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1 specific difference
1) Общая лексика: видовое различие2) Психология: специфическое различие -
2 specific difference
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3 specific difference
специфическое различие; видовое различиеАнгло-русский словарь по психоаналитике > specific difference
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4 SPECIFIC DIFFERENCE
[N]DIFFERENTIA (-AE) (F) -
5 vishesa (In Indian philosophy, specific difference, which singles out an individual of a class)
Религия: вишесаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > vishesa (In Indian philosophy, specific difference, which singles out an individual of a class)
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6 ♦ specific
♦ specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/A a.1 specifico ( anche fis.); preciso; esatto: Could you be more specific?, potresti essere più preciso?; (mecc.) specific weight, peso specifico; a specific remedy (o a specific medicine) un rimedio specifico; specific orders, ordini precisi, tassativi; for no specific reason, senza un preciso motivo; the specific name of a plant, il nome esatto (o scientifico) di una pianta2 caratteristico; peculiare; particolare: a writer with a specific style, uno scrittore con uno stile caratteristico; a style specific to that school of painters, lo stile peculiare di quella scuola di pitturaB n.1 (farm.) (rimedio) specifico2 (pl.) particolari; dettagli● (rag.) specific cost, costo specifico □ (leg.) specific devise, legato di specie ( di beni immobili) □ (biol.) specific difference, caratteristica che differenzia una specie da un'altra □ (mecc.) specific gravity, densità relativa □ (fis.) specific heat, calore specifico □ (leg.) specific legacy, legato di specie □ (leg.) specific lien, privilegio speciale □ (comm.) specific order, commessa □ specific rate, (ass.) tariffa tabellare; (demogr.) quoziente specifico. -
7 specific
specific [spəˊsɪfɪk]1. a1) определённый, то́чный, конкре́тный; ограни́ченный;specific aim определённая цель
;specific statement то́чно сформули́рованное утвержде́ние
2) характе́рный, осо́бенный3) осо́бый, осо́бенный, специфи́ческий;with no specific aim без како́й-л. осо́бой це́ли
;specific cause специфи́ческая причи́на ( определённой болезни)
;specific remedy (medicine) специфи́ческое сре́дство (лека́рство)
4) биол. видово́й;specific difference видово́е разли́чие
;the specific name of a plant видово́е назва́ние расте́ния
5) физ. уде́льный;specific gravity ( или weight) уде́льный вес
;specific heat уде́льная теплоёмкость
2. n1) уст. специфи́ческое сре́дство, лека́рство2) специфи́ческий аспе́кт, фа́ктор -
8 specific
[spɪˈsɪfɪk]specific биол. видовой; specific difference видовое различие; the specific name of a plant видовое название растения specific заданный specific конкретный specific определенный specific определенный, точный, конкретный; ограниченный; specific aim определенная цель; specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение specific особенный specific особый, особенный, специфический; with no specific aim без (какой-л.) особой цели specific особый specific специальное сообщение specific специальный; определенный; положительно выраженный specific специфический specific специфическое средство, лекарство specific специфичный specific точный specific физ. удельный; specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес; specific heat удельная теплоемкость specific удельный specific характерный, особенный specific характерный specific частный specific определенный, точный, конкретный; ограниченный; specific aim определенная цель; specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение specific cause специфическая причина (определенной болезни); specific remedy (medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство) specific биол. видовой; specific difference видовое различие; the specific name of a plant видовое название растения specific физ. удельный; specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес; specific heat удельная теплоемкость specific физ. удельный; specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес; specific heat удельная теплоемкость specific биол. видовой; specific difference видовое различие; the specific name of a plant видовое название растения specific cause специфическая причина (определенной болезни); specific remedy (medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство) specific определенный, точный, конкретный; ограниченный; specific aim определенная цель; specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение specific особый, особенный, специфический; with no specific aim без (какой-л.) особой цели -
9 specific
spɪˈsɪfɪk
1. прил.
1) а) особенный, особый, специфический;
характерный specific situation ≈ специфическая ситуация Syn: special, particular б) индивидуальный
2) особый, специальный;
отдельный specific guarantee ≈ специальная гарантия
3) определенный, конкретный;
точный Syn: exact, precise, definite
4) биол. видовой
5) физ. удельный specific gravity/weight ≈ удельный вес
2. сущ.
1) специфическое средство, лекарство Syn: drug
2) специальное сообщение специальное, специфическое средство, лекарство от определенной болезни - * for rheumatism верное средство от ревматизма - for an overtaxed brain, recreation is a * активный отдых - вот лучшее лекарство для утомленного мозга специальное сообщение детали, подробности - the legal and financial*s of independence конкретные юридические и финансовые вопросы, связанные с получением независимости особый, специальный - * use of a word особое употребление слова - * mention особое упоминание - * duties (экономика) специфическая пошлина( с веса, длины, объема, а не со стоимости) - with no * aim без какой-либо определенной цели конкретный - * proposals конкретные предложения - * criticisms конкретные критические замечания - in each * case в каждом конкретном случае характерный, специфический - * distinction характерное отличие - disease * to horses болезнь, поражающая только лошадей точный, определенный, ограниченный - * statement точно сформулированное утверждение - * sum of money оговоренная сумма денег (медицина) специфический - * medicine специфическое средство, лекарство от определенной болезни - quinine is highly * for malaria хинин особенно показан при малярии (биология) видовой - * character видовой признак - * epithet видовое название( физическое) удельный - * consumption удельный расход( топлива или смазки) - * gravity удельный вес;
плотность - * heat удельная теплоемкость specific биол. видовой;
specific difference видовое различие;
the specific name of a plant видовое название растения ~ заданный ~ конкретный ~ определенный ~ определенный, точный, конкретный;
ограниченный;
specific aim определенная цель;
specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение ~ особенный ~ особый, особенный, специфический;
with no specific aim без (какой-л.) особой цели ~ особый ~ специальное сообщение ~ специальный;
определенный;
положительно выраженный ~ специфический ~ специфическое средство, лекарство ~ специфичный ~ точный ~ физ. удельный;
specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес;
specific heat удельная теплоемкость ~ удельный ~ характерный, особенный ~ характерный ~ частный ~ определенный, точный, конкретный;
ограниченный;
specific aim определенная цель;
specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение ~ cause специфическая причина( определенной болезни) ;
specific remedy( medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство) specific биол. видовой;
specific difference видовое различие;
the specific name of a plant видовое название растения ~ физ. удельный;
specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес;
specific heat удельная теплоемкость ~ физ. удельный;
specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес;
specific heat удельная теплоемкость specific биол. видовой;
specific difference видовое различие;
the specific name of a plant видовое название растения ~ cause специфическая причина (определенной болезни) ;
specific remedy (medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство) ~ определенный, точный, конкретный;
ограниченный;
specific aim определенная цель;
specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение ~ особый, особенный, специфический;
with no specific aim без (какой-л.) особой целиБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > specific
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10 difference
{'difrəns}
I. 1. разлика, различие, отлика
it makes no DIFFERENCE няма значение, (няма) нищо от това
it makes all the DIFFERENCE това променя всичко
it makes all the DIFFERENCE in the world има огромно значение
to split the DIFFERENCE избирам средна величина, правя компромис (при пазарлък и пр.)
2. отличителен признак/белег
specific DIFFERENCE биол. различие на видовете, остатък, разлика (и мат.), разногласие, несъгласие, конфликт, спор, скарване, предмет на спор
II. 1. отличавам, различавам, правя разлика
2. мат. изчислявам разликата* * *{'difrъns} n 1. разлика, различие; отлика; it makes no difference н(2) {'difrъns} v 1. отличавам, различавам, правя разлика;* * *отличавам; отлика; различие; разлика; разногласие; различавам; несъгласие;* * *1. i. разлика, различие, отлика 2. ii. отличавам, различавам, правя разлика 3. it makes all the difference in the world има огромно значение 4. it makes all the difference това променя всичко 5. it makes no difference няма значение, (няма) нищо от това 6. specific difference биол. различие на видовете, остатък, разлика (и мат.), разногласие, несъгласие, конфликт, спор, скарване, предмет на спор 7. to split the difference избирам средна величина, правя компромис (при пазарлък и пр.) 8. мат. изчислявам разликата 9. отличителен признак/белег* * *difference[´difrəns] I. n 1. разлика, различие; отлика; it makes no \difference няма нищо от това, няма никакво значение, не е от значение (важност); it makes all the \difference in the world whether има огромно значение дали; to split the \difference избираме средната стойност, постигаме компромис; to make a \difference between отнасям се (третирам) нееднакво; with a \difference различен, необикновен, специален; 2. отличителен признак; specific \difference биол. различие на видовете; 3. остатък, разлика (и мат.); a \difference of five miles разлика от 5 мили; 4. разногласие, несъгласие; конфликт, спор; скарване; II. v 1. отличавам, правя разлика, различавам; 2. мат. изчислявам разлика. -
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1. adjective1) особый, особенный, специфический; with no specific aim без какой-л. особой цели; specific cause специфическая причина (определенной болезни); specific remedy (medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство)2) характерный, особенный3) определенный, точный, конкретный; ограниченный; specific aim определенная цель; specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение4) biol. видовой; specific difference видовое различие; the specific name of a plant видовое название растения5) phys. удельный; specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес; specific heat удельная теплоемкостьSyn:definite, explicit, expresssee definiteAnt:ambiguous, evasive, obscure, vague2. noun1) специфическое средство, лекарство2) специальное сообщениеSyn:drug* * *(a) своеобразный; специфический* * *характерный, особый, специфический* * *[spe·cif·ic || spɪ'sɪfɪk] n. специальное средство, специфическое средство, специфическое лекарство, специфический аспект, специфический фактор adj. особый, особенный, конкретный, характерный, специфический, точный, определенный, ограниченный, видовой, удельный* * *определенныйособенособенныйособливыйособыйспециальныйспецифиченспецифическийспецифичныйточныйхарактерный* * *1. прил. 1) а) особенный б) характерный в) индивидуальный 2) особый 3) определенный 2. сущ. 1) специальное средство, лекарство (от определенной болезни) тж. перен. 2) специфика; мн. особенности 3) специальное название; видовое название -
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1. n1) специфічний (спеціальний) засіб; спеціальні ліки від певної хвороби2) спеціальне повідомлення2. adj1) особливий, спеціальний2) мед. специфічнийspecific medicine (remedy) — специфічний засіб (специфічні ліки) від певної хвороби
3) точний, певний; обмежений, конкретний4) біол. видовий5) фіз. питомийspecific legacy — юр. легат, спадкоємна відмова
specific legatee — юр. одержувач спадкоємної відмови
* * *I [spi'sifik] nспеціальний, специфічний засіб, ліки від певної хвороби; спеціальне повідомлення; pl деталі, подробиціII [spi'sifik] a1) особливий, спеціальний2) конкретний3) характерний, специфічний4) точний, певний, обмежений5) мeд. специфічний6) бioл. видовий7) фiз. питомий -
13 specific
[spɪ'sɪfɪk] 1. adj1) специфі́чний; спеціа́льний, особли́вий2) характе́рний3) пе́вний, то́чний, конкре́тний; обме́жений4) біол. видови́йspecific difference — видова́ відмі́нність
the specific name of a plant — видова́ на́зва росли́ни
5) фіз. пито́мий2. nspecific gravity, specific weight — пито́ма вага́
1) заст. специфі́чний за́сіб; лі́ки2) специфі́чний аспе́кт (фа́ктор) -
14 specific
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15 specific-gravity difference
различие по плотностям (грав.)Англо-русский словарь по ядерным испытаниям и горному делу > specific-gravity difference
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16 видовое различие
difference of form, specific differenceБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > видовое различие
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17 vishesa
Религия: (In Indian philosophy, specific difference, which singles out an individual of a class) вишеса -
18 world
wə:ld1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) mundo2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) mundo3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) mundo4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) mundo5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) mundo6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) inmenso7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) mundo•- worldly- worldliness
- worldwide
- World Wide Web
- the best of both worlds
- for all the world
- out of this world
- what in the world? - what in the world
world n mundotr[wɜːld]1 (earth) mundo2 (sphere) mundo3 (life) mundo, vida4 (people) mundowhat is the world coming to? ¿a dónde iremos a parar?5 (large amount, large number)this will make a world of difference to the disabled esto cambiará totalmente la vida de los minusválidos1 (population, peace) mundial; (politics, trade) internacional\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLnot to do something for (all) the world no hacer algo por nada del mundoa man/woman of the world un hombre/una mujer de mundoit's a small world el mundo es un pañueloit's not the end of the world no es el fin del mundoout of this world fenomenal, estupendo,-a, increíble, fantástico,-athe outside world el mundo exteriorthe world is one's oyster el mundo es suyo, tener el mundo a sus piesto be/mean all the world to somebody serlo todo para alguiento be dead/lost to the world estar profundamente dormido,-ato come down in the world venir a menosto go up in the world prosperar, mejorarto have the best of both worlds tener todas las ventajasto live in a world of one's own vivir en su propio mundoto see the world ver mundoto set the world on fire comerse el mundoto think the world of somebody querer mucho a alguien, adorar a alguienWorld Bank Banco Mundialworld champion campeón,-ona mundialWorld Cup el Mundial, los Mundialesworld fair exposición nombre femenino internacionalworld music música étnicaWorld War I primera guerra mundialWorld War II segunda guerra mundialworld ['wərld] adj: mundial, del mundoworld championship: campeonato mundialworld n: mundo maround the world: alrededor del mundoa world of possibilities: un mundo de posibilidadesto think the world of someone: tener a alguien en alta estimato be worlds apart: no tener nada que ver (uno con otro)adj.• mundano, -a adj.• mundial adj.• mundo, -a adj.n.• mundo s.m.• orbe s.m.• siglo s.m.• tierra s.f.wɜːrld, wɜːld1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)[wɜːld]this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
1. N1) (=planet) mundo mour company leads the world in shoe manufacturing — nuestra empresa es líder mundial en la confección de calzado
•
in the best of all possible worlds — en el mejor de los mundos•
it's not the end of the world! * — ¡no es el fin del mundo!•
the tallest man in the world — el hombre más alto del mundo•
the New World — el Nuevo Mundo•
the Old World — el Viejo Mundo•
she has travelled all over the world — ha viajado por todo el mundoit's the same the world over — es igual en todo el mundo, es igual vayas a donde vayas
•
in a perfect world this would be possible — en un mundo ideal or perfecto esto sería posible•
you have to start living in the real world — tienes que empezar a afrontar la vida or la realidad•
to go round the world — dar la vuelta al mundo•
to see the world — ver mundo•
to take the world as it is — aceptar la realidad, aceptar las cosas como son•
the worst of all possible worlds — el peor de todos los mundos posibles- have the world at one's feet- live in a world of one's own- feel on top of the worlddead 1., 1), money 1., 1), third 4.2) (=realm) mundo m•
the animal world — el reino animal•
the Arab world — el mundo árabe•
the business world — el mundo de los negocios•
the English-speaking world — el mundo de habla inglesa•
the plant world — el reino vegetal•
the world of sport — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the sporting world — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the Western world — el mundo occidental3) (=society) mundo mher blouse was undone for all the world to see — tenía la blusa desabrochada a la vista de todo el mundo
•
to be alone in the world — estar solo en el mundo, no tener a nadie en el mundo- come down in the world- go up in the worldman 1., 1), outside 3., 1), way 1., 2)4) (=life) mundo min this world — en esta vida, en este mundo
•
to bring a child into the world — traer a un niño al mundo•
to come into the world — venir al mundo•
in the next world — en la otra vida, en el otro mundo•
the other world — el otro mundo- have the best of both worlds•
for all the world as if it had never happened — como si nunca hubiera ocurrido•
they're worlds apart — son totalmente opuestos or diferentes, no tiene nada que ver el uno con el otrothey're worlds apart politically — políticamente los separa un abismo, mantienen posiciones políticas totalmente diferentes
•
there's a world of difference between... — hay un mundo or abismo entre...•
I'd give the world to know — daría todo el oro del mundo por saberlo•
it did him the world of good — le sentó de maravilla, le hizo la mar de bien *•
nothing in the world would make me do it — no lo haría por nada del mundohow in the world did you manage to do it? * — ¿cómo demonios or diablos conseguiste hacerlo?
what in the world were you thinking of! * — ¡qué demonios or diablos estabas pensando! *
where in the world has he got to? * — ¿dónde demonios or diablos se ha metido? *
why in the world did you do that? * — ¿por qué demonios or diablos hiciste eso? *
•
she means the world to me — ella significa muchísimo para mí•
not for all the world — por nada del mundo•
he promised me the world — me prometió la luna•
to think the world of sb — tener a algn en gran estima2.CPD [economy, proportions] mundial; [events, news] internacional; [trade] internacional, mundial; [tour] mundial, alrededor del mundoWorld Bank N — Banco m Mundial
world beater N — campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world champion N — campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world championship N — campeonato m mundial, campeonato m del mundo
the World Cup N — (Ftbl) la Copa Mundial, la Copa del Mundo
world fair N — feria f universal
World Heritage Site N — lugar m patrimonio de la humanidad
world language N — lengua f universal
world leader N — [of country, company] líder m mundial; (=politician) jefe(-a) m / f de estado
world market N — mercado m mundial
world market price N — precio m (del mercado) mundial
world music N — músicas fpl del mundo, world music f
world order N — orden m mundial
world power N — (=country) potencia f mundial
world premiere N — estreno m mundial
world record N — récord m mundial
world's champion N — (US) campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
World Series N — (US) campeonato m mundial de béisbol
See:see cultural note BASEBALL in baseballWorld Service N — (Brit) servicio internacional de la BBC
world title N — título m mundial
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the World Trade Organization — la Organización Mundial del Comercioworld view N — cosmovisión f
World War One/Two — la Primera/Segunda Guerra Mundial
* * *[wɜːrld, wɜːld]1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
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19 distinction
[dɪ'stɪŋkʃn]1) (differentiation) distinzione f.2) (difference) differenza f.3) (pre-eminence) merito m.to have the distinction of doing — (have the honour) avere l'onore di fare; (be the only one) avere la particolarità di fare
4) (elegance) distinzione f., raffinatezza f.5) (specific honour) decorazione f., onorificenza f.6) scol. univ. menzione f.* * *[-ʃən]1) ((the making of) a difference: He makes no distinction between male and female employees with regard to pay.) distinzione2) (a grade awarded that indicates outstanding ability or achievement: She passed her exams with distinction.) distinzione; riconoscimento* * *[dɪ'stɪŋkʃn]1) (differentiation) distinzione f.2) (difference) differenza f.3) (pre-eminence) merito m.to have the distinction of doing — (have the honour) avere l'onore di fare; (be the only one) avere la particolarità di fare
4) (elegance) distinzione f., raffinatezza f.5) (specific honour) decorazione f., onorificenza f.6) scol. univ. menzione f. -
20 BIOS
['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)What is BIOS?BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:What is firmware?Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.What is the difference between memory and disk storage?Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.What is RAM?RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.What is ROM?ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.What is an ACPI BIOS?ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.What is CMOS?CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.htmlMost commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:Press F2 to enter SetupMany newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.
См. также в других словарях:
specific — spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the peculiar… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific character — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific disease — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific duty — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific gravity — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific heat — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific inductive capacity — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific legacy — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific name — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Specific performance — specific spe*cif ic (sp[ e]*s[i^]f [i^]k), a. [F. sp[ e]cifique, or NL. spesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. {specify}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
specific — adj. & n. adj. 1 clearly defined; definite (has no specific name; told me so in specific terms). 2 relating to a particular subject; peculiar (a style specific to that). 3 a of or concerning a species (the specific name for a plant). b possessing … Useful english dictionary
