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101 bending machine
1. загибочный станок2. гибочная машинаEnglish-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > bending machine
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102 oiling machine
1. пропиточный станок2. промасливающая машина -
103 установка
1. ж. installation; plant, set; plantшина стирания; шина сброса; шина установки нуля — reset line
2. ж. installation, erection, mounting, assembly3. ж. adjustment; settingустановка валков — roll adjustment; roll setting
установка подтонального телеграфирования — sub-audio telegraph set; composite set
Синонимический ряд:указание (сущ.) директива; инструкция; предписание; указание -
104 τεῦχος
I implements of war, armour, arms, freq. in [dialect] Ep.; more precisely, ἀρήϊα τεύχεα, πολεμήϊα τ., Il.14.381, 7.193; χρύσεια, χαλκήρεα, 10.439, 15.544; ποικίλα, αἰόλα παμφανόωντα, μαρμαίροντα, 3.327, 5.295, 18.617; always of a warrior's whole armour, harness,ἀρήϊα τεύχεα δύω 6.340
, cf. 7.193, al.;ἐς τεύχε' ἔδυνον Od.24.498
;κατὰ τεύχε' ἔδυν Il.4.222
, cf. 6.504, al.;Πάτροκλον περὶ τεύχεα ἕσσε 18.451
; ἀπέδυσε, ἐξεδύοντο, 4.532, 3.114, cf. 13.182, al.; also ; : Trag.τεύχη A.Myrm.
in PSI11.1211.17, S.Aj. 572, 577, E.Andr. 617, etc.; un[var] contr. (lyr.).2 pl. also, the gear of a ship, oars and the like ,ἐγκοσμεῖτε τὰ τ. νηΐ μελαίνῃ Od.15.218
;τ. δέ σφ' ἀπένεικαν 16.326
.II in Trag. (rarely in Prose, v. infr.) a vessel of any kind, e.g. bathing-tub, A.Ag. 1128 (lyr., Blomf. κύτει, metri gr.); cinerary urn, τεύχη καὶ σποδός ib. 435 (lyr.), cf. S.El. 1114, 1120, Riv.Fil.57.379 ([place name] Crete); balloting-urn, A. Ag. 815, Eu. 742; vase for libations, Id.Ch.99, E.IT 168 (lyr.); vase or ewer for water, Id.Hec. 609, Andr. 167, Diocl.Fr.129; cup, E. Ion 1184; amphora, A.Fr. 108; scent-pot, ib.180.5 (pl.); matula, S.Fr. 565; pot or jar, X.An.5.4.28; ξύλινα τ. chests, ib.7.5.14; ἀλφίτων τ. a meal- barrel, Id.HG1.7.11; bee-hive, Arist.HA 625a26; capsule of a poppy, Nic.Fr.74.52.III Medic., of the vessels of the body, Hp.Loc.Hom.1,24; also, the human frame, body, as holding the intestines, Id.Epid.6.2.1, Arist.Phgn. 810b19; τεῦχος νεοσσῶν λευκόν an egg, E.Hel. 258.IV case for holding papyrus rolls,ά τεύχους, ά τόμου, κολλήματος ρδ' PRyl.220.78
(ii A.D.); roll of writing-material,πεποίηται διπλῆν τὴν.. ἀναγραφὴν ἐν βυβλίνοις καὶ δερματίνοις τεύχεσιν Inscr.Prien.114.30
, cf. 11 (i B.C); κελεύσας εἰς τάξιν ἀποδοῦναι τὰ τ. Aristeas 179; καθὼς ἀνεγνώσθη τὰ τ. Id.310, cf. Sm.Is.8.1 (where LXX has τόμος); βίβλων.. ἐν τεύχεϊ τῷδε πεντάς AP9.239
(Crin.);τ. βιβλειδίων BGU970.4
(ii A.D.);τ. συγκολλησίμων βιβλειδίων POxy.2131.4
(iii A.D.); τ. = volumen, Gloss.: hence πεντάτευχος, ὀκτάτευχος.V masonry, fabric,ἀνεκτίσθη τὸ τ. τοῦτο Sammelb.7439.7
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105 ὄργανον
A instrument, implement, tool, for making or doing a thing, S.Tr. 905, cf. ἀθηρόβρωτος;λογχοποιῶν ὄργανα E. Ba. 1208
, cf. Ion 1030 ; , cf. Lg. 956a ; ὄ. without any Adj., engine of war, Ctes.Fr.81 ;τὰ ναυτικὰ ὄ.
tackle,Pl.
Plt. 298d ;ὄ. ὅσα περὶ γεωργίαν Id.R. 370d
;ὄνομα ἄρα διδασκαλικόν τί ἐστιν ὄ. Id.Cra. 388b
; ὄργανα χρόνων or χρόνου, of the stars, Id.Ti. 41e, 42d ;ὄ. κυβευτικά Aeschin.1.59
; of a person,ἁπάντων ἀεὶ κακῶν ὄ. S.Aj. 380
(lyr.).2 organ of sense or apprehension,τὰ περὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις ὄ. Pl.R. 508b
; τὸ ὄ. ᾧ καταμανθάνει ἕκαστος ib. 518c, cf. Tht. 185c, al.;δι' ἀμυδρῶν ὀ. θεᾶσθαί τι Id.Phdr. 250b
, cf. Ti. 45b, Epicur.Nat.11.6,7.b of the body and its different parts, Arist.PA 642a11, 645b14, GA 716a24, Phld.Mus.pp.71,96 K., Gal.10.47 ; the hand is called ὄργανον ὀργάνων or ὄ. πρὸ ὀργάνων, Arist.de An. 432a2, PA 687a21 ; τὰ πορευτικὰ ὄ. the organs of locomotion, Id.GA 732b28; ὄ. πρὸς ἐργασίαν τῆς τροφῆς the digestive organs, ib. 788b24 ; τὸ ὄ. τὸ περὶ τὴν ἀναπνοήν the respiratory organ, Id.PA 664a29 ;τὰ ὄ. τὰ χρήσιμα πρὸς τὴν ὀχείαν Id.HA 500a15
; of plants, Id.de An. 412b1, PA 656a2.3 musical instrument, Simon.31, f.l. in A.Fr.57.1 ; ὁ μὲν δι' ὀργάνων ἐκήλει ἀνθρώπους, of Marsyas, Pl.Smp. 215c ; ἄνευ ὀργάνων ψιλοῖς λόγοις ibid., cf. Plt. 268b ;ὄ. πολύχορδα Id.R. 399c
, al.;μετ' ᾠδῆς καί τινων ὀργάνων Phld.Mus.p.98K.
; of the pipe, Melanipp.2, Telest.1.2.II concrete, work or product,μελίσσης κηρόπλαστον ὄ. S.Fr.398.5
; λαϊνέοισιν Ἀμφίονος ὀ., of the walls of Thebes, E.Ph. 115 (lyr.).III of logic as an instrument of philosophy,ἡ λογικὴ πραγματεία ὀργάνου χώραν ἔχει ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ Alex.Aphr.in Top.74.29
, cf. Phlp.in APr.6.23 ; πᾶσα τεχνικὴ διδασκαλία ὑπὸ τὸ λογικὸν ὄ. ἀνάγεται Sch.D.T.p.161 H.; but τὸ ὄ. as title of Aristotle's collected logical writings lacks authority.V ὄ. χλούνιον, = ἠρύγγιον, Ps.-Dsc.3.21.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὄργανον
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106 ὅπλον
ὅπλον, τό,I a ship's tackle, tackling, Hom.(only in Od.), 2.390, al., Hes.Op. 627 ; esp. ropes, halyards, etc.,δησάμενοι δ' ἄρα ὅπλα Od. 2.430
, etc.; in which sense Hom. twice uses the sg., rope, 14.346, 21.390: generally, any ropes, Hdt.7.25, 9.115, Hp.Art.78.II tools, strictly so called, in Hom. esp. of smiths' tools, Il.18.409, 412 ; in full,ὅπλα χαλκήϊα Od.3.433
: in sg., ὅπλον ἀρούρης sickle, AP6.95 ([place name] Antiphil) ; ὅπλον γεροντικόν staff, Call.Epigr.1.7 ; δείπνων ὅπλον ἑτοιμότατον, of the wine-flask, AP6.248 (Marc. Arg.).III in pl., also, implements of war, arms and armour, Hom. (only in Il.), αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πάνθ' ὅπλα κάμε, of the arms of Achilles, 18.614, cf. 19.21 ; , 272 ; so in Pi.N.8.27, IG12.1.9, E.Hec. 14, etc.: rarely in sg., weapon,οὐδέ τι ἀρήϊον ὅπλον ἐκτέαται Hdt.4.23
, cf. 174, E.HF 161, 570, 942, Pl.R. 474a, X.Cyr.7.4.15 ; ποτὶ πονηρὸν οὐκ ἄχρηστον ὅπλον ἁ πονηρία [Epich.] 275 ; piece of armour, D.S.3.49.2 the large shield, from which the men-at-arms took their name of ὁπλῖται (εἰκόνα γραπτὴν ἐν ὅπλῳ IG22.1012.18
(ii B. C.), cf. IGRom.4.1302.35 (Cyme, i B. C./i A. D.), Th.7.75, D.S.15.44, 17.18);ὅπλον στύππινον IG11(2).203
B99 (Delos, iii B. C.): metaph.,τῆς πενίας ὅπλον ἡ παρρησία Nicostr.Com.29
;ὅ. μέγιστον.. ἁρετὴ βροτοῖς Men. Mon. 433
, cf. 619.3 in pl., also, heavy arms, Hdt.9.53 ; ὅπλων ἐπιστάτης, = ὁπλίτης, opp. κώπης ἄναξ, A.Pers. 379 ; ;ὅπλα παραδοῦναι Id.4.69
;ὅπλα ἀποβάλλειν Ar.V.27
, etc.4 ὅπλα, = ὁπλῖται, men-at-arms,πολλῶν μεθ' ὅπλων S.Ant. 115
(lyr.): and freq. in Prose, ἐξέτασιν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι to have a muster of the men-at-arms, Th.4.74, etc.; ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅπλων στρατηγός, opp. ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς διοικήσεως, Decr. ap. D.18.38, Decr.ib. 115 ;χειροτονηθεὶς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅ. πρῶτος.. στρατηγός IG22.682.44
(iii B. C.);στρατηγεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ ὅ. SIG697
E (Delph., ii B. C.), etc.5 τὰ ὅ. the place of arms, camp,ἦλθεν εἰς τὰ ὅ. Lys.13.12
, cf.X.Cyr.7.2.5, etc.;ἐκ τῶν ὅ. προϊέναι Th.1.111
, cf. 3.1.6 Phrases: ἐνέδυνον (v.l. ἐνέδυντο)τὰ ὅ. Hdt.7.218
, etc.; ἐν ὅπλοισι εἶναι or γενέσθαι to be in arms, under arms, Id.1.13, cf.E.Ba. 303, Th.6.56 ;ἐν ὄπλοισι [ἰππομ]άχεντας Sapph.Supp.5.19
;ἐν ὅπλοις μάχεσθαι Pl.Grg. 456d
;ἡ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις μάχη Id.Lg. 833e
; ποιῆσαι ἐξέτασιν ἐν ὅπλοις Decr. ap. Arist.Ath.31.2 ;εἰς τὰ ὅ. παραγγέλλειν X.An.1.5.13
; ἐφ' ὅπλοις or παρ' ὅπλοις ἧσθαι, E.Supp. 674, 357 ;μένειν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις X.Cyr.7.2.8
; for ὅπλα ῥίπτειν, ἀφιέναι, κατατίθεσθαι, v. sub vocc. ; for ὅπλα τίθεσθαι, v. τίθημι.IV of the arms possessed by animals for self-defence,[τὸν ἄνθρωπον] οὐκ ἔχοντα ὅπλον πρὸς τὴν ἀλκήν Arist.PA 687a25
, cf. b4, al.V membrum virile, Nic.Fr.74.30, APl.4.242 (Eryc.), Hsch.VI a gymnastic exercise, the last which came on in the games, Artem.1.63. -
107 edge
edge [edʒ]1 noun(a) (of blade) fil m, tranchant m;∎ a knife with a sharp or keen edge un couteau à la lame aiguisée ou affilée;∎ to put an edge on (knife, blade) aiguiser, affiler, affûter;∎ to take the edge off (knife, blade) émousser; figurative (pleasure) gâter; (argument) couper tout l'effet de;∎ seeing that film has taken the edge off my appetite ça m'a coupé l'appétit de voir ce film;∎ the sandwich took the edge off my hunger ce sandwich a calmé ma faim;∎ he smiled to take the edge off his words il souria pour atténuer l'effet de ses paroles;∎ the walk gave an edge to his appetite la promenade lui a ouvert l'appétit;∎ to have the edge on (be better than) avoir légèrement le dessus ou l'avantage sur; (have an advantage over) avoir l'avantage sur;∎ American familiar to have an edge on (be drunk) être éméché ou pompette;∎ to give sb/sth that extra edge donner un plus à qn/qch;∎ the performance lacked edge le spectacle manquait de ressort ou d'énergie;∎ with an edge in one's voice d'un ton légèrement agacé;∎ to speak with a sarcastic/nervous/contemptuous edge to one's voice parler avec une pointe de sarcasme/de nervosité/de mépris dans la voix(b) (outer limit → of table, cliff, road) bord m; (→ of page) bord m, marge f; (→ of forest) lisière f, orée f; (→ of cube, brick) arête f; (→ of coin, book) tranche f; (→ of ski) carre f;∎ at or by the water's edge au bord de l'eau;∎ to stand sth on its edge (coin, book) mettre qch sur la tranche; (brick, stone) poser ou mettre qch de ou sur chant;∎ it fell off the edge il est tombé;∎ pages with gilt edges pages aux tranches dorées, pages dorées sur tranches;∎ to be on the edge of (war, disaster, madness) être au bord de;∎ figurative I was on the edge of my seat (waiting for news) j'étais sur des charbons ardents;∎ figurative this film will have you on the edge of your seat ce film est d'un suspense à vous faire frémir;∎ to be close to the edge être près du bord; figurative être au bord du précipice;∎ figurative to push sb over the edge faire craquer qn;∎ to live on the edge prendre des risques(a) (give a border to) border;∎ to edge sth with sth border qch de qch∎ to edge one's way avancer ou progresser lentement;∎ she edged her way out onto the window ledge elle gagna le rebord de la fenêtre avec précaution;∎ to edge one's way along a ledge avancer ou progresser lentement le long d'une corniche;∎ to edge one's chair nearer sb/sth approcher sa chaise de qn/qch∎ to edge one's skis planter ses carresavancer ou progresser lentement;∎ to edge through the crowd se frayer un chemin à travers la foule;∎ to edge past sb/sth se faufiler à côté de qn/qch;∎ to edge into a room se faufiler dans une pièce;∎ to edge away (from sb/sth) s'éloigner doucement ou discrètement (de qn/qch);∎ he edged a little closer il s'est rapproché un peu;∎ the car edged forward/backward la voiture avança/recula doucement4 on edge∎ to be on edge être énervé ou sur les nerfs2 adverb∎ to set sb on edge crisper qn, énerver qn;∎ to set sb's teeth on edge faire grincer les dents à qn;∎ to set sb's nerves on edge mettre les nerfs de qn à fleur de peau►► edge cutter (for grass) coupe-bordure(s) m;edge tool outil m tranchant;edge trimmer (for grass) coupe-bordure(s) m➲ edge out∎ figurative she was edged out of her job elle a été évincée de son poste;∎ the runner was edged out of second place le coureur, qui avait longtemps été en deuxième place, a été dépassé peu avant l'arrivéesortir lentement;∎ to edge out of a room se glisser hors d'une pièce;∎ the driver/car edged out le conducteur/la voiture se dégagea lentement➲ edge up∎ to edge prices up faire monter les prix doucement∎ to edge up to sb/sth s'avancer lentement vers qn/qch -
108 Brearley, Harry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 February 1871 Sheffield, Englandd. 14 July 1948 Torquay, Devon, England[br]English inventor of stainless steel.[br]Brearley was born in poor circumstances. He received little formal education and was nurtured rather in and around the works of Thomas Firth \& Sons, where his father worked in the crucible steel-melting shop. One of his first jobs was to help in their chemical laboratory where the chief chemist, James Taylor, encouraged him and helped him fit himself for a career as a steelworks chemist.In 1901 Brearley left Firth's to set up a laboratory at Kayser Ellison \& Co., but he returned to Firth's in 1904, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at their Riga works, and Works Manager the following year. In 1907 he returned to Sheffield to design and equip a research laboratory to serve both Firth's and John Brown \& Co. It was during his time as head of this laboratory that he made his celebrated discovery. In 1913, while seeking improved steels for rifle barrels, he used one containing 12.68 per cent chromium and 0.24 per cent carbon, in the hope that it would resist fouling and erosion. He tried to etch a specimen for microscopic examination but failed, from which he concluded that it would resist corrosion by, for example, the acids encountered in foods and cooking. The first knives made of this new steel were unsatisfactory and the 1914–18 war interrupted further research. But eventually the problems were overcome and Brearley's discovery led to a range of stainless steels with various compositions for domestic, medical and industrial uses, including the well-known "18–8" steel, with 18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.In 1915 Brearley left the laboratory to become Works Manager, then Technical Director, at Brown Bayley's steelworks until his retirement in 1925.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1920.BibliographyBrearley wrote several books, including: 1915 (?), with F.Ibbotson, The Analysis of Steelworks Materials, London.The Heat Treatment of Tool Steels. Ingots and Ingot Moulds.Later books include autobiographical details: 1946, Talks on Steelmaking, American Society for Metals.1941, Knotted String: Autobiography of a Steelmaker, London: Longmans, Green.Further ReadingObituary, 1948, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 428–9.LRD -
109 Guest, James John
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 24 July 1866 Handsworth, Birmingham, Englandd. 11 June 1956 Virginia Water, Surrey, England[br]English mechanical engineer, engineering teacher and researcher.[br]James John Guest was educated at Marlborough in 1880–4 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as fifth wrangler in 1888. He received practical training in several workshops and spent two years in postgraduate work at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. After working as a draughtsman in the machine-tool, hydraulic and crane departments of Tangyes Ltd at Birmingham, he was appointed in 1896 Assistant Professor of Engineering at McGill University in Canada. After a short time he moved to the Polytechnic Institute at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was for three years Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Engineering Department. In 1899 he returned to Britain and set up as a consulting engineer in Birmingham, being a partner in James J.Guest \& Co. For the next fifteen years he combined this work with research on grinding phenomena. He also developed a theory of grinding which he first published in a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1914 and elaborated in a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and in his book Grinding Machinery (1915). During the First World War, in 1916–17, he was in charge of inspection in the Staffordshire and Shropshire Area, Ministry of Munitions. In 1917 he returned to teaching as Reader in Graphics and Structural Engineering at University College London. His final appointment was about 1923 as Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Artillery College, Woolwich, which later became the Military College of Science.He carried out research on the strength of materials and contributed many articles on the subject to the technical press. He originated Guest's Law for a criterion of failure of materials under combined stresses, first published in 1900. He was a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1900–6 and from 1919 and contributed to their proceedings in many discussions and two major papers.[br]BibliographyOf many publications by Guest, the most important are: 1900, "Ductile materials under combined stress", Proceedings of the Physical Society 17:202.1915, Grinding Machinery, London.1915, "Theory of grinding, with reference to the selection of speeds in plain and internal work", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 89:543.1917. "Torsional hysteresis of mild steel", Proceedings of the Royal Society A93:313.1918. with F.C.Lea, "Curved beams", Proceedings of the Royal Society A95:1. 1930, "Effects of rapidly acting stress", Proceedings of the Institution of MechanicalEngineers 119:1,273.RTS -
110 Parkhurst, Edward G.
[br]b. 29 August 1830 Thompson, Connecticut, USAd. 31 July 1901 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Little is known of the early training of Edward G. Parkhurst, but at the time of Civil War (1861–5) he was employed by the Savage Arms Company of Middletown, Connecticut. In 1869 he joined the Pratt \& Whitney Company of Hartford, Connecticut, as Assistant Superintendent and later took charge of their gun department. He was the inventor of many improvements in machine tools and armaments. Among these was an automatic rod feeder for turret lathes, in which movement of a single lever enabled bar stock to be fed through the lathe spindle and gripped by a collet chuck while the machine was in motion. This was patented in August 1871 and was followed by other patents, particularly for improvements in machine guns and their accessories. Parkhurst retired from Pratt \& Whitney c. 1895 but was afterwards associated with the American Ordnance Company and the Bethlehem Steel Company. He was a founder member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and served his home city of Hartford as Councillor and Alderman. In 1900 he contributed to the journal American Machinist some articles of reminiscences dealing with the early history of the American machine-tool industry and, in particular, the earliest milling machines and the origin of the turret lathe.RTS -
111 Royce, Sir Frederick Henry
[br]b. 27 March 1863 Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, Englandd. 22 April 1933 West Wittering, Sussex, England.[br]English engineer and industrialist.[br]Royce was the younger son of a flour miller. His father's death forced him to earn his own living from the age of 10 selling newspapers, as a post office messenger boy, and in other jobs. At the age of 14, he became an apprentice at the Great Northern Railway's locomotive works, but was unable to complete his apprenticeship due to a shortage of money. He moved to a tool company in Leeds, then in 1882 he became a tester for the London Electric Light \& Power Company and attended classes at the City \& Guilds Technical College. In the same year, the company made him Chief Electrical Engineer for the lighting of the streets of Liverpool.In 1884, at the age of 21, he founded F.H. Royce \& Co (later called Royce Ltd, from 1894 to 1933) with a capital of £70, manufacturing arc lamps, dynamos and electric cranes. In 1903, he bought a 10 hp Deauville car which proved noisy and unreliable; he therefore designed his own car. By the end of 1903 he had produced a twocylinder engine which ran for many hundreds of hours driving dynamos; on 31 March 1904, a 10 hp Royce car was driven smoothly and silently from the works in Cooke Street, Manchester. This car so impressed Charles S. Rolls, whose London firm were agents for high-class continental cars, that he agreed to take the entire output from the Manchester works. In 1906 they jointly formed Rolls-Royce Ltd and at the end of that year Royce produced the first 40/50 hp Silver Ghost, which remained in production until 1925 when it was replaced by the Phantom and Wraith. The demand for the cars grew so great that in 1908 manufacture was transferred to a new factory in Derby.In 1911 Royce had a breakdown due to overwork and his lack of attention to taking regular meals. From that time he never returned to the works but continued in charge of design from a drawing office in his home in the south of France and later at West Wittering, Sussex, England. During the First World War he designed the Falcon, Hawk and Condor engines as well as the VI2 Eagle, all of which were liquid-cooled. Later he designed the 36.7-litre Rolls-Royce R engines for the Vickers Supermarine S.6 and S.6B seaplanes which were entered for the Schneider Trophy (which they won in 1929 and 1931, the 5.5 having won in 1927 with a Napier Lion engine) and set a world speed record of 408 mph (657 km/h) in 1931; the 1941 Griffon engine was derived from the R.Royce was an improver rather than an innovator, though he did invent a silent form of valve gear, a friction-damped slipper flywheel, the Royce carburettor and a spring drive for timing gears. He was a modest man with a remarkable memory who concentrated on perfecting the detail of every component. He married Minnie Punt, but they had no children. A bust of him at the Derby factory is captioned simply "Henry Royce, Mechanic".[br]Further ReadingR.Bird, 1995, Rolls Royce Heritage, London: Osprey.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Royce, Sir Frederick Henry
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112 Shannon, Claude Elwood
[br]b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA[br]American mathematician, creator of information theory.[br]As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.BibliographyHis seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, TheCollected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.HO -
113 Spencer, Christopher Miner
[br]b. 10 June 1833 Manchester, Connecticut, USAd. 14 January 1922 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Christopher M.Spencer served an apprenticeship from 1847 to 1849 in the machine shop at the silk mills of Cheney Brothers in his native town and remained there for a few years as a journeyman machinist. In 1853 he went to Rochester, New York, to obtain experience with machinery other than that used in the textile industry. He then spent some years with the Colt Armory at Hartford, Connecticut, before returning to Cheney Brothers, where he obtained his first patent, which was for a silk-winding machine.Spencer had long been interested in firearms and in 1860 he obtained a patent for a repeating rifle. The Spencer Repeating Rifle Company was organized for its manufacture, and before the end of the American Civil War about 200,000 rifles had been produced. He patented a number of other improvements in firearms and in 1868 was associated with Charles E.Billings (1835–1920) in the Roper Arms Company, set up at Amherst, Massachusetts, to manufacture Spencer's magazine gun. This was not a success, however, and in 1869 they moved to Hartford, Connecticut, and formed the Billings \& Spencer Company. There they developed the technology of the drop hammer and Spencer continued his inventive work, which included an automatic turret lathe for producing metal screws. The patent that he obtained for this in 1873 inexplicably failed to protect the essential feature of the machine which provided the automatic action, with the result that Spencer received no patent right on the most valuable feature of the machine.In 1874 Spencer withdrew from active connection with Billings \& Spencer, although he remained a director, and in 1876 he formed with others the Hartford Machine Screw Company. However, he withdrew in 1882 to form the Spencer Arms Company at Windsor, Connecticut, for the manufacture of another of his inventions, a repeating shotgun. But this company failed and Spencer returned to the field of automatic lathes, and in 1893 he organized the Spencer Automatic Machine Screw Company at Windsor, where he remained until his retirement.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (briefly describes his career and his automatic lathes).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (gives a brief description of Spencer's automatic lathes).RTSBiographical history of technology > Spencer, Christopher Miner
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114 установка
1. installation; aim2. settingБизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > установка
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115 عدة
عُدَّة \ apparatus: (a piece of) special equipment: I have my own apparatus for printing photographs.. equipment: things that equip us: football equipment; equipment for digging wells. gear: equipment: Sports gear. implement: a tool, esp. one used for farming. kit: a collection of tools for a particular job. tackle: equipment: fishing tackle. \ عُدَّة حَرْبِيَّة \ armament: often the weapons and equipment for war of an army, navy, etc.. armour, armor: (formerly) protective metal or leather covering worn by fighting men. \ عُدَّة السَّفَر \ kit: all the clothes and equipment that are needed for a special activity: camp kit; football kit. \ عُدَّة الفَرَس \ harness: the leather bands that tie a horse to a cart, etc.. -
116 כשיל
כַּשִּׁילm. (b. h.; כָּשַׁל) a carpenters tool for chipping, axe. B. Kam. X, 10 ובכ׳ של בעה״ב when working with the axe, the chips belong to the owner, contrad. to מעצד. Ib. 119b, v. חֲצִינָא.Pl. כַּשִּׁילִים, כַּשִּׁילִין. Sot.VIII, 6 כ׳ של ברזל iron axes (as a weapon in war). Sifré Deut. 337 כשלים (corr. acc.). -
117 כַּשִּׁיל
כַּשִּׁילm. (b. h.; כָּשַׁל) a carpenters tool for chipping, axe. B. Kam. X, 10 ובכ׳ של בעה״ב when working with the axe, the chips belong to the owner, contrad. to מעצד. Ib. 119b, v. חֲצִינָא.Pl. כַּשִּׁילִים, כַּשִּׁילִין. Sot.VIII, 6 כ׳ של ברזל iron axes (as a weapon in war). Sifré Deut. 337 כשלים (corr. acc.).
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