the+worth

Cf: The cow knows not the value of her tail till she has lost it (Am.). The cow knows not what her tail is worth till she has lost it (Br.). One's blessings are not known until lost (Am.). We know the worth of a thing when we have lost it (Br.). We never know the value (the worth) of water till the well is dry (Br.). We only know the worth of water when the well is dry (Am.). You never miss the water till the well runs dry (Am., Br.)

Cf: The cow knows not the value of her tail till she has lost it (Am.). The cow knows not what her tail is worth till she has lost (loses) it (Br.). One's blessings are not known until lost (Am.). We know the worth of a thing when we have lost it (Br.). We never appreciate the sunshine and the rainbow until the storm clouds hang low (Am.). When the pinch comes you remember the old shoe (Br.). The worth of a thing is best known by its want (Am.). The worth of a thing is best known by the want of it (Br.). You never miss the water till the well runs dry (Am., Br.)

(gen. -is, pl. aurar), m.

1) ounce of silver, the eighth part of a mark (átta aurar í mörk); hringr, er stendr sex aura, a ring weighing or worth six aurar; verðr þá at hálfri mörk vaðmála e., then the eyrir is equal to half a mark in wadmal; e. brendr = e. brends silfrs, an ounce of pure silver;

2) ounce (svá var haglit stórt, at hvert haglkornit vá eyri);

3) money in general, property; ljósir aurar verða at löngum trega, bright silver brings long, woe; ilir af aurum, a miser; gefin til aura (= til fjár), wedded for money; hann vissi ekki aura sinna tal, he knew not the tale (extent) of his riches; lausir aurar, opp. to ‘fastr eyrir’, movables, chattels (lönd ok lausir aurar); fríðr eyrir (= frítt fé, kvikfé), cattle;

4) money, currency; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, asked in what money he wished to be paid.

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m., gen. eyris, dat. and acc. eyri; pl. aurar, gen. aura, dat. aurum; a word prob. of foreign origin, from Lat. aureus, Fr. or, Engl. ore; (A. S. ora is, however, prob. Danish.) The first coins known in Scandinavia were Roman or Byzantine, then Saxon or English; as the old word baugr (q. v.) denoted unwrought, uncoined gold and silver, so eyrir prob. originally meant a certain coin:

I. an ounce of silver or its amount in money, the eighth part of a mark; an eyrir is = sixty pennies (penningar) = three ertog; tuttugu penningar vegnir í örtug, þrír örtugar í eyri. átta aurar í mörk, 732. 16; silfr svá slegit at sextigir penninga görði eyri veginn, Grág. i. 500; penning, þat skal hinn tíundi (prob. a false reading, x instead of lx) hlutr eyris, 357; hálfs eyris met ek hverjan, I value each at a half eyrir, Glúm, (in a verse); leigja skip þrem aurum, to hire a boat for three aurar, Korm.; einn eyrir þess fjár heitir alaðsfestr, Grág. i. 88: the phrase, goldinn liverr eyrir, every ounce paid; galt Guðmundr hvern eyri þá þegar, Sturl. i. 141; gjalda tvá aura fyrir einn, to pay two for one, Grág. i. 396, ii. 234; verðr þá at hálfri mörk vaðmála eyrir, then the eyrir amounts to half a mark in wadmal, i. 500; brent silfr, ok er eyririnn at mörk lögaura, pure silver, the ounce of which amounts to a mark in lögaurar, 392; hring er stendr sex aura, a ring worth or weighing six aurar, Fms. ii. 246; hence baugr tví-eyringr, tvítug-eyringr, a ring weighing two or twenty aurar, Eb., Glúm.

β. as a weight of other things beside silver; hagl hvert vá eyri, every hail-stone weighed an ounce, Fms. i. 175; stæltr lé ok vegi áttjan aura, eggelningr, þeir skulu þrír fyrir tvá aura, a scythe of wrought steel and weighing eighteen aurar, an ell-long edge, three such cost two aurar (in silver), the proportion between the weight in wrought iron and the worth in silver being 1:28, Grág. i. 501.

γ. the amount of an ounce, without any notion of the medium of payment, hence such phrases as, tólf aura silfrs, twelve aurar to be paid in silver, Nj. 54; eyrir brendr, burnt eyrir, i. e. an eyrir sterling, pure silver, D. N.

II. money in general; skal þar sinn eyri hverjum dæma, to every one his due, his share, Grág. i. 125; in proverbs, ljósir aurar verða at löngum trega, bright silver brings long woe, Sl. 34; margr verðr af aurum api, Hm. 74; illr af aurum, a miser, Jd. 36; vára aura, our money, Vkv. 13; leggja aura, to lay up money, Eg. (in a verse); gefin til aura (= til fjár), wedded to money, Ísl. ii. 254 (in a verse); telja e-m aura, to tell out money to one, Skv. 3. 37, cp. 39: the phrase, hann veit ekki aura sinna tal, he knows not the tale of his aurar, of boundless wealth. Mar. 88: the allit. phrase, lönd (land, estate) ok lausir aurar (movables, cp. Dan. lösöre, Swed. lösören), Eg. 2; hafa fyrirgört löndum ok lausum eyri, K. Á. 94.

2. money or specie; the allit. phrase, aurar ok óðal, money and estates, N. G. L. i. 48; ef hann vill taka við aurum slíkum ( such payment) sem váttar vitu at hann reiddi honum, 93; þeim aurum öllum ( all valuables) sem til bús þeirra vóru keyptir, Grág. i. 412; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, F. asked in what money he wished to he paid, Nj. 259; lögaurar, such money as is legal tender; þú skalt gjalda mér vaðmál, ok skilrað hann frá aðra aura, other kinds of payment, Grág. i. 392; útborinn eyrir, in the phrase, mér er það enginn utborinn (or útburðar-) eyrir, I do not want to part with it, offer it for sale; eyrir vaðmála, payment in wadmal (stuff), 300, Bs. i. 639: for the double standard, the one woollen (ells), the other metal (rings or coin), and the confusion between them, see Dasent’s Burnt Njal, vol. ii. p. 397 sqq.: at different times and places the ell standard varied much, and we hear of three, six, nine, twelve ell standards (vide alin, p. 13): in such phrases as ‘mörk sex álna aura,’ the word ‘mörk’ denotes the amount, ‘sex álna’ the standard, and ‘aura’ the payment = payment of ‘a mark of six ells,’ cp. a pound sterling, K. Þ. K. 172; hundrað (the amount) þriggja álna (the standard) aura, Sturl. i. 141, 163, Boll. 362, Ísl. ii. 28; mörk sex álna eyris, Fsk. 10, N. G. L. i. 65, 101, 389, 390; þrem mörkum níu álna eyris, 387–389; sex merkr tólf álna eyrir, 81.

β. in various compds, etc.; land-aurar, land tax, Jb. ch. i, Ó. H. 54; öfundar-eyrir, money which brings envy, Fs. 12; sak-metinn e., sak-eyrir, sakar-eyrir, money payable in fines, Fms. vii. 300; ómaga-eyrir, the money of an orphan, K. Þ. K. 158, Grág. ii. 288; liksöngs-eyrir, a ‘lyke-fee,’ burial fee (to the clergyman); vísa-eyrir, a tax: góðr e., good payment, D. N.; verð-aurar, articles used for payment, id.; forn-gildr e., standard, sterling payment, id.; færi-eyrir = lausir aurar, Skv. 3. 50; flytjandi e., id., Fr.; kaupmanna e., trade money; búmanna e., D. N.; Norrænn e., Norse money, Lv. 25; Hjaltenzkr e., Shetland money, D. N. (vide Fritzner s. v.); fríðr e., ‘kind,’ i. e. sheep and cattle, Grág.

COMPDS:

I. pl., aura-dagr, m. pay-day, D. N. aura-lag, n. the standard of money, Fms. vii. 300, 304. aura-lán, n. worldly luck, 656 i. 3. aura-lógan, f. the squandering of money, 655 iii. 1. aura-lykt, n. payment, D. N. aura-skortr, m. scarcity of money, D. N. aura-taka, u, f. receipt of money, N. G. L. i. 93, Gþl. 298.

II. sing., eyris-bót, f. fine of an eyrir, Grág. i. 158. eyris-kaup, n. a bargain to the amount of an eyrir, Gþl. 511. eyris-land, n. land giving the rent of an eyrir, Fms. x. 146. eyris-skaði, a, m. loss to the amount of an eyrir, Jb. 166. eyris-tíund, f. tithe of an eyrir, K. Þ. K. 148. eyris-tollr, m. toll of an eyrir, H. E. ii. 95.

X знает цену Y-y - X knows Y's worth (the worth of Y)

• ЗНАТЬ <less often УЗНАВАТЬ/УЗНАТЬ> ЦЕНУ кому-чему

[VP; subj: usu. human]

=====

⇒ to assess correctly the value of s.o. or sth. (occas. refers to a negative evaluation):

- X знает цену Y-y ≈ X knows Y's worth < the worth of Y>;

- X knows what Y is (really) worth;

- X knows the (true) value of Y;

- [in refer, to a negative evaluation only] X knows Y for what Y is.

     ♦ Чем вызван был такой успех? Ведь цену своим рассказам я знаю. Не такие уж они замечательные (Довлатов 1). What was the reason for my success? After all, I knew the true value of my stories. They weren't all that remarkable (1a).

     ♦ И хотя мать не верила Иосифу, знала ему цену, но доверилась дедушке: другого выхода не было (Рыбаков 1). Mother didn't trust Yosif, she knew him for what he was, but she did trust grandfather, and there was no other way out (1a).

• ЗНАТЬ <less often УЗНАВАТЬ/УЗНАТЬ> ЦЕНУ кому-чему

[VP; subj: usu. human]

=====

⇒ to assess correctly the value of s.o. or sth. (occas. refers to a negative evaluation):

- X знает цену Y-y ≈ X knows Y's worth < the worth of Y>;

- X knows what Y is (really) worth;

- X knows the (true) value of Y;

- [in refer, to a negative evaluation only] X knows Y for what Y is.

     ♦ Чем вызван был такой успех? Ведь цену своим рассказам я знаю. Не такие уж они замечательные (Довлатов 1). What was the reason for my success? After all, I knew the true value of my stories. They weren't all that remarkable (1a).

     ♦ И хотя мать не верила Иосифу, знала ему цену, но доверилась дедушке: другого выхода не было (Рыбаков 1). Mother didn't trust Yosif, she knew him for what he was, but she did trust grandfather, and there was no other way out (1a).

• ЗНАТЬ <less often УЗНАВАТЬ/УЗНАТЬ> ЦЕНУ кому-чему

[VP; subj: usu. human]

=====

⇒ to assess correctly the value of s.o. or sth. (occas. refers to a negative evaluation):

- X знает цену Y-y ≈ X knows Y's worth < the worth of Y>;

- X knows what Y is (really) worth;

- X knows the (true) value of Y;

- [in refer, to a negative evaluation only] X knows Y for what Y is.

     ♦ Чем вызван был такой успех? Ведь цену своим рассказам я знаю. Не такие уж они замечательные (Довлатов 1). What was the reason for my success? After all, I knew the true value of my stories. They weren't all that remarkable (1a).

     ♦ И хотя мать не верила Иосифу, знала ему цену, но доверилась дедушке: другого выхода не было (Рыбаков 1). Mother didn't trust Yosif, she knew him for what he was, but she did trust grandfather, and there was no other way out (1a).

• Beware of a silent dog and silent (still) water - Не бойся собаки, что лает, а бойся той, что молчит да хвостом виляет (H)

• Cast not out /the/ foul water till you bring /in the / clean - Не выливай помоев, не приготовив чистой воды (H)

• Cast not out the foul water till you have clean - Не выливай помоев, не приготовив чистой воды (H)

• Dark are the waters in the clouds - Темна вода во облацех (T)

• Do not wade in unknown waters - Не зная броду, не суйся в воду (H)

• Don't muddy the water, you may have to drink it - Не плюй в колодезь, пригодится напиться (H)

• Don't throw away your dirty water until you get clean - Не выливай помоев, не приготовив чистой воды (H)

• Don't throw out your dirty water before you get in fresh - Не выливай помоев, не приготовив чистой воды (H)

• Don't throw water on a drowned rat - Лежачего не бьют (Л)

• Every man drags water to his own mill - Всякая рука к себе загребает (B), Всякий Демид для себя норовит (B), И мышь в свою норку тащит корку (И), Каждый в свою нору тянет (K), Кот скребет на свой хребет (K)

• Every miller draws water to his own mill - Всякая рука к себе загребает (B), Всякий Демид для себя норовит (B), И мышь в свою норку тащит корку (И), Каждый в свою нору тянет (K), Кот скребет на свой хребет (K)

• It is too late to throw water on the cinder when the house is burned down - После драки кулаками не машут (П), После пожара за водой не бегут (П)

• It's no safe wading in unknown water - Не зная броду, не суйся в воду (H)

• Pour not water on a drowned mouse - Лежачего не бьют (Л)

• Shallow brook warbles, while the still water is deep (The) - Где река глубже, там она меньше шумит (Г), Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Shallow waters make most din - Где река мельче, там она больше шумит (Г)

• Smoothest waters are not always the safest (The) - В тихом омуте черти водятся (B)

• Smooth waters run deep - Где река глубже, там она меньше шумит (Г), Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Spilled water cannot be gathered up - Потерянного не воротить (П), Пролитую воду не соберешь (П), Что с возу упало, то пропало a (4)

• Stiller the water, the deeper it runs (The) - Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Still water breeds vermin - На одном месте и камень мохом обрастает (H), Стоячее болото гниет (C)

• Still water flows (runs) deep - Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Still waters have deep bottoms - В тихом омуте черти водятся (B), Тихая вода берега подмывает (T)

• Still waters run deep - Где река глубже, там она меньше шумит (Г), Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Too much water drowned the miller - Хорошего понемножку (X)

• Water afar won't quench a fire at hand - Далекая вода жажды не утолит (Д)

• Water finds its own level - Масть к масти подбирается (M), Рыбак рыбака видит издалека (P)

• Water seeks its own level - Масть к масти подбирается (M), Рыбак рыбака видит издалека (P)

• Waters that are deep don't babble - Большая река течет спокойно (Б), Тихие воды глубоки (T)

• Water that is past doesn't turn the wheel (The) - Битого, пролитого да прожитого не воротишь (Б)

• We never know the value (the worth) of water till the well is dry - Цену вещи узнаешь, когда потеряешь (Ц)

• We only know the worth of water when the well is dry - Цену вещи узнаешь, когда потеряешь (Ц)

• You cannot get (wring) water from a flint - Как с быком ни биться, а молока от него не добиться (K)

• You can't draw water from a dry well - Голой овцы не стригут (Г), Захотел молочка от бычка (3), Как с быком ни биться, а молока от него не добиться (K)

• You can't squeeze water from a stone - Захотел молочка от бычка (3)

• You never miss the water till the well runs dry - Цену вещи узнаешь, когда потеряешь (Ц), Что имеем, не храним, потерявши, плачем (4)

• You seek cold water under cold ice - Захотел молочка от бычка (3)

film library (archivo).

la filmoteca Nacional the national film archive

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► nombre femenino

1 (archivo) film library

2 (sala de proyección) film institute

3 (colección) film collection

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SF film library, film archive

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femenino film library

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= film library, film and video archive, film archive, film holdings.

Ex. A film library is an organization or service for collecting cinematographic documents and video documents for storing them and making them available for use.

Ex. This article gives details of the archive collections of a political party library including deposits and bequests, the picture archive, the collection of banners, the film and video archive, and sound recordings = Este artículo da detalles de las archivos de una biblioteca de un partido político incluyendo depósitos y legados, el archivo fotográfico, la colección de pancartas, la filmoteca y las grabaciones sonoras.

Ex. The question of the worth of a film archive for posterity looms large = La cuestión del valor de la filmoteca para la posteridad es motivo de preocupación.

Ex. This computer-generated catalog presents the Manitoba Department of Education's 16mm film holdings found in its bookable and its self-serve collections.

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femenino film library

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film library

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filmoteca nf

1. [archivo] film library

2. [sala de cine] film institute

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f film library

aestĭmātĭo, ōnis, f. [id.].

The estimating a thing according to its extrinsic (money) value, valuation, appraisement:

in censu habendo potestas omnis aestimationis habendae censori permittitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53: aestimatio frumenti, the determination of the prœtor ( legate or quœstor), how much ready money one should pay, instead of the corn which he was to furnish, id. ib. 2, 3, 92:

erat Athenis reo damnato, si fraus non capitalis esset, quasi poenae aestimatio,

i. e. a commutation of corporal punishment for a fine, id. de Or. 1, 54, 232.—So esp. litis or litium aestimatio, in Roman civil law, an estimating, valuation of the contested matter; in criminal law also, the stating how much the convicted person had to pay, an assessment of damages, Cic. Clu. 41, 116; id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45 (cf. lis aestimata, id. ib. 1, 13):

lex de multarum aestimatione,

Liv. 4, 30.— After the civil war, Cæsar, in order to enable debtors to cancel the demands against them, decreed an aestimatio possessionum, i. e. an estimation or appraisement of real estate, according to the value which it had before the war, and compelled the creditors to take this in payment instead of money; they were also obliged to deduct from the sum demanded any interest that had been paid; v. Caes. B. C. 3, 1; and Suet. Caes. 42. Hence, in aestimationem accipere, to accept or agree to such a valuation, or payment by real estate at a high price:

a Marco Laberio C. Albinius praedia in aestimationem accepit,

Cic. Fam. 13, 8.—And meton., with an allusion to the law of Cæsar: aestimationes [p. 62] = praedia, the real estate received in payment:

quando aestimationes tuas vendere non potes,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18. Since the creditor was a loser by this regulation, aestimationem accipere, to suffer injury or loss, id. ib. 16.—

Trop.

A valuation, i. e. an estimation of a thing according to its intrinsic worth (while existimatio denotes the consideration, regard due to an object on account of its nominal value):

bonum hoc est quidem plurimi aestimandum, sed ea aestimatio genere valet, non magnitudine,

Cic. Fin. 3, 10, 34; so 3, 13, 44;

3, 6: semper aestimationem arbitriumque ejus honoris penes senatum fuisse,

Liv. 3, 63:

semper infra aliorum aestimationes se metiens,

Vell. 1, 127; 97; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 67:

aestimatione rectā severus, deterius interpretantibus tristior habebatur,

Tac. H. 1, 14 al. —

Poet., the worth or value of a thing:

Quod me non movet aestimatione,

Cat. 12, 12.

(-rða, -rðr), v.

1) to fix the worth of a thing, to tax, value (síðan vóru virð fé Haflgerðar);

2) fig., to value, estimate (þat kann engi virða nema guð einn);

with gen., virða e-t mikils, to rate highly, think much of;

virða lítils, to think or make light of;

virða e-t engis (einskis), to make nothing of;

virða e-t með sjálfum sér, to bethink oneself of, consider;

konungr virði mest skáld sín, he held his poets in the highest estimation;

virði jarl hann vel, the earl showed him great honour;

virða til, to pay heed to, regard;

hann kveðst vilja virða til enn heilaga Jacobum postola, he said he would respect the sanctity of St. James;

virða e-t til e-s, to consider (deem) as (virða e-t til útrúleika við e-n);

virða e-t vel, illa fyrir e-m, to put it to his credit, discredit;

3) refl., virðast vel, to be highly esteemed (hann virðist hvervetna vel);

impers., virðist öllum mönnum vel til hans, everybody liked him;

virðist oss svá, sem minnkaðist vár sœmd í því, it seems to us, we think that …;

virðist hann konunginum afbragðsmaðr, the king thought him to be an exceptional man.

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pret. virði, mod. virti; [cp. verð; this word and its derivatives are in mod. Norse proncd. and spelt with y, vyrda; Swed. vörda]:—to fix the worth of a thing, to tax, value; síðan vóru virð fé Hallgerðar, Nj. 24; búar skolu virða fúlgur ómagans tvennar, Grág. i. 259; þar skolu fylgja einn eyrir ok tuttugu, ok virða til friðs, D. I. i. 199; þrjár merkr ok virt til vaðmála, 203; búar skolu virða skip þat til vöru eðr til brends silfrs, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 68; virða e-t til smœrs, D. N. ii. 93.

II. metaph., þat kann engi virða nema Guð einn, Fms. vii. 144: with gen. of the price, virða enskis, Blas. 44; virða mikils, to rate highly, Eg. 167; konungr virði hann mikils, Fms. vi. 132; virða e-t lítils, O. H. L. 76; úvinir hans höfðu grun á ok virðu til utrúleika við konung, Fms. ix. 428; er þat ílla virðanda fyrir þér, it is to be ill-esteemed, blamed, ii. 53; mun þat vera vel virt fyrir þér, Karl. 99; svá virðu vinir jarls sem Þorkell mundi þá bræðr sízt spara til deilu, Orkn. 180; vita ok virða, Stj. 145; virða e-t með sjálfum sér, to bethink oneself of, consider, 132; hygg at ok virð meðr þér sjálfum, 142; virð með sjálfum þér hvat haun mun mega með síns herra fulltingi, Karl. 542.

2. with prepp.; virða at e-u, to give heed to a thing, consider it, Stj. 153; virða e-t fyrir sér, to count, consider; virða til, to pay heed to, regard; Rafn vildi eigi þat, þvíat hann kveðsk vilja virða til enn heilaga Jacobum postola, ok berjask eigi við Þorvald, i. e. Rafn said he would respect the holiness of St. James and not fight Th., Bs. i. 668; heldr skal hitt til virða, at hann vildi Kristni sinni í þyrma, Hom. 109; eg vil ekki virða mig til þess, not demean myself to that: virða um e-t = virða til, D. N. ii. 95: virða e-t við e-t, to value, count; virða við saur ok hégóma, Barl. 74: virð einskis við þá er þér göra í mein, take no account of it if they do thee wrong, Hom. (St.); virða sakar við annan, id.; Guð virði við hann ( may God reward him) undir hvílíkan þunga hann á at standa, Bs. i. 821; biðju vér at þér takit vára dvöl eigi til þrjózku, virðandi vid oss um leiðar-lengd ok harða veðráttu, we beg you not to account it for disobedience in us, but consider the length of the way, and the severe weather, D. N. iii. 80: also of gratitude, eg virði það við hann, að …, to regard past services.

III. reflex., impers. to like; mér virðisk ekki skapferði hans, Ísl. ii. 217; virðisk þeim vel allt til konungs en eigi verr til dróttningar, Fb. ii. 120; hann virðisk þar hverjum manni vel, everybody liked him, Eg. 27, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 6l.

2. to deem, think; virðisk oss svá, sem minnkaðisk vár sæmd í því heldr enn yxi, Fms. x. 7; virðisk konunginum hann af bragðs-maðr, Bjarn. 4: very freq. in mod. usage, mér virðist, methinks.

3. to deign, vouchsafe; af hans ætt virðisk várr Drottinn Jesús at fæðask, Stj.; þú skapari minn virzk at miskunna mér, Barl. 92; þau miskunnar verk er hann virðisk at göra, 95; öll bréf þau er þeir virða sik (= virðask) við at taka, Róm. 248.

= economically, monetarily

Ex. With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.

Ex. In appraising the worth of a title, both historically and monetarily, the bookseller turns to reference sources which enable him/her to assess its value.

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= monetarily

Ex. In appraising the worth of a title, both historically and monetarily, the bookseller turns to reference sources which enable him/her to assess its value.

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1) стоимость price, cost; смета стоимости услуг quotation, quote coll

2) значение worth, value

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- знать себе цену

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worth, estimate the worth of a thing

,-ti value, worth. - artışı increase in value, appreciation. - biçmek /a/ to value (something) at (a certain amount of money). -ini bilmek /in/ to value, appreciate, realize the worth of. -ten düşmek to depreciate, fall in value. - koymak/takdir etmek /a/ to value, appraise, or assess (something) at (a certain amount of money). - üzerinden ad valorem, according to value. - vermek /a/ to value, attach importance to.

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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From 1844 until 1962, the Clyde shipyard of William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, produced over 1,500 ships, trained innumerable students of all nationalities in shipbuilding and marine engineering, and for the seventy-plus years of their existence were accepted worldwide as the leaders in the application of science to ship design and construction. Until the closure of the yard members of the Denny family were among the partners and later directors of the firm: they included men as distinguished as Dr Peter Denny (1821(?)–95), Sir Archibald Denny (1860–1936) and Sir Maurice Denny (1886– 1955), the main collaborator in the design of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer.

One of the most influential of this shipbuilding family was William Denny, now referred to as William 3! His early education was at Dumbarton, then on Jersey and finally at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, before he commenced an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard. From the outset he not only showed great aptitude for learning and hard work but also displayed an ability to create good relationships with all he came into contact with. At the early age of 21 he was admitted a partner of the shipbuilding business of William Denny and Brothers, and some years later also of the associated engineering firm of Denny \& Co. His deep-felt interest in what is now known as industrial relations led him in 1871 to set up a piecework system of payment in the shipyard. In this he was helped by the Yard Manager, Richard Ramage, who later was to found the Leith shipyard, which produced the world's most elegant steam yachts. This research was published later as a pamphlet called The Worth of Wages, an unusual and forward-looking action for the 1860s, when Denny maintained that an absentee employer should earn as much contempt and disapproval as an absentee landlord! In 1880 he initiated an awards scheme for all company employees, with grants and awards for inventions and production improvements. William Denny was not slow to impose new methods and to research naval architecture, a special interest being progressive ship trials with a view to predicting effective horsepower. In time this led to his proposal to the partners to build a ship model testing tank beside the Dumbarton shipyard; this scheme was completed in 1883 and was to the third in the world (after the Admiralty tank at Torquay, managed by William Froude and the Royal Netherlands Navy facility at Amsterdam, under B.J. Tideman. In 1876 the Denny Shipyard started work with mild-quality shipbuilding steel on hulls for the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, and in 1879 the world's first two ships of any size using this weight-saving material were produced: they were the Rotomahana for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand and the Buenos Ayrean for the Allan Line of Glasgow. On the naval-architecture side he was involved in Denny's proposals for standard cross curves of stability for all ships, which had far-reaching effects and are now accepted worldwide. He served on the committee working on improvements to the Load Line regulations and many other similar public bodies. After a severe bout of typhoid and an almost unacceptable burden of work, he left the United Kingdom for South America in June 1886 to attend to business with La Platense Flotilla Company, an associate company of William Denny and Brothers. In March the following year, while in Buenos Aires, he died by his own hand, a death that caused great and genuine sadness in the West of Scotland and elsewhere.

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SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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Thomas Mudge was the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster who, recognizing his son's mechanical aptitude, apprenticed him to the eminent London clock-and watchmaker George Graham. Mudge became free of the Clockmakers' Company in 1738 and set up on his own account after Graham's death in 1751. Around 1755 he formed a partnership with William Dutton, another apprentice of Graham. The firm produced conventional clocks and watches of excellent quality, but Mudge had also established a reputation for making highly innovative individual pieces. The most significant of these was the watch with a detached-lever escapement that he completed in 1770, although the idea had occurred to him as early as 1754. This watch was purchased by George III for Queen Charlotte and is still in the Royal Collection. Shortly afterwards Mudge moved to Plymouth, to devote his time to the perfection of the marine chronometer, leaving the London business in the hands of Dutton. The chronometers he produced were comparable in performance to those of John Harrison, but like them they were too complicated and expensive to be produced in quantity.

Mudge's patron, Count Bruhl, recognized the potential of the detached-lever escapement, but Mudge was too involved with his marine chronometers to make a watch for him. He did, however, provide Bruhl with a large-scale model of his escapement, from which the Swiss expatriate Josiah Emery was able to make a watch in 1782. Over the next decade Emery made a limited number of similar watches for wealthy clients, and it was the performance of these watches that demonstrated the worth of the escapement. The detached-lever escapement took some time to be adopted universally, but this was facilitated in the nineteenth century by the development of a cheaper form, the pin lever.

By the end of the century the detached-lever escapement was used in one form or another in practically all mechanical watches and portable clocks. If a watch is to be a good timekeeper the balance must be free to swing with as little interference as possible from the escapement. In this respect the cylinder escapement is an improvement on the verge, although it still exerts a frictional force on the balance. The lever escapement is a further improvement because it detaches itself from the balance after delivering the impulse which keeps it oscillating.

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f opinion ( über + Akk of, about, on); meiner Meinung nach oder nach meiner Meinung in my opinion; der Meinung sein, dass... think ( oder believe oder be of the opinion) that...; ich bin auch der Meinung, dass... I agree that..., I also think ( oder believe) that...; eine Meinung äußern express ( oder put forward) an opinion; derselben / anderer Meinung sein think the same / think differently, agree / disagree; ganz meine Meinung! I quite (Am. totally) agree; seine Meinung ändern change one’s opinion; (es sich anders überlegen) change one’s mind; sich (Dat) eine Meinung bilden form an opinion ( über + Akk on, about); eine hohe / schlechte Meinung von jemandem / etw. haben have a high / low opinion of s.o. / s.th.; ich habe keine Meinung dazu I don’t really have any opinion ( oder thoughts Pl.) on the matter; ich habe dazu eine dezidierte Meinung my mind is quite made up on the subject; die Meinungen sind geteilt opinions are divided; die allgemeine Meinung geht dahin, dass... the general opinion is that..., the conventional wisdom is that...; jemandem ( gehörig) die Meinung sagen give s.o. a piece of one’s mind; öffentlich I, vorgefasst

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(Ansicht) opinion; sentiment; thinking; notion; view;

(Beurteilung) estimation

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f -, -en

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1) (opinion; belief: I have an idea that it won't work.) idea

2) (what a person thinks or believes: My opinions about education have changed.) opinion

3) (what one thinks of the worth or value of someone or something: I have a very high opinion of his work.) opinion

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f opinion; (Anschauung a.) view

geteilte \Meinungen differing opinions [or views]

geteilter \Meinung sein to have differing opinions [or views]

was diesen Punkt angeht, gehen die \Meinungen auseinander opinions differ on this point

ähnlicher/anderer \Meinung sein to be of a similar/different opinion

bestimmte \Meinungen zu etw dat haben to have certain opinions [or views] on sth

eine eigene \Meinung haben to have an opinion of one's own

[nicht] der gleichen \Meinung sein to [not] share the same opinion [or view]

die öffentliche \Meinung public opinion [or sentiment], the vox populi liter

dieser \Meinung sein to be of [or share] this opinion [or view]

einer \Meinung sein to share the same opinion [or view], to think the same, to be of the same [or of one] mind

jds \Meinung [zu etw dat] kennen to know sb's opinion [on sth] [or view [of [or on] sth]], to know what sb says [on sth]/thinks [of sth]

▪ nach jds \Meinung, jds \Meinung nach in sb's opinion [or view], in the opinion [or view] of sb, to sb's way of thinking

seine \Meinung ändern to change one's mind [or opinion]

seine \Meinung beibehalten, bei seiner \Meinung bleiben to stick to [or form persist in] one's opinion

der \Meinung sein, dass... to be of the opinion [or take the view] that...

jdm die \Meinung sagen (fam) to give sb a piece of one's mind fam

jds \Meinung sein to be [just] what sb thinks

genau meine \Meinung! exactly what I thought!

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Meinung f opinion (

über +akk of, about, on);

meiner Meinung nach oder

nach meiner Meinung in my opinion;

der Meinung sein, dass … think ( oder believe oder be of the opinion) that …;

ich bin auch der Meinung, dass … I agree that …, I also think ( oder believe) that …;

eine Meinung äußern express ( oder put forward) an opinion;

derselben/anderer Meinung sein think the same/think differently, agree/disagree;

ganz meine Meinung! I quite (US totally) agree;

seine Meinung ändern change one’s opinion; (es sich anders überlegen) change one’s mind;

sich (dat)

eine Meinung bilden form an opinion (

über +akk on, about);

eine hohe/schlechte Meinung von jemandem/etwas haben have a high/low opinion of sb/sth;

ich habe keine Meinung dazu I don’t really have any opinion ( oder thoughts pl) on the matter;

ich habe dazu eine dezidierte Meinung my mind is quite made up on the subject;

die Meinungen sind geteilt opinions are divided;

die allgemeine Meinung geht dahin, dass … the general opinion is that …, the conventional wisdom is that …;

jemandem (gehörig) die Meinung sagen give sb a piece of one’s mind; → öffentlich A, vorgefasst

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idea n.

mind n.

opinion n.

the objective evaluation of the worth of a person or his work (independent of his status, rank, popularity etc): honest (objective) rating.