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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.

In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.

In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.

In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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John Kay was the youngest of five sons of a yeoman farmer of Walmersley, near Bury, Lancashire, who died before his birth. John was apprenticed to a reedmaker, and just before he was 21 he married a daughter of John Hall of Bury and carried on his trade in that town until 1733. It is possible that his first patent, taken out in 1730, was connected with this business because it was for an engine that made mohair thread for tailors and twisted and dressed thread; such thread could have been used to bind up the reeds used in looms. He also improved the reeds by making them from metal instead of cane strips so they lasted much longer and could be made to be much finer. His next patent in 1733, was a double one. One part of it was for a batting machine to remove dust from wool by beating it with sticks, but the patent is better known for its description of the flying shuttle. Kay placed boxes to receive the shuttle at either end of the reed or sley. Across the open top of these boxes was a metal rod along which a picking peg could slide and drive the shuttle out across the loom. The pegs at each end were connected by strings to a stick that was held in the right hand of the weaver and which jerked the shuttle out of the box. The shuttle had wheels to make it "fly" across the warp more easily, and ran on a shuttle race to support and guide it. Not only was weaving speeded up, but the weaver could produce broader cloth without any aid from a second person. This invention was later adapted for the power loom. Kay moved to Colchester and entered into partnership with a baymaker named Solomon Smith and a year later was joined by William Carter of Ballingdon, Essex. His shuttle was received with considerable hostility in both Lancashire and Essex, but it was probably more his charge of 15 shillings a year for its use that roused the antagonism. From 1737 he was much involved with lawsuits to try and protect his patent, particularly the part that specified the method of winding the thread onto a fixed bobbin in the shuttle. In 1738 Kay patented a windmill for working pumps and an improved chain pump, but neither of these seems to have been successful. In 1745, with Joseph Stell of Keighley, he patented a narrow fabric loom that could be worked by power; this type may have been employed by Gartside in Manchester soon afterwards. It was probably through failure to protect his patent rights that Kay moved to France, where he arrived penniless in 1747. He went to the Dutch firm of Daniel Scalongne, woollen manufacturers, in Abbeville. The company helped him to apply for a French patent for his shuttle, but Kay wanted the exorbitant sum of £10,000. There was much discussion and eventually Kay set up a workshop in Paris, where he received a pension of 2,500 livres. However, he was to face the same problems as in England with weavers copying his shuttle without permission. In 1754 he produced two machines for making card clothing: one pierced holes in the leather, while the other cut and sharpened the wires. These were later improved by his son, Robert Kay. Kay returned to England briefly, but was back in France in 1758. He was involved with machines to card both cotton and wool and tried again to obtain support from the French Government. He was still involved with developing textile machines in 1779, when he was 75, but he must have died soon afterwards. As an inventor Kay was a genius of the first rank, but he was vain, obstinate and suspicious and was destitute of business qualities.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Ports and shipping

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The youngest son of the Earl of Rosse, he came from a family well known in scientific circles, the six boys growing up in an intellectual atmosphere at Birr Castle, the ancestral home in Ireland, where a forge and large workshop were available to them. Charles, like his brothers, did not go to school but was educated by private tutors of the character of Sir Robert Ball, this type of education being interspersed with overseas holiday trips to France, Holland, Belgium and Spain in the family yacht. In 1871, at the age of 17, he went to Trinity College, Dublin, and after two years he went on to St John's College, Cambridge. This was before the Engineering School had opened, and Parsons studied mechanics and mathematics.

In 1877 he was apprenticed to W.G.Armstrong \& Co. of Elswick, where he stayed for four years, developing an epicycloidal engine that he had designed while at Cambridge. He then moved to Kitson \& Co. of Leeds, where he went half shares in a small experimental shop working on rocket propulsion for torpedoes.

In 1887 he married Katherine Bethell, who contracted rheumatic fever from early-morning outdoor vigils with her husband to watch his torpedo experiments while on their honeymoon! He then moved to a partnership in Clarke, Chapman \& Co. at Gateshead. There he joined the electrical department, initially working on the development of a small, steam-driven marine lighting set. This involved the development of either a low-speed dynamo, for direct coupling to a reciprocating engine, or a high-speed engine, and it was this requirement that started Parsons on the track of the steam turbine. This entailed many problems such as the running of shafts at speeds of up to 40,000 rpm and the design of a DC generator for 18,000 rpm. He took out patents for both the turbine and the generator on 23 April 1884. In 1888 he dissolved his partnership with Clarke, Chapman \& Co. to set up his own firm in Newcastle, leaving his patents with the company's owners. This denied him the use of the axial-flow turbine, so Parsons then designed a radial-flow layout; he later bought back his patents from Clarke, Chapman \& Co. His original patent had included the use of the steam turbine as a means of marine propulsion, and Parsons now set about realizing this possibility. He experimented with 2 ft (61 cm) and 6 ft (183 cm) long models, towed with a fishing line or, later, driven by a twisted rubber cord, through a single-reduction set of spiral gearing.

The first trials of the Turbinia took place in 1894 but were disappointing due to cavitation, a little-understood phenomenon at the time. He used an axial-flow turbine of 2,000 shp running at 2,000 rpm. His work resulted in a far greater understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation than had hitherto existed. Land turbines of up to 350 kW (470 hp) had meanwhile been built. Experiments with the Turbinia culminated in a demonstration which took place at the great Naval Review of 1897 at Spithead, held to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Here, the little Turbinia darted in and out of the lines of heavy warships and destroyers, attaining the unheard of speed of 34.5 knots. The following year the Admiralty placed their first order for a turbine-driven ship, and passenger vessels started operation soon after, the first in 1901. By 1906 the Admiralty had moved over to use turbines exclusively. These early turbines had almost all been direct-coupled to the ship's propeller shaft. For optimum performance of both turbine and propeller, Parsons realized that some form of reduction gearing was necessary, which would have to be extremely accurate because of the speeds involved. Parsons's Creep Mechanism of 1912 ensured that any errors in the master wheel would be distributed evenly around the wheel being cut.

Parsons was also involved in optical work and had a controlling interest in the firm of Ross Ltd of London and, later, in Sir Howard Grubb \& Sons. He he was an enlightened employer, originating share schemes and other benefits for his employees.

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SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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He was the youngest of the three children of Dr Arthur Young, who was at one time Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He learned Latin and Greek at Lavenham School, and at the age of 17 was apprenticed to a mercantile house, an occupation he disliked. He first published The Theatre of the Present War in North America in 1758. He then wrote four novels and began to produce the literary magazine The Universal Museum. After his father's death he returned home to manage his father's farm, and in 1765 he married Martha Allen.

Young learned farming by experiment, and three years after his return he took over the rent of a 300 acre farm, Samford Hall in Essex. He was not a practical farmer, and was soon forced to give it up in favour of one of 100 acres (40.5 hectares) in Hertfordshire. He subsidized his farming with his writing, and in 1768 published The Farmer's Letters to the People of England. The first of his books on agricultural tours, Six Weeks Tours through the Counties of England and Wales, was published in 1771. Between 1784 and 1809 he published the Annals of Agriculture, one of whose contributors was George III, who wrote under the pseudonym of Ralph Robinson.

By this time he was corresponding with all of influence in agricultural matters, both at home and abroad. George Washington wrote frequently to Young, and George III was reputed to travel always with a copy of his book. The Empress of Russia sent students to him and had his Tours published in Russian. Young made three trips to France in 1787, 1788 and 1789–90 respectively, prior to and during the French Revolution, and his Travels in France (1792) is a remarkable account of that period, made all the more fascinating by his personal contact with people differing as widely as Mirabeau, the French revolutionary leader, and King Louis XVI.

Unfortunately, in 1811 an unsuccessful cataract operation left him blind, and he moved from London to his native Bradford, where he remained until his death.

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1. coll

timely, at the appropriate time: (at) just the right moment

2. кому - coll

X Y-y как раз = X fits Y perfectly (just right)

3. — кому, для кого coll (intensif Particle) (a person or thing is) suitable, appropriate for s.o.. (suit s.o.) just right

4. (intensif Particle) (used to emphasize the word or phrase to which it refers) namely (the person, thing, place etc) exactly

5. (intensif Particle) (used to emphasize that sth. will happen, should be done etc) differently from the way stated, suggested etc

quite the contrary

6. obs J intensif Particle) (it is) probable (that sth. will happen): s.o. sth. is very likely to...

• КАК РАЗ

[Invar]

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1. coll [usu. adv]

⇒ timely, at the appropriate time:

- (at) just the right moment;

- (it's) just the right time;

- just in time;

- right on time;

- perfectly timed;

- perfect timing. "Я не рано пришел? - "Нет, как раз". I'm not too early?" "No, perfect timing."

2. кому ≈ coll [subj-compl with copula (subj: a noun denoting footwear, a piece of clothing etc)]

⇒ sth. fits s.o. exactly as it should:

- X Y-y как раз≈ X fits Y perfectly (just right);

- X is a perfect fit;

- [in limited contexts] X is just right for Y;

- X fits (Y) like a glove.

     ♦ Продавщица с феноменальной скоростью завязала концы шнурка - и тронула носок башмака двумя пальцами. "Как раз!" - сказала она. "Новые всегда немножко..." - продолжала она поспешно, вскинув карие глаза. - "Конечно, если хотите, можно подложить косок под пятку. Но они - как раз, убедитесь сами!" (Набоков 1). With phenomenal speed the salesgirl tied the lace ends and touched the tip of the shoe with two fingers "Just right," she said. "New shoes are always a little " she went on rapidly, raising her brown eyes "Of course if you wish, we can make some adjustments. But they fit perfectly, see for yourself!" (1a)

     ♦ "Надевай, милая, мою синюю юбку. Она тебе... как раз будет" (Шолохов 2). "Put on my blue skirt, dear It'll be just right for you..." (2a).

3. как раз кому, для кого coll [intensif Particle]

⇒ (a person or thing is) suitable, appropriate for s.o.. (suit s.o.) just right; (be) just right (for s.o.); (be) just the (right) thing (for s.o.); (be) just the (right) one (for s.o.); (be) perfect (for s.o.); (suit s.o.) to a T (a tee).

     ♦ Когда совсем подошли к острову, стали видны ветряная мельница, прекрасная старинная изба, амбарные постройки - все пустое, неподвижное, музейное. Агеев усмехнулся. "Как раз для меня", - пробормотал он... (Казаков 1). When they came right to the island, they saw a windmill and a beautiful ancient farmhouse with its outbuildings and barns - all empty and without a sign of life, like pieces in a museum Ageyev grinned "Just the right thing for me," he muttered, (1a).

     ♦ [Фёкла:]...Уж каких женихов тебе припасла!.. Первый, Балтазар Балтазарович Жевакин, такой славный, во флоте служил - как раз по тебе придется (Гоголь 1). [F:] What a bunch of gentlemen I've got for you'. First, Baltazar Baltazarovich Zhevakin, such a nice gentleman, he served in the navy - he's just the one for you (lc) [F ]. What gentlemen I've got in store for you!. First, there's Baltazar Baltazarovich-just marvelous. A navy man. He'll suit you to a tee (1b)

4. [intensif Particle]

⇒ (used to emphasize the word or phrase to which it refers) namely (the person, thing, place etc) exactly; precisely; just; the very; right (when <then etc>).

     ♦...В то время я как раз и был самым молодым работником редакции (Искандер 4)....That is exactly what I was at the time - the youngest member of the editorial staff (4a)

     ♦ Если бы она написала мужу еще в войну: так и гак, мол, встретила человека... ей бы не в чем было упрекнуть себя... Но как раз вот этого-то она и не сделала. Не хватило духу. Пожалела (Абрамов 1). If she had written to her husband during the war to say, well, to say that she had met someone she would have had nothing to reproach herself with....But that was precisely what she had not done She hadn't had the heart. She had taken pity on him. (1a)

     ♦ Водку в буфете принесла ему высокая рыжая официантка. "Гениальная баба!" - пробормотал Агеев, восхищенно и жадно провожая её взглядом. А когда она опять подошла, он сказал: "...Вы как раз то, что я искал всю жизнь" (Казаков 1). A tall waitress with red hair brought him his vodka "What a girl," Ageyev all my life" (1a)

     ♦...Его невольно отрезвляла какая-нибудь ее интонация, смешок, веяние тех определенных духов, которыми почему-то душились как раз те женщины, которым он нравился... (Набоков 1)...He was involuntarily sobered by a certain intonation of hers, her little laugh, the smell of that certain scent which somehow was always used by the very women who liked him... (1a).

5. [intensif Particle]

⇒ (used to emphasize that sth. will happen, should be done etc) differently from the way stated, suggested etc:

- quite the contrary;

- (s.o. < sth.>) is <does, will etc> in fact...;

- actually.

     ♦ "Ничего из этой затеи не получится". - "А вот как раз получится". "Nothings going to come out of this venture." "Quite the contrary, something will come out of it."

6. obs [intensif Particle]

⇒ (it is) probable (that sth. will happen):

- s.o. < sth.> is very likely to...;

- it is quite likely (probable) that...;

- s.o. < sth.> may very well...;

- [in limited contexts] it doesn't take much to...

     ♦ "Да, вишь, какая погода: как раз собьешься с дороги" (Пушкин 2). ".. But you see what the weather's like: it doesn't take much to lose your way" (2a).

1) (a kind action: Will you do me a favour and lend me your car?) favor

2) (kindness or approval: She looked on him with great favour.) aprobación

3) (preference or too much kindness: By doing that he showed favour to the other side.) preferencia

4) (a state of being approved of: He was very much in favour with the Prime Minister.) a favor de

- favourable

- favouritism

favour n favor

tr['feɪvə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 (kindness) favor nombre masculino

■ can you do me a favour? ¿puedes hacerme un favor?

■ I need to ask you a favour necesito pedirte un favor

2 (approval) aprobación nombre femenino, favor nombre masculino

■ are you trying to win his favour? ¿intentas ganar su aprobación?

■ your parents will look with favour on your decision tus padres aprobarán tu decisión

3 (favouritism) parcialidad nombre femenino, favoritismo

■ the youngest was treated with favour se trató al más joven con favoritismo

transitive verb

1 (prefer) preferir, inclinarse por

■ I favour the second option me inclino por la segunda opción

2 (benefit, aid) favorecer; (treat with partiality) dar un trato de favor

■ the wind favoured the server el viento favoreció al saque

■ a teacher should never favour any one pupil un profesor nunca debería dar un trato de favor a ningún alumno

plural noun favours

1 (sexual pleasure) favores nombre masculino plural

\

do me a favour! ¡venga ya!

in favour of a favor de

■ the judge found in our favour el juez dictó a nuestro favor

to be in favour of ser partidario,-a de, estar a favor de

to be in favour estar en auge, estar de moda

to be in favour with somebody tener la aceptación de alguien, contar con el apoyo de alguien

to be out of favour no estar de moda

to be out of favour with somebody no contar con el apoyo de alguien, perder el apoyo de alguien

to find favour with somebody caer en gracia a alguien, ganar el apoyo de alguien

to fall out of favour with somebody perder el favor de alguien

favour (UK)

• beneficio s.m.

• bondad s.f.

• favor s.m.

• fineza s.f.

• merced s.f. (UK)

• agraciar v.

• apoyar v.

• favorecer v.

• servir v.

• sufragar v.

1. N

1) (=kindness) favor m

2) (=approval)

3) (=support, advantage) favor m

4) (=favouritism) favoritismo m

5)

6) (Hist) (=token) prenda f, favor † m

7) favours euph (sexual) favores mpl

2. VT

1) (=support) [+ idea, scheme, view] estar a favor de, ser partidario de

2) (=be beneficial to) favorecer

3) (=prefer, like) preferir

4) (=treat with favouritism) tratar con favoritismo

5) frm (=honour)

6) (=resemble) parecerse a, salir a

7) (=protect) [+ injured limb] tener cuidado con

8) (Sport)

* * *

1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) dra av gårde, komme av sted, starte

2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) begynne, starte

3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) starte (opp), sette i gang

4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) starte, begynne med

1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) start(strek), begynnelse

2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) forsprang

•

- starter

1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) støkk, rykk

2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) sjokk

begynne

rykke

start

starte

( historisk) forkortelse for Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

1 to reward.

2 to give a prize to (dar un premio a).

* * *

Conjugation model [ CAMBIAR], like cambiar

► verbo transitivo

1 (otorgar premio) to award a prize to

2 (recompensar) to reward

* * *

1) to reward

2) award

* * *

1) (=dar un premio a) to award a prize to

2) (=recompensar) to reward ( con with)

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <actor/escritor> to award a/the prize to, award... a/the prize

b) <generosidad/sacrificio> to reward

* * *

= reward.

Ex. They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <actor/escritor> to award a/the prize to, award... a/the prize

b) <generosidad/sacrificio> to reward

* * *

* * *

premiar [A1 ]

1 ‹actor/escritor› to award a/the prize to, award … a/the prize

premiaron tres películas cubanas en el festival three Cuban films won awards at the festival

fue premiado con el Nobel de la Paz he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

2 ‹generosidad/sacrificio› to reward

su actuación fue premiada con una fuerte ovación his performance was rewarded with o received great applause

* * *

a) ‹actor/escritor› to award a/the prize to, award … a/the prize

b) ‹generosidad/sacrificio› to reward

* * *

premiar vt

1. [recompensar] to reward;

premian la fidelidad con vales de descuento they reward loyalty with discount vouchers;

la decisión premia la calidad sobre la originalidad the decision places quality above originality

2. [dar un premio a] to give a prize to;

fue premiado con un viaje al Caribe he won a trip to the Caribbean;

fue premiado con el Óscar al mejor actor he won o he was awarded the Oscar for best actor

* * *

v/t award a prize to

* * *

premiar vt

1) : to award a prize to

2) : to reward

* * *

premiar vb to award a prize to

1 even.

aun los más fuertes lloran even the strongest people cry

2 still, as yet, yet.

even.

aun estando cansado, lo hizo even though he was tired, he did it

ni aun puesta de puntillas logra ver she can't see, even on tiptoe

aun así even so

aun así, deberías decirle algo even so, you ought to say something to her

ni aun así lograron la victoria even then they still didn't manage to win

* * *

► adverbio

1 even

■ aun los tontos lo saben even a fool knows that

■ te compraré la camiseta y aun el pantalón si sacas buenas notas I'll buy you the T-shirt and even the trousers if you get good marks

► conjunción

1 (+ infinitivo o participio) although, even though

■ aun llegando tarde, lo recibieron amablemente although he was late, he was given a warm reception

■ aun muerto nos podría causar problemas even though he's dead he could still cause us problems

\

aun así even so, even then

aun cuando although, even though

aun más even more

* * *

* * *

1) (=incluso) even

2)

3)

4)

* * *

adverbio even

* * *

adverbio even

* * *

aun¹

* * *

even

ni aun trabajando 12 horas al día podríamos hacerlo we'd never be able to do it, (not) even if we worked 12 hours a day

aun así, creo que le debes una explicación even so, I think you owe him an explanation

y aun así nos costó una fortuna and it still cost us a fortune, and even then it cost us a fortune

aun cuando pudiera, no lo haría I wouldn't do it even if I could

* * *

◊ ni aún trabajando 12 horas al día (not) even if we worked 12 hours a day;

a) ( en frases afirmativas o interrogativas) still;

◊ aún falta un mes there's still a month to go;

b) ( en frases negativas) yet;

◊ aún no ha llamado she hasn't called yet

* * *

♦ adv

even;

aun los más fuertes lloran even the strongest people cry

♦ conj

even;

aun estando cansado, lo hizo even though he was tired, he did it;

aun sin dinero, logró sobrevivir she managed to survive even without any money;

ni aun puesta de puntillas logra ver she can't see, even on tiptoe;

aun cuando [a pesar de que] even though, although;

es muy pesimista, aun cuando todos los pronósticos le son favorables she's very pessimistic, even though all the predictions seem to favour her;

aun cuando nos cueste, tenemos que hacerlo even if it's difficult, we have to do it;

aun así even so;

aun así, deberías decirle algo even so, you ought to say something to her;

ni aun así lograron la victoria even then they still didn't manage to win

* * *

adv even;

aun así even so;

aun cuando even if, even when;

ni aun not even

* * *

aun adv

1) : even

ni aun en coche llegaría a tiempo: I wouldn't arrive on time even if I drove

aun así : even so

aun más : even more

aún adv

1) todavía: still, yet

¿aún no ha llegado el correo?: the mail still hasn't come?

más aún : furthermore

* * *

aun adv (incluso) even

1 even.

aun los más fuertes lloran even the strongest people cry

2 still, as yet, yet.

even.

aun estando cansado, lo hizo even though he was tired, he did it

ni aun puesta de puntillas logra ver she can't see, even on tiptoe

aun así even so

aun así, deberías decirle algo even so, you ought to say something to her

ni aun así lograron la victoria even then they still didn't manage to win

* * *

► adverbio

1 even

■ aun los tontos lo saben even a fool knows that

■ te compraré la camiseta y aun el pantalón si sacas buenas notas I'll buy you the T-shirt and even the trousers if you get good marks

► conjunción

1 (+ infinitivo o participio) although, even though

■ aun llegando tarde, lo recibieron amablemente although he was late, he was given a warm reception

■ aun muerto nos podría causar problemas even though he's dead he could still cause us problems

\

aun así even so, even then

aun cuando although, even though

aun más even more

* * *

* * *

1) (=incluso) even

2)

3)

4)

* * *

1) ( todavía)

a) ( en frases afirmativas o interrogativas) still

b) ( en frases negativas) yet

2) ( en comparaciones) even

3) (fam) ( encima) still

* * *

adverbio even

* * *

aun¹

* * *

even

ni aun trabajando 12 horas al día podríamos hacerlo we'd never be able to do it, (not) even if we worked 12 hours a day

aun así, creo que le debes una explicación even so, I think you owe him an explanation

y aun así nos costó una fortuna and it still cost us a fortune, and even then it cost us a fortune

aun cuando pudiera, no lo haría I wouldn't do it even if I could

* * *

◊ ni aún trabajando 12 horas al día (not) even if we worked 12 hours a day;

a) ( en frases afirmativas o interrogativas) still;

◊ aún falta un mes there's still a month to go;

b) ( en frases negativas) yet;

◊ aún no ha llamado she hasn't called yet

* * *

♦ adv

even;

aun los más fuertes lloran even the strongest people cry

♦ conj

even;

aun estando cansado, lo hizo even though he was tired, he did it;

aun sin dinero, logró sobrevivir she managed to survive even without any money;

ni aun puesta de puntillas logra ver she can't see, even on tiptoe;

aun cuando [a pesar de que] even though, although;

es muy pesimista, aun cuando todos los pronósticos le son favorables she's very pessimistic, even though all the predictions seem to favour her;

aun cuando nos cueste, tenemos que hacerlo even if it's difficult, we have to do it;

aun así even so;

aun así, deberías decirle algo even so, you ought to say something to her;

ni aun así lograron la victoria even then they still didn't manage to win

* * *

adv even;

aun así even so;

aun cuando even if, even when;

ni aun not even

* * *

aun adv

1) : even

ni aun en coche llegaría a tiempo: I wouldn't arrive on time even if I drove

aun así : even so

aun más : even more

aún adv

1) todavía: still, yet

¿aún no ha llegado el correo?: the mail still hasn't come?

más aún : furthermore

* * *

aun adv (incluso) even

भरतः [भरं तनोति तन्-ड]

1 N. of the son of Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā, who became a universal monarch (चक्रवर्तिन्), India being called Bharatavarṣa after him. He was one of the remote ancestors of the Kau- ravas and Pāṇḍavas; cf. Ś.7.33.

-2 N. of a brother of Rāma, son of Kaikeyī, the youngest wife of Daśa- ratha. He was very pious and righteous, and was so much devoted to Rāma that when the latter prepared to go to the forest in accordance with the wicked demand of Kaikeyī, he was very much grieved to find that his own mother had sent his brother into exile, and refusing the sovereignty that was his own, ruled the kingdom in the name of Rāma (by bringing from him his two sandals and making them the 'regents' of the realm) till he returned after his fourteen years' exile. भरतो नाम कैकेय्यां जज्ञे सत्यपराक्रमः । साक्षाद्विष्णोश्चतुर्भागः सर्वैः समुदितो गुणैः ॥ Rām.1.18.13.

-3 N. of an ancient sage who is supposed to have been the founder of the science of music and dramaturgy.

-4 An actor, a stage-player; तत्किमित्युदासते भरताः Māl.1.

-5 A hired soldier, mercenary.

-6 A barbarian, mountaineer.

-7 An epithet of Agni.

-8 A weaver.

-9 N. of the sage Jaḍabharata.

-Comp. -अग्रजः 'the elder brother of Bharata', an epithet of Rāma; अस्त्येव मन्युर्भरताग्रजे मे R.14.73.

-ऋषभः N. of Viśvāmitra.

ऋषभः, -शार्दूलः, -श्रेष्ठः the best or most distinguished of the descendants of Bharata.

-खण़्डम् N. of a part of India; भरतवर्षे भरतखण्डे जम्बुद्वीपे दण्डकारण्ये.

-ज्ञ a. knowing the science of Bharata or the dramatic science.

-पुत्रः, -पुत्रकः an actor; a mime.

-वर्षः 'the country of Bharata', i. e. India.

-वाक्यम् the last verse or verses in a drama, a sort of benediction (said to be in honour of Bharata, the founder of the dramatic science); तथापीदमस्तु भरत- वाक्यम् (occurring in every play); cf. Nāg.5 (end.)

-शास्त्रम् = नाट्यशास्त्रम्.

सह a. [सहते सह्-अच्]

1 Bearing, enduring, suffering.

-2 Patient.

-3 Able; see असह; चरतस्तपस्तव वनेषु सहा न वयं निरूपयितुमस्य गतिम् Ki.6.36.

-4 Overpowering, vanquishing.

-5 Defying, equal to.

-6 Exerting.

-हः 1 The month मार्गशीर्ष.

-2 N. of Śiva.

-हः, -हम् Power, strength.

-हम् A kind of salt; L. D. B.

सह ind.

1 With, together with, along with, accom- panied by (with instr.); शशिना सह याति कौमुदी सह मेघेन तडित् प्रलीयते Ku.4.33.

-2 Together, simultaneously, at the same time; अस्तोदयौ सहैवासौ कुरुते नृपतिर्द्विषाम् Subhāṣ. (The following senses are given of this word:-- साकल्य, सादृश्य, यौगपद्य, विद्यमानत्व, समृद्धि, संबन्ध and सामर्थ्य.)

-Comp. -अध्ययनम् 1 studying together; U.2.

-2 fellow- studentship.

-अध्यायिन् m. a fellow-student.

-अपवाद a. disagreeing.

-अर्थ a.

1 having the same object.

-2 sy- nonymous. (

-र्थः) the same or common object.

-अर्ध a. together with a half.

-आलापः conversation with.

-आसनम् sitting on the same seat.

-आसिका company, sitting together; समुद्रः सहासिकां यां सुमतिः प्रतीच्छति Rām. ch.2.85.

-उक्तिः f. a figure of speech in Rhetoric; सा सहोक्तिः सहार्थस्य बलादेकं द्विवाचकम् K. P.1; e.g. पपात भूमौ सह सैनिकाश्रुभिः R.3.61.

-उटजः a hut made of leaves.

-उत्थायिन् a. rising or conspiring together.

-उदरः a uterine brother, brother of whole blood; जनन्यां संस्थितायां तु समं सर्वे सहोदराः Ms.9.92; सहोदरा कुङ्कुमकेसराणां भवन्ति नूनं कविताविलासाः Vikr.1.21.

-उपमा a kind of Upamā.

-ऊढः, -ऊढजः the son of a woman pregnant at marriage; (one of the 12 kinds of sons recognized in old Hindu law); या गर्भिणी संस्क्रियते ज्ञाताज्ञातापि वा सती । वोढुः स गर्भो भवति सहोढ इति चोच्यते ॥ Ms.9.173.

-एकासनम् see सहासनम् Y.2.284.

-कर्तृ m. a co-worker, assistant; तस्य कर्मानुरूपेण देर्यो$शः सहकर्तृभिः Ms.8.26.

-कारः 1 co-operation.

-2 a mango tree; क इदानीं सहकारमन्तरेण पल्लवितामतिमुक्तलतां सहेत Ś.3. ˚भञ्जिका a kind of game.

- कारिन्, -कृत्, -कृत्वन् a. co-operating. (-m.) a co- adjutor, associate, colleague.

-कृत a. co-operated with, assisted or aided by.

-क्रिया simultaneous performance; स हि न्यायः संभूयकारिणां सहक्रियेति सर्वत्रैव ŚB. on MS.11.1. 57.

-खट्वासनम् sitting together on a bed; Ms.8.357; see सहैकासनम्.

-गमनम् 1 accompanying.

-2 a woman's burning herself with her deceased husband's body, self-immolation of a widow.

-चर a. accompanying, going or living with; यानि प्रियासहचरश्चिरमध्यवात्सम् U.3.8.

(-रः) 1 a companion, friend, associate; श्मशानेष्वाक्रीडा स्मरहर पिशाचाः सहचराः Śiva-mahimna 24.

-2 a follower, ser- vant.

-3 a husband.

-4 a surety. (

-री f.)

1 a famale companion.

-2 a wife, mate; प्रेक्ष्य स्थितां सहचरीं व्यवधाय देहम् R.9.57.

-चरित a.

1 accompanying, attending, associating with.

-2 Congruent, homogeneous,

-चारः 1 accompaniment.

-2 agreement, harmony.

-3 (in logic) the invariable accompaniment of the hetu (middle term) by the sādhya (major term).

-4 right course (opp. व्यभिचार).

-चारिन् see सहचर.

-ज a.

1 inborn, natural, innate; सहजं कर्म कौन्तेय सदोषमपि न त्यजेत् Bg.18. 48; सहजामप्यपहाय धीरताम् R.8.43.

-2 hereditary; सहजं किल यद्विनिन्दितं न खलु तत्कर्म विवर्जनीयम् Ś.6.1.

(-जः) 1 a brother of whole blood; तृतीयो मे नप्ता रजनिचरनाथस्य सहजः Mv.4.7.

-2 the natural state or disposition. ˚अरिः a natural enemy. ˚उदासीनः a born neutral. ˚मित्रम् a natural friend.

-जात a.

1 natural; see सहज.

-2 born together, twin-born.

-जित् a. victorious at once; स्वर्णेता सहजिद् बभ्रुरिति राजाभिधीयते Mb.3.185.28.

-दार a.

1 with a wife.

-2 married.

-देवः N. of the youngest of the five Pāṇḍavas; the twin brother of Nakula, born of Mādrī by the gods Aśvins. He is regarded as the type of manly beauty.

-धर्मः same duties. ˚चारिन् m. a husband. ˚चारिणी

1 a lawful wife, one legally married (also सहधर्मिणी in this sense).

-2 a fellow-worker.

-पथिन् m.,

-पन्थाः m., f. a fellow-traveller.

-पांशुक्रीडिन, पांशुकिल m a friend from the earliest childhood.

-भावः 1 companionship.

-2 concomitance.

-भाविन् m. a friend, partisan, follower.

-भू a. natural, innate; औत्सुक्येन कृतत्वरा सहभुवा व्यावर्तमाना ह्रिया Ratn.1.2.

-भोजनम् eating in company with friends.

-मनस् a. with intelligence.

-मरणम् see सह- गमन.

-मृता a woman who has burnt herself with her husband.

-युध्वन् m. a brother in arms.

-रक्षस् m. one of the three kinds of sacrificial fires.

-वसतिः, -वासः dwelling together; सहवसतिमुपेत्य यैः प्रियायाः कृत इव मुग्धविलोकितोपदेशः Ś.2.3.

-वासिन् m. a fellow-lodger.

-वीर्यम् fresh butter.

-संसर्गः carnal contact.

-सेविन् a. having intercource with.

-स्थः a companion.

1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) leggja af stað

2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) byrja

3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) starta, fara í gang

4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) koma af stað/á fót

1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) byrjun; rásmark

2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) forskot

•

- starter

1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) kippur, rykkur

2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) áfall

* * *

1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) (el)indul

2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) (el)kezd

3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) beindít

4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) elindít

1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) (el)indulás; rajt

2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) előny

•

- starter

1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) összerezzenés

2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) megriadás

1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) partir

2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) começar

3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) (pôr a) andar

4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) lançar

1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) começo

2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) avanço

•

- starter

1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) sobressalto

2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) susto

* * *

[sta:t] n 1 partida, começo (de um movimento, de viagem, de corrida, etc.). 2 começo, início, princípio. 3 arranco, impulso, ímpeto. 4 sobressalto, susto. 5 vantagem, dianteira. 6 lugar de partida. 7 arranque (motor). • vt+vi 1 partir, pôr-se em movimento, levantar vôo, zarpar, embarcar, sair de viagem. 2 começar, iniciar. 3 dar partida (de motor), fazer começar. 4 encaminhar, auxiliar no início. 5 sobressaltar-se, espantar-se, assustar-se, fazer um movimento brusco, estancar. 6 vir, sair, brotar repentinamente, pegar. 7 levantar, assustar (caça). 8 soltar, ceder. 9 provocar, originar. 10 fundar (negócio). by fits and starts aos poucos, aos trancos. for a start primeiro, em primeiro lugar. from start to finish do princípio ao fim. to get off to a good/ a bad start começar bem. to get ou have the start of someone tomar a dianteira de alguém. to give someone a start a) dar vantagens para alguém no começo de um negócio, de uma competição, etc. b) surpreender ou assustar alguém. c) dar um emprego a alguém. he gave me a start / ele me assustou. to have a false start ter um mau começo. to make a new start começar de novo. to start a family ter o primeiro filho. to start after sair à procura de. to start back assustar-se, retroceder bruscamente. to start doing começar a fazer (alguma coisa). to start forward pular para a frente. to start from scratch começar do nada, começar do zero. to start in business começar um negócio. to start out (ou off) partir, levantar-se, pôr-se em marcha. to start over Amer começar de novo. to start up a) levantar-se bruscamente. b) dar partida (motor). c) fundar, abrir (um negócio). to start with para começar, primeiro, em primeiro lugar.

depuis [dəpyi]

━━━━━━━━━

1. preposition

2. adverb

━━━━━━━━━

1. <