 9. Μυλόεις ποταμὸς Άρκαδίας H.; s. Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2. 233. -- B. Adj., all rare and late: 1. μύλ-ιος `belonging to a mill' (Procop.); 2. μυλ-ικός `id.' (Ev. Luk., Gal.); 3. - ινος `consisting of millstones' (Smyrna); 4. - αῖος `working in a mill' (AP), - αῖον n. `handmill' (pap.); 5. - ιαῖοι ὀδόντες `molars' (medic.); 6. - όεις `consisting of a millstone, belonging to a mill' (Nic., Nonn.); 7. - ητικη ἔμπλαστρος `remedy for toothache' (Gal.). -- C. Verbs, all rare. 1. μυλιάω only in ptc. μῡλιόωντες `gnashing with the teeth' (Hes. Op. 530; on - ιάω Schwyzer 732); 2. μυλόομαι `be hardened, cicatrized' (Hp.). -- On itself stands μύλλω = βινέω (Theoc. 4,58) with μυλ(λ)άς f. `whore' (Phot., Suid.), μυλλός m. `cake in the form of the pudenda muliebria' (Ath. 14, 647 a; Sicilian).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [716] * melh₁- `grind'

Etymology: The primary verbal noun μύλη (accent as e.g. μάχη) with the secondarily arising μύλος (after λίθος or ὄνος ἀλέτης?) like the primary yot-present μύλλω deviate through the υ-vowel from the other cognate words for `grind', which show an e: o-vocalism: Celt., OIr. melim, Slav., e.g. OCS meljǫ (IE * mel-); Germ., e.g. Goth. malan, Lith. malù, Hitt. 3. sg. mallai (IE * mol-); Lat. molō, on itself ambiguous, prob. from * melō like OIr. melim. In μυλ- we must assume a zero- [or reduced] grade variant (ml̥-; m<sub>e</sub>l-?) (Schwyzer 351). With μύλλω from *ml̥-i̯ō agree in Germ. OHG muljan, OWNo. mylia `crush'; on the meaning s. below, on the υ -vowel cf. φύλλον against Lat. folium. A weak grade appears also in Welsh malu `grind', as well as in Arm. malem `crush'. An u-vowel could also be found in the reduplicated Arm. ml-ml-em `rub'; (it could however also be drived from lengthened grade mēl- or mōl). The technical meaning `grind' might have been specialized from the general `rub'. As verbal noun μύλη has in Greek the character of an archaism, while μύλλω, which was degraded to an obscene meaning, was further replaced by the also old ἀλέω (s.v. and Porzig Gliederung 156), which was limited to the eastern languages. -- On itself stands μάλευρον (s.v.); remarkable and\/but suspect is the e-vowel of Myc. mereuro `meal' and meretirija `milleresses'. -- More forms in WP. 2, 284ff., Pok. 716f., W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. molō, Fraenkel Wb. s. málti.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `pain, torment, harm, sorrow' (Il.).

Other forms: mostly pl. - αι.

Compounds: As 2. member, e.g. περι-ώδυνος `very sore, painful' (Hp., Att.; - ω- comp. lengthening with περιωδυν-ία f. (Hp., Pl.), - έω, also (after ὀδυνάω) - άω (medic.); rarely as 1. member as in ὀδυνή-φατος ( ὀδυνήφατα φάρμακα Ε 401 = 900, also ὀ-ον ῥίζαν Λ 847; after this Orph. L. 345, 753) `pain-killing, -stilling', poet. incidental formation after ἀρηΐ-φατος a.o., but with remarkable active meaning (cf. Chantraine Sprache 1,145; after Risch $ 73 a prop. a consonantstem).

Derivatives: ὀδυν-ηρός, Dor. - ᾶρός `dolorous, sorrowful' (Pi., Att.), - ωδῶς adv. `sorrowfully' (Gal.), - αίτερος `more painful' (Hp.) as from *ὀδυναῖος after σχολαίτερος (: [ σχολαῖος:] σχολή) a.o. (Schwyzer 534); ὀδυνάω, - άομαι, rarely with ἐξ-, κατ-, `to hurt, to grieve; to be hurt, to suffer pain' (IA.) with ὀδυνήματα pl. `pains' (Hp.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [289; to be corrected] * h₃dwon- `pain'

Etymology: Beside IA. ὀδύνη (orig. pl. tant. ?; Witte Glotta 2, 18f.) stands Aeol. (Greg. Cor. 597) ἐδύνας (acc. pl.); the vowel change can go back on old ablaut or on vowel-assimilation (ε \> ο before υ; cf. Schwyzer 255). Both forms are ᾱ-enlargements of a verbal noun in -u̯en-: - un- from ἐδ- `eat' ( curae edaces Hor., Lith. ėdžiótis `trouble oneself' beside ēdžióti `devour, bite', to ė́sti `eat'; on it Fraenkel Wb. s. v.), to which the ablauting -u̯er-: -u̯r̥-: - ur- in εἶδαρ \> *ἔδ-Ϝαρ `eating, food' (s. on ἔδω, with Skt. cognates) and ὀδύρομαι (s. v.). A further representative of this noun is Arm. erkn, gen. erkan `birth-pain, heavy pain' from *ed-u̯ōn or *ed-u̯ēn, s. Frisk Etyma Armen. 11 ff. w. details. -- Not wit L. Meyer 1, 523 f. and Prellwitz to δύη. However the initial was h₃-, as in ὀδών (s.v.); cf. Beekes in Kortlandt, Armeniaca Cf. ὠδίς.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `undecomposed', of a corpse (Ω 757 [ ἐρσήεις καὶ π.], Hdt.), `fresh', of plants, victuals, water a.o. (Hp., Arist., hell.), metaph. `fresh' = `happened lately, recently, immediately following, recens', of actions, emotions etc. (A. in lyr., Lys., D., Arist.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: Acc. to Phot. prop. = νεωστὶ ἀνῃρημένος, an interpretation, which seems to give the best solution. So to πεφ-νεῖν, φόνος, θείνω with the same 2. member as in the compounds Άρηΐ-, ἀρεί-φατος, μυλή-φατος, ὀδυνή-φατος; the remarkable development of meaning was possible as the second member became unclear (also in ἀρείφατος: also `martial'). The first element cannot be preverbal (as if from *προσ-θείνω), but has a similar function as in the nominal πρόσ-οικος, πρόσ-γειος etc.; prop. "close to the dead (killing), closely following" with univerbating το-suffix. -- Other hypotheses (to be rejected) in Bq w. lit.; to be rejected also Schwyzer 503 Zus. 2 (asking: "to *προσφα, cf. μέσφα?").

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