Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

they+were+founded

  • 61 Gestetner, David

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. March 1854 Csorna, Hungary
    d. 8 March 1939 Nice, France
    [br]
    Hungarian/British pioneer of stencil duplicating.
    [br]
    For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating London: Hutchinson (gives a good account of the method and the development of the Gestetner process, together with some details of his life).
    H.V.Culpan, 1951, "The House of Gestetner", in Gestetner 70th Anniversary Celebration Brochure, London: Gestetner.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gestetner, David

  • 62 Saulnier, Raymond

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. late eighteenth century France
    d. mid-twentieth century
    [br]
    French designer of aircraft, associated with Louis Blériot and later the Morane- Saulnier company.
    [br]
    When Louis Blériot made his historic flight across the English Channel in 1909, the credit for the success of the flight naturally went to the pilot. Few people thought about the designer of the successful aeroplane, and those who did assumed it was Blériot himself. Blériot did design several of the aeroplanes bearing his name, but the cross- Channel No. XI was mainly designed by his friend Raymond Saulnier, a fact not; broadcast at the time.
    In 1911 the Morane-Saulnier company was founded in Paris by Léon (1885–1918) and Robert (1886–1968) Morane and Raymond Saulnier, who became Chief Designer. Flying a Morane-Saulnier, Roland Garros made a recordbreaking flight to a height of 5,611 m (18,405 ft) in 1912, and the following year he made the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean. Morane-Saulnier built a series of "parasol" monoplanes which were very widely used during the early years of the First World War. With the wing placed above the fuselage, the pilot had an excellent downward view for observation purposes, but the propeller ruled out a forward-firing machine gun. During 1913–4, Raymond Saulnier was working on an idea for a synchronized machine gun to fire between the blades of the propeller. He could not overcome certain technical problems, so he devised a simple alternative: metal deflector plates were fitted to the propeller, so if a bullet hit the blade it did no harm. Roland Garros, flying a Type L Parasol, tested the device in action during April 1915 and was immediately successful. This opened the era of the true fighter aircraft. Unfortunately, Garros was shot down and the Germans discovered his secret weapon: they improved on the idea with a fully synchronized machine gun fitted to the Fokker E 1 monoplane. The Morane-Saulnier company continued in business until 1963, when it was taken over by the Potez Group.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London: Jane's (reprint) (provides plans and details of 1914–18 Morane-Saulnier aeroplanes).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Saulnier, Raymond

  • 63 public broadcasting service

    1) СМИ., гос. упр. общественное вещание (вещание некоммерческих СМИ на средства, собранные со слушателей и телезрителей)
    2) СМИ, гос. упр. = !
    "
    может быть, просто ""public broadcasting"", а не ""public broadcasting service""?
    "
    !
    "
    The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 354 member TV stations in the United States, with some member stations available over the air and by cable in Canada. While the term ""broadcasting"" encompasses both radio and television, PBS only covers TV; public radio in the United States is served by National Public Radio, as well as content providers American Public Media, and Public Radio International.
    "
    PBS was founded on November 3, 1969,[1\] at which time it took over many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET) (which merged with station WNDT Newark, New Jersey to form WNET). It commenced broadcasting on Monday, October 5, 1970. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations.
    PBS is a non-profit, private corporation which is owned collectively by its member stations.[2\] However, its operations are largely funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Its headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia.
    Unlike the commercial television broadcast model of American networks such as ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, The CW and MyNetworkTV, in which affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for network programming, PBS member stations pay substantial fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization.
    "
    This relationship means that PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly from market to market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism and PBS strives to market a consistent national line-up. However, PBS has a policy of ""common carriage"" requiring most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common schedule, so that they can be more effectively marketed on a national basis. This setup is in many ways similar to the pre-2002 British ITV system of having some ""networked"" programs shown nationwide on all network contractors, and the remainder of scheduling being up to individual affiliates.
    " "
    Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS has no central program production arm or news department. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary, or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. WGBH in Boston is one of the largest producers of educational programming. News programs are produced by WETA-TV in Washington, D.C., WNET in New York and WPBT in Miami. The Charlie Rose interview show, Secrets of the Dead, NOW, Nature, Cyberchase, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer come from or through WNET in New York. Once a program is offered to and accepted by PBS for distribution, PBS (and not the member station that supplied the program) retains exclusive rights for rebroadcasts during the period for which such rights were granted; the suppliers do maintain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, and sometimes PBS licensed merchandise (but sometimes grant such ancillary rights as well to PBS).
    " "
    PBS stations are commonly operated by non-profit organizations, state agencies, local authorities (e.g., municipal boards of education), or universities in their community of license. In some states, PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional ""subnetwork"" (e.g., Alabama Public Television). Unlike Canada's CBC/SRC, PBS does not own any of the stations that broadcast its programming. This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical license issues.
    "
    In the modern broadcast marketplace, this organizational structure is considered outmoded by some media critics. A common restructuring proposal is to reorganize the network so that each state would have one PBS affiliate which would broadcast state-wide. However, this proposal is controversial, as it would reduce local community input into PBS programming, especially considering how PBS stations are significantly more community-oriented, according to the argument, than their commercial counterparts.
    * * *

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > public broadcasting service

  • 64 herausstellen

    (trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/t
    1. put out(side)
    2. SPORT (Spieler) send off
    3. fig. (betonen) emphasize, underline, bring out (clearly); (an die Öffentlichkeit bringen) publicize; in der Werbung etc.: highlight, feature (auch Theat.), bring out; (abheben) set off, throw into (sharp) relief; etw. klar und deutlich herausstellen make s.th. quite clear
    II v/refl: sich herausstellen als turn out (to be); unpers.: es wird sich schon ( noch) herausstellen, ob / wann / wo etc. we shall find out (eventually) whether / when / where etc.; das muss sich erst ( noch) herausstellen that remains to be seen; es hat sich herausgestellt, dass... it turned out (that)...; es hat sich herausgestellt, dass er sehr kompetent ist he turned out to be ( oder it turned out he was, oder he proved to be) very competent; das hat sich erst später herausgestellt that only came out ( oder came to light) later
    * * *
    to highlight
    * * *
    he|raus|stel|len sep
    1. vt
    1) (lit) to put outside; (SPORT) to send off
    2) (fig = hervorheben) to emphasize, to underline; jdn to give prominence to
    2. vr
    (Unschuld, Wahrheit) to come to light

    sich als falsch/wahr/richtig/begründet heráússtellen — to show itself to be or to prove (to be) wrong/true/correct/well-founded

    es stellte sich heraus, dass... — it turned out or emerged that...

    es wird sich heráússtellen, wer recht hat/was getan werden muss — we shall see who is right/what must be done

    das muss sich erst heráússtellen — that remains to be seen

    * * *
    (to show up clearly or draw attention to: The incident spotlighted the difficulties with which we were faced.) spot
    * * *
    he·raus|stel·len
    I. vt
    1. (nach draußen stellen)
    ▪ etw \herausstellen to put out sth sep, to put sth outside
    ▪ etw [irgendwie] \herausstellen to emphasize sth [somehow], to point out sth
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk \herausstellen to come to light, to emerge, to become apparent
    jds Unschuld wird sich \herausstellen sb's innocence will be proven
    ▪ sich akk als etw \herausstellen to be shown [or proven] to be sth
    ▪ es stellte sich heraus, dass... it turned out [or it became apparent] [or it was found] that...
    ob Sie im Recht sind, muss sich erst noch \herausstellen we must wait and see whether you're right
    hat sich eigentlich schon herausgestellt, wer der Täter war? have they already found out who the culprit was?
    * * *
    1.
    1) put out[side]

    einen Spieler herausstellen — (Sport) send a player off

    2) (hervorheben) emphasize; bring out; present, set out <principles etc.>
    2.

    es stellte sich heraus, dass... — it turned out or emerged that...

    wie sich später herausstellte, hatte er... — it turned out later that he had...

    sich als falsch/wahr usw. herausstellen — turn out or prove to be wrong/true etc

    * * *
    herausstellen (trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/t
    1. put out(side)
    2. SPORT (Spieler) send off
    3. fig (betonen) emphasize, underline, bring out (clearly); (an die Öffentlichkeit bringen) publicize; in der Werbung etc: highlight, feature ( auch THEAT), bring out; (abheben) set off, throw into (sharp) relief;
    B. v/r:
    sich herausstellen als turn out (to be); unpers:
    es wird sich schon (noch) herausstellen, ob/wann/wo etc we shall find out (eventually) whether/when/where etc;
    das muss sich erst (noch) herausstellen that remains to be seen;
    es hat sich herausgestellt, dass … it turned out (that)…;
    es hat sich herausgestellt, dass er sehr kompetent ist he turned out to be ( oder it turned out he was, oder he proved to be) very competent;
    das hat sich erst später herausgestellt that only came out ( oder came to light) later
    * * *
    1.
    1) put out[side]

    einen Spieler herausstellen — (Sport) send a player off

    2) (hervorheben) emphasize; bring out; present, set out <principles etc.>
    2.

    es stellte sich heraus, dass... — it turned out or emerged that...

    wie sich später herausstellte, hatte er... — it turned out later that he had...

    sich als falsch/wahr usw. herausstellen — turn out or prove to be wrong/true etc

    * * *
    v.
    to expose v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > herausstellen

  • 65 lógico

    adj.
    1 logical, logically-founded, axiomatic.
    2 logical, logic, coherent, reasonable.
    m.
    logician.
    * * *
    1 (de la lógica) logical
    2 (natural) normal, to be expected
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 logician
    * * *
    (f. - lógica)
    adj.
    * * *
    lógico, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) [relativo a la lógica] [conclusión, razonamiento, planteamiento] logical
    2) (=normal) natural

    es lógico que... — it stands to reason that..., it's understandable that...

    -ayudaría a su hijo antes que al tuyo -¡lógico! — "I would help my son before yours" - "well, naturally!"

    lo más lógico sería... — + infin the most sensible thing would be to... + infin

    3) (Inform) logic antes de s
    2.
    SM / F logician
    lógica
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical

    como es lógico,... — naturally o obviously,...

    b) <conclusión/consecuencia> logical
    c) (Fil) logical
    II
    adverbio (indep) (fam) of course
    III
    - ca masculino, femenino logician
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical

    como es lógico,... — naturally o obviously,...

    b) <conclusión/consecuencia> logical
    c) (Fil) logical
    II
    adverbio (indep) (fam) of course
    III
    - ca masculino, femenino logician
    * * *
    lógico1

    Ex: This article recalls the memory of the Rumanian mathematician, logician and philosopher, Grigore C. Moisil = Este artículo es un homenaje a la memoria del matemático rumano, especialista en la lógica y filósofo, Grigore C. Moisil.

    lógico2
    2 = logical, reasonable, inferential.

    Ex: In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.

    Ex: It is therefore reasonable to apply the principles of facet analysis in order to evaluate the schemes.
    Ex: Only in LIS were there more articles using descriptive techniques than articles using inferential techniques.
    * base lógica = rationale.
    * cumplir un enunciado lógico de búsqueda = satisfy + logic statement.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * diferencia lógica = logical difference.
    * es por lo tanto lógico que = it therefore follows that.
    * estructura lógica = logical data structure.
    * nada lógico = counter-intuitive [counterintuitive].
    * operador lógico = logic operator, logical operator.
    * parecer lógico = make + sense.
    * registro lógico = logical record.
    * ser una consecuencia lógica de = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).

    * * *
    lógico1 -ca
    1 (normal, natural) natural, logical
    como es lógico, vendrá con ellos naturally o obviously he will come with them
    es lógico que quiera más libertad it's (only) natural that he should want more freedom
    es lógico que se haya ofendido it's understandable o not surprising that he should be offended
    lo lógico sería que se lo hubiera dicho antes a él the logical thing would have been to tell him first
    2 ‹conclusión/consecuencia› logical
    3 ( Fil) logical
    ( indep) ( fam); of course
    ¿tú también vienes? — ¡lógico! are you coming too? — naturally o of course!
    lógico3 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    logician
    * * *

    lógico 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    a) (normal, natural) natural, logical;

    ◊ como es lógico naturally, obviously;

    es lógico que así sea it's (only) natural that it should be so;
    lo lógico sería … the logical thing would be …
    b) ‹conclusión/consecuencia› logical

    lógico 2 adverbio ( indep) (fam) of course
    lógico,-a adjetivo logical: es lógico que te enfades, it's natural for you to get angry
    ' lógico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lógica
    - natural
    English:
    follow
    - logical
    - natural
    - surprisingly
    - obviously
    - reason
    * * *
    lógico, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [del pensamiento] logical
    2. [natural] logical;
    como es lógico, ellos también están invitados naturally, they are also invited;
    es lógico que se enfade it stands to reason that he should get angry;
    es lógico que tras la enfermedad se sienta débil it's only natural that she should feel weak after the illness;
    ¿te gustaría acompañarnos? – ¡lógico! would you like to come with us? – of course I would!
    ♦ nm,f
    logician
    * * *
    adj logical
    * * *
    lógico, -ca adj
    : logical
    ♦ lógicamente adv
    * * *
    lógico adj
    1. (de la lógica) logical
    2. (normal) natural

    Spanish-English dictionary > lógico

  • 66 BORG

    (-ar, -ir), f.
    2) stronghold, fortification, castle;
    3) fortified town, city.
    * * *
    ar, f., pl. ir, [Ulf. baurgs = πόλις, and once Nehem. vii.
    2. = arx, castellum; A. S. burg, burh, byrig, = urbs and arx; Engl. borough and burgh; O. H. G. puruc, purc; late Lat. burgus; Ital. borgo; Fr. bourg; cp. Gr. πύργος; the radical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; cp. also berg, a hill, and bjarga, to save, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly an enclosure); and also includes the notion of Lat. arx, Gr. ακρόπολις, a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill, which was specially a burg; the name is very freq. in old Teut. names of towns.]
    I. a small dome-shaped hill, hence the Icel. names of farms built near to such hills, v. Landn. (Gl.) Hel. once uses the word in this sense, 81; v. the Glossary of Schmeller; brann þá Borgarhraun, þar var bærinn sem nú er borgin (viz. the volcanic hill Eld-borg), Landn. 78; göngum upp á borgina ( the hill) ok tölum þar, Ísl. ii. 216; er borgin er við kend, Landn. 127; Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -höfn, -fjörðr, -lækr, -sandr; Arnarbælis-borg, Eld-borg (above) in the west of Icel. It may be questioned, whether those names are derived simply from the hill on which they stand (berg, bjarg), or whether such hills took their name from old fortifications built upon them: the latter is more likely, but no information is on record, and at present ‘borg’ only conveys the notion of a ‘hill;’ cp. hólar, borgir og hæðir, all synonymous, Núm. 2. 99.
    II. a wall, fortification, castle; en fyrir innan á jörðunni görðu þeir borg ( wall) umhverfis fyrir ófriði jötna … ok kölluðu þá borg Miðgarð, Edda 6; cp. also the tale of the giant, 25, 26; borg Ása, Vsp. 28; þeir höfðu gört steinvegg fyrir framan hellismunnann, ok höfðu sér þat allt fyrir borg (shelter, fortification), Fms. vii. 81; hann let göra b. á sunnanverðu Morhæfi ( Murrey), Orkn. 10, 310, 312, 396, Fms. i. 124, xi. 393, Eg. 160; the famous Moussaburg in Shetland, cp. Orkn. 398.
    III. a city, esp. a great one, as London, Hkr. ii. 10; Lisbon, iii. 234; York, 156; Dublin, Nj. 274; Constantinople, Fms. vii. 94; Nineveh, Sks. 592; Zion, Hom. 107, etc. This sense of the word, however, is borrowed from the South-Teut. or Engl. In Scandin. unfortified towns have -bæ or -by as a suffix; and the termin. -by marks towns founded by the Danes in North. E.
    COMPDS: borgararmr, borgargreifi, borgargörð, borgarhlið, borgarhreysi, borgarklettr, borgarkona, borgarlið, borgarlím, borgarlýðr, borgarmaðr, borgarmúgr, borgarmúrr, borgarsiðr, borgarsmíð, borgarstaðr, borgarveggr, Borgarþing, borgaskipan.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BORG

  • 67 well

    well [wel]
    1. noun
    (for water, oil) puits m
    also well up [tears, emotion] monter
    (comparative better, superlative best)
       a. ( = satisfactorily, skilfully) [behave, sleep, eat, treat, remember] bien
    • well done! bravo !
    • well played! bien joué !
       b. (intensifying = very much, thoroughly) bien
    • well over 1,000 people bien plus de 1 000 personnes
    • well dodgy/annoyed (inf!) (British = very) super (inf) louche/contrarié
       c. ( = with good reason, with equal reason) one might well ask why on pourrait à juste titre demander pourquoi
    • you might (just) as well say that... autant dire que...
       d. ► as well ( = also) aussi ; ( = on top of all that) par-dessus le marché
    • and it rained as well! et par-dessus le marché il a plu !
       e. ( = positively) to think/speak well of penser/dire du bien de
    • he has won the election! -- well, well, well! il a été élu ! -- tiens, tiens !
    • well, what do you think of it? alors qu'en dites-vous ?
    • well, here we are at last! eh bien ! nous voilà enfin !
    • you know Paul? well, he's getting married vous connaissez Paul ? eh bien il se marie
    • are you coming? -- well... I've got a lot to do here vous venez ? -- c'est que... j'ai beaucoup à faire ici
    (comparative, superlative best)
       a. bien, bon
    • that's all very well but... tout ça c'est bien joli mais... (PROV) all's well that ends well(PROV) tout est bien qui finit bien
       b. ( = healthy) how are you? -- very well, thank you comment allez-vous ? -- très bien, merci
    • get well soon! remets-toi vite !
       c. (cautious) it is as well to remember that... il ne faut pas oublier que...
    • well-chosen/dressed bien choisi/habillé
    ► well-adjusted adjective [person] (gen) équilibré ; (to society, school) bien adapté
    ► well-advised adjective [action, decision] sage
    ► well-attended adjective [meeting, lecture, show, play] qui attire beaucoup de monde
    ► well-balanced adjective [person, diet, argument] équilibré
    ► well-behaved adjective [child] sage ; [animal] obéissant
    ► well-bred adjective ( = of good family) de bonne famille ; ( = courteous) bien élevé
    ► well-built adjective [building] bien construit ; [person] bien bâti
    ► well-cooked adjective [food, meal] bien cuisiné ; ( = not rare) [meat] bien cuit
    ► well-defined adjective [colours, distinctions, problem] bien défini ; [photo, outline] net
    ► well-founded adjective [suspicion] fondé
    ► well-groomed adjective [person] soigné ; [hair] bien coiffé
    ► well-judged adjective [remark, criticism] bien vu ; [shot, throw] bien ajusté ; [estimate] juste
    ► well-kept adjective [house, garden, hair] bien entretenu ; [hands, nails] soigné ; [secret] bien gardé
    ► well-known adjective ( = famous) célèbre
    • it's a well-known fact that... tout le monde sait que... ► well-liked adjective très apprécié
    ► well-meaning adjective [person] bien intentionné ; [remark, action] fait avec les meilleures intentions
    ► well-off adjective ( = rich)
    ► well-preserved adjective [building, person] bien conservé
    ► well-rounded adjective [style] harmonieux ; [sentence] bien tourné
    ► well-timed adjective [remark, entrance] tout à fait opportun ; [blow] bien calculé
    ► well-worn adjective [carpet, clothes] usagé ; [phrase, expression] éculé
    * * *
    I 1. [wel]
    adjective (comparative better, superlative best)

    are you well? — vous allez bien?, tu vas bien?

    ‘how is he?’ - ‘as well as can be expected’ — ‘comment va-t-il?’ - ‘pas trop mal étant donné les circonstances’

    that's all very well, but — tout ça c'est bien beau, mais

    it's all very well for you to laugh, but — tu peux rire, mais

    3) ( prudent)
    4) ( fortunate)

    the flight was delayed, which was just as well — le vol a été retardé, ce qui n'était pas plus mal

    2.
    adverb (comparative better, superlative best)
    1) ( satisfactorily) bien

    to do well at school — être bon/bonne élève

    to do well by somebody — se montrer généreux/-euse avec quelqu'un

    she didn't come out of it very well — ( of situation) elle ne s'en est pas très bien sortie; (of article, programme etc) ce n'était pas très flatteur pour elle

    I can well believe it — je veux bien le croire, je n'ai pas de mal à le croire

    ‘shall I shut the door?’ - ‘you might as well’ — ‘est-ce que je ferme la porte?’ - ‘pourquoi pas’

    she looked shocked, as well she might — elle a eu l'air choquée, ce qui n'avait rien d'étonnant

    3) ( intensifier) bien, largement

    the weather remained fine well into September — le temps est resté au beau fixe pendant une bonne partie du mois de septembre

    5)
    3.
    exclamation ( expressing astonishment) eh bien!; (expressing indignation, disgust) ça alors!; ( expressing disappointment) tant pis!; (after pause in conversation, account) bon; ( qualifying statement) enfin

    well, you may be right — après tout, tu as peut-être raison

    well, that's too bad — c'est vraiment dommage

    well then, what's the problem? — alors, quel est le problème?

    oh well, there's nothing I can do about it — ma foi, je n'y peux rien

    well, well, well, so you're off to America? — alors comme ça, tu pars aux États-Unis!

    4.
    as well adverbial phrase aussi
    5.
    as well as prepositional phrase aussi bien que
    ••

    to be well in with somebody — (colloq) être bien avec quelqu'un (colloq)

    to leave well alone GB ou well enough alone US — ne pas s'en mêler

    you're well out of it! — (colloq) heureusement que tu n'as plus rien à voir avec ça!

    II 1. [wel]
    noun ( in ground) puits m; ( pool) source f
    2.
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > well

  • 68 place

    [pleɪs] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) место, занятое пространство

    He has a special place in my thoughts. — Он занимает особое место в моих мыслях.

    The old gives place to the new. — Старое уступает место новому.

    No matter at what place or time you are in the universe, the Big Bang always lies in the past direction of time. — В какой бы точке пространства или времени во Вселенной вы не находились, Большой взрыв всегда будет в прошлом.

    Syn:
    site 1., room I 1., extension
    б) сиденье, место

    He sat in someone else's place. — Он сел на чужое место.

    - secure places
    - give place to
    - take the place of
    Syn:

    Gloucester Place — Глостерская площадь, Глостер плэйс

    Syn:
    3) ист. поле боя, место сражения
    4)
    а) усадьба, загородный дом; резиденция

    Come down to my place tonight. — Приходи ко мне сегодня вечером.

    Syn:
    б) разг. квартира или дом; место проживания, жилище (кого-л.)

    There was no answer at his place all night. — Всю ночь у него дома никто не отвечал на звонки.

    5)
    б) разг. туалет, "заведение"
    Syn:
    6)
    а) город, местечко, селение
    б) регион, край
    7)
    а) место, пост, должность

    people / persons in high places — высокопоставленные лица, особы; сильные мира сего, власть предержащие

    ... and in a few days he found himself a place in an oil company. —... и через несколько дней он устроился на работу в нефтяную компанию.

    Syn:
    job I 1. 1) б), position 1. 4), post III 1. 1)
    б) место ( в истории), положение ( в обществе)

    Poor men often rose to eminent place. (J. E. T. Rogers) — Бедные люди часто добивались высого положения в обществе.

    Syn:
    station 1. 7), position 1.
    8) (свободное) место (в учебном, лечебном учреждении и т. п.)

    Nursery places for children are scarce in some parts of the country. — В некоторых районах страны мест в яслях на детей не хватает.

    9) отрывок, место ( в тексте), страница, пассаж

    They shut up the lesson-books and lost her place. — Они закрыли учебники и потеряли место, где она читала.

    10)

    Family, girlfriends, everything else takes second place to my work. — Семья, девушки и всё остальное у меня на втором месте, а на первом - работа.

    б) (in the first / second / third etc. place) во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих и т.д.

    … in the second place, we require all articles submitted be reviewed. — … во-вторых, мы требуем, чтобы все представляемые статьи рецензировались.

    11) спорт.
    а) (first / second / third etc. place) (первое, второе, третье и т.д.) место ( по результатам состязания)

    He took second place in the 100-metre race. — Он занял второе место в забеге на сто метров.

    He finished in ninth place. — Он пришёл к финишу девятым.

    б) ( a place) одно из первых мест ( по результатам состязания)
    в) амер. второе место ( по результатам состязания)
    12)
    а) должное место, подобающая роль

    A woman's place is no longer only in the kitchen today. — В наши дни место женщины уже не только на кухне.

    This book is out of place. — Эта книга стоит не на месте.

    The table and chairs are already in place. — Столы и стулья уже расставлены.

    в) подходящий случай, удачная возможность

    It is not a good place to enquire, when the Egyptian Kingdom was first founded. — Сейчас не время выяснять, когда было впервые основано Египетское Царство.

    Syn:
    г) неотъемлемое право, прямая обязанность
    13) ситуация, положение
    14) мат. разряд после десятичной точки
    15) горн. забой
    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Adverbial clause of place[/ref]
    ••

    to take place — иметь место, состояться

    to know / keep one's place — знать своё место

    to put smb. in their place — поставить кого-либо на место

    - another place
    - in place
    - out of place     2. гл.
    1)
    а) помещать, размещать ( в пространстве); класть, ставить

    to place back — вернуть, положить на место

    The notice was placed above the door, and I didn't see it. — Объявление было приклеено над дверью, так что я его не заметил.

    Syn:
    б) помещать ( мысленно); ставить (в план, в какую-л. ситуацию)

    Your actions placed all of us in danger. — Ваши действия поставили нас всех под угрозу.

    Your suggestion will be placed before the board of directors at their next meeting. — Ваше предложение будет рассмотрено на следующем заседании совета директоров.

    в) отдавать, посылать (куда-л.)

    We must make sure to place the children in the right school. — Нам надо позаботиться о том, чтобы отдать детей в хорошую школу.

    2)
    а) помещать, вкладывать (деньги, капитал)

    I wish to place some money in this bank. — Я хочу разместить некоторую сумму денег в этом банке.

    б) делать, размещать заказ
    3)
    а) определять на должность, устраивать (кого-л. куда-л.)
    б) занимать место, должность, пост
    4)
    а) спорт. присудить одно из первых мест
    Syn:

    He bet $2 on number six to place. — Он поставил 2 доллара на то, что шестой номер придёт вторым.

    5) быть каким-л. по счёту, занимать место (в ряду других; на экзамене, конкурсе и т. п.)

    He placed fifth in a graduation class of 90. — По баллам он был пятым из 90 человек в выпускном классе.

    6) возлагать (надежду, ответственность); доверять

    No confidence could be placed in any of the twelve Judges. — Верить нельзя было ни одному из двенадцати судей.

    Syn:
    7) помещать, размещать (какие-л. материалы) для публикации
    9)
    а) считать, причислять; оценивать; определять (каким-л. образом); ранжировать

    I'd place this album second best after the one of 1996. — Я бы оценил этот альбом как второй после альбома 1996 года.

    б) ( place at) прикидывать, определять примерно (местоположение, дату и т. п.), соотносить (что-л. с чем-л.)

    I placed her age at 33. — Я бы дал ей 33 года.

    10)
    а) приписывать ( величину), относить, причислять (к какому-л. классу), классифицировать
    Syn:

    I observed a very busy little woman whose face was familiar to me, but whom I found myself unable to place. (A. Sterling) — Я увидел очень занятую миниатюрную женщину, её лицо показалось мне очень знакомым, но я не мог точно вспомнить, кто это.

    11) устанавливать, фиксировать время, дату (какого-л. события)
    Syn:
    12) эк. продавать, сбывать ( товар)
    13) муз. точно брать ноту; ставить голос

    He has truly a well placed voice in this song. — В этой песне у него действительно прекрасно поставленный голос.

    •
    - place aside
    - place out
    ••

    to place smb.'s cards on the table — раскрыть свои карты

    to place smth. on one side — отложить что-л. в сторону

    to put smb. in smb.'s place — поставить кого-л. на место

    to go places амер.; разг. — пойди в гору, иметь успех

    - place a construction on
    - place oneself in smb.'s position

    Англо-русский современный словарь > place

  • 69 Community of Portuguese language countries

       The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Paises de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP) was founded at a meeting of presidents and other leaders of the Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) countries at Belém, Portugal, 17 July 1996. That meeting, a constituent summit, brought together leaders of the seven countries whose official language is Portuguese: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea- Bissau, Cape Verdes, São Tomé, and Príncipe. Belém, this cultural summit's venue, held a symbolic, historical significance for the conferees since they met only a short distance from the historic Tower of Belém and from the embarkation point of Vasco da Gama's 1497-99 voyage, which pioneered an all-water route from Portugal to India.
       The Community of Portuguese Language Countries did not experience an easy birth. Despite earlier postponements, the July 1996 Summit was successful, but some key issues divided the membership. Several members, most notably, Brazil, showed scant interest in the project. Further, while the language question—the common use of Portuguese—was intended to be a unifying element, sometimes language issues were divisive. For example, West African CPLP member Guinea-Bissau has joined a Francophone (French-speaking) community in West Africa, and the use of Portuguese is giving way there to that of French. Also, a more important CPLP member, Mozambique, has effectively joined The Commonwealth, an Anglophone community, since its principal neighbors in southern Africa are Anglophone. Unlike the cited Francophone and Anglophone communities, however, the CPLP has an official center or headquarters (in Lisbon), as well as a budget and constituent bureaucratic organs.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Community of Portuguese language countries

  • 70 Douglas, Donald Wills

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 6 April 1892 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    d. 1 February 1981 Palm Springs, California, USA
    [br]
    American aircraft designer best known for bis outstanding airliner', the DC-3.
    [br]
    In 1912 Donald Douglas went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study aeronautical engineering. After graduating in this relatively new subject he joined the Glenn L.Martin Company as Chief Engineer. In 1920 he founded the Davis-Douglas Company in California to build an aircraft capable of flying across America non-stop: unfortunately, the Cloudster failed to achieve its target. Douglas reorganized the company in 1921 as the Douglas Company (later it became the Douglas Aircraft Company). In 1924 a team of US Army personnel made the first round-the-world flight in specially designed Douglas World Cruisers, a feat which boosted Douglas's reputation considerably. This reputation was further enhanced by his airliner, designed in 1935, that revolutionized air travel: the Douglas Commercial 3, or DC-3, of which some 13,000 were built. A series of piston-engined airliners followed, culminating in the DC-7. Meanwhile, in the military field, Douglas aircraft played a major part in the Second World War. In the jet age Douglas continued to produce a wide range of successful civil and military aircraft, and the company also moved into the rocket and guided missile business. In 1966 Donald W. Douglas was still Chairman of the company, with Donald W.Douglas Jr as President. In 1967 the company merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company to become the giant McDonnell Douglas Corporation.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Daniel Guggenheim Medal 1939.
    Bibliography
    1935, "The development and reliability of the modern multi-engined airliner", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London (lecture).
    Further Reading
    B.Yenne, 1985, McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants, London (pays some attention to both Douglas and McDonnell, but also covers the history of the companies and the aircraft they produced).
    René J.Francillon, 1979, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, London; 1988, 2nd edn (a comprehensive history of the company's aircraft).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Douglas, Donald Wills

  • 71 Ferguson, Peter Jack

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 21 July 1840 Partick, near Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 17 March 1911 Greenock, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish marine engineer, pioneer of multiple-expansion steam reciprocating machinery.
    [br]
    Ferguson was educated at the High School of Glasgow before going on to serve his apprenticeship in the engineering department of Thomas Wingate's shipyard. This yard, situated at Whiteinch, then just outside the Glasgow boundary, built interesting and innovative craft and had a tradition of supplying marine engines that were at the leading edge of technology. On his appointment as Manager, Ferguson designed several new types of engines, and in 1872 he was responsible for the construction of what is claimed to be the world's first triple-expansion engine, predating the machinery on SS Propontis by two years and Napier's masterpiece, the SS Aberdeen, by nine years. In 1885, along with others, he founded the shipyard of Fleming and Ferguson, of Paisley, which in the subsequent eighty-five years was to build nearly seven hundred ships. From the outset they built advanced steam reciprocating machinery as well as dredging and other types of plant. The new shipyard was to benefit from Ferguson's experience and from the inspiration he had gained in Wingate's, where experimentation was the norm.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuiding, Cambridge: PSL.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Ferguson, Peter Jack

  • 72 Green, Charles

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 31 January 1785 London, England
    d. 26 March 1870 London, England
    [br]
    English balloonist who introduced the use of coal gas for balloons.
    [br]
    Charles Green lived in London at a time when gas mains were being installed to supply coal gas for the recently introduced gas lighting. He was interested in the exploits of balloonists but lacked the finance needed to construct a balloon and fill it with expensive hydrogen. He decided to experiment with coal gas, which was very much cheaper, albeit a little heavier, than hydrogen: a larger balloon would be needed to lift the same weight. Green made his first ascent on 19 July 1821 to celebrate the coronation of King George. His large balloon was prepared in Green Park, London, and filled from the gas main in Piccadilly. He made a spectacular ascent to 11,000 ft (3,350 m), thus proving the suitability of coal gas, which was readily available and cheap. Like many balloonists, Green was also a showman. He made ascents on horseback or with fireworks to attract spectators. He did, however, try out some new ideas, such as cemented fabric joints (instead of stitching) for a huge new balloon, the Royal Vauxhall. On its first flight, in September 1836, this impressive balloon carried Green plus eight passengers. On 7 November 1836 Green and two friends ascended from Vauxhall Gardens, London, to make a long-distance flight. They landed safely in the Duchy of Nassau, Germany, having covered a record 480 miles (772 km) in eighteen hours. To help control the height of the balloon on this flight, Green fitted a long, heavy rope which trailed on the ground. If the balloon started to rise, then more of the "trail rope" was lifted off the ground, resulting in an increase in the weight to be lifted and a reduction in the rate of ascent. This idea had been suggested earlier by Thomas Baldwin in 1785, but Green developed it and in 1840 proposed to use if for a flight across the Atlantic: he later abandoned this plan.
    Charles Green made over five hundred ascents and died in bed at the age of 85, no small age for a balloonist.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the (Royal) Aeronautical Society, founded in 1866.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London (provides a full account of Green's achievements).
    T.Monck Mason, 1838, Aeronautica, London.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Green, Charles

  • 73 Raky, Anton

    [br]
    b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany
    d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.
    [br]
    While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.
    With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.
    Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.
    Further Reading
    G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton

  • 74 Tesla, Nikola

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatia
    d. 7 January 1943 New York, USA
    [br]
    Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.
    [br]
    While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.
    The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.
    After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.
    Bibliography
    1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).
    1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).
    1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    M.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).
    T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Tesla, Nikola

  • 75 Thomson, Elihu

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 29 March 1853 Manchester, England
    d. 13 March 1937 Swampscott, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    English (naturalized) American electrical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Thomson accompanied his parents to Philadelphia in 1858; he received his education at the Central High School there, and afterwards remained as a teacher of chemistry. At this time he constructed several dynamos after studying their design, and was invited by the Franklin Institute to give lectures on the subject. After observing an arc-lighting system operating commercially in Paris in 1878, he collaborated with Edwin J. Houston, a senior colleague at the Central High School, in working out the details of such a system. An automatic regulating device was designed which, by altering the position of the brushes on the dynamo commutator, maintained a constant current irrespective of the number of lamps in use. To overcome the problem of commutation at the high voltages necessary to operate up to forty arc lamps in a series circuit, Thomson contrived a centrifugal blower which suppressed sparking. The resulting system was efficient and reliable with low operating costs. Thomson's invention of the motor meter in 1882 was the first of many such instruments for the measurement of electrical energy. In 1886 he invented electric resistance welding using low-voltage alternating current derived from a transformer of his own design. Thomson's work is recorded in his technical papers and in the 700plus patents granted for his inventions.
    The American Electric Company, founded to exploit the Thomson patents, later became the Thomson-Houston Company, which was destined to be a leader in the electrical manufacturing industry. They entered the field of electric power in 1887, supplying railway equipment and becoming a major innovator of electric railways. Thomson-Houston and Edison General Electric were consolidated to form General Electric in 1892. Thomson remained associated with this company throughout his career.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier and Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1889. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Medal 1901. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1909. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1916. Institution of Electrical Engineers Kelvin Medal 1923, Faraday Medal 1927.
    Bibliography
    1934, "Some highlights of electrical history", Electrical Engineering 53:758–67 (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    D.O.Woodbury, 1944, Beloved Scientist, New York (a full biography). H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Thomson's industrial contribution).
    K.T.Compton, 1940, Biographical Memoirs of Elihu Thomson, Washington, DCovides an abridged list of Thomson's papers and patents).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Thomson, Elihu

  • 76 Wenham, Francis Herbert

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1824 London, England
    d. 11 August 1908 Folkestone, England
    [br]
    English engineer, inventor and pioneer aerodynamicist who built the first wind tunnel.
    [br]
    Wenham trained as a marine engineer and later specialized in screw propellers and high-pressure engines. He had many interests. He took his steamboat to the Nile and assisted the photographer F.Frith to photograph Egyptian tombs by devising a series of mirrors to deflect sunlight into the dark recesses. He experimented with gas engines and produced a hot-air engine. Wenham was a leading, if controversial, figure in the Microscopical Society and a member of the Royal Photographic Society; he developed an enlarger.
    Wenham was interested in both mechanical and lighter-than-air flight. One of his friends was James Glaisher, a well-known balloonist who made many ascents to gather scientific information. When the (Royal) Aeronautical Society of Great Britain was founded in 1866, the Rules were drawn up by Wenham, Glaisher and the Honorary Secretary, F.W.Brearey. At the first meeting of the Society, on 27 June 1866, "On aerial locomotion and the laws by which heavy bodies impelled through the air are sustained" was read by Wenham. In his paper Wenham described his experiments with a whirling arm (used earlier by Cayley) to measure lift and drag on flat surfaces inclined at various angles of incidence. His studies of birds' wings and, in particular, their wing loading, showed that they derived most of their lift from the front portion, hence a long, thin wing was better than a short, wide one. He published illustrations of his glider designs covering his experiments of c. 1858–9. One of these had five slender wings one above the other, an idea later developed by Horatio Phillips. Wenham had some success with a model, but no real success with his full-size gliders.
    In 1871, Wenham and John Browning constructed the first wind tunnel designed for aeronautical research. It utilized a fan driven by a steam engine to propel the air and had a working section of 18 in. (116 cm). Wenham continued to play an important role in aeronautical matters for many years, including a lengthy exchange of ideas with Octave Chanute from 1892 onwards.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Member of the (Royal) Aeronautical Society.
    Bibliography
    Wenham published many reports and papers. These are listed, together with a reprint of his paper "Aerial locomotion", in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (August 1958).
    Further Reading
    Two papers by J.Laurence Pritchard, 1957, "The dawn of aerodynamics" Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (March); 1958, "Francis Herbert Wenham", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (August) (both papers describe Wenham and his work).
    J.E.Hodgson, 1924, History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, London.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Wenham, Francis Herbert

  • 77 Williams, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Wales
    d. 29 November 1802 Bath, England
    [br]
    Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.
    [br]
    Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.
    As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.
    In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.
    After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Thomas

  • 78 סופר

    סוֹפֵרm. (b. h.; סָפַר) 1) scribe, writer of documents, copyist of prayers Gitt.VIII, 8 כתב ס׳ גטוכ׳ if the scribe wrote the letter of divorce for the husband and a receipt for the wife Keth.51a, a. e. טעות ס׳, v. אַחֲרָיוּת. B. Bath.21b ס׳ מתא (Ms. M. ספר) town-scribe (libeliarius); B. Mets. 109b top ספר; B. Bath.21a ס׳ מתא (some ed. ספר), v. Tosaf. a. l.; (Rashi: principal of a town-school keeping assistants, v. infra); a. fr. 2) a scholarly man, opp. בּוֹר illiterate. Ber.45b אחד ס׳וכ׳ if one is a scholar (knowing the prayers) and the other illiterate. 3) school teacher, primary teacher. B. Bath. l. c. ס׳ יהודי a Jewish teacher; ס׳ ארמאי a teacher of secular branches (oth. opin.: a gentile teacher). Ib. ס׳ מתא, v. supra. Tosef.Meg.IV (III), 38 והס׳ מלמד כדרכו but the Bible teacher teaches (these passages) in his usual way; a. fr.Pl. סוֹפְרִים, סוֹפְרִין. Gitt.24b ס׳ העשוייןוכ׳, v. לָמַד. Y. Ḥag.I, 76c, a. e. ס׳ ומשנים, v. מִשְׁנִים. Ber. l. c. בששניהם ס׳ when both of them are scholarly men (knowing the prayers); a. fr.Kidd.IV, 13 לא יְלַמֵּד ס׳ must not be a teacher of primary schools.מסכת ס׳ the Treatise Sofrim, one of the small treatises attached to the Talmud, containing rules for writing Torah copies; (in Septem Libri, ed. Kirchheim: מסכת ספר תורה).Esp. Sofer, pl. Sofrim, title of the scholars of the ante-Tannaic period, beginning with Ezra (v. Ezra 7:11). Y.Shek.V, beg.48c. Kidd.30a לפיכך … ס׳ שהיו סופריםוכ׳ the early scholars were called Sofrim, because they counted all the letters in the Torah; a. fr.דברי ס׳ enactments or interpretations dating from the Soferic period. Yeb.II, 4 מד׳ ס׳ belonging to the prohibitions ascribed to the Sofrim. Snh.XI, 3 חומר בד׳ ס׳וכ׳ disregard of Soferic enactments is more strictly dealt with, v. חוֹמֶר I. Ib. 88b דבר שעיקרו … מד׳ ס׳ a law which is founded on the Torah, but the interpretation of which dates from the Soferic period. Tosef.Kidd.V, 21; a. fr.תקון ס׳, v. תִּיקּוּן.

    Jewish literature > סופר

  • 79 סוֹפֵר

    סוֹפֵרm. (b. h.; סָפַר) 1) scribe, writer of documents, copyist of prayers Gitt.VIII, 8 כתב ס׳ גטוכ׳ if the scribe wrote the letter of divorce for the husband and a receipt for the wife Keth.51a, a. e. טעות ס׳, v. אַחֲרָיוּת. B. Bath.21b ס׳ מתא (Ms. M. ספר) town-scribe (libeliarius); B. Mets. 109b top ספר; B. Bath.21a ס׳ מתא (some ed. ספר), v. Tosaf. a. l.; (Rashi: principal of a town-school keeping assistants, v. infra); a. fr. 2) a scholarly man, opp. בּוֹר illiterate. Ber.45b אחד ס׳וכ׳ if one is a scholar (knowing the prayers) and the other illiterate. 3) school teacher, primary teacher. B. Bath. l. c. ס׳ יהודי a Jewish teacher; ס׳ ארמאי a teacher of secular branches (oth. opin.: a gentile teacher). Ib. ס׳ מתא, v. supra. Tosef.Meg.IV (III), 38 והס׳ מלמד כדרכו but the Bible teacher teaches (these passages) in his usual way; a. fr.Pl. סוֹפְרִים, סוֹפְרִין. Gitt.24b ס׳ העשוייןוכ׳, v. לָמַד. Y. Ḥag.I, 76c, a. e. ס׳ ומשנים, v. מִשְׁנִים. Ber. l. c. בששניהם ס׳ when both of them are scholarly men (knowing the prayers); a. fr.Kidd.IV, 13 לא יְלַמֵּד ס׳ must not be a teacher of primary schools.מסכת ס׳ the Treatise Sofrim, one of the small treatises attached to the Talmud, containing rules for writing Torah copies; (in Septem Libri, ed. Kirchheim: מסכת ספר תורה).Esp. Sofer, pl. Sofrim, title of the scholars of the ante-Tannaic period, beginning with Ezra (v. Ezra 7:11). Y.Shek.V, beg.48c. Kidd.30a לפיכך … ס׳ שהיו סופריםוכ׳ the early scholars were called Sofrim, because they counted all the letters in the Torah; a. fr.דברי ס׳ enactments or interpretations dating from the Soferic period. Yeb.II, 4 מד׳ ס׳ belonging to the prohibitions ascribed to the Sofrim. Snh.XI, 3 חומר בד׳ ס׳וכ׳ disregard of Soferic enactments is more strictly dealt with, v. חוֹמֶר I. Ib. 88b דבר שעיקרו … מד׳ ס׳ a law which is founded on the Torah, but the interpretation of which dates from the Soferic period. Tosef.Kidd.V, 21; a. fr.תקון ס׳, v. תִּיקּוּן.

    Jewish literature > סוֹפֵר

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • List of websites founded before 1995 — This list includes sites on the World Wide Web which were founded prior to 1995 which are particularly notable because: *They have existed continuously (or under other names) up to the present day. *They had particular influence or popularity in… …   Wikipedia

  • Crystal Palace F.C. (founded 1861) — Crystal Palace F.C. were an amateur football club, founded circa 1861, formed from the groundkeepers of the Great Exhibition. Later notable players joined such as Cuthbert Ottaway. Their original colours were claret and blue.The Groundkeepers… …   Wikipedia

  • Hendon F.C. (founded 1876) — HendonFootball Club were an English football club founded in about 1876. The club were based at Hendon, in the London Borough of Barnet, England, and played their home games at the Hendon cricket ground in Brampton Grove, off Brent Street London… …   Wikipedia

  • Once Were Warriors — For the film, see Once Were Warriors (film). Once Were Warriors   Author(s) Alan Duff …   Wikipedia

  • Who Are the DeBolts? And Where Did They Get Nineteen Kids? — Directed by John Korty Produced by Jo …   Wikipedia

  • education — /ej oo kay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of… …   Universalium

  • Christianity — /kris chee an i tee/, n., pl. Christianities. 1. the Christian religion, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches. 2. Christian beliefs or practices; Christian quality or character: Christianity mixed with pagan elements; …   Universalium

  • Schools — • History and development of education as related to the church Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Schools     Schools     † …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Germans in the United States — • Includes all German speaking people, whether originally from Germany proper, Austria, Switzerland, or Luxemburg Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Germans in the United States     Germans in the United States …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Archdiocese of Paris —     Paris     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Paris     ARCHDIOCESE OF PARIS (PARIBIENSIS)     Paris comprises the Department of the Seine. It was re established by the Concordat of 1802 with much narrower limits than it had prior to the Revolution,… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Hinduism — /hin dooh iz euhm/, n. the common religion of India, based upon the religion of the original Aryan settlers as expounded and evolved in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, etc., having an extremely diversified character with many… …   Universalium

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»