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41 DAGR
(gen. dags, dat. degi; pl. dagar), m.1) day;at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised;dagr kemr upp í austri, sezt í vestri, the day rises in the east, sets in the west;öndverðr dagr, the early day, forenoon;miðr dagr, midday;hallandi dagr, declining day;at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day;sannr sem dagr, true as day;í dag, today;á (or um) daginn, during the day;sama dags, the same day;annan dag, the next day;annars dag, another day;hindra dags, the day after, tomorrow;dag frá degi, hvern dag frá öðrum, from day to day;dag eptir dag, day after day;nótt ok dag, night and day;dögunum optar, more times than there are days, over and over again;á deyjanda degi, on one’s death-day;2) pl., days, times;ef aðrir dagar (better days) koma;góðir dagar, happy days;3) esp. pl., lifetime;á dögum e-s, um daga e-s, in the days of, during or in the reign of;eptir minn dag, when I am dead (gaf honum alla sína eign eptir sinn dag);mátti hann eigi lengr gefa en um sína dagi, than for his lifetime;ráða (taka) e-n af dögum, to put to death.* * *m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dœgr with a vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A. S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ. tag; the Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place]I. a day; in different senses:1. the natural day:—sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised, Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase,—for summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = ‘plenty of time’ or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many—dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears; dagsbrún, ‘day’s brow,’ is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i. e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before day; móti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day = forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft að kveða þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fólginn, ok eigi er lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q. v.2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-morrow, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag frá degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; á dögunum. the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan dag, the ‘life-long’ day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i. e. over and over again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one’s day of death, Grág. i. 402.β. regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar-dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátíðis-dagr, a feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gleði-dagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr, a birthday.3. in pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek ætlaða ekki at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem nú eru orðnir, Nj. 171; góðir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.), never to see glad days.β. á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lögsögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, ‘after my day,’ i. e. when I am dead.γ. calendar days, e. g. Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days; Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, ‘Ganging days,’ Rogation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc.4. of the week-days; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d., Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þvátt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bauð hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla Týrsdag Óðinsdag, eðr Þórsdag, ok svá um alla vikudaga, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165. Thus bishop John (died A. D. 1121) caused them to name the days as the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. Þriði-d. or Þriðju-d., Third-day = Tuesday, Rb. 44, K. Þ. K. 100, Ísl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day—Thursday, Rb. 42, Grág. i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248, Nj. 274; Föstu-d., Fast-day = Friday; Miðviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was borrowed from the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the old and new names were used indiscriminately. The question arises whether even the old names were not imported from abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by weeks; even the word week (vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin (vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form of Friday, old Icel. Frjádagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A. S. in form; ‘Frjá-,’ ‘Fre-,’ can hardly be explained but from A. S. Freâ-, and would be an irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The transition of ja into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey) would require the mod. Swed.-Dan. ö or u sound. Names of weekdays are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th century (Arnór, Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was probably not fully established, and the names of the days were still new to the people. 5. the day is in Icel. divided according to the position of the sun above the horizon; these fixed traditional marks are called dags-mörk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hours of modern times, viz. ris-mál or miðr-morgun, dag-mál, há-degi, mið-degi or mið-mundi, nón, miðr-aptan, nátt-mál, vide these words. The middle point of two day-marks is called jafn-nærri-báðum, in modern pronunciation jöfnu-báðu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in the genitive; thus in Icel. a man asks, hvað er fram orðið, what is the time? and the reply is, jöfnubáðu miðsmorguns og dagmála, half-way between mid-morning and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmála; hallandi dagmál, or stund af ( past) dagmálum; jöfnu-báðu hádegis og dagmúla, about ten or half-past ten o’clock, etc. Those day-marks are traditional in every farm, and many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling of the country. Respecting the division of the day, vide Pál Vídal. s. v. Allr dagr til stefnu, Finnus Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamörk Íslenzk (published at the end of the Rb.), and a recent essay of Finn Magnusson.II. denoting a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m., where the weak form is used, cp. ein-dagi, mál-dagi, bar-dagi, skil-dagi.III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this sense the dat. is Dag, not Degi, cp. Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs síns, Sæm. 114.COMPDS: dagatal, dagsbrun, dagshelgi, dagsljós, dagsmark, dagsmegin, dagsmunr. -
42 GÖRA
ð, also spelt görva, giörva, geyra, giora, gera: prop. gøra, not gra (the ø was sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, however the word is spelt; and the insertion of i or j (giöra, gjöra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is phonetic, not radical, and göra and gjöra represent the same sound. The word in the oldest form had a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic stones in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl, Baut., and Danske Runemind. passim; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e. g. the Kb. of Sæm. (cited from Bugge’s Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am. 64, Bkv. 3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; gørvom, Hým. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl. 2. 89:—this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora, Hým. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always drops the v, gorþi, Hym. 21; gorðo or gorþo, fecerunt, Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorðumz, Hðm. 28; gerþi, Am. 74; gerþit, 26:—with i inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavra. The ö is still sounded in the east of Icel., whereas gera is the common form in speech, gjöra in writing:—the old pres. indic. used by the poets and in the laws is monosyllabic görr, with suffixed negative, görr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod. bisyllabic görir, which form is also the usual one in the Sagas:—the old part. pass. was görr or gerr, geyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and is often spelt with f, gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorfir: dat. so-goro or so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part. gjörðr, gerðr, görðr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which form occurs in MSS. of the 15th century, e. g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Scandin. word; Dan. gjöre; Swed. göra; Old Engl. and Scot. gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun, neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word however is not unknown to the Teut., though used in a different sense; A. S. gervan and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. gerben, garben, but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gör-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these senses.A. To make:I. to build, work, make, etc.; göra himin ok jörð, 623. 36, Hom. 100; göra hús, to build a house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; göra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; göra skip, N. G. L. i. 198; göra langskip, Eg. 44; göra stólpa, Al. 116; göra tól (= smíða), Vsp. 7; göra (fingr)-gull, Bs. i. 877; göra haug, to build a cairn, Eg. 399; göra lokhvílu, Dropl. 27; göra dys, Ld. 152; göra kistu ( coffin), Eg. 127; göra naust, N. G. L. i. 198; göra jarðhús, Dropl. 34; göra veggi, Eg. 724: also, göra bók, to write a book, Íb. 1, Rb. 384; göra kviðling, to make a song, Nj. 50; göra bréf, to draw up a deed ( letter), Fms. ix. 22; göra nýmæli, to frame a law, Íb. 17.2. adding prep.; göra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii. 370; göra upp Jórsala-borg, Ver. 43; göra upp skála, Ld. 298; göra upp leiði, to build up a grave.II. to make, prepare, get ready; göra veizlu, drykkju, brúðkaup, erfi, and poët. öl, öldr, to make a feast, brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dropl. 6, Am. 86; göra seið, blót, to perform a sacrifice, Ld. 152; göra bú, to set up a house, Grág. i. 185, Ld. 68; göra eld, to make a fire, Fs. 100, K. Þ. K. 88; göra rekkju, to make one’s bed, Eg. 236; göra upp hvílur, Sturl. ii. 124; göra graut, to make porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; göra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; göra kol, or göra til kola, to make charcoal, Ölk. 35.III. in somewhat metaph. phrases; göra ferð, to make a journey, Fms. x. 281; görði heiman för sína, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; göra sinn veg, to make one’s way, travel, Mar.; göra uppreisn, to make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; göra úfrið, to make war, 656 C. 15; göra sátt, göra frið, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; göra féskipti, Nj. 118; göra tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; göra ráð sitt, to make up one’s mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 21; göra hluti, to cast lots, Fms. x. 348.2. to make, give, pay, yield; göra tíund, to pay tithes, Hom. 180; hann skal göra Guði tíunda hlut verðsins, id.; göra ölmusu, to give alms, 64; göra ávöxt, to yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa né göra ávöxt, Stj. 43; göra konungi skatt eða skyld, Fms. xi. 225.3. to contract; göra vináttu, félagskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; göra skuld, to contract a debt, Grág. i. 126: göra ráð með e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; göra ráð fyrir, to suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; göra mun e-s, to make a difference, i. 255, Eb. 106.4. to make, make up, Lat. efficere; sex tigir penninga göra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Grág. i. 500, Rb. 458.5. to grant, render; göra kost, to make a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually ellipt., kostr being understood); vil ek at þér gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit þér fyrir því göra ( grant) honum kostinn, 49, 51; göra e-m lög, to grant the law to one, 237; göra guðsifjar, to make ‘gossip’ with one, to be one’s godfather, Fms. ii. 130.6. special usages; göra spott, háð, gabb, … at e-u, to make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 124; göra iðran, to do penance, Greg. 22; göra þakkir, to give thanks, Hom. 55; göra róm at máli e-s, to cheer another’s speech, shout hear, hear! var görr at máli hans mikill rómr ok góðr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 250,—a parliamentary term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the hands), cp. Tacit. Germ.7. with prepp.; gera til, to make ready or dress meat; láta af ( to kill) ok göra til ( and dress), K. Þ. K. 80, Ísl. ii. 83, 331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Finnb. 228; göra til nyt, to churn milk, K. Þ. K. 78; göra til sverð, to wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; máttu þeir eigi sjá, hversu Þorvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a dressing, Nj. 19.β. göra at e-u, to mend, make good, put right (at-görð), ek skal at því gera, Fms. xi. 153, Eg. 566, Nj. 130: to heal, Bárð. 171, Eg. 579, Grág. i. 220; göra at hesti, K. Þ. K. 54, Nj. 74: göra við e-u, vide B. II.8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; göra mun þat margan höfuðlausan, Nj. 203; göra mikit um sik, to make a great noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133, Fms. x. 329; göra e-n sáttan, to reconcile one, Grág. i. 336; göra sér e-n kæran, to make one dear to oneself, Hkr. i. 209; göra sik líkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258; göra sik góðan, to make oneself good or useful, 74, 78; göra sik reiðan, to take offence, 216; göra sér dælt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216; göra langmælt, to make a long speech, Sks. 316; göra skjót-kjörit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; göra hólpinn, to ‘make holpen,’ to help, x. 314; göra lögtekit, to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann gerði hann hálshöggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok görðu þá handtekna alla at minsta kosti, Sturl. i. 40; várir vöskustu ok beztu menn era görfir handteknir, 41.β. göra sér mikit um e-t, to make much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x. 254, 364; göra e-t at ágætum, to make famous, extol a thing, vii. 147; göra at orðum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i. 123; göra at álitum, to take into consideration, Nj. 3; göra sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134; göra vart við sik, to make one’s presence noticed, Eg. 79; göra sér mikit, lítið fyrir, to make great, small efforts, Finnb. 234; göra sér í hug, to brood over; hann gerði sér í hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar lund, to fancy, think: göra af sér, to exert oneself, ef þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, Edda 32; hvárt hann var með Eiríki jarli, eðr görði hann annat af sér, or what else he was making of himself, Fms. xi. 157.9. phrases, gera fáleika á sik, to feign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sér upp veyki, to feign sickness, (upp-gerð, dissimulation); göra sér til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-gerð, foppishness.)B. To do:I. to do, act; allt þat er hann gerir síðan ( whatever he does), þat á eigandi at ábyrgjask, Gþl. 190; þér munut fátt mæla eðr gera, áðr yðr munu vandræði af standa, i. e. whatsoever you say or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; göra e-t með harðfengi ok kappi, 98; ger svá vel, ‘do so well,’ be so kind! 111; gerit nú svá, góði herra (please, dear lord!), þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157: and in mod. usage, gerið þér svo vel, gerðu svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagði, at hann hafði með trúleik gört, done faithfully, Eg. 65; göra gott, to do good; göra íllt, to do evil, (góð-görð, íll-görð); ok þat var vel gört, well done, 64; geyrða ek hotvetna íllt, I did evil in all things, Niðrst. 109; hefir hann marga hluti gört stór-vel til mín, he has done many things well towards me, I have received many great benefits at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., svá mikit gott sem jarl hefir mér gert, Nj. 133; þér vilda ek sízt íllt göra, I would least do harm to thee, 84: göra fúlmennsku, to do a mean act, 185; göra vel við e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; göra stygð við e-n, to offend one, Fms. x. 98; göra sæmiliga til e-s, to do well to one, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; göra sóma e-s, to do honour to one, Fms. vii. 155; göra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; göra e-m sæmd, skomm, to do ( shew) honour, dishonour, to one, 5, Fms. x. 43; göra háðung, xi. 152; göra styrk, to strengthen one, ix. 343; göra e-m skapraun, to tease one; göra ósóma, Vápn. 19; göra skaða ( scathe), Eg. 426; göra óvina-fagnað, to give joy to one’s enemies, i. e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; göra til skaps e-m, to conform to one’s wishes, 80; gerum vér sem faðir vár vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel má ek gera þat til skaps föður míns at brenna inni með honum, id.; göra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var þat mjök gert móti mínu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka við e-n, to offend, sin against one, Nj. 80; gera á hluta e-s, to wrong one, Vígl. 25; göra ílla fyrir sér, to behave badly, Fms. vii. 103.II. adding prep.; göra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp. til-görð, desert, behaviour); hvat hafðir þú til gört, what hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek hefi til gört, more than I have deserved, Fms. viii. 300; ok hafit þér Danir heldr til annars gört, ye Danes have rather deserved the reverse, xi. 192, Hom. 159:—göra eptir, to do after, imitate, Nj. 90:—göra við e-u (cp. við-görð, amendment), to provide for, amend, ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190; er úhægt at göra við ( to resist) atkvæðum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega við því gera, Nj. 198:—göra af við e-n (cp. af-görð, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek hefi engan hlut af gört við þik, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 241; ok iðrask nú þess er hann hefir af gert, 300; göra af við Guð, to sin against God, Hom. 44.2. special usages; göra … at, to do so and so; spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, he asked what he would have done, Nj. 100; hann gerði þat eina at, er hann átti, he did only what be ought, 220; þeir Flosi sátu um at rengja, ok gátu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could do nothing, 115, 242; þér munut ekki fá at gert, fyrr en …, 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit hefir þú nú at gert, much hast thou now done ( it is a serious matter), 85; er nú ok mikit at gert um manndráp siðan, 256; hann vildi taka vöru at láni, ok göra mikit at, and do great things, Ld. 70; Svartr hafði höggit skóg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53; slíkt gerir at er sölin etr, so it happens with those who eat seaweed, i. e. that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg. 605.β. göra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat hafið ér gert af Gunnari, Njarð. 376; ráð þú draumana, vera má at vér gerim af nokkut, may be that we may make something out of it, Ld. 126; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér þykkir líkligast, do with the dream ( read it) as seems to thee likeliest, Ísl. ii. 196: göra við e-n, to do with one; þá var um rætt, hvað við þá skyldi göra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 232; ærnar eru sakir til við Egil, hvat sem eg læt göra við hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat þeir hafa síðan við gört, 574: göra fyrir e-t, to provide; Jón var vel fjáreigandi, ok at öllu vel fyrir gört, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii. 195; þótt Björn sé vel vígr maðr, þá er þar fyrir gört, því at …, but that is made up, because …: fyrir göra (q. v.), to forfeit.C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES:I. to do, help, avail; nú skulum vér ganga allir á vald jarlsins, því at oss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; þat mun ekki gera, that wont do, 84; en ek kann ekki ráð til at leggja ef þetta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill þat eigi, þvi at mér gerir þat eigi ( it will not do for me) at þér gangit hér upp, x. 357; þat gerir mér ekki, at þér gangit á Orminn, … en hitt má vera at mér komi at gagni, ii. 227; þóttisk þá vita, at honum mundi ekki gera ( it would do nothing) at biðja fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum gerði við hann at keppa, 571; ekki gerði þeim um at brjótask, Bárð. 10 new Ed.; sagða ek yðr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita hans, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mér nú at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; ætla þat at fáir þori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bæði var leitað til annarra ok heima, ok gerði ekki, but did no good, 4; hét hann þeim afarkostum, ok gerði þat ekki, but it did no good, Fms. ii. 143.II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to ‘do’ a message; hann gerði þegar menn frá sér, Eg. 270; hann hafði gört menn sex á skóginn fyrir þá, 568; þá gerði Karl lið móti þeim, Fms. i. 108; jarl gerði Eirík at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann gerði fram fyrir sik Álf á njósn, 488; hann gerði menn fyrir sér at segja konunginum kvámu sína, x. 10; hleypi-skúta var gör norðr til Þrándheims, vii. 206; jafnan gerði jarl til Ribbunga ok drap menn af þeim, ix. 312; vilja Ósvífrs-synir þegar gera til þeirra Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 144; skulu vér nú göra í mót honum, ok láta hann engri njósn koma, 242:—göra eptir e-m, to send after one, Nero bað göra eptir postulunum ok leiða þangat, 656 C. 26; nú verðr eigi eptir gört at miðjum vetri, Grág. i. 421; frændr Bjarnar létu göra eptir (Germ. abholen) líki hans, Bjarn. 69; síðan gerðu þeir til klaustrs þess er jómfrúin var í, Fms. x. 102:—gera e-m orð, njósn, to do a message to one; hann gerði orð jörlum sínum, Eg. 270; ætluðu þeir at göra Önundi njósn um ferðir Egils, 386, 582; vóru þangat orð gör, word was sent thither, Hkr. ii. 228.III. with infin. as an auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hón gerði koma, if she did come, Völ. 5; gerðit vatn vægja, Am. 25; gramr gørr-at sér hlífa, he does not spare himself, Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerðut vægjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); hann gerðisk at höggva, Jb. 41; görðir at segja, Bkv. 15; görðisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 122; góðir menn göra skýra sitt mál með sannsögli, 677. 12; Aristodemus görði eigi enn at trúa, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef þeir göra eigi ganga í rúm sín, Grág. i. 8; ef goðinn gerr eigi segja, 32; ef hann gerr eigi í ganga, 33; ef þeir göra eigi hluta meðr sér, 63; ef dómendr göra eigi dæma, 67; ef dómendr göra eigi við at taka, id.; ef goðinn gerr eigi ( does not) nefna féráns-dóm, 94; nú göra þeir menn eigi úmaga færa, 86; ef þeir göra eigi nefna kvöðina af búanum, Kb. ii. 163; ef þeir göra eigi segja, hvárt …, Sb. ii. 52; nú gerr sá eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; göra eigi koma, 150; ef hann gerr eigi kjósa, § 113.IV. a law term, göra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case; fékksk þat af, at tólf menn skyldu göra um málit, Nj. 111; villt þú göra um málit, 21; bjóða mun ek at göra um, ok lúka upp þegar görðinni, 77; mun sá mála-hluti várr beztr, at góðir menn geri um, 88; málin vóru lagið í gerð, skyldu gera um tólf menn, var þá gert um málin á þingi, var þat gert, at … (follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at þú sættisk skjótt ok látir góða menn gera um …, at hann geri um ok enir beztu menn af hvárra liði lögliga til nefndir, 188; Njáll kvaðsk eigi gera mundu nema á þingi, 105; þeir kváðusk þat halda mundu, er hann gerði, id.; skaltú gera sjálfr, 58; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, 120; ek vil bjóðask til at göra milli ykkar Þórðar um mál yðar, Bjarn. 55; Þorsteinn kvað þat þó mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði góða nefnd um sættir þótt hann görði, 56; nú er þegar slegit í sætt málinu með því móti, at Áskell skal göra um þeirra í milli, Rd. 248; er nú leitað um sættir milli þeirra, ok kom svá at þeir skulu göra um málin Þorgeirr goði frá Ljósa-vatni ok Arnórr ór Reykjahlíð, sú var görð þeirra at …, 288; svá kemr at Ljótr vill at Skapti görði af hans hendi, en Guðmundr vill sjálfr göra fyrir sína hönd, skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; eigi hæfir þat, leitum heldr um sættir ok geri Þorgeirr um mál þessi, Lv. 12; var jafnt gört sár Þórðar ok sár Þórodds, Eb. 246; þær urðu mála-lyktir at Þórðr skyldi göra um …, 24; ok vóru þá görvar miklar fésektir, 128; var leitað um sættir, ok varð þat at sætt, at þeir Snorri ok Steindórr skyldi göra um, 212; þit erut gerfir héraðs-sekir sem íllræðis-menn, Fs. 58: göra görð, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the fine, to fix the amount, þat er gerð mín, at ek geri verð húss ok matar, I fix the amount of the value of the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; gerði Njáll hundrað silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces, 58; margir mæltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.; slíkt fégjald sem gert var, 120; vilit ér nokkut héraðs-sektir göra eða utanferðir, 189; hann dæmdi þegar, ok görði hundrað silfrs, 6l; síðan bauð Bjarni Þorkatli sætt ok sjálfdæmi, görði Bjarni hundrað silfrs, Vápn. 31; ek göri á hönd Þóri hundrað silfrs, Lv. 55; ek göri á hönd þér hundrað silfrs, id.; vilit þér, at ek göra millum ykkar? síðan görði konungr konuna til handa Þórði ok öll fé hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kvað hann mikit fé annat af sér hafa gört, at eigi þætti honum þat betra, Fs. 30; Gellir görði átta hundrað silfrs, Lv. 97; fyrir þat gerði Börkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from him as a fine, Landn. 123: adding the case as object, Gunnarr gerði gerðina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, till the other case was decided, 120; þá sætt er hann görði Haraldi jarli, that settlement which he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var görr utan ok allir brennu-menn, F. was put out ( banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema þau vili annat mál á gera, unless they choose to settle it otherwise, Grág. i. 336.2. in the phrase, göra sekð, to make a case of outlawry, Grág. i. 118; eigi um görir sekð manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effect; en hann um görir eigi ella sekðina, else he cannot condemn him, 119.3. to perform; eptir-gerðar þeirrar sem hverr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn náung, Fms. viii. 103; en þat grunaði konung, at hann mundi ætla at göra eptir sumar sættir, i. e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. Ó. H.); allt þat er þér gerit nú fyrir þeirra sálum, id.V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera fóðr til fjár, to make an arbitrary allowance for, Ísl. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal göra til fyrir fram ( suggest) hvat er hón (the code) segir mér, þá segi ek svá, at …, Fms. ix. 331; gera sér í hug, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar-lund, to fancy; göra e-m getsakir, to impute to one; gera orð á e-u, to report a thing; þat er ekki orð á því geranda, ‘tis not worth talking about; eigi þarf orð at göra hjá því (‘tis not to be denied), sjálfan stólkonunginn blindaði hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sér létt, to take a thing lightly, Am. 70; göra sér far um, to take pains; göra sér í hug, hugar-lund, to suppose.D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann görði fölvan í andliti, he turned pale, Glúm. 342; leysti ísinn ok görði varmt vatnið, the water became warm, 623. 34; veðr görði hvast, a gale arose, Eg. 128; hríð mikla gerði at þeim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267; þá gerði ok á hríð (acc.) veðrs, 281; féll veðrit ok gerði logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, 600; til þess er veðr lægði ok ljóst gerði, and till it cleared up, 129; um nóttina gerði á æði-veðr ok útsynning, 195; görir á fyrir þeim hafvillur, they lost their course (of sailors), Finnb. 242; mér gerir svefnhöfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; þá görði vetr mikinn þar eptir hinn næsta, Rd. 248.E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; þá görðisk hlátr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15; görðisk bardagi, it came to a fight, 62, 108; sá atburðr görðisk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; þau tíðendi er þar höfðu görzt, Ld. 152; gerðisk með þeim félagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg. 29; gerðisk svá fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurðr konungr gerðisk ( grew up to be) ofstopa-maðr …, görðisk mikill maðr ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 238; hann görðisk brátt ríkr maðr ok stjórnsamr, xi. 223; Unnr görðisk þá mjök elli-móð, U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sár þat er at ben görðisk, a law term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. passim:—to be made, to become, görask konungr, to become king, Eg. 12; ok görðisk skáld hans, and became his skáld, 13; görðisk konungs hirðmaðr, 27; görask hans eigin-kona, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi görask hálf-konungr yfir Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrútr görask mágr þinn, Nj. 3; hann gerðisk síðan óvarari, he became less cautious, Fms. x. 414.2. with the prep. svá, to happen, come to pass so and so; svá görðisk, at …, it so happened, that …, Nj. 167; görðisk svá til, at …, Fms. x. 391; þá görðisk svá til um síðir, at…, at last it came to pass. that …, 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at þingför mundi af görask, in case he knew not that it would entail a journey to parliament, Grág. i. 46: with at added, to increase, þá görðisk þat mjök at um jarl ( it grew even worse with the earl) at hann var úsiðugr um kvenna-far, görðisk þat svá mikit, at …, it grew to such a pitch, that …, Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod. phrase, e-ð á-görist, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the like, never in a good sense.3. impers. with dat., honum gerðisk ekki mjök vært, he felt restless, Ld. 152; næsta gerisk mér kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236.4. to behave, bear oneself; Páll görðisk hraustliga í nafni Jesu, Post. 656 C. 13.5. to set about doing, be about; fám vetrum síðan görðisk hann vestr til Íslands, Fms. x. 415; maðr kom at honum ok spurði, hvat hann gerðisk, what he was about, Ó. H. 244; görðisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir menn görðusk ferðar sinnar, two men set out for a journey, x. 279; görðusk menn ok eigi til þess at sitja yfir hlut hans, Eg. 512; at þessir menn hafa görzk til svá mikils stórræðis, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at görask til við hann, Bárð. 160.6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og menn nú gerast, such as people now are; eins og flestir menn gerast.F. PART. PASS. görr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjörr, gerr, as adj., compar. görvari, superl. görvastr; [A. S. gearu; gare, Chaucer, Percy’s Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar]:—skilled, accomplished; vaskligr, at sér görr, Ld. 134; vel at sér görr, Ísl. ii. 326, Gísl. 14; gerr at sér um allt, Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sér görvir, Eg. 86; at engi maðr hafi gervari at sér verit en Sigurðr, Mork. 221; allra manna snjallastr í máli ok görvastr at sér, Hkr. iii. 360: the phrase, leggja görva hönd á e-t, to set a skilled hand to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; svá hagr, at hann lagði allt á görva hönd, Fas. i. 391, (á allt görva hönd, iii. 195.)2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott er til geyrs (i. e. görs, not geirs) at taka, ‘tis good to have a thing at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til görs, to have it ready made for one, Ld. 96; gör gjöld, prompt punishment, Lex. Poët.:—with infin., gerr at bjóða, ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eiskra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; görvar at ríða, Vsp. 24: with gen. of the thing, gerr ílls hugar, prone to evil, Hým. 9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, Þd. 3; skulut þess görvir, be ready for that! Am. 55.II. [cp. görvi, Engl. gear], done, dressed; svá görvir, so ‘geared,’ so trussed, Am. 40.III. adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; verða menn þat þó so-gurt at hafa, i. e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn. 9; hafi hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kvað eigi so-gort duga, 123, v. l.; at (með) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq. with a notion of being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter sache, Eg. 155, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 202; enda siti um so-gort, and now let it stand, Skálda 166; við so-gurt, id., 655 vii. 4; á so-gurt ofan, into the bargain, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36, Fas. i. 85. -
43 HVEL
n. wheel; á hverfanda hveli, on it whirling wheel.* * *n., later form hjól, q. v.; the vowel was prob. long, qs. hvél, as in the Engl.; for in þd. 6 hvél and hál form a half rhyme; a weak neut. hvela occurs, Rb. 1812. 92, MS. 415. 8: [A. S. hweowol; Engl. wheel; cp. Gr. κύκλος]:— a wheel; á hverfanda hveli, on a turning wheel, Hm. 83, Grett. 119 A, Fms. i. 104, Sks. 338: of the moon, Alm. 15; á því hveli er snýsk und reið Rögnis, Sdm. 15; mörg hvel ok stór, Bret. 90; hálfu hvela sólarinnar, Rb. 112; með fjórum hvelum, Sks. 421; hann hjó hvel undan skipi sínu, Krók. 59; þar sem hón velti hveli sínu, Al. 23; brjóta í hveli, to break on the wheel, Hom. 147: an orb, geislanda hvel, a beaming orb, the sun, Sks. 94; fagra-hvel, fair wheel, poët. the sun, Alm.; himins hvel, heaven’s orb, the sun, Bragi; hvela sólarinnar, the sun’s disk, MS. 415. 8; hvel á tungli, Rb. 452: a circle, vofit ( woven) með hvelum ok hringum, Str. 17.COMPDS: hvelgörr, hvelvagn, hvelvala. -
44 máttigr
(acc. máttkan), a. mighty.* * *adj., in old poets contr. before a vowel, and changing the g into k, máttkar, máttkan, máttkir; compar. máttkari, máttkastr, mod. máttugri, máttugastr; [Ulf. mahetteigs = δυνατός; Engl. mighty; Germ. mächtig]:—mighty; máttkar meyjar, Gs. 1; sá inn máttki munr, Hm. 93; máttkan moldþinur, Vsp. 59; með máttkom Kristi, Lex. Poët.; fjögur konunga-ríki hafa máttkust verit, Ver. 35:—able, máttugr afspring at geta, Stj. 26: al-máttugr, almighty; ú-máttugr, weak; á-máttigr, q. v. (p. 43, col. 2), perhaps, however, these words are rather akin to Ulf. anamahtjan = βιάζειν, and thus to mean overbearing, and then = hideous, horrible, as an epithet of trolls and giants. -
45 VALDA
do* * *(veld, olla or volda, valdit), v.1) to wield, with dat.; ef ek em svá ústerkr, at ek má eigi v. sverðinu, that I cannot wield the sword;2) to rule over; en þar Heimdall kveða v. véum, there they say H. rules over the fane;3) to cause, be the cause of, with dat. or absol. (eigi vissu menn, hvat því olli); þessu mun Svanr v., this must be Swan’s doing.* * *pres. veld, pl. völdum, valdit, valda: pret. olli, ollir, olli; olli ofrausn stillis, in a verse of A. D. 1066, as also by Ari, Íb. 7: in alliteration as a vowel, einn þú því ollir, ekki …, Am. 80; a pret. voldi or oldi also occurs, for references see B: subj. ylli, also voldi, vildi, see B; imperat. vald: with neg. suff. vald-at-tu, cause thou not, Gísl. (in a verse); veldr-at, Nj. 61: part. valdit: a mod. verb has been formed from the pret. olli,—olla, olli, ollat, olla being used of to cause, valda to be able: [Ulf. waldan, ga-waldan = to rule; A. S. wealdan; Engl. wield; O. H. G. waltan; Germ. walten; Dan. vold; cp. Lat. valere.]B. To wield, with dat.; ef ek em svá ústerkr, at ek má eigi valda sverðinu, if I be so weak that I cannot wield the sword, Ó. H. 209; þær byrðar er vér megum eigi valda, Greg. 65; meðan ek má vápnum valda, Ld. 170; hvern þann mann er vápnum mátti valda, Stj. 611.2. to rule; en þar Heimdal kveða valda véum, where Heimdal reigns, resides, Gm. 13 (cp. Ulf. garda waldands = οἰκοδεσπότης).II. to cause, with dat. or absol.; ok þat olli, Íb. 7; vér því völdum er þú velli hélt, Hkm. 12; ekki veldr því, Stor. 2; Þorvaldr veldr því, Nj. 18; þessu mun Svanr valda, 21; hvat þat valdit mundu hafa, at …, 75; spurði hvat vyldi úgleði hans, Fms. vii. 106 (olli, v. l.); þeir hinir sömu er því voldu, ix. 280; eigi vissu menn hvat því voldi, 282; spurði hvat úgleði hans ylli, Eg. 322; spurði hverr því olli, Ísl. ii. 160; olli þat því, at …, Eg. 400; hón frétti hvat voldi hans úgleði, Art. 5; þat voldi því, at …, Stj. 91; því voldi breiskleikr, 548, Post. (Unger) 21; spurði hverr því volli, Sturl. ii. 60; sá er úskilum volli, Hom. 45; at þeir hefði mestu um valdit, Hkr. ii. 395; þau ullu (i. e. ollu) lífláti hans, Rb. 414; þeir vissu hverir valdit (ollat Ed. from a paper MS.) höfðu, Lv. 8; þat oldi úgagni því er vér fengum, Blanda (vellum); ok voldi þat því mest, at …, Fms. viii. 197, 292; þat voldi at íss var í stallinum, ix. 386 (volli and olli, v. l.): sayings, sjaldan veldr einn ef tveir deila, 508; eigi veldr sá er varar annan (veldrat sá er varir, Nj.), Hrafn. 6; sá veldr mestu er upphafinu veldr; sá skal hýðing valda ( execute) er heimskastr er á þingi, N. G. L. i. 349.III. part. valdandi, a wielder, ruler; Dróttinn sá er alls er valdandi, Hom. 100; hvárki vitandi né valdandi þessa verks, Fms, ix. 42; alls-valdandi, yfir-valdandi; [cp. A. S. Bret-walda.] -
46 लघु
laghúmf (vī, orᅠ u)n. (a later form of raghu, q.v.) light, quick, swift, active, prompt, nimble Mn. MBh. etc. ( alsoᅠ said of a partic. mode of flying peculiar to birds Pañcat. ;
applied to the Nakshatras Hasta, Aṡvinī, andᅠ Pushya VarBṛS.);
light, easy, not heavy orᅠ difficult AV. etc. etc.;
light in the stomach, easily digested Suṡr. ;
easy in mind, light-hearted Hariv. Kālid. ;
causing easiness orᅠ relief Sāṃkhyak. ;
well, in good health L. ;
unimpeded, without attendance orᅠ a retinue MBh. III, 8449 ;
short (in time, as a suppression of the breath) MārkP. ;
(in prosody) short orᅠ light (as a vowel orᅠ syllable, opp. to guru);
(in gram.) easily pronounced orᅠ articulated (said of the pronunciation of va, as opp. to madhyama andᅠ guru);
small, minute, slight, little, insignificant ṠBr. etc. etc.;
weak, feeble, wretched, humble, mean, low (said of persons) Mn. MBh. etc.;
young, younger ( seeᅠ - bhrātṛi);
clean, pure ( seeᅠ - vāsas);
soft, gentle (as sound) Kathās. BhP. ;
pleasing, agreeable, handsome, beautiful MBh. Kālid. ;
m. bdellium L. ;
(u) f. Trigonella Corniculata L. ;
(vī) f. id. L. ;
a light carriage L. ;
a slender orᅠ delicate woman W. ;
n. a partic. measure of time (= 15 Kāshṭhās= 1/15 Nāḍikā) L. ;
a partic. species of agallochum L. ;
the root of Andropogon Muricatus L. ;
(u) ind. lightly, quickly, easily etc. Ṡak. ( laghu-man, to think lightly of. Ṡak.)
+ cf. Gk. ἐλαχύς;
Lat. lěvis for lēvis, lenhuis;
Lith. lengvǔs, lěngvas;
Angl. Sax. lungre, « quickly» ;
Eng. lungs, « lights»
- लघुकङ्कोल
- लघुकण्टका
- लघुकर्कन्धु
- लघुकर्णिका
- लघुकर्णी
- लघुकाय
- लघुकारिका
- लघुकालनिर्नय
- लघुकाश्मर्य
- लघुकाष्ठ
- लघुकोष्ठ
- लघुकौमुदी
- लघुक्रम
- लघुक्रिया
- लघुखट्विका
- लघुखर्तर
- लघुग
- लघुगङ्गाधर
- लघुगति
- लघुगर्ग
- लघुगीता
- लघुगोधूम
- लघुग्रहमञ्जरि
- लघुचच्चरी
- लघुचन्द्रिका
- लघुचन्द्रिकापद्धति
- लघुचाणक्यराजनीति
- लघुचित्त
- लघुचित्रहस्त
- लघुचित्रालंकर
- लघुचिन्तन
- लघुचिन्तामणि
- लघुचिर्भिटा
- लघुचेतस्
- लघुच्छदा
- लघुच्छेद्य
- लघुजङ्गल
- लघुजातक
- लघुजातिविवेक
- लघुजानकीय
- लघुज्ञानवासिष्ठ
- लघुतर
- लघुता
- लघुताल
- लघुत्व
- लघुदन्ती
- लघुदीपिका
- लघुदुन्दुभि
- लघुद्राक्षा
- लघुद्राविन्
- लघुद्वारवती
- लघुनाभमण्डल
- लघुनामन्
- लघुनारदीय
- लघुनारायणोपनिषद्
- लघुनालिक
- लघुनिदान
- लघुन्यायसुधा
- लघुन्यास
- लघुपञ्चमूल
- लघुपण्डित
- लघुपतनक
- लघुपत्त्रक
- लघुपत्त्रफला
- लघुपत्त्री
- लघुपद्धति
- लघुपराक्रम
- लघुपरामर्श
- लघुपराशर
- लघुपरिक्रम
- लघुपरिभाषावृत्ति
- लघुपर्णिका
- लघुपर्णी
- लघुपाक
- लघुपाकिन्
- लघुपातिन्
- लघुपाराशर्य
- लघुपिच्छिल
- लघुपुलस्त्य
- लघुपुष्प
- लघुपूजाप्रकार
- लघुप्रमाण
- लघुप्रयत्न
- लघुप्रायश्चित्त
- लघुबदर
- लघुबिन्दुशेखर
- लघुबुद्धपुराण
- लघुबोध
- लघुबोधिनी
- लघुब्रह्मवैवर्त
- लघुब्राह्मी
- लघुभव
- लघुभागवत
- लघुभाव
- लघुभास्करीय
- लघुभुज्
- लघुभूतद्रुम
- लघुभूषणकान्ति
- लघुभोजन
- लघुभ्रातृ
- लघुमञ्जूषा
- लघुमनस्
- लघुमन्थ
- लघुमांस
- लघुमात्र
- लघुमानस
- लघुमित्र
- लघुमीमांसावार्त्तिकटीका
- लघुमूल
- लघुमूलक
- लघुमेरु
- लघुयम
- लघुयोगरत्नावली
- लघुरत्नाकर
- लघुराशि
- लघुलक्षहोम
- लघुलय
- लघुललितविस्तर
- लघुवसिष्ठसिद्धान्त
- लघुवाक्यवृत्ति
- लघुवाक्यवृत्तिप्रकाशिका
- लघुवादार्थ
- लघुवायुस्तुति
- लघुवार्त्तिक
- लघुवासस्
- लघुवासिष्ठ
- लघुवासिष्ठसिद्धान्त
- लघुविक्रम
- लघुविमर्शिनी
- लघुविवरत्व
- लघुविष्णु
- लघुवृत्ति
- लघुवेधिन्
- लघुवैयाकरणभूषण
- लघुवैयाकरणभूषणसिद्धान्तमञ्जूषा
- लघुव्याकरणभूषणसार
- लघुव्यास
- लघुशङ्ख
- लघुशब्दरत्न
- लघुशब्देन्दुशेखर
- लघुशमी
- लघुशान्तिपुराण
- लघुशान्तिविधान
- लघुशिखरताल
- लघुशिवपुराण
- लघुशीत
- लघुशेखर
- लघुशौनक
- लघुशौनकी
- लघुसंग्रह
- लघुसंग्रहणीसूत्र
- लघुसत्त्व
- लघुसदाफला
- लघुसंताप
- लघुसंदेशपद
- लघुसप्तशतिकास्तव
- लघुसप्तशतिकास्तोत्र
- लघुसप्तशती
- लघुसप्तशतीस्तोत्र
- लघुसमुत्थान
- लघुसमुदीरण
- लघुसरला
- लघुसहस्रनामस्तोत्र
- लघुसांख्यवृत्ति
- लघुसांख्यसूत्रव्
- लघुसार
- लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी
- लघुसिद्धान्तचन्द्रिका
- लघुसुदर्सन
- लघुसूत्रवृत्ति
- लघुस्तव
- लघुस्तवटिप्पणक
- लघुस्तोत्र
- लघुस्थानता
- लघुस्यद
- लघुहस्त
- लघुहारीत
- लघुहृदय
- लघुहेमदुग्धा
- लघुहोमपद्धति
- लघुहोरा
-
47 ह्रस्व
hrasvámf (ā)n. short, small, dwarfish, little, low (as an entrance), weak (as a voice) VS. etc. etc.;
unimportant, insignificant BhP. ;
less by (abl.) Car. ;
prosodically orᅠ metrically short (as opp. to dīrgha;
cf. laghu) ṠrS. RPrāt. Pāṇ. etc.;
m. a dwarf. W. ;
a short vowel Prāt. ;
N. of Yama L. ;
(ā) f. a female dwarf MW. ;
N. of various plants (Phaseolus Trilobus;
= nāga-balā andᅠ bhūmi-jambū) L. ;
of a Sāman. ĀrshBr. ;
(am) n. a kind of vegetable L. ;
green orᅠ black sulphate of iron L. ;
a partic. short measure MW. ;
- ह्रस्वकर्ण
- ह्रस्वकर्षण
- ह्रस्वकुश
- ह्रस्वगवेधुका
- ह्रस्वजम्बू
- ह्रस्वजात्य
- ह्रस्वतण्डुल
- ह्रस्वता
- ह्रस्वत्व
- ह्रस्वदर्भ
- ह्रस्वदा
- ह्रस्वपत्त्रक
- ह्रस्वपर्ण
- ह्रस्वपूर्व
- ह्रस्वप्लक्ष
- ह्रस्वफल
- ह्रस्वबाहु
- ह्रस्वबाहुक
- ह्रस्वमूर्ति
- ह्रस्वमूल
- ह्रस्वमूलक
- ह्रस्वरोमन्
- ह्रस्वशाखाशिफ
- ह्रस्वशिग्रुक
- ह्रस्वसभा
-
48 IN
in [ɪn]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb3. adjective4. plural noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedansb. (people, animals, plants) chez► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Feminine countries usually end in -e.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + masculine country au• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note also the following:━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + plural country/group of islands aux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (month, year, season) en• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━f. ( = wearing) eng. (language, medium, material) en• in marble/velvet en marbre/veloursj. ( = while) en• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau2. adverba. ( = inside) à l'intérieur• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━b. (at home, work)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to be in may require a more specific translation.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in between + noun/pronoun entre• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)3. adjective• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...4. plural noun5. compounds• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin* * *US Postal services abrév écrite = Indiana -
49 in
in [ɪn]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb3. adjective4. plural noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedansb. (people, animals, plants) chez► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Feminine countries usually end in -e.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + masculine country au• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note also the following:━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + plural country/group of islands aux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (month, year, season) en• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━f. ( = wearing) eng. (language, medium, material) en• in marble/velvet en marbre/veloursj. ( = while) en• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau2. adverba. ( = inside) à l'intérieur• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━b. (at home, work)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to be in may require a more specific translation.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in between + noun/pronoun entre• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)3. adjective• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...4. plural noun5. compounds• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin* * *Note: in is often used after verbs in English ( join in, tuck in, result in, write in etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (join, tuck, result, write etc)If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with in ( in a huff, in business, in trouble etc) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (huff, business, trouble etc)This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as age, countries, dates, islands, months, towns and cities etc. Many of these use the preposition in. For the index to these notesFor examples of the above and particular functions and uses of in, see the entry below[ɪn] 1.in prison/town — en prison/ville
in the film/newspaper — dans le film/journal
I'm in here! — je suis là!; bath, bed
2) (inside, within) dansthere's something in it — il y a quelque chose dedans or à l'intérieur
3) ( expressing a subject or field) dansin insurance — dans les assurances; course, expert
4) (included, involved)to be in on the secret — (colloq) être dans le secret
I wasn't in on it — (colloq) je n'étais pas dans le coup (colloq)
5) ( in expressions of time)6) ( within the space of) en7) ( expressing the future) dans8) ( for) depuisit hasn't rained in weeks — il n'a pas plu depuis des semaines, ça fait des semaines qu'il n'a pas plu
9) (during, because of) dans10) ( with reflexive pronouns)how do you feel in yourself? — est-ce que tu as le moral?; itself
11) (present in, inherent in)12) (expressing colour, composition) en13) ( dressed in) en14) ( expressing manner or medium)‘no,’ he said in a whisper — ‘non,’ a-t-il chuchoté
in pencil/in ink — au crayon/à l'encre
15) ( as regards)rich/poor in minerals — riche/pauvre en minéraux
16) (by)17) ( in superlatives) de18) ( in measurements)19) ( in ratios)a gradient of 1 in 4 — une pente de 25%
20) ( in approximate amounts)in their hundreds ou thousands — par centaines or milliers
21) ( expressing age)2.in old age — avec l'âge, en vieillissant
in and out prepositional phrase3.to weave in and out of — se faufiler entre [traffic, tables]
in that conjunctional phrase dans la mesure où4.1) ( indoors)to ask ou invite somebody in — faire entrer quelqu'un
2) (at home, at work)to be in by midnight — être rentré avant minuit; keep, stay
3) (in prison, in hospital)4) ( arrived)5) Sport6) ( gathered)7) ( in supply)8) ( submitted)5.the homework has to be in tomorrow — le devoir doit être rendu demain; get, power, vote
(colloq) adjectiveto be in —
••to have an in with somebody — US avoir ses entrées chez quelqu'un
to have it in for somebody — (colloq) avoir quelqu'un dans le collimateur (colloq)
you're in for it — (colloq) tu vas avoir des ennuis
he's in for a shock/surprise — il va avoir un choc/être surpris
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50 узкий
прил.(в различных значениях) narrow; (об одежде, обуви) tightузкий гласный — лингв. narrow/slender vowel
••узкое место — bottle(-)neck; weak point
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51 low
[ləu] I 1. сущ.мычание, рёв (быка, коровы)Syn:2. гл.1)а) мычать, реветь ( о домашнем скоте)Syn:б) = low forth мычать, произносить нечленораздельные звуки ( о человеке)Syn:2)а) гудеть, выть, завыватьSyn:б) отражать эхо ( о пещере)II 1. прил.1)а) низкий, невысокийThe sun is low. — Солнце стоит низко.
Syn:Ant:б) низкий, низменныйlow ground — низина, низменность
2) мелкий, неглубокий ( о воде)low water / tide — отлив
- low ebb3) открытый; низкий (об одежде, обуви)low neck — глубокий вырез, декольте
low (cut) dress — платье с глубоким вырезом; декольтированное платье
4)а) тихийSyn:5)а) слабый, ослабленный (о здоровье, силах)Syn:б) упавший духом, безжизненный; унылый; подавленныйThey bring me low. — У меня от них ухудшается настроение.
Syn:в) подавленный, униженный6)а) низкий, ниже желаемого или должного уровняSyn:б) скудный, недостаточный; истощённый, исчерпанныйlow supply — недостаточное обеспечение; недостача, дефицит
He is in low pocket. — разг. Он на мели. ( без денег)
Syn:7) низкий; низший (по некоторой шкале, в некоторой иерархии)low gear — авто первая передача, первая скорость
low polymer — хим. низший полимер
low frequency — радио низкая частота
low vowel — лингв. гласный нижнего подъёма
men low in the social scale — люди, занимающие низшие ступени в общественной иерархии
The thermometer / glass is low. — Ртутный столбик в термометре / барометре упал.
8)а) заурядный, рядовой; низкий по развитиюSyn:commonplace 2., mean Iб) низкий, вульгарный; непристойный (о языке, литературном стиле, авторе)Syn:в) невоспитанный, грубый, вульгарныйSyn:9)а) низкого происхождения, сословияof low birth / origin — низкого происхождения
Syn:б) низший, невысокоразвитый; находящийся на ранних стадиях эволюции (об организмах, обществе)10) подлый, низкий, низменный (о поступке, человеке)low trick — подлость, подлый поступок
- low action- low actSyn:11) плохой, нелестный; неприятный (о мнении, отзыве)to have a low opinion of smb. — быть плохого мнения о ком-л.
Syn:•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]low[/ref]••to be low in the lay, to be in low water — сидеть на мели, без копейки в кармане
- lay low2. нареч.1) низко; глубоко прям. и перен.to dance low — танцевать, приподнимая ноги только чуть-чуть
to sink low — глубоко погрузиться, утонуть
2) скудно, бедно, в бедностиWe lived very low. — Жили мы в жуткой бедности.
Syn:3) слабо4)а) негромко, тихоSyn:б) низко, на низкой ноте5) недавно; поздноas low as the time of Pope Alexander the third — до времени самого Папы Римского Александра Третьего
••to breed smb. low — плохо воспитать, недоучить (кого-л.)
3. сущ.to play low — играть по-мелкому; не делать крупных ставок
1) = lowsа) низина, ложбина между дюнамиб) вода, остающаяся в таких ложбинах после отлива•Syn:2) метео область низкого барометрического давления3) самый низкий уровень чего-л., минимум (ценовой, статистический и пр.)4) низшая температурная отметка (для какой-л. конкретной области)5) спорт. самый низкий счёт6) карт. козырная двойка, самый младший козырь7) первая передача, первая скорость ( автомобиля) -
52 حرف علة
حَرْفُ عِلّة، حَرْفُ ليْنweak letter, soft letter, vowel -
53 حرف لين
حَرْفُ عِلّة، حَرْفُ ليْنweak letter, soft letter, vowel -
54 حرف علة
حَرْفُ عِلّةweak letter, soft letter, vowel -
55 حرف لين
حَرْفُ لِيْنsoft letter, weak letter, vowel -
56 H
H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:► The abbreviation HS.si H littera est, non nota,
Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,
Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init. -
57 h
H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:► The abbreviation HS.si H littera est, non nota,
Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,
Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init. -
58 εὐθενέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `thrive, flourish', of animals and plants, also metaph. of towns, peoples etc. (A., Arist.);Compounds: as 1. member in εὐθηνι-άρχης `commissioner of (corn)supply' with - αρχέω, - ία, - ικός (pap.; also εὑθενι-).Derivatives: εὐθένεια, - ία (- ίη Epigr. Ia) `thriving situation, fullness, supply, annona' (Arist. as v. l. beside εὐθηνία, pap. of Rom. times) with εὐθενιακός (pap.). - Also εὐθηνέω `id.' (h. Hom. 30, 10, Hdt., Hp.) with εὐθηνία = εὐθενεια, - ία (Arist. as v. l.); - rare and late adj.: εὐθενής εὐπαθοῦσα, ἰσχυρά H. with εὐθενέστατος (pap. VIp), εὐθηνός `thriving' (Hdn. Epim. 175, Lyd. Ost. [VIp]).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The explanation depends of the relation between these forms. If the forms with - ε- are original, εὐθενέω will be a denominative of εὐθενής, to which was made the abstract εὐθένεια, - ία. We would have to start from a noun *θένος besie φόνος in the ἅπ. λεγ. φόνον αἵματος (Π 162), if this is `mass of blood', which is not certain, s. s. v. That would give *θένος: εὐθενής: εὐθένεια: εὐθενέω like μένος: εὐμενής: εὐμένεια: εὐμενέω. But εὐθενής is rare and late, while εὐθενέω is older. Then the agreement with Skt. ā-hanás- `thriving, full' (Bechtel Lex. 78f. with Fick BB 8, 330), IE *- gʷhenes- becomes doubtfull. To ā-hanás- and εὑ-θενής are further connected Skt. ghana- `solid, thick, full of' (ep. class.; very doubtfull RV. 1, 8, 3), NPers. ā-ganiš `full', ā-gandan `fill on'; from Balto-Slavic further Lith. ganà `enough', OCS goněti `be enough'; finally Alb. zânë `solid, thick', IE * gʷhen- (Jokl Mélanges Pedersen 131) and Arm. y-ogn `multum, very, much' (the last quite uncertain). Unclear are PN in - φόντης as Κρεσ-φόντης (cf. on κράτος), Πολυ-φόντης as well as φανᾶν θέλειν H. Far remain the unclear ἄφενος and παρθένος (s. vv.). The - η- in εὐθηνέω etc. can be old lengthened grade; secondary lengthening (after κτῆνος, μῆλα etc.?; Fraenkel Lexis 3, 61) cannot be excluded. - If we assume an original η-vowel, εὑθενέω could be a comparable derailment (after σθένος?; Sommer Lautstud. 66) or old weak grade (Schwyzer 340f.); Gr. *θῆνος has been compared with Lat. fēnus `produce' (to fē-līx, s. θῆλυς, and θῆ-σθαι) which could be phonetically and semantically identical (cf. Fick 1, 415, Froehde BB 21, 326f.), if the connection with Skt. ā-hanás- etc. is given up. - See Bq s. v., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. ganà.Page in Frisk: 1,586-587Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εὐθενέω
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59 ῥίζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).Page in Frisk: 2,655-656Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥίζα
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60 tengwa-
2 vb. to read written matter, called a weak verb; aorist tengwa reads, present tense tengwëa is reading, past tense tengwane read, perfect etengwië has read, the latter without lengthening of the stem-vowel not **eténgwië because there is a consonant cluster following VT49:55. Gerund or verbal noun tengwië, also attested with a pronominal suffix + genitive: tengwiesto of your dual reading VT49:47, 48, 52, 54
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