to+show+courage

τολμάω impf. ἐτόλμων; fut. τολμήσω; 1 aor. ἐτόλμησα; pf. inf. τετολμηκέναι (Just., D. 133) (s. τόλμα; Hom.+) to show boldness or resolution in the face of danger, opposition, or a problem, dare, bring oneself to (do someth.)

ⓐ w. inf.

α. dare, have the courage, be brave enough ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ τάχα τις καὶ τολμᾷ ἀποθανεῖν Ro 5:7 (on being willing to die for a good man cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 346 D.; Vita Philonid. [s.v. τράχηλος]). Cp. Phil 1:14. Mostly used w. a neg. (TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 1 [Stone p. 66]; Jos., Ant. 20, 7 ἀντιλέγειν οὐκ ἐτόλμων; Just., A I, 19, 2 and D. 33, 1) οὐδὲ ἐτόλμησέν τις ἐπερωτῆσαι Mt 22:46. Cp. Mk 12:34; Lk 20:40; J 21:12; Ac 5:13. Μωϋσῆς οὐκ ἐτόλμα κατανοῆσαι Moses did not venture to look at (it) 7:32.

β. bring oneself, presume (Theognis 1, 377 Zeus brings himself to include sinners and upright in the same fate; ‘The Tragedy’ in Simplicius In Epict. p. 95, 42 τολμῶ κατειπεῖν=I do not hesitate to say plainly; Himerius, Or. 20, 3 λέγειν τ.; 3 Macc 3:21; TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 12 [Stone p. 68]; TestJob 24, 7; Philo, Somn. 1, 54; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 318; Just., A I, 61, 11) τολμᾷ τις ὑμῶν κρίνεσθαι ἐπὶ τῶν ἀδίκων; can any of you bring yourself to go to law before the unrighteous? 1 Cor 6:1 (κρίνω 5aβ). W. a neg. (TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 1 [Stone p. 66]; GrBar 12:6; Just., A II, 3, 6 and D. 112, 4) οὐ τολμήσω τι λαλεῖν Ro 15:18. Cp. 2 Cor 10:12; Jd 9.

ⓑ abs. be courageous (Job 15:12) ἐν ᾧ ἄν τις τολμᾷ, … τολμῶ κἀγώ whatever anyone else dares to do, … I can bring myself (to do the same) 2 Cor 11:21. τολμῆσαι ἐπί τινα show courage or boldness toward or against someone (En 7:4) 10:2. τολμήσας εἰσῆλθεν he summoned up courage and went in Mk 15:43; GJs 24:2 (cp. Plut., Camillus 140 [22, 6] τολμήσας παρέστη).—DELG s.v. τόλμη. B. 1149. M-M. TW.

στῠγ-έω, Il.7.112, Hdt.7.236, E.El. 1017, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἔστυξα, opt.

A

στύξαιμι Od.11.502

(v. infr. 11): [tense] aor. 2 ἔστῠγον ([etym.] κατ-) 10.113, Il.17.694: later [tense] aor. 1

ἐστύγησα A.Supp. 528

(lyr.), E.Tr. 710: [tense] pf.

ἐστύγηκα J.Ap.2.24

, ([etym.] ἀπ-) Hdt.2.47:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. στυγήσομαι in pass. sense, S.OT 672: [tense] aor.

ἐστυγήθην A.Th. 691

, E.Alc. 465 (lyr.): [tense] pf.

ἐστύγημαι Lyc.421

;

ἔστυγμαι Hsch.

:—poet. Verb (also in Hdt. and later Prose, Phld.Lib.p.13 O., J.l.c.), hate, abhor, c. acc., Il.20.65, al., Hes. (Th. 739, al.), and Trag. (v. infr.); also in Thgn.278, Pi.Fr.203.2, Emp. 115.12, 116, Hdt.7.236; Com. only in paratragoedic and lyric passages, Ar.Ach.33 (cf. Sch. ad loc.), 472, Th. 1144 (lyr.), Diph.73.5, Com.Adesp.1278; never in [dialect] Att. Prose: stronger than μισέω, for it means to show hatred, not merely to feel it,

τὸ πρᾶγμα.., ἢν μὲν ἀξίως μισεῖν ἔχῃ, στυγεῖν δίκαιον E.El. 1017

: c. inf., hate or fear to do a thing, Il.1.186, 8.515, S.Ph.87, A.R.2.628:—[voice] Pass., to be abhorred, detested,

τὸν μέγα στυγούμενον A.Pr. 1004

;

Φοίβῳ στυγηθέν Id.Th. 691

; τί δ' ἐστίν.. πρός γ' ἐμοῦ στυγούμενον; what is the horrid thing that I have done? S.Tr. 738.

II in [tense] aor. 1, make hateful, τῷ κέ τεῳ στύξαιμι μένος καὶ χεῖρας then would I make my courage and my hands a hate and fear to many a one, Od.11.502: but this [tense] aor. is used in the common sense by A.R.4.512, AP7.430 (Diosc.).

ἀνέχω, [tense] impf. ἀνεῖχον: also [full] ἀνίσχω, [tense] impf. ἀνῖσχον: [tense] fut.

A

ἀνέξω Archil. 82

, Luc.Hist.Conscr.4(s. v l.), also

ἀνασχήσω Hdt.5.106

,7.14, E.IA 732: [tense] aor.

ἀνέσχον 11.17.310

, etc.; poet. ἀνέσχεθον ib.10.461, E. Med. 1027, [dialect] Ep. inf.

ἀνσχεθέειν Od.5.320

: [tense] pf.

ἀνέσχηκα S.E.M.7.190

, Phalar.Ep. 105:—[voice] Med. [full] ἀνέχομαι: [tense] impf. ἠνειχόμην (with double augm.) A.Ag. 905, S.Ph. 411, Th.1.77, etc.: [tense] fut.

ἀνέξομαι 11.5.895

, S.El. 1028, D.18.160, etc.; also

ἀνασχήσομαι A.Th. 252

, Ar.Ach. 299, [dialect] Ep. inf.

ἀνσχήσεσθαι 11.5.104

: [tense] aor.

ἀνεσχόμην 18.430

, A.Ch. 747 codd., E.Hipp. 687 (where ἠνέσχου is contra metr.); more freq. with double augm.

ἠνεσχόμην Hdt.5.48

, A.Ag. 1274; and [dialect] Att., as Ar.Nu. 1363, Th.3.28, Lys.3.3, etc.; sync.

ἠνσχόμην S.Ant. 467

; [ per.] 2sg. imper. ἄνσχεο (v. infr. c. 11):—[voice] Pass., D.H.3.55, LXX 4 Ma.1.35.

A trans., hold up, lift up, χεῖρας ἀνέσχον held up their hands in fight (v. infr. c.1), Od.18.89 (later of pugilists, hold up the hands in token of defeat, Theoc.22.129):—freq. lift up the hands in prayer,

θεοῖσι δὲ χεῖρας ἀνέσχον 11.3.318

, cf. 1.450, Archil.82, etc.; so ἄνακτι εὐχὰς ἀ. offer prayers, perhaps with uplifted hands, S.El. 636;

ἄνεχε χέρας, ἄνεχε λόγον E.El. 592

; also ἀ. τὴν χεῖρα offer the hand (to shake), Theopomp.Com.82 (dub.).

2 lift up as an offering,

τάγ' Ἀθηναίῃ ληΐτιδι.. ὑψόσ' ἀνέσχεθε χειρί 11.10.461

; as a testimony,

σκῆπτρον ἀ. πᾶσι θεοῖσι 7.412

; μαζὸν ἀ., of Hecuba entreating her son Hector, 22.80;

κενεὰς.. ἀνέσχε γλήνας A.R.2.254

;

ἄκουε δ' ἀν' οὖς ἔχων A.Fr. 126

.

3 ἀ. φλόγα hold up a torch, esp. at weddings, E.IA 732: hence the phrase ἄνεχε, πάρεχε sc. τὸ φῶς) hold up, pass on the light in procession, Id.Tr. 308, Cyc. 203, cf. Ar.V. 1326; also

ἀ. φάος σωτήριον E.Med. 482

;

τὸ σημεῖον τοῦ πυρός Th.4.111

.

4 lift up, exalt,

τὰ κείνων Pi.P.2.89

.

5 hold up, prop, sustain, οὐρανὸν καὶ γῆν, of Atlas, Paus.5.11.5;

κίων ἀ. τὴν στέγην Oenom.

ap. Eus.PE 5.34:—[voice] Pass.,

γέφυρα σκάφαις ἀνεχομένη D.H.3.55

:—but more freq.,

b metaph., uphold, maintain,

εὐδικίας Od.19.111

;

πολέμους Th.1.141

; ὄργια ἀ. keep up the revels, Ar.Th. 948;

Βάκχης ἀνέχων λέκτρ' Ἀγαμέμνων

remaining constant to,

E.Hec. 121

(v. infr. B. 3); οἰνῶπ' ἀνέχουσα κισσόν keeping constant to, haunting the ivy, S. OC 674 (s. v. l.); βαρὺν ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἔχοισα keeping up his anger, Theoc. 1.96.

6 put forth,

δάφνα ἀ. πτόρθους E.Hec. 459

(lyr.).

II hold back, check,

ἄνεχ' ἵππους 11.23.426

;

ἀ. τὰ ὅπλα διὰ τῶν ἀνακλητικῶν D.H.9.21

; ἀ. Σικελίαν μὴ ὑπ' αὐτοὺς εἶναι keep it from being.., Th.6.86;

ἑαυτὸν ἀπό τινος Plu.2.514a

:—[voice] Pass.,

ἀνέχεται τὰ πάθη ὑπὸ τοῦ λογισμοῦ LXX4 Ma.1.35

.

B intr., rise up, emerge,

ἀνσχεθέειν.. ὑπὸ κύματος ὁρμῆς Od.5.320

; of a diver, Hdt.8.8;

σκόπελοι ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ ὀξέες ἀ. Id.2.29

;

ἀ. ἐς ἀέρα A.R.3.1383

.

b esp. in form ἀνίσχω, of the sun,

πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνίσχοντα Hdt.3.98

, etc.; so

λαμπὰς ἀνίσχει A.Ag.93

(lyr.);

ἅμ' ἡλίῳ ἀνίσχοντι X.Cyn.6.13

, cf. Eub.119.9.

c of events, arise, happen, Hdt.5.106,7.14.

d appear, show oncself,

ἄελπτον ὄμμα.. φήμης ἀνασχόν S.Tr. 204

; turn out, prove to be,

μελοποιὸς ἢ τραγῳδὸς ἄριστος Eun.Hist.p.209D.

e stand up,

κίονες περὶ τοίχοις A.R. 3.217

.

2 come forth,

αἰχμὴ παρὰ.. ὦμον ἀνέσχεν 11.17.310

, cf. Plu. Caes.44; of a headland, jut out into the sea, Hdt.7.123, Th.1.46, etc.;

ἀ. πρὸς τὸ Σικελικὸν πέλαγος Id.4.53

, cf. D.23.166; ἐς τὸν πόντον [τὴν ἄκρην] ἀνέχοντα jutting out with its headland into the sea, Hdt. 4.99 (dub. l.); reversely,

κοιλάδες ἐς μεσόγαιαν ἐκ θαλάσσης ἀ. Str. 3.2.4

.

3 hold on, keep doing, c. part.,

ἀ. διασκοπῶν Th.7.48

; σε.. στέρξας ἀνέχει is constant in his love for thee, S.Aj. 212 (lyr., cf. supr. A.1.5b): c. dat.,

τελεταῖς

practise regularly,

Eun.Hist.p.249

D.: abs., wait,

ταύτῃ ἀνέχειν Th.8.94

, cf. 2.18.

4 hold up, cease,

Ζεὺς οὔθ' ὕων πάντεσσ' ἁνδάνει οὔτ' ἀνέχων Thgn.26

, cf. X.HG1.6.28; dub. l. in Hp.Epid.5.20.

5 c. gen., cease from,

οὐδὲ.. καμάτων ἀνέχουσι γυναῖκες S.OT 174

;

τοῦ πολέμου App.Pun.75

;

τοῦ φονεύειν Plu.Alex. 33

.—Hom. uses no tense intr. exc. [tense] aor.

C [voice] Med., hold up what is one's own,

ὁ δ' ἀνέσχετο μείλινον ἔγχος 11.5.655

;

δούρατ' ἀνασχόμενοι 11.594

, etc.: hence ἀνασχόμενος is often used abs. (sc. ἔγχος, ξίφος, etc.),

πλῆξεν ἀ. 3.362

;

κόψε δ' ἀ. Od.14.425

;

πὺξ μάλ' ἀνασχομένω πεπληγέμεν 11.23.660

; also ἄντα δ' ἀνασχομένω χερσί ib. 686.

II hold oneself up, bear up, οὐδέ σ' ὀΐω δηρὸν ἔτ' ἀνσχήσεσθαι ib.5.285, cf.Od.11.375: [tense] aor. imper. ἀνάσχεο, = τέτλαθι, be of good courage, 11.1.586;

ἄνσχεο

be patient,

23.587

; ἀνὰ δ' ἔχευ is prob. l. for ἀνὰ δ' εὖ in Archil.6.2: in [tense] pres. part., ἀνεχόμενοι φέρουσι τὸν χειμῶνα they bear with patience, Hdt.4.28; Stoic motto

ἀνέχου καὶ ἀπέχου Gell.17.19

.

2 c. acc.,

τοσσάδ' ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἀνέσχετο κήδεα 11.18.430

;

ἦ δὴ πολλὰ κάκ' ἄνσχεο σὸν κατὰ θυμόν 24.518

;

τὴν δουλοσύνην οὐκ ἀ. Hdt.1.169

;

τὰ πρὶν κακὰ ἠνειχόμεσθα A.Ag. 905

, etc.;

χαλκὸν ἀνασχέσθαι 11.4.511

, etc.: c. acc.pers., οὐ γὰρ ξείνους.. ἀνέχονται they do not suffer or bear with strangers, Od.7.32, cf. 17.13;

τῶν ἵππων οὔτι ἀνεχομένων τὰς καμήλους Hdt.7.87

;

τούτους ἀνάσχου δεσπότας E.Alc. 304

, cf. Eup.6 D.: c. acc. rei et gen. pers.,

οὐδεὶς ἂν αὐτοῦ ἀγελαστὶ ἠνέσχετο ταῦτα τὰ ἔπη Ath.5.188c

, cf. Ar.Lys. 507.

3 c. gen., dub. in Hom., δουλοσύνης ἀνέχεσθαι v.l. in Od.22.423; so

ἅπαντος ἀνδρὸς ἀ. Pl.Prt. 323a

, cf. D.19.16; to be content with,

τοῦ ἐν σώματι κάλλους Plot.5.9.2

.

4 the dependent clause is mostly (always in Hom.) in part., οὐ μάν σε.. ἀνέξομαι ἄλγε' ἔχοντα I will not suffer thee to have.., 11.5.895; οὐ γὰρ ἀεργὸν [ὄντα] ἀνέξομαι I will not suffer one [to be].., Od.19.27;

εἰ τὸν.. θανόντ' ἄθαπτον ἠνσχόμην νέκυν S.Ant. 467

;

οὐκ ἀνέξεται τίκτοντας ἄλλους E.Andr. 712

; καὶ γάρ κ'.. ἀνεχοιμην ἥμενος for I would be content to sit.., Od.4.595;

σοῦ κλύων ἀνέξεται A.Pers. 838

, cf. S. El. 1028, Ph. 411;

ἀνάσχεσθε σιγῶσαι Id.Fr. 679

; also

οὐ σῖγ' ἀνέξει; Id.Aj.75

: freq. in Prose, Hdt.1.80, 206, 5.19, al., Th.2.74, etc.;

ἄποτος ἀ. Arist.HA 596a2

; also

ἀ. τοῦ ἄλλα λέγοντος Pl.R. 564d

;

ἀ. τῶν οἰκείων ἀμελουμένων Id.Ap. 31b

;

οὐδ' ἂν ἠνέσχεσθε εἴ τις.. D. 21.170

:—also in [voice] Act.,

ἀνέσχηκα Phalar.Ep. 105

.

5 rarely c. inf., suffer,

οὐκ ἀνέξομαι τὸ μὴ οὐ.. A.Eu. 914

;

κοκκύζειν τὸν ἀλεκτρυόν' οὐκ ἀνέχονται Cratin.311

;

ἀνακεκλίσθαι οὐκ ἀ. Aret.SA1.9

;

ἀ. πάντα ὑπομένειν Alciphr.3.34

;

σὺν ἄλλοις βιοῦν οὐκ ἀ. Ael.NA6.30

.

b dare to do,

ἀνέσχοντο τὸν ἐπιόντα δέξασθαι Hdt.7.139

.

c οὐκ ἀ., c. inf., refuse to do.., POxy.903.36,al.

III rarely, hold on by one another, hang together,

ἀνά τ' ἀλλήλησιν ἔχονται Od.24.8

.

λαμβάνω (Hom.+) impf. ἐλάμβανον; fut. λήμψομαι (PTurin II, 3, 48; POxy 1664, 12; on the μ s. Mayser 194f; Thackeray 108ff; B-D-F §101; W-S. §5, 30; Mlt-H. 106; 246f; Reinhold 46f; WSchulze, Orthographica 1894.—On the middle s. B-D-F §77); 2 aor. ἔλαβον, impv. λάβε (B-D-F §101 p. 53 s.v. λαμβάνειν; W-S. §6, 7d; Mlt-H. 209 n. 1), impv. 3 pl. λαβέτωσαν (LXX; GJs 4:2); pf. εἴληφα (DRinge, Glotta 62, ’84, 125–28), 2 sing. εἴληφας and εἴληφες Rv 11:17 v.l. (W-S. §13, 16 note; Mlt-H. 221), ptc. εἰληφώς. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ληφθήσονται Jdth 6:9; aor. εἰλήφθην LXX; pf. 3 sing. εἴληπται; plpf. 3 sg. εἴληπτο (Just., D. 132, 3). For Attic inscriptional forms s. Threatte II 645. In the following divisions, nos. 1–9 focus on an active role, whereas 10 suggests passivity.

① to get hold of someth. by laying hands on or grasping someth., directly or indirectly, take, take hold of, grasp, take in hand ἄρτον (Diod S 14, 105, 3 ῥάβδον; TestSol 2:8 D τὴν σφραγῖδα; TestJob 23:10 ψαλίδα) Mt 26:26a; Mk 14:22a; Ac 27:35. τ. βιβλίον (Tob 7:14) Rv 5:8f. τ. κάλαμον Mt 27:30. λαμπάδας take (in hand) (Strattis Com. [V B.C.], Fgm. 37 K. λαβόντες λαμπάδας) 25:1, 3. λαβέτωσαν ἀνὰ λαμπάδα GJs 7:2. μάχαιραν draw the sword (Gen 34:25; Jos., Vi. 173 [cp. JosAs 23:2 τὴν ῥομφαίαν]) Mt 26:52. Abs. λάβετε take (this) Mt 26:26b; Mk 14:22b.— Take hold of (me) GHb 356, 39=ISm 3:2.—ἔλαβέ με ἡ μήτηρ μου τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ἐν μιᾷ τῶν τριχῶν μου my mother, the Holy Spirit, took me by one of my hairs GHb 20, 63. Ἐλισάβεδ … λαβουμένη (λαβοῦσα codd.) αὐτὸν ἀνέβη ἐν τῇ ὀρεινῇ E. took (John) and went up into the hill-country GJs 22:3. λαβών is somet. used somewhat pleonastically to enliven the narrative, as in Hom. (Od. 24, 398) and dramatists (Soph., Oed. R. 1391 et al.), but also in accord w. Hebr. usage (JViteau, Étude sur le Grec du NT 1893, 191; Dalman, Worte 16ff; Wlh., Einleitung² 1911, 14; B-D-F §419, 1 and 2; s. Rob. 1127; s., e.g., ApcBar 2:1 λαβών με ἤγαγε; Josh 2:4; Horapollo 2, 88 τούτους λαβὼν κατορύττει) Mt 13:31, 33; Mk 9:36; Lk 13:19, 21; J 12:3; Ac 9:25; 16:3; Hs 5, 2, 4. The ptc. can here be rendered by the prep. with (B-D-F §418, 5; Rob. 1127) λαβὼν τὴν σπεῖραν ἔρχεται he came with a detachment J 18:3 (cp. Soph., Trach. 259 στρατὸν λαβὼν ἔρχεται; ApcrEsd 6, 17 p. 31, 24 Tdf. λαβὼν … στρατιὰν ἀγγέλων). λαβὼν τὸ αἷμα … τὸν λαὸν ἐρράντισε with the blood he sprinkled the people Hb 9:19 (cp. ParJer 9:32 λαβόντες τὸν λίθον ἔθηκαν ἐπὶ τὸ μνῆμα αὐτοῦ ‘they crowned his tomb with a stone’; Mel., P. 14, 88 λαβόντες δὲ τὸ … αἶμα). Different is the periphrastic aor. ptc. use of λ. w. ἔχει: Dg 10:6 ἃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λαβὼν ἔχει what the pers. has received fr. God (cp. Eur., Bacchae 302 μεταλαβὼν ἔχει; Goodwin §47; Gildersleeve, Syntax §295; Schwyzer I, 812). Freq. parataxis takes the place of the ptc. constr. (B-D-F §419, 5) ἔλαβε τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ ἐμαστίγωσεν (instead of λαβὼν τ. Ἰ. ἐ.) he had Jesus scourged J 19:1. λαβεῖν τὸν ἄρτον … καὶ βαλεῖν throw the bread Mt 15:26; Mk 7:27. ἔλαβον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐποίησαν τέσσερα μέρη they divided his garments into four parts J 19:23.—In transf. sense ἀφορμὴν λ. find opportunity Ro 7:8, 11 (s. ἀφορμή); ὑπόδειγμα λ. take as an example Js 5:10; so also λ. alone, λάβωμεν Ἐνώχ 1 Cl 9:3.—Of the cross as a symbol of the martyr’s death take upon oneself Mt 10:38 (cp. Pind., P. 2, 93 [171] λ. ζυγόν). We may class here ἔλαβεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ he put his clothes on J 13:12 (cp. Hdt. 2, 37; 4, 78; GrBar 9:7 τὸν ὄφιν ἔλαβεν ἔνδυμα). Prob. sim. μορφὴν δούλου λ. put on the form of a slave Phil 2:7.—Of food and drink take (cp. Bel 37 Theod.) Mk 15:23. ὅτε ἔλαβεν τὸ ὄξος J 19:30; λαβὼν τροφὴν ἐνίσχυσεν Ac 9:19; τροφὴν … λα[βεῖν] AcPl Ha 1, 19. (βρέφος) ἔλαβε μασθὸν ἐκ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Μαρίας (the infant) took the breast of his mother Mary GJs 19:2.—1 Ti 4:4 (s. 10b below) could also belong here.

② to take away, remove (τὴν ψυχήν ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 23 Tdf.) with or without the use of force τὰ ἀργύρια take away the silver coins (fr. the temple) Mt 27:6. τὰς ἀσθενείας diseases 8:17. τὸν στέφανον Rv 3:11. τὴν εἰρήνην ἐκ τῆς γῆς remove peace from the earth 6:4 (λ. τι ἐκ as UPZ 125, 13 ὸ̔ εἴληφεν ἐξ οἴκου; 2 Ch 16:2; TestSol 4:15 D; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 12 [Stone p. 70]; Mel., P. 55, 403).

③ to take into one’s possession, take, acquire τὶ someth. τὸν χιτῶνα Mt 5:40. οὐδὲ ἕν J 3:27. ἑαυτῷ βασιλείαν obtain kingly power for himself Lk 19:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 220). λ. γυναῖκα take a wife (Eur., Alc. 324; X., Cyr. 8, 4, 16; Gen 4:19; 6:2; Tob 1:9; TestSol 26:1; TestJob 45:3; ParJer 8:3; Jos., Ant. 1, 253; Just., D. 116, 3; 141, 4) Mk 12:19–21; 22 v.l.; Lk 20:28–31 (s. also the vv.ll. in 14:20 and 1 Cor 7:28). Of his life, that Jesus voluntarily gives up, in order to take possession of it again on his own authority J 10:18a. [ἀπολείπ]ετε τὸ σκότος, λάβεται τὸ φῶς [abandon] the darkness, seize the light AcPl Ha 8, 32. ἑαυτῷ τ. τιμὴν λ. take the honor upon oneself Hb 5:4.—Lay hands on, seize w. acc. of the pers. who is seized by force (Hom. et al.; LXX; mid. w. gen. Just., A II, 2, 10, D. 105, 3) Mt 21:35, 39; Mk 12:3, 8. Of an evil spirit that seizes the sick man Lk 9:39 (cp. PGM 7, 613 εἴλημπται ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος; TestSol 17:2 εἰ λήμψομαί τινα, εὐθέως ἀναιρῶ αὐτὸν τῷ ξίφει; Jos., Ant. 4, 119 ὅταν ἡμᾶς τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβῃ πνεῦμα; Just., A I, 18, 4 ψυχαῖς ἀποθανόντων λαμβανόμενοι).—Esp. of feelings, emotions seize, come upon τινά someone (Hom. et al.; Ex 15:15; Wsd 11:12; Jos., Ant. 2, 139; 14, 57) ἔκστασις ἔλαβεν ἅπαντας amazement seized (them) all Lk 5:26. φόβος 7:16. Sim. πειρασμὸς ὑμᾶς οὐκ εἴληφεν εἰ μὴ ἀνθρώπινος 1 Cor 10:13.—Of hunting and fishing: catch (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 9; Aelian, VH 4, 14) οὐδέν Lk 5:5=J 21:6 v.l. Fig. εἴ τις λαμβάνει (ὑμᾶς) if someone puts something over on you, takes advantage of you 2 Cor 11:20 (the exx. cited in Field, Notes, 184f refer to material plunder, whereas Paul appears to point to efforts of his opposition to control the Corinthians’ thinking for their own political purposes; also s. CLattey, JTS 44, ’43, 148); in related vein δόλῳ τινὰ λ. catch someone by a trick 12:16.

④ to take payment, receive, accept, of taxes, etc. collect the two-drachma tax Mt 17:24; tithes Hb 7:8f; portion of the fruit as rent Mt 21:34. τὶ ἀπό τινος someth. fr. someone (Plut., Mor. 209d, Aem. Paul. 5, 9) 17:25. παρὰ τῶν γεωργῶν λ. ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν collect a share of the fruit fr. the vinedressers Mk 12:2.—τὶ παρά τινος someth. fr. someone (Aristarch. Sam. p. 352, 4; Jos., Ant. 5, 275; Just., D. 22, 11; Tat. 19, 1) οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λ. the testimony which I receive is not from a human being or I will not accept mere human testimony (PSI 395, 6 [241 B.C.] σύμβολον λαβὲ παρʼ αὐτῶν=have them give you a receipt) J 5:34; cp. vs. 44; 3:11, 32f.

⑤ to include in an experience, take up, receive τινὰ someone εἰς into (Wsd 8:18) lit. εἰς τὸ πλοῖον take someone (up) into the boat J 6:21. εἰς οἰκίαν receive someone into one’s house 2J 10. εἰς τὰ ἴδια into his own home J 19:27. Receive someone in the sense of recognizing the other’s authority J 1:12; 5:43ab; 13:20abcd.—οἱ ὑπηρέται ῥαπίσμασιν αὐτὸν ἔλαβον Mk 14:65 does not mean ‘the servants took him into custody with blows’ (BWeiss, al.), but is a colloquialism (s. B-D-F §198, 3, w. citation of AcJo 90 [Aa II 196, 1] τί εἰ ῥαπίσμασίν μοι ἔλαβες; ‘what if you had laid blows on me?’) the servants treated him to blows (Moffatt: ‘treated him to cuffs and slaps’), or even ‘got’ him w. blows, ‘worked him over’ (perh. a Latinism; Cicero, Tusc. 2, 14, 34 verberibus accipere. B-D-F §5, 3b; s. Rob. 530f); the v.l. ἔβαλον is the result of failure to recognize this rare usage. καλῶς ἔλαβόν σε; have (the young women) treated you well? Hs 9, 11, 8.

⑥ to make a choice, choose, select πᾶς ἀρχιερεὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων λαμβανόμενος who is chosen fr. among human beings Hb 5:1 (cp. Num 8:6; Am 2:11; Just., D. 130, 3). The emphasis is not on gender but the human status of the chief priest in contrast to that of the unique Messiah vs. 5.

⑦ to accept as true, receive τὶ someth. fig. τὰ ῥήματά τινος receive someone’s words (and use them as a guide) J 12:48; 17:8; AcPl Ha 1, 6 (s. καρδία 1bβ). τὸν λόγον receive the teaching Mt 13:20; Mk 4:16 (for μετὰ χαρᾶς λ. cp. PIand 13, 18 ἵνα μετὰ χαρᾶς σε ἀπολάβωμεν).

⑧ to enter into a close relationship, receive, make one’s own, apprehend/comprehend mentally or spiritually (Soph., Pla. et al.) of the mystical apprehension of Christ (opp. κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ) ἔλαβον (i.e. Χριστόν) I have made (him) my own Phil 3:12.

⑨ Special uses: the OT is the source of λαμβάνειν πρόσωπον show partiality/favoritism (s. πρόσωπον 1bα end) Lk 20:21; Gal 2:6; B 19:4; D 4:3.—θάρσος λ. take courage s. θάρσος; πεῖράν τινος λ. try someth. (Pla., Prot. 342a; 348a, Gorg. 448a; X., Cyr. 6, 1, 28; Polyb. 1, 75, 7; 2, 32, 5; 5, 100, 10; Aelian, VH 12, 22; Dt 28:56; Jos., Ant. 8, 166; diff. Dio Chrys. 50, 6) Hb 11:29 (this expr. has a different mng. in vs. 36; s. 10b below).—συμβούλιον λαμβάνειν consult (with someone), lit. ‘take counsel’, is a Latinism (consilium capere; s. B-D-F §5, 3b; Rob. 109) Mt 27:7; 28:12; w. ὅπως foll. 22:15; foll. by κατά τινος against someone and ὅπως 12:14; foll. by κατά τινος and ὥστε 27:1. οὐ λήψῃ βουλὴν πονηρὰν κατὰ τοῦ πλησίον σου D 2:6.

⑩ to be a receiver, receive, get, obtain

ⓐ abs. λαβών (of a hungry hog) when it has received someth. B 10:3. (Opp. αἰτεῖν, as Appian, Fgm. [I p. 532–36 Viereck-R.] 23 αἰτεῖτε καὶ λαμβάνετε; PGM 4, 2172) Mt 7:8; Lk 11:10; J 16:24. (Opp. διδόναι as Thu. 2, 97, 4 λαμβάνειν μᾶλλον ἢ διδόναι; Ael. Aristid. 34 p. 645 D.; Herm. Wr. 5, 10b; Philo, Deus Imm. 57; SibOr 3, 511) Mt 10:8; Ac 20:35; B 14:1; but in D 1:5 λ. rather has the ‘active’ sense accept a donation (as ἵνα λάβῃ ἐξουσίαν TestJob 8:2).

ⓑ w. acc. of thing τὶ someth. (Da 2:6; OdeSol 11:4 σύνεσιν; TestJob 24:9 τρεῖς ἄρτους al.; ApcEsdr 5:13 p. 30, 11 Tdf. τὴν ψυχήν) τὸ ψωμίον receive the piece of bread J 13:30. ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν water of life without cost Rv 22:17. μισθόν (q.v. 1 and 2a) Mt 10:41ab; J 4:36; 1 Cor 3:8, 14; AcPlCor 2:36 (TestSol 1:2, 10). Money: ἀργύρια Mt 28:15; ἀνὰ δηνάριον a denarius each Mt 20:9f. ἐλεημοσύνην Ac 3:3. βραχύ τι a little or a bite J 6:7; eternal life Mk 10:30 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 218 βίον ἀμείνω λαβεῖν); the Spirit (schol. on Plato 856e ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα) J 7:39; Ac 2:38; cp. Gal 3:14; 1 Cor 2:12; 2 Cor 11:4; forgiveness of sin Ac 10:43 (Just., D. 54, 1); grace Ro 1:5; cp. 5:17; the victor’s prize 1 Cor 9:24f; the crown of life Js 1:12 (cp. Wsd 5:16 λ. τὸ διάδημα). συμφύγιον/σύμφυτον καὶ ὅπλον εὐδοκίας λάβωμεν Ἰησοῦν χριστόν the sense of this clause, restored from AcPl Ha 8, 23–24 and AcPl Ox 1602, 33–35 (=BMM recto 29–31) emerges as follows: and let us take Jesus Christ as our refuge/ally and shield, the assurance of God’s goodwill toward us. The early and late rain Js 5:7. ἔλεος receive mercy Hb 4:16 (Just., D. 133, 1). λ. τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ (θεοῦ) receive the name of the Son of God (in baptism) Hs 9, 12, 4. διάδοχον receive a successor Ac 24:27 (cp. Pliny the Younger, Ep. 9, 13 successorem accipio). τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν αὐτοῦ λαβέτω ἕτερος let another man receive his position 1:20 (Ps 108:8). τόπον ἀπολογίας λ. (τόπος 4) 25:16. λ. τι μετὰ εὐχαριστίας receive someth. w. thankfulness 1 Ti 4:4 (but s. 1 above, end.—On the construction with μετά cp. Libanius, Or. 63 p. 392, 3 F. μετὰ ψόγου λ.). τί ἔχεις ὅ οὐκ ἔλαβες; what have you that you did not receive? 1 Cor 4:7 (Alciphron 2, 6, 1 τί οὐ τῶν ἐμῶν λαβοῦσα ἔχεις;). Of punishments (cp. δίκην λ. Hdt. 1, 115; Eur., Bacch. 1312. ποινάς Eur., Tro. 360. πληγάς Philyllius Com. [V B.C.] 11 K.; GrBar 4:15 καταδίκην; Jos., Ant. 14, 336 τιμωρίαν) λ. περισσότερον κρίμα receive a punishment that is just so much more severe Mt 23:13 [14] v.l. (cp. κρίμα 4b); Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47; cp. Js 3:1. οἱ ἀνθεστηκότες ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται those who oppose will bring punishment upon themselves Ro 13:2. πεῖράν τινος λ. become acquainted with, experience, suffer someth. (X., An. 5, 8, 15; Polyb. 6, 3, 1; 28, 9, 7; 29, 3, 10; Diod S 12, 24, 4 τὴν θυγατέρα ἀπέκτεινεν, ἵνα μὴ τῆς ὕβρεως λάβῃ πεῖραν; 15, 88, 4; Jos., Ant. 2, 60; Preisigke, Griech. Urkunden des ägypt. Museums zu Kairo [1911] 2, 11; 3, 11 πεῖραν λ. δαίμονος) μαστίγων πεῖραν λ. Hb 11:36 (the phrase in a diff. mng. vs. 29; s. 9b above).

ⓒ Also used as a periphrasis for the passive: οἰκοδομὴν λ. be edified 1 Cor 14:5. περιτομήν be circumcised J 7:23 (Just., D. 23, 5 al.). τὸ χάραγμα receive a mark = be marked Rv 14:9, 11; 19:20; 20:4. καταλλαγήν be reconciled Ro 5:11. ὑπόμνησίν τινος be reminded of = remember someth. 2 Ti 1:5 (Just., D 19, 6 μνήμην λαμβάνητε); λήθην τινὸς λ. forget someth. (Timocles Com. [IV B.C.], Fgm. 6, 5 K.; Aelian, VH 3, 18 end, HA 4, 35; Jos., Ant. 2, 163; 202; 4, 304; Just., D. 46, 5 ἵνα μὴ λήθη ὑμᾶς λαμβάνῃ τοῦ θεοῦ) 2 Pt 1:9; χαρὰν λ. experience joy, rejoice Hv 3, 13, 2 ; GJs 12:2; ἀρχὴν λ. be begun, have its beginning (Pla et al.; Polyb. 1, 12, 9; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Dio Chrys. 40, 7; Philo, Mos. 1, 81 τρίτον [σημεῖον] … τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γίνεσθαι λαβὸν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ; Just., D. 46, 4 τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβούσης ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ τῆς περιτομῆς; Ath. 19, 2 ἑτέραν ἀρχὴν τοῦ κόσμου λαβόντος) Hb 2:3; ApcPt Rainer ln. 19.—λ. τι ἀπό τινος receive someth. from someone (Epict. 4, 11, 3 λ. τι ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν; Herm. Wr. 1, 30; ApcMos 19 ὅτε δὲ ἔλαβεν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ τὸν ὄρκον; Just., D. 78, 10 τῶν λαβόντων χάριν ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ) 1J 2:27; 3:22. Also τὶ παρά τινος (Pisander Epicus [VI B.C.] Fgm. 5 [in Athen. 11, 469d]; Diod S 5, 3, 4 λαβεῖν τι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 8 [Stone p. 12] λαβὼν τὴν εὐχὴν παρʼ αὐτῶν; Just., A I, 60, 3 ἐνέργειαν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λεγομένην λαβεῖν τὸν Μωυσέα.—παρά A3aβ) J 10:18b; Ac 2:33; 3:5; 20:24; Js 1:7; 2J 4; Rv 2:28. λ. τὸ ἱκανὸν παρὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος receive bail from Jason Ac 17:9 (s. ἱκανός 1). λ. τι ὑπό τινος be given someth. by someone 2 Cor 11:24. κλῆρον καὶ μερισμὸν λαμβάνοντες AcPl Ha 8, 18/Ox 1602, 22f [λαβόντες]=BMM recto 23f (s. κλῆρος 2). λ. τι ἔκ τινος receive someth. fr. a quantity of someth.: ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ ἐλάβομεν χάριν from his fullness we have received favor J 1:16. ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ ἐλάβετε Hs 9, 24, 4.—λ. ἐξ ἀναστάσεως τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν (s. ἀνάστασις 2a) Hb 11:35. On ἐν γαστρὶ εἴληφα (LXX) GJs 4:2 and 4 s. γαστήρ 2 and συλλαμβάνω 3.—B. 743. Schmidt, Syn. III 203–33. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.