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41 crude
[kruːd] 1.2) (unsophisticated) [person, manners] rude; [attempt, expression] grossolano3) (vulgar, rude) [language, joke] volgare; [ person] rude, rozzo4) (unprocessed) [ rubber] grezzo, non lavorato; [ statistic] bruto, approssimativo2.* * *[kru:d]1) (unrefined: crude oil.) greggio2) (rough or primitive: a crude shelter.) rozzo, rude•- crudity* * *[kruːd]1) (pej: clumsy, unsophisticated: method, idea) rozzo (-a), (light, colour) violento (-a)2) (simple: device, tool) rudimentale, (drawing) (appena) abbozzato (-a)3) (vulgar) volgare, grossolano (-a)4) (unprocessed: materials) grezzo (-a), (oil) greggio (-a)2. n(also: crude oil) (petrolio) greggioFALSE FRIEND: crude is not translated by the Italian word crudo* * *crude /kru:d/A a.2 (fig.) grezzo; rozzo; rudimentale; appena abbozzato: a crude log cabin, una rudimentale capanna di tronchi; a crude scheme, un progetto appena abbozzato4 grossolano; rozzo; rude; grezzo: a crude fellow, un individuo rozzo; crude manners, maniere rudi; a crude conversation, una conversazione grossolana5 nudo (fig.); puro e semplice (fig.): the crude reality, la nuda realtà; the crude facts, i fatti puri (e semplici)B n.● (ind. petrolifera) crude assay, saggio del greggio □ (ind. min.) crude ore, grezzo di miniera; tout-venant.* * *[kruːd] 1.2) (unsophisticated) [person, manners] rude; [attempt, expression] grossolano3) (vulgar, rude) [language, joke] volgare; [ person] rude, rozzo4) (unprocessed) [ rubber] grezzo, non lavorato; [ statistic] bruto, approssimativo2. -
42 ♦ machine
♦ machine /məˈʃi:n/n.1 macchina ( che produce lavoro; cfr. engine, macchina che produce energia; anche fig.); calcolatore: sewing machine, macchina da cucire; washing machine, lavatrice; lavabiancheria; milking machine, mungitrice meccanica; (mecc.) simple machine, macchina semplice; to operate a machine, azionare una macchina; (fig.) Routine has turned him into a machine, la routine lo ha trasformato in una macchina (o in un robot)3 distributore automatico ( di bevande, sigarette, ecc.); DIALOGO → - Parking- Where's the ticket machine?, dov'è il parchimetro?4 (fam.) macchina (da scrivere)5 (fam.) lavatrice; lavabiancheria6 (fam.) lavastoviglie7 (fam.) segreteria telefonica● machine accounting, contabilità meccanizzata □ (mecc.) machine bolt, bullone □ (comput.) machine code, codice macchina □ (mecc.) machine drill, perforatrice meccanica □ (mil.) machine gun, mitragliatrice □ (mil.) machine-gunner, mitragliere □ (mil.) machine-gunning, mitragliamento □ (cronot.) machine-hours, ore (di) macchina □ (comput.) machine language, linguaggio macchina □ machine-made, fatto (o lavorato) a macchina □ (polit.) machine man, uomo dell'apparato □ (comput.) machine readable, leggibile dalla macchina □ machine shop, officina meccanica; (ind.) reparto macchine □ machine tool, macchina utensile □ machine translation, traduzione automatica □ ( di un capo di vestiario) machine washable, lavabile in lavatrice □ machine work, lavorazione a macchina.(to) machine /məˈʃi:n/v. t.4 (ind., metall.) lavorare alla macchina utensile. -
43 жила
* * *жи́ла ж. горн.
veinжи́ла выкли́нивается на пове́рхность — a vein crops out to the surfaceвыкли́нивание [вы́ход] жи́лы — the outcrop of a veinжи́ла обнажена́ вы́ходами — a vein is exposed by outcropsоткрыва́ть жи́лу — strike a veinпаде́ние жи́лы — the dip of a veinпростира́ние жи́лы — the strike of a veinбокова́я жи́ла — dropperгла́вная жи́ла — main veinжи́ла ка́беля — ( изолированная и снабжённая механической защитой) cable conductor; (изолированная, но без механической защиты) брит. core of a cable; амер. cable conductorжи́ла ка́беля, контро́льная — pilot wireжи́ла ка́беля, многопро́волочная — stranded cable conductorжи́ла ка́беля, плетё́ная — braided cable conductorжи́ла ка́беля, скру́ченная — twisted cable conductorка́мерная жи́ла — chambered veinконта́ктная жи́ла — contact veinле́стничная жи́ла — ladder [linked] veinпластова́я жи́ла — bedded [sheet] veinпроста́я жи́ла — simple veinрубцо́вая жи́ла — gash veinру́дная жи́ла — ore veinседлови́дная жи́ла — saddle veinсеку́щая жи́ла — cross veinсе́тчатая жи́ла — reticulated veinсло́жная жи́ла — complex veinчёткови́дная жи́ла — beaded vein -
44 strada
strada s.f. 1. ( di campagna) route. 2. ( di città) rue: questa finestra dà sulla strada cette fenêtre donne sur la rue. 3. ( molto larga) avenue, boulevard m. 4. ( via non selciata) chemin m. 5. ( vicolo) ruelle. 6. ( percorso) chemin m., route: qual è la strada per andare al municipio? quel est le chemin pour aller à la mairie?; ho segnato la strada sulla carta j'ai indiqué la route sur le plan; insegnare la strada a qcu. expliquer la route à qqn; chiedere la strada a qcu. demander son chemin à qqn, demander la route à qqn. 7. ( cammino) route: ci sono due ore di strada il y a deux heures de route. 8. ( varco) chemin m., passage m.: aprirsi una strada nella neve s'ouvrir un passage dans la neige; farsi strada fra la folla se frayer un passage dans la foule, se frayer un chemin dans la foule. 9. ( fig) voie: mettersi sulla buona strada être sur la bonne voie. 10. ( fig) (mezzo, metodo) voie, chemin m., moyen m.: tentare ogni strada possibile essayer tous les chemins possibles; la strada più semplice sarebbe il silenzio la voie la plus simple serait le silence. 11. ( estens) ( orbita) course, orbite. -
45 single-stamp mill
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46 table
1) стол || настольный2) планшет3) плита4) площадка5) расписание6) сводка7) таблица || составлять таблицу8) стенд9) табель10) табличный•- full contingency table - ground water table - intraclass correlation table - table of normal distribution - table of shuffled tableto set up а plane table — геод. устанавливать мензулу на местности
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47 concedo
con-cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3, v. n. and a. (a strengthened cedo, and corresp. with it in most of its signiff.); lit., to go, walk; hence,I.Neutr., with reference to the terminus a quo, to go or walk away from a place, to depart, retire, withdraw, remove from (in lit. signif. rare but class.).A.In gen.:B.concedite atque abscedite omnes, de viā decedite,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 1; so absol., Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 102; id. Hec. 4, 2, 21; cf.:ipsae concedite silvae,
farewell, Verg. E. 10, 63.—With prep.:a foribus,
Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 82:abs te,
id. Pers. 1, 1, 51:ab oculis alicujus,
Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 17:superis ab oris,
Verg. A. 2, 91:ex aedibus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 57.—With abl. only:oculis,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 16:caelo,
Verg. A. 10, 215:solio,
Sil. 3, 628.—With adv.:hinc,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 158; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 126; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 11.—Esp.1.Pregn. ( = cedo, II. A. 2.), to pass away, disappear, vanish, in Tac. (with and without vitā), to depart from life, die:2.tumor et irae Concessere deūm,
Verg. A. 8, 41:vitā,
to die, Tac. A. 1, 3; 3, 30; 6, 39; 12, 39; 14, 51; and absol.: quandoque concessero, id. ib. 4, 38; 13, 30;the same: concessit superis ab oris,
Verg. A. 2, 91; cf.:vitā per auras concessit ad Manes,
id. ib. 10, 820. —With dat. or absol., prop. qs. to go out of the way for one (on account of his wishes, or his superior power or excellence), i. e. to yield to, submit, give way to, adapt one's self to.a.To yield or submit to power or compulsion:b.ut magnitudini medicinae doloris magnitudo concederet,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 29, 63:certum est, concedere homini nato nemini,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 15:neque nox quoquam concedit die (i. e. diei),
id. Am. 1, 1, 120 (cf. id. ib. 1, 3, 48): cedant arma togae, concedat laurea linguae, Cic. Poët. Off. 1, 22, 77 (cf. id. Pis. 30, 74, and Quint. 11, 1, 24):bellum ac tumultum paci atque otio concessurum,
id. Pis. 30, 73:voluptatem concessuram dignitati,
id. Fin. 3, 1, 1:injuriae,
Sall. J. 14, 24:obsidioni,
i. e. permit, Tac. A. 13, 40:operi meo concedite,
Ov. M. 8, 393; id. F. 1, 222:naturae,
i. e. to die, Sall. J. 14, 15; so,fato,
Plin. Pan. 11, 3:fatis magnis,
Val. Fl. 1, 554:apparebat aut hostibus aut civibus de victoriā concedendum esse,
Liv. 4, 6, 6; cf. so impers.:postquam concessum propemodum de victoriā credebant,
id. 3, 60, 4.—To give place to in excellence, dignity, rank, etc., to yield to, to give precedence:c.me amantissimum tui, nemini concedentem,
Cic. Fam. 10, 3, 2; so id. ib. 4, 3, 1;4, 3, 4: etsi de cupiditate nemini concedam,
id. Att. 12, 47, 2:sese unis Suebis concedere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 7:majestati ejus viri concedere,
Liv. 6, 6, 7:aetati,
Sall. J. 11, 4; id. H. Fragm. 1, 17; cf. so impers.:Sulla, cujus facundiae, non aetati a Manlio concessum,
id. J. 102, 4:vigenti Silio,
Tac. A. 3, 43:seniori Sentio,
id. ib. 2, 74:ut vix Apronio illi de familiaritate concedere videatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 44, § 108:Antario Varoque de gloriā,
Tac. H. 3, 64:nemini in illa causā studio et cupiditate concedere,
Cic. Deiot. 10, 28:nec amore in hanc patriam nobis concedunt,
Tac. A. 11, 24:nec, si muneribus certes, concedat Iollas,
Verg. E. 2, 57.—With acc. of quantity (cf. 3. infra):magistro tantulum de arte,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 118:alicui quicquam in desperatione,
id. Att. 14, 18, 3. —To yield, submit to one's will, comply with one's wishes:d.ut tibi concedam, neque tuae libidini advorsabor,
Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 3:matri meae,
id. ib. 3, 5, 28:concessit senatus postulationi tuae,
Cic. Mur. 23, 47:jurisconsultis concedi,
id. Caecin. 24, 67.— Impers.:Caesar... concedendum non putabat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7.—Like sunchôrein tini, to assent to, concede to:e.nunquamne hodie concedes mihi Neque intelleges, etc.,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 22 (credes, consenties, Ruhnk.):stultum me fateor, liceat concedere veris,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 305 (cf. in Gr. sunchôrein têi alêtheiai).—To assent to, grant, pardon, allow, etc.:3.quos (judices) alienis peccatis concessuros putes, quo facilius ipsis peccare liceat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 96, § 223:poëtae non ignoscit, nobis concedit,
id. de Or. 3, 51, 198:dicto concedi,
id. Rosc. Am. 1, 3:cui (vitio) si concedere nolis,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 140; cf. id. ib. 1, 3, 85.—Hence (cf. cedo, II. A. 3. fin.),Act., with acc. (and dat.) aliquid alicui.a.To grant, concede, allow; to consign something over to, to resign, yield, vouchsafe, confirm to, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and species of composition):(β).illum mihi aequius est quam me illi quae volo concedere,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 47:si nunc de tuo jure concessisses paululum,
Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 9:partem octavam pretii,
Plin. Ep. 8, 2, 3:date hoc et concedite pudori meo, ut, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 32; cf. Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 16:alicui primas in dicendo partis,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 49:amicis quicquid velint,
id. Lael. 11, 38:neque quicquam illius audaciae,
id. Caecin. 35, 103:doctrinam alicui,
Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf.:artes tibi,
Cic. Quint. 30, 93:intellegentiam, prudentiam,
Quint. 12, 1, 3:principatum imperii maritimi Atheniensibus,
Nep. Timoth. 2, 2; cf. id. Dion, 6, 3; Suet. Aug. 66; id. Tib. 4; Prop. 2 (3), 15, 37; cf.:tempus quieti, aut luxuriae,
Sall. J. 61, 3:tempestivum pueris ludum,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 142:libertatem his,
Caes. B. G. 4, 15 fin.:vitam alicui,
Suet. Caes. 68; id. Aug. 13; 16: crimen gratiae, i. e. to accuse or inform against for the sake of favor, Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 19:peccata alicui,
to pardon him, id. Verr. 2, 1, 49, § 128:delicta,
Suet. Ner. 29.— Pass.: Siciliam nimis celeri desperatione rerum concessam, [p. 397] had been ceded, given up, Liv. 21, 1, 5:Scaevolae concessa est facundiae virtus,
Quint. 12, 3, 9; 10, 1, 100 et saep.:acrius... Ulcisci, quam nunc concessum est legibus aequis,
Lucr. 5, 1148; cf. Nep. Them. 10 fin.; Suet. Tib. 18.— Poet., with in and acc.:concessit in iras Ipse... genitor Calydona Dianae,
gave over to be punished, Verg. A. 7, 305.—With dat. and inf.:(γ).nec nostrā dicere linguā Concedit nobis patrii sermonis egestas,
Lucr. 1, 831; so,ducere neptem,
Cat. 64, 29:esse poëtis,
Hor. A. P. 373; Suet. Aug. 44 et saep.— Impers. pass.:de re publicā nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 20 fin.:quo mihi fortunam, si non conceditur uti,
Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 12; Quint. 12, 1, 37; 12, 1, 42; 8, 6, 76; Suet. Ner. 12:servis quoque pueros hujus aetatis verberare concedimus,
Curt. 8, 8, 3:concedunt plangere matri,
Stat. Th. 6, 134:cum accusare etiam palam concessum sit,
Quint. 6, 3, 28; 2, 17, 27; 11, 3, 150: 8, 3, 30; 12, 3, 8 al.— Poet.:fatis numquam concessa moveri Camarina,
not allowed. forbidden to be removed, Verg. A. 3, 700; cf.also personally: haec ubi conceduntur esse facta, for conceditur haec esse facta,
Cic. Caecin. 15, 44.—With acc. and inf.:(δ).non omnia corpora vocem Mittere concedis,
you grant, Lucr. 2, 835:oculos falli,
id. 4, 380; Quint. 2, 5, 25:culpam inesse concedam,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 28, 76:poëtas legendos oratori futuro,
Quint. 1, 10, 29.— Pass. impers.:concedatur profecto verum esse, ut, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 14, 50. —With ut or ne:(ε).nec vero histrionibus oratoribusque concedendum est, ut iis haec apta sint, nobis dissoluta,
Cic. Off. 1, 35, 129:verum concedo tibi ut ea praetereas, quae, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:concedant ut viri boni fuerint,
id. Lael. 5, 18; id. de Or. 1, 13, 57; Lucr. 2, 658:non concedo, ut sola sint,
Quint. 6, 2, 11 al.: cui concedi potest, ut? etc., Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 5, 13, 21:ut concedatur ne in conspectum veniat,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 48.—With a simple subj.:(ζ).concedo sit dives,
Cat. 114, 5; Ov. A. A. 1, 523. —Absol.:b.beatos esse deos sumpsisti: concedimus,
Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 89; id. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78; cf. Quint. 1, 1, 2:consules neque concedebant neque valde repugnabant,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 2; Caes. B. G. 1, 44.—= condono, to grant or yield something to one as a favor or from regard, to desist from, forbear, give up; forgive, pardon:II.inimicitias rei publicae,
to give up for the sake of the State, Cic. Prov. Cons. 18, 44:petitionem alicui,
from regard to, id. Phil. 2, 2, 4:peccata liberum parentum misericordiae,
id. Clu. 69, 195:cum Marcellum senatui reique publicae concessisti,
id. Marcell. 1, 3:ut concessisti illum (sc. Marcellum) senatui, sic da hunc (sc. Ligarium) populo,
as you have pardoned him in deference to the Senate, id. Lig. 12, 37; cf. Nep. Att. 7 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 55; 4, 31:Montanus patri concessus est,
id. ib. 16, 33 fin.Neutr., in respect to the terminus ad quem, to go, walk, betake one's self somewhere, to retire, withdraw to, etc.; with ad, in, or adv.:B.tantisper hic ego ad januam concessero,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 5, 6 Wagn.; cf.:ad Manes,
i. e. to die, Verg. A. 10, 820:ad victorem,
Tac. H. 2, 51:ad dexteram,
Ter. And. 4, 4, 12:caeli distributio docet unde fulmen venerit, quo concesserit,
Cic. Div. 2, 20, 45; so Lucr. 1, 380:huc,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 4, 2, 28; id. Trin. 2, 4, 116; Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 122; Caecil. ap. Non. p. 270, 8:istuc,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 56; Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 39:vis animae in altum,
Lucr. 4, 919:in delubrum,
Liv. 30, 20, 6:in hiberna,
id. 26, 20, 6; cf.:Carthaginem Novam in hiberna,
id. 21, 15, 3:Argos habitatum,
Nep. Them. 8, 1:Cythnum,
Tac. A. 3, 69:Neapolin,
id. ib. 14, 10:Patavium,
id. H. 3, 11:in insulam,
id. ib. 5, 19:in turbam,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 143:trans Rhenum,
Tac. H. 5, 23:concede huc a foribus,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 48:hinc intro,
id. Ps. 1, 5, 158; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 126:hinc aliquo ab ore eorum,
id. Heaut. 3, 3, 11; cf.:aliquo ab eorum oculis,
Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 17:hinc rus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 7.—Trop.: in aliquid, of entering into an alliance, yielding to, etc., to agree or consent to, to assent, to submit, yield, or resign one's self, to acquiesce in, to go or pass over to any thing (freq. in the histt.):mulier, conjuncta viro, concessit in unum Conubium,
Lucr. 5, 1010; cf.:in matrimonium,
Just. 24, 2, 10: victi omnes in gentem nomenque imperantium concessere, were merged in, passed over into, Sall. J. 18, 12; so,in paucorum potentium jus atque dicionem,
id. C. 20, 7; cf.:in dicionem,
Liv. 38, 16, 9:in dominationem,
Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 22 Gerl.:in deditionem,
Liv. 28, 7, 9; 39, 2, 4; 42, 53, 7:in Tyrias leges,
Sil. 15, 6:in condiciones,
Liv. 2, 33, 1:in sententiam,
id. 32, 23, 12; 32, 36, 8; Tac. A. 1, 79 fin.; cf.: in illos, assent to, yield to them, Cic. Fragm. ap. Aug. contr. Avid. 3, 7:in partes,
Tac. H. 2, 1. -
48 exerceo
ex-ercĕo, ŭi, itum, 2, v. a. [arceo], to drive on, keep busy, keep at work; to oversee, superintend; with an inanimate object, to work, work at, employ one's self about a thing.I.Lit. (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose):II.quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae, Si sumas in illis (servis) exercendis, plus agas,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 22; cf.:homines qui agrum colunt, et qui eos exercent praepositive sunt his, quorum in numero sunt vilici et monitores,
who oversee them, Dig. 33, 7, 8:exercete, viri, tauros,
Verg. G. 1, 210:i sane, ego te exercebo hodie, ut dignus es,
keep agoing, exercise, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 48:corpora assiduo varioque exercita motu, etc.,
driven, impelled, Lucr. 2, 97; cf. id. 4, 862; 2, 120; and:exercita cursu Flumina (with fontes liquidi),
Verg. G. 3, 529 Wagn.:(Maeandros) Incertas exercet aquas,
Ov. M. 8, 165:exercere feras,
to drive, hunt, Dig. 7, 1, 62: Mi. Gestiunt pugni mihi. So. Si in me exercituru's, quaeso in parietem ut primum domes, to let loose, set them at me, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:litus arant Rutulosque exercent vomere colles,
work, till, Verg. A. 7, 798:solum presso sub vomere,
id. G. 2, 356:rura bubus,
Hor. Epod. 2, 3:humum in messem,
Verg. G. 1, 219:vineas, arbusta, campos (with curare),
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 16:agrum multis arationibus,
Pall. Jan. 13, 2:pinguia culta,
Verg. A. 10, 142:ferrum vasto in antro (Cyclopes),
id. ib. 8, 424:telas (aranea),
Ov. M. 6, 145 al.; cf.: neque arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, quibus exercendis reservemur, Tac. Agr. 31.— Poet.:ut possint (aratores), sole reducto, Exercere diem,
i. e. employ the day in labor, perform their day's work, Verg. A. 10, 808.Trop. (freq. and class.).A. (α).Aliquem or aliquid ( in aliqua re, ad aliquid, aliqua re, etc.):(β).me adolescentem multos annos in studio ejusdem laudis (Hortensius) exercuit,
Cic. Brut. 64, 230:quod genus belli esse potest, in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:a Diodoto studiosissime in dialectica exercebar,
id. Brut. 90, 309; cf. id. de Or. 1, 57, 244:hanc (animi vim) tu exerce in optimis rebus,
id. Rep. 6, 26:haec aetas (juvenum) exercenda in labore patientiaque et animi et corporis,
id. Off. 1, 34, 122:animos in armis,
Ov. Am. 1, 8, 41:in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,
Verg. A. 6, 642:vocem et vires in hoc,
Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149 et saep.:Aristoteles adolescentes... ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem exercuit,
id. Or. 14, 46:ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit,
id. Cat. 1, 10, 25:facultatem dicendi his exercuerunt,
Quint. 2, 4, 41:ingenium multiplici variaque materia,
id. 2, 4, 20:linguas litibus,
Ov. M. 6, 375 et saep.—With simple acc.:quid te exercuit Pammenes?
Cic. Brut. 97, 332:Induciomarus copias cogere, exercere coepit,
to exercise, drill, Caes. B. G. 5, 55, 3:juventutis exercendae causa,
id. ib. 6, 23, 6:ingenium nostrum,
Auct. Her. 3, 21, 34:corpus,
Cic. de Off. 1, 23, 79:exercendae memoriae gratia,
id. de Sen. 11, 38:exercendi stili,
Quint. 10, 5, 15:exercendus est spiritus,
id. 11, 3, 54 et saep.—With se, or pass. in mid. force; and in part. praes. and gerund., to exercise or train one's self, to practise:B.si ad hoc unum est natus aut in hoc solo se exercuit, etc.,
Cic. Or. 28, 99:se vehementissime in his subitis dictionibus,
id. de Or. 1, 33, 152:se in consultationibus,
id. Att. 9, 4, 3:sese ad cursuram,
Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 5:se ad velitationem,
id. Rud. 2, 6, 41:sese quotidianis commentationibus,
Cic. Brut. 71, 249:se genere pugnae,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 4:se genere venationis,
id. ib. 6, 28, 3:se saliendo,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 25:cur non in utrumque protinus locum se exerceant?
Quint. 4, 2, 29 Zumpt N. cr.:Jovem Olympium, eum ipsum, cui se exercebit, implorabit,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 40:cum athletas se exercentes in curriculo videret,
id. de Sen. 9, 27; so,ad virtutem,
Vulg. 1 Tim. 4, 7.—Mid.: ut exerceamur in venando,
Cic. N. D. 2, 64, 161:ut in utrumque locum simul exerceamur,
Quint. 5, 13, 50:faciunt idem, cum exercentur, athletae,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:Ciceronis pueri amant inter se, discunt, exercentur,
id. Att. 6, 1, 12:ne aliter exerceri velint,
Quint. 3, 8, 70:in mandatis tuis exercebor,
Vulg. Psa. 118, 15.— Act. part. in mid. force:cum, ceteris in campo exercentibus, in herba ipse recubuisset,
Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 287; so,ipsique dictata exercentibus darent,
Suet. Caes. 26:spectavit assidue et exercentes ephebos,
id. Aug. 98; cf.:si ludicra exercendi aut venandi consuetudine adamare solemus,
of exercising ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 69, v. Madv. ad h. l.—To practise, follow, exercise any employment; to employ one's self about, to make use of any thing:2.medicinae exercendae causa,
Cic. Clu. 63, 178:hoc civile quod vocant eatenus exercuerunt, quoad populum praestare voluerunt,
id. Leg. 1, 4, 14:rhetoricen,
Quint. 2, 1, 3; 2, 15, 27:eloquentiam,
id. 1, 4, 6:artem,
id. 3, 6, 18; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44:exercere atque exigere vectigalia,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 16:cauponam vel stabulum,
Dig. 4, 9, 1, § 5:navem,
ib. 14, 1, 1:auri, argenti, sulphuris, etc.... fodinas,
ib. 7, 1, 13, § 5:negotiationem per libertos,
ib. 26, 7, 58:commercium turis,
Plin. 12, 14, 30, § 54:arma,
Verg. A. 4, 87:arma contra patriam,
Tac. A. 11, 16:gymnasia et otia et turpes amores,
id. ib. 6, 1:acies pueriles,
batiles in sport, Juv. 15, 60:pharetram et arcum,
Val. Fl. 3, 161:vocem (with clamare),
Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—To follow up, follow out, prosecute, carry into effect, practise, administer:C.judicium,
Cic. Arch. 12, 32:latam legem,
Liv. 4, 51, 4:Tiberius exercendas leges esse respondit,
Tac. A. 1, 72: [p. 684] legem praecipue sumptuariam, Suet. Caes. 43; id. Tib. 58:quaestionem inter sicarios,
Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 54:regnum,
Plin. 10, 21, 24, § 47; cf.imperia,
Verg. G. 2, 370:crudelitatem non solum in vivo sed etiam in mortuo,
Cic. Phil. 11, 3, 8:inimicitias,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; cf.:graves inimicitias cum aliquo,
Sall. C. 49, 2:gratiam aut inimicitias in tanta re,
id. ib. 51, 16:jurgia, discordia, simultates cum hostibus,
id. ib. 9, 2:cui exercita cum Pisone amicitia,
Tac. A. 1, 14:licentiam,
id. ib. 13, 47:amicitiam,
id. ib. 15, 60:odium,
id. ib. 13, 37:odium in aliquo,
Ov. M. 9, 275 et saep.:facilitatem et lenitudinem animi,
Cic. Off. 1, 25, 88:juris aequabilitatem,
id. ib.; cf.justitiam,
Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 10:scelus, libidinem, avaritiam in socios,
Liv. 29, 17, 13; cf.:avaritiam (juvenes) exercere jubentur,
Juv. 14, 108:foede victoriam in captis,
Liv. 6, 22, 4:acerrume victoriam nobilitatis in plebem,
Sall. J. 16, 2:foede et crudeliter victoriam,
id. C. 38:amores ad aliquem,
Cat. 68, 69:pacem et hymenaeos,
to celebrate, solemnize, Verg. A. 4, 99:nomen patris,
to bear his name, Plin. Pan. 21, 4 et saep.—Pregn., to disturb, disquiet, vex, plague (the figure being taken from the baiting of wild beasts):A.meos casus, in quibus me fortuna vehementer exercuit,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 1, 3:nunc me reliquiae vestrae exercent,
id. Fam. 12, 4, 1:non te nullius exercent numinis irae,
Verg. G. 4, 453:aliquem odiis,
id. A. 4, 622 et saep.:te de praedio Oviae exerceri, moleste fero,
Cic. Att. 13, 22, 4:ergo exercentur poenis,
Verg. A, 6, 739:hominum vitam curis,
Lucr. 5, 1424:ambitio animos hominum exercet,
Sall. C. 11, 1:simultates nimio plures et exercuerunt eum et ipse exercuit eas,
Liv. 39, 40, 9.—In the part. perf.:nate, Iliacis exercite fatis,
Verg. A. 3, 182:Venus exercita curis,
id. ib. 5, 779; cf.:curis exercita corpora,
Ov. M. 7, 634:adversis probitas exercita rebus,
id. Tr. 5, 5, 49: habere aliquem exercitum, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 6, 4.—Hence, exercĭ-tus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II. C.).Vexed, harassed:B.scito nihil tam exercitum esse nunc Romae quam candidatos omnibus iniquitatibus,
Cic. Att. 1, 11, 2:Tiberius tantis rebus,
Tac. A. 4, 11.— Hence,Vexatious, severe:C.quid magis sollicitum, magis exercitum dici potest?
Cic. Mil. 2, 5:finem tam exercitae militiae orabant,
Tac. A. 1, 35:dura hiems, exercita aestas,
id. ib. 1, 17:aestas (with inquieta),
Plin. Ep. 7, 2, 2:infantiam pueritiamque habuit laboriosam et exercitam,
Suet. Tib. 6 init. —Disciplined:(miles) exercitatus et vetus ob eam rem fortior (opp. rudis et inexercitatus),
Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38:mirum in modum juventus,
Flor. 1, 3, 2:proprio in metu, qui exercitam quoque eloquentiam debilitat,
Tac. A. 3, 67:militia,
id. ib. 3, 20:ad omne flagitium,
id. ib. 14, 2:ingenium adulatione,
id. H. 4, 4:Graeca doctrina ore tenus,
id. A. 15, 45.— Comp. and sup.: exercitiorem, exercitissimum (dicebant antiqui), Paul. ex Fest. p. 81, 8 Müll. — Adv.: exercĭtē, in a practised manner; in comp.:cogitare,
App. M. 11, p. 272, 6. -
49 quei
1.qui, quae, quod (old forms: nom. quei; gen. quojus; dat. quoi, and in inscrr. QVOEI, QVOIEI, and QVEI; abl. qui; plur. ques or queis; fem. QVAI; neutr. qua; dat. and abl. queis and quĭs.—Joined with cum: quocum, quācum, quicum, quibuscum;I.rarely cum quo,
Liv. 7, 33:cum quibus,
id. 4, 5. — Placed also before other prepositions: quas contra, quem propter, etc.; v. h. praepp.), pron.Interrog., who? which? what? what kind or sort of a? (adjectively; while quis, quid is used substantively; qui, of persons, asks for the character, quis usu. for the name).A.In direct questions: quae haec daps est? qui festus dies? what sort of a feast? what kind of a festival? Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 752 P. (a transl. of Hom. Od. 1, 225: tis daïs, tis de homilos hod epleto; cf. Herm. Doctr. Metr. p. 619): Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Th. Qui Chaerea? what Chærea? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 8:B.qui color, nitor, vestitus?
id. ib. 2, 2, 11:qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitandā veritate jucundior?
Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 34:virgo, quae patria est tua?
Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 88:occiso Sex. Roscio, qui primus Ameriam nuntiat?
what sort of a person? Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96.—In indirect discourse:II. A.scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status,
what is the state of the country, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 10:quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori... Hinc canere incipiam,
Verg. G. 1, 3:iste deus qui sit da, Tityre, nobis,
id. E. 1, 18; 2, 19; 3, 8; id. A. 3, 608:nescimus qui sis,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 20:qui sit, qui socium fraudarit, consideremus,
id. Rosc. Com. 6, 17.—As a simple rel.1.With antecedent expressed:2.habebat ducem Gabinium, quīcum quidvis rectissime facere posset,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior fuit,
id. Balb. 5, 11:vir acer, cui, etc.,
id. Brut. 35, 135:vir optimus, qui, etc.,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:Priscus, vir cujus, etc.,
Liv. 4, 46, 10; 23, 7, 4:quod ego fui ad Trasimenum, id tu hodie es,
id. 30, 30, 12:collaria, quae vocantur maelium,
Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 15:coloniam, quam Fregellas appellent,
Liv. 8, 23:sucus, quem opobalsamum vocant,
Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 116:sidere, quod Caniculam appellavimus,
id. 18, 28, 68, § 272. —With pronom. antecedent understood: QVI IN IVS VOCABIT, IVMENTVM DATO, Lex XII. Tabularum: SI ADORAT FVRTO, QVOD NEC MANIFESTVM ESCIT, ib. tab. 2, 1. 8:3.novistine hominem? ridicule rogitas, quīcum una cibum capere soleo,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 60:beati, quīs contigit, etc.,
Verg. A. 1, 95:fac, qui ego sum, esse te,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1. —The rel. freq. agrees with the foll. word:4.est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur,
Sall. C. 55, 3:ealoca, quae Numidia appellatur,
id. J. 18, 11:exstat ejus peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur,
Cic. Brut. 33, 127:justa gloria, qui est fructus virtutis,
id. Pis. 24, 57:domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus,
id. Sest. 42, 91. —Sometimes it agrees with the logical, not the grammatical antecedent:5.ne tu me arbitrare beluam, qui non novisse possim, quīcum aetatem exegerim,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 112:ubi est scelus qui me perdidit?
Ter. And. 3, 5, 1:hoc libro circumcisis rebus, quae non arbitror pertinere ad agriculturam,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 11:abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt,
Sall. J. 41, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:illa furia muliebrium relligionum, qui, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 9, 15: alteram alam mittit, qui satagentibus occurrerent, Auct. B. Afr. 78. —Relating to a remote subject:6.annis ferme DX post Romam conditam Livius fabulam dedit... anno ante natum Ennium: qui (sc. Livius) fuit major natu quam Plautus et Naevius,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; v. the commentators ad loc.; Liv. 21, 26, 2; 31, 38, 10; 37, 14, 2; cf. Krehl ad Prisc. 2, 9, § 48, p. 91.—The antecedent is sometimes repeated after the rel.:7.erant itinera duo, quibus itineribus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6. —In a question, with ne affixed: sed ubi Artotrogus hic est? Art. Stat propter virum fortem... Mil. Quemne ego servavi in campis Curculioniis? whom I saved? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 9:B.quemne ego vidi?
whom I saw? Ter. And. 4, 4, 29.—With an accessory signif., causal or final, joined to the subj.1.As, because, seeing that, since:2.Actio maluimus iter facere pedibus, qui incommodissime navigassemus,
Cic. Att. 5, 9, 1:hospes, qui nihil suspicaretur,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 25, § 64;ingrata es, ore quae caput nostro Incolume abstuleris,
Phaedr. 1, 8, 11.—Qui, with the subj., also follows dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus, etc., answering the question, to or for what? dignus est, qui imperet, i. e. to, Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5:3.dignum esse dicunt, quīcum in tenebris mices,
id. Off. 3, 19, 77:socios haud indignos judicas, quos in fidem receptos tuearis,
Liv. 23, 43:idoneus nemo fuit quem imitarere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 41.—Also after demonstrr. or clauses expressing or implying a quality or degree which is defined or explained in the rel.-clause:4.qui potest temperantiam laudare is, qui ponat summum bonum in voluptate?
Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:nullo modo videre potest quicquam esse utile, quod non honestum sit,
id. ib. 3, 19, 77:non sumus ii, quibus nihil verum esse videatur,
id. N. D. 1, 5, 12:nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat,
id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:quis potest esse tam mente captus, qui neget?
as that, that, to, id. Cat. 3, 9.—To express a purpose, design, in order that, to:C.sunt autem multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 14, 43:Caesar equitatum praemisit, qui viderent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 15:domi creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent,
Nep. Milt. 1, 4. —The rel. serves as a connective, instead of is, ea, id, with a conj.:D.res loquitur ipsa, quae semper valet plurimum,
and this, Cic. Mil. 20, 53:ratio docet esse deos, quo concesso, confitendum est, etc.,
id. N. D. 2, 30, 75.—The rel. sometimes means, by virtue of, according to, such:E.quae tua natura est,
according to your disposition, Cic. Fam. 13, 78, 2:qui meus amor in te est,
such is my love, id. ib. 7, 2, 1.—In neutr. sing.a.Quod signifies,1.As much as, as far as, what, = quantum:2.adjutabo quod potero,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 7:cura, quod potes, ut valeas,
Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 6:quae tibi mandavi, velim ut cures, quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris,
id. Att. 1, 5, 7:tu tamen, quod poteris, nos consiliis juvabis,
id. ib. 10, 2, 2; 11, 2, 2; 11, 12, 4; id. Fam. 3, 2, 2:nihil cuiquam, quod suum dici vellet,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 36:(Epicurus) se unus, quod sciam, sapientem profiteri est ausus,
id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:quod tuo commodo fiat,
id. Fam 4, 2, 4: quod litteris exstet, [p. 1511] id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38:quod sciam,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 14:quod ad me attinet,
as far as depends on me, for my part, Cic. Rosc. Am. 42, 122.— With ellips. of attinet: quod ad Caesarem crebri et non belli de eo rumores, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7; Varr. L. L. 5, § 57 Müll.—With gen.:quod operae,
so much trouble, Cic. Off. 1, 6, 19:quod aeris,
Liv. 8, 20. —Wherein:b.si quid est, Quod mea opera opus sit vobis,
Ter. And. 4, 3, 23.—Quo, abl. neutr., with compp. (with or without hoc, eo, or tanto): quo... eo, by how much, by so much, the... the:III.quo difficilius, hoc praeclarius,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64.—Indef., any one, any; with si, num, ne, v. quis:2. I.quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio majus sit,
Cic. Off. 1, 3, 7:si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48:nisi si qui publice ad eam rem constitutus esset,
Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 65:(BACANALIA) SEI QVA SVNT, S. C. de Bacchan.: ne qui forte putet,
Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 8.Interrog., in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?A.In direct questions:B.quī minus eadem histrioni sit lex quae summo viro?
Plaut. Am. prol. 76:Quī, amabo?
id. Bacch. 1, 1, 19:quī scire possum?
id. ib. 2, 2, 13:Quī in mentem venit tibi istuc facinus facere?
id. ib. 4, 4, 31:Quī non?
id. ib. 5, 2, 44:quī vero dupliciter?
id. Mil. 2, 3, 25:quī vero?
id. Merc. 2, 3, 60:quī scis?
Ter. And. 2, 1, 2:quī istuc facere potuit?
id. Eun. 4, 3, 15:quī potui melius?
id. Ad. 2, 2, 7:sed nos deum nisi sempiternum intellegere quī possumus?
Cic. N. D. 1, 10, 25:quī potest esse in ejusmodi trunco sapientia?
id. ib. 1, 30, 84:quī potest?
id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:quī ego minus in Africam traicerem,
Liv. 28, 43, 18.—In indirect questions:C.nimis demiror, quī illaec me donatum esse aureā paterā sciat,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 133:quī istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:nec quī hoc mihi eveniat scio,
id. Hec. 2, 3, 6:neque videre, quī conveniat,
Liv. 42, 50. —In curses (cf. Gr. pôs, and Lat. utinam), how, would that, if but: quī illum di deaeque magno mactassint malo, Enn. ap. Non. 342, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 377 Vahl.):II. 1.quī te Juppiter dique omnes perduint!
Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 31:quī istum di perdant!
id. Trin. 4, 2, 78:quī te di omnes perdant!
id. ib. 4, 2, 155; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 73.—Ellipt.:quī illi di irati!
Cic. Att. 4, 7, 1.—In gen.: date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 30 (Trag. Rel. v. 233 Vahl.):2.patera, quī Pterela potitare rex est solitus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 104; 1, 3, 37:sucophantia, quī admutiletur miles,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 172; id. Capt. 1, 1, 33; 3, 4, 24:mihi dari... vehicla quī vehar,
id. Aul. 3, 5, 28:multa concurrunt simul, Quī conjecturam hanc facio,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 32:in tantā paupertate decessit, ut quī efferretur, vix reliquerit,
Nep. Arist. 3, 2.—Esp., of price, at what price, for how much, = quanti:B.indica minumo daturus quī sis, quī duci queat,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 41:quī datur, tanti indica,
id. ib. 4, 4, 109:ut quantum possit quīque liceat veneant,
id. Men. 3, 3, 25.—Transf., that, in order that: Ca. Restim volo mihi emere. Ps. Quam ob rem? Ca. Quī me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87:C.ut det, quī fiamus liberi,
id. Aul. 2, 4, 31:facite, fingite, invenite, efficite, quī detur tibi: Ego id agam, mihi quī ne detur,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 34 sq. —Indef. (only with particles of emphasis and assurance; cf. Gr. pôs, and v. Fleck. Krit. Misc. p. 28; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 811; Brix ad Plaut. Capt. 550), in some way, somehow, surely (ante-class.); with hercle:hercle quī, ut tu praedicas, Cavendumst me aps te irato,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 58:hercle quī multo improbiores sunt, quam a primo credidi,
id. Most. 3, 2, 139:hercle quī aequom postulabat senex,
id. Stich. 4, 1, 53; id. Men. 2, 3, 74.—With edepol:edepol quī te de isto multi cupiunt nunc mentirier,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184:edepol quī quom hanc magis contemplo, magis placet,
id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; id. Am. 2, 2, 144.—With at (cf. atquī), and yet, but somehow: Gr. Non audio. Tr. At pol quī audies, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 9; id. Am. 2, 2, 73.— With quippe: horum tibi istic nihil eveniet, quippe quī ubi quod subripias nihil est, Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 22:ea nimiast ratio, quippe quī certo scio, etc.,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 49:quippe quī Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 27.—With ut:an id est sapere, ut quī beneficium a benevolente repudies?
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 11:et eum morbum mi esse, ut quī med opus sit insputarier?
id. Capt. 3, 4, 21; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 49. -
50 qui
1.qui, quae, quod (old forms: nom. quei; gen. quojus; dat. quoi, and in inscrr. QVOEI, QVOIEI, and QVEI; abl. qui; plur. ques or queis; fem. QVAI; neutr. qua; dat. and abl. queis and quĭs.—Joined with cum: quocum, quācum, quicum, quibuscum;I.rarely cum quo,
Liv. 7, 33:cum quibus,
id. 4, 5. — Placed also before other prepositions: quas contra, quem propter, etc.; v. h. praepp.), pron.Interrog., who? which? what? what kind or sort of a? (adjectively; while quis, quid is used substantively; qui, of persons, asks for the character, quis usu. for the name).A.In direct questions: quae haec daps est? qui festus dies? what sort of a feast? what kind of a festival? Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 752 P. (a transl. of Hom. Od. 1, 225: tis daïs, tis de homilos hod epleto; cf. Herm. Doctr. Metr. p. 619): Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Th. Qui Chaerea? what Chærea? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 8:B.qui color, nitor, vestitus?
id. ib. 2, 2, 11:qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitandā veritate jucundior?
Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 34:virgo, quae patria est tua?
Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 88:occiso Sex. Roscio, qui primus Ameriam nuntiat?
what sort of a person? Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96.—In indirect discourse:II. A.scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status,
what is the state of the country, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 10:quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori... Hinc canere incipiam,
Verg. G. 1, 3:iste deus qui sit da, Tityre, nobis,
id. E. 1, 18; 2, 19; 3, 8; id. A. 3, 608:nescimus qui sis,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 20:qui sit, qui socium fraudarit, consideremus,
id. Rosc. Com. 6, 17.—As a simple rel.1.With antecedent expressed:2.habebat ducem Gabinium, quīcum quidvis rectissime facere posset,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior fuit,
id. Balb. 5, 11:vir acer, cui, etc.,
id. Brut. 35, 135:vir optimus, qui, etc.,
id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:Priscus, vir cujus, etc.,
Liv. 4, 46, 10; 23, 7, 4:quod ego fui ad Trasimenum, id tu hodie es,
id. 30, 30, 12:collaria, quae vocantur maelium,
Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 15:coloniam, quam Fregellas appellent,
Liv. 8, 23:sucus, quem opobalsamum vocant,
Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 116:sidere, quod Caniculam appellavimus,
id. 18, 28, 68, § 272. —With pronom. antecedent understood: QVI IN IVS VOCABIT, IVMENTVM DATO, Lex XII. Tabularum: SI ADORAT FVRTO, QVOD NEC MANIFESTVM ESCIT, ib. tab. 2, 1. 8:3.novistine hominem? ridicule rogitas, quīcum una cibum capere soleo,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 60:beati, quīs contigit, etc.,
Verg. A. 1, 95:fac, qui ego sum, esse te,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1. —The rel. freq. agrees with the foll. word:4.est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur,
Sall. C. 55, 3:ealoca, quae Numidia appellatur,
id. J. 18, 11:exstat ejus peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur,
Cic. Brut. 33, 127:justa gloria, qui est fructus virtutis,
id. Pis. 24, 57:domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus,
id. Sest. 42, 91. —Sometimes it agrees with the logical, not the grammatical antecedent:5.ne tu me arbitrare beluam, qui non novisse possim, quīcum aetatem exegerim,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 112:ubi est scelus qui me perdidit?
Ter. And. 3, 5, 1:hoc libro circumcisis rebus, quae non arbitror pertinere ad agriculturam,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 11:abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt,
Sall. J. 41, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:illa furia muliebrium relligionum, qui, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 9, 15: alteram alam mittit, qui satagentibus occurrerent, Auct. B. Afr. 78. —Relating to a remote subject:6.annis ferme DX post Romam conditam Livius fabulam dedit... anno ante natum Ennium: qui (sc. Livius) fuit major natu quam Plautus et Naevius,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; v. the commentators ad loc.; Liv. 21, 26, 2; 31, 38, 10; 37, 14, 2; cf. Krehl ad Prisc. 2, 9, § 48, p. 91.—The antecedent is sometimes repeated after the rel.:7.erant itinera duo, quibus itineribus, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6. —In a question, with ne affixed: sed ubi Artotrogus hic est? Art. Stat propter virum fortem... Mil. Quemne ego servavi in campis Curculioniis? whom I saved? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 9:B.quemne ego vidi?
whom I saw? Ter. And. 4, 4, 29.—With an accessory signif., causal or final, joined to the subj.1.As, because, seeing that, since:2.Actio maluimus iter facere pedibus, qui incommodissime navigassemus,
Cic. Att. 5, 9, 1:hospes, qui nihil suspicaretur,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 25, § 64;ingrata es, ore quae caput nostro Incolume abstuleris,
Phaedr. 1, 8, 11.—Qui, with the subj., also follows dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus, etc., answering the question, to or for what? dignus est, qui imperet, i. e. to, Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5:3.dignum esse dicunt, quīcum in tenebris mices,
id. Off. 3, 19, 77:socios haud indignos judicas, quos in fidem receptos tuearis,
Liv. 23, 43:idoneus nemo fuit quem imitarere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 41.—Also after demonstrr. or clauses expressing or implying a quality or degree which is defined or explained in the rel.-clause:4.qui potest temperantiam laudare is, qui ponat summum bonum in voluptate?
Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:nullo modo videre potest quicquam esse utile, quod non honestum sit,
id. ib. 3, 19, 77:non sumus ii, quibus nihil verum esse videatur,
id. N. D. 1, 5, 12:nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat,
id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:quis potest esse tam mente captus, qui neget?
as that, that, to, id. Cat. 3, 9.—To express a purpose, design, in order that, to:C.sunt autem multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 14, 43:Caesar equitatum praemisit, qui viderent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 15:domi creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent,
Nep. Milt. 1, 4. —The rel. serves as a connective, instead of is, ea, id, with a conj.:D.res loquitur ipsa, quae semper valet plurimum,
and this, Cic. Mil. 20, 53:ratio docet esse deos, quo concesso, confitendum est, etc.,
id. N. D. 2, 30, 75.—The rel. sometimes means, by virtue of, according to, such:E.quae tua natura est,
according to your disposition, Cic. Fam. 13, 78, 2:qui meus amor in te est,
such is my love, id. ib. 7, 2, 1.—In neutr. sing.a.Quod signifies,1.As much as, as far as, what, = quantum:2.adjutabo quod potero,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 7:cura, quod potes, ut valeas,
Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 6:quae tibi mandavi, velim ut cures, quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris,
id. Att. 1, 5, 7:tu tamen, quod poteris, nos consiliis juvabis,
id. ib. 10, 2, 2; 11, 2, 2; 11, 12, 4; id. Fam. 3, 2, 2:nihil cuiquam, quod suum dici vellet,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 36:(Epicurus) se unus, quod sciam, sapientem profiteri est ausus,
id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:quod tuo commodo fiat,
id. Fam 4, 2, 4: quod litteris exstet, [p. 1511] id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38:quod sciam,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 14:quod ad me attinet,
as far as depends on me, for my part, Cic. Rosc. Am. 42, 122.— With ellips. of attinet: quod ad Caesarem crebri et non belli de eo rumores, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7; Varr. L. L. 5, § 57 Müll.—With gen.:quod operae,
so much trouble, Cic. Off. 1, 6, 19:quod aeris,
Liv. 8, 20. —Wherein:b.si quid est, Quod mea opera opus sit vobis,
Ter. And. 4, 3, 23.—Quo, abl. neutr., with compp. (with or without hoc, eo, or tanto): quo... eo, by how much, by so much, the... the:III.quo difficilius, hoc praeclarius,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64.—Indef., any one, any; with si, num, ne, v. quis:2. I.quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio majus sit,
Cic. Off. 1, 3, 7:si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48:nisi si qui publice ad eam rem constitutus esset,
Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 65:(BACANALIA) SEI QVA SVNT, S. C. de Bacchan.: ne qui forte putet,
Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 8.Interrog., in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?A.In direct questions:B.quī minus eadem histrioni sit lex quae summo viro?
Plaut. Am. prol. 76:Quī, amabo?
id. Bacch. 1, 1, 19:quī scire possum?
id. ib. 2, 2, 13:Quī in mentem venit tibi istuc facinus facere?
id. ib. 4, 4, 31:Quī non?
id. ib. 5, 2, 44:quī vero dupliciter?
id. Mil. 2, 3, 25:quī vero?
id. Merc. 2, 3, 60:quī scis?
Ter. And. 2, 1, 2:quī istuc facere potuit?
id. Eun. 4, 3, 15:quī potui melius?
id. Ad. 2, 2, 7:sed nos deum nisi sempiternum intellegere quī possumus?
Cic. N. D. 1, 10, 25:quī potest esse in ejusmodi trunco sapientia?
id. ib. 1, 30, 84:quī potest?
id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:quī ego minus in Africam traicerem,
Liv. 28, 43, 18.—In indirect questions:C.nimis demiror, quī illaec me donatum esse aureā paterā sciat,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 133:quī istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:nec quī hoc mihi eveniat scio,
id. Hec. 2, 3, 6:neque videre, quī conveniat,
Liv. 42, 50. —In curses (cf. Gr. pôs, and Lat. utinam), how, would that, if but: quī illum di deaeque magno mactassint malo, Enn. ap. Non. 342, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 377 Vahl.):II. 1.quī te Juppiter dique omnes perduint!
Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 31:quī istum di perdant!
id. Trin. 4, 2, 78:quī te di omnes perdant!
id. ib. 4, 2, 155; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 73.—Ellipt.:quī illi di irati!
Cic. Att. 4, 7, 1.—In gen.: date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 30 (Trag. Rel. v. 233 Vahl.):2.patera, quī Pterela potitare rex est solitus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 104; 1, 3, 37:sucophantia, quī admutiletur miles,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 172; id. Capt. 1, 1, 33; 3, 4, 24:mihi dari... vehicla quī vehar,
id. Aul. 3, 5, 28:multa concurrunt simul, Quī conjecturam hanc facio,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 32:in tantā paupertate decessit, ut quī efferretur, vix reliquerit,
Nep. Arist. 3, 2.—Esp., of price, at what price, for how much, = quanti:B.indica minumo daturus quī sis, quī duci queat,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 41:quī datur, tanti indica,
id. ib. 4, 4, 109:ut quantum possit quīque liceat veneant,
id. Men. 3, 3, 25.—Transf., that, in order that: Ca. Restim volo mihi emere. Ps. Quam ob rem? Ca. Quī me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87:C.ut det, quī fiamus liberi,
id. Aul. 2, 4, 31:facite, fingite, invenite, efficite, quī detur tibi: Ego id agam, mihi quī ne detur,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 34 sq. —Indef. (only with particles of emphasis and assurance; cf. Gr. pôs, and v. Fleck. Krit. Misc. p. 28; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 811; Brix ad Plaut. Capt. 550), in some way, somehow, surely (ante-class.); with hercle:hercle quī, ut tu praedicas, Cavendumst me aps te irato,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 58:hercle quī multo improbiores sunt, quam a primo credidi,
id. Most. 3, 2, 139:hercle quī aequom postulabat senex,
id. Stich. 4, 1, 53; id. Men. 2, 3, 74.—With edepol:edepol quī te de isto multi cupiunt nunc mentirier,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184:edepol quī quom hanc magis contemplo, magis placet,
id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; id. Am. 2, 2, 144.—With at (cf. atquī), and yet, but somehow: Gr. Non audio. Tr. At pol quī audies, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 9; id. Am. 2, 2, 73.— With quippe: horum tibi istic nihil eveniet, quippe quī ubi quod subripias nihil est, Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 22:ea nimiast ratio, quippe quī certo scio, etc.,
id. Truc. 1, 1, 49:quippe quī Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 27.—With ut:an id est sapere, ut quī beneficium a benevolente repudies?
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 11:et eum morbum mi esse, ut quī med opus sit insputarier?
id. Capt. 3, 4, 21; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 49. -
51 saepio
saepĭo ( sēp-), psi, ptum, īre ( pluperf. subj. saepissent, Liv. 44, 39, 3 dub.; v. Drak. ad loc.), 4, v. a. [saepes].I. A.With abl.: VTI LOCVS ANTE EAM ARAM... STIPITIBVS ROBVSTIS SAEPIATVR, Cenot. Pisan. ap. Inscr Orell. 642; cf.:B.saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis indagavi sepulcrum,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64; cf. id. Rep. 1, 26, 41.—In simple constr.:C.dum ne per fundum saeptum facias semitam,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 36.—With abl. of time: pontifices negant segetem feriis saepiri debere, Col 2, 21, 2.—II.Transf.A. 1.With abl.:2.urbem moenibus,
Cic. Sest. 42, 91:oppidum operibus, unitionibus,
id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:castris,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 5, 5, 2; 44, 39, 3:castra tectis parietum pro muro,
id. 25, 25, 8:oculos membranis tenuissimis,
Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142 sq.:saltum plagis,
Lucr. 5, 1251:feram venantum coronā,
Verg. A. 9, 551:restituat legiones in locum, quo saeptae fuerunt,
Liv. 9, 11, 3:Agrippam custodiā militum,
Suet. Aug. 65 fin.:saepsit se tectis,
i. e. shut himself up in his palace, Verg. A. 7, 600.—With acc.:3.saepsit comitium et curiam,
Cic. Rep. 2, 17, 31:omnes fori aditūs,
id. Phil. 5, 4, 9.—Pass. with ab:B.Albana pubes inermis ab armatis saepta,
Liv. 1, 28, 8.—To cover, envelop, wrap, wrap up; with abl.:III.aliquem veste,
Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 40: saeptus squalidā stolā (with vestitus), Enn. ap. Non. 537, 27 sq.:omnia sic avido complexu cetera saepsit (sc. aether),
Lucr. 5, 470:at Venus obscuro gradientes aëre saepsit,
Verg. A. 1, 411.—Trop.A.To hedge up, check, impede, hinder, stop, etc.: perii, lacrimae linguam saepiunt, Afran. ap. Non. 41, 5.—B.To surround, enclose, encompass, etc.: (inventa) vestire atque ornare oratione: post memoriā saepire, to enclose them in one's memory, i. e. to get them by heart, Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142; cf.: is se circumvestit dictis, saepit sedulo, Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 158; and:domi teneamus eam (orbam eloquentiam) saeptam liberali custodiā,
Cic. Brut. 96, 330; v. Jahn ad h. l.: locum omnem cogitatione (the figure taken from surrounding with toils in hunting; cf.II. A.),
Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 147:saeptus legibus et judiciorum metu,
surrounded, sheltered, guarded, id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; cf.:quibus praesidiis philosophiae saeptus sim,
id. Fam. 16, 23; so,saeptus praesidiis,
id. Rep. 1, 44, 68; id. Off. 2, 11, 39; id. Mil. 1, 2; cf.also: postquam omnia pudore saepta animadverterat,
Liv. 3, 44;and with this cf.: (mulieres) saeptae pudicitiā agunt,
Tac. G. 19:(lex) se saepit difficultate abrogationis,
Cic. Att. 3, 23, 2:ut quibusdam excubiis in ore positis saepiatur,
Gell. 1, 15, 3. -
52 semel
sĕmĕl, adv. num. [root sam-, one; Sanscr. sa-, sam-, with, together; Gr. hama, hapax; cf.: sem-per, sim-ilis, sim-plex, sin-gulus, etc.].I.Lit., once, a single time: ter sub armis malim vitam cernere, Quam semel modo parere, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll.; and ap. Non. 261, 9 (Trag. v. 298 Vahl.); so,II.potin' ut semel modo huc respicias?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 30:satis sum semel deceptus,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 99:semel fugiendi si data est occasio, Satis est,
id. ib. 1, 2, 8; so,semel si,
id. As. 1, 3, 66 (but cf.: si semel, infra, II. B. 2 fin.):qui vel semel ita est usus oculis, ut vera cerneret, is, etc.,
Cic. Div. 2, 52, 107:ut attendant, semel bisne signum canat in castris,
Liv. 27, 47, 3:semel in mense sulcos sarrito,
Cato, R. R. 43, 2:semel die,
Cels. 1, 3 fin.:in diebus,
Col. 12, 30, 1:semel anno,
Plin. 12, 14, 32, § 58:in anno,
id. 4, 12, 26, § 89:quem (Crassum) semel ait in vitā risisse Lucilius,
Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92; so,semel in vitā,
Plin. 7, 13, 11, § 58:semel adhuc,
id. 2, 25, 22, § 90:semel umquam,
id. 2, 35, 35, § 100 et saep.:M. Valerius Corvinus sellā curuli semel ac vicies sedit,
id. 7, 48, 49, § 157;for which also: vicies et semel,
id. 2, 108, 102, § 243: sol omni terrarum ambitu non semel major, not greater by once, i. e. not as large again, not twice as large, Sen. Q. N. 6, 16:haud semel sed centies,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 148; cf. id. As. 2, 4, 15:non semel, sed bis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 77, § 179; Val. Max. 1, 8, 4:non semel, sed saepe,
Cic. Att. 1, 19, 7; id. Tusc. 5, 19, 56:non semel sed saepius,
id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; id. N. D. 1, 40, 113; Nep. Epam. 7, 2; Lact. 3, 17, 12; Aug. Ep. 43, 15; 102, 7:non plus quam semel eloqui,
Cic. Off. 3, 15, 61; Vell. 2, 40, 4; also without quam: plus semel, more than once, Varr. ap. Plin. 14, 14, 17, § 96: Janum Quirinum semel atque iterum clausum, once and again, i. e. twice, Suet. Aug. 22 (for which:Janus bis clausus,
Liv. 1, 19; Flor. 4, 12, 64; cf. also Plut. Num. 20); Suet. Aug. 27; but also in a more gen. sense: pecuniam semel atque iterum dare coacti sunt, time and again, i. e. repeatedly, Cic. Font. 12, 26 (8, 16):hoc semel ille iterumque neglexit,
id. Div. 1, 25, 54; cf.:cum his Aeduos semel atque iterum armis contendisse,
Caes. B.G. 1, 31; Liv. 27, 16 fin.; so too Suet. Claud. 46;for which: semel iterumque,
Petr. 34, 9; 115, 12:Piso saepe dicebat, minus saepe Pomponius, raro Carbo, semel aut iterum Philippus,
only once or twice, Cic. Brut. 90, 308; Sen. Contr. 1, 7, 12:semel et saepius,
Cic. Phil. 14, 8, 22; Varr. L. L. 10, § 33 Müll.; cf.:an quod semel jus est, idem et saepius?
Quint. 7, 8, 3.—Late Lat.:semel et bis,
repeatedly, Vulg. Phil. 4, 16; Greg. M. Ep. 5, 18 fin. —Transf.A.Pregn., like the Gr. hapax, of that which occurs no more than [p. 1664] once, but once, but a single time, once for all:B.cum facile orari, Caesar, tum semel exorari soles,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 9:quibus semel ignotum a te esse oportet,
id. ib. 14, 39:hostis est datus, cum quo dimicantes aut vitam semel aut ignominiam finirent,
Liv. 25, 6:totas semel absorbere placentas,
to swallow entire cakes at once, Hor. S. 2, 8, 24:procubuit moriens et humum semel ore momordit,
once for all, Verg. A. 11, 418; cf.: nulla reparabilis arte Laesa pudicitia est;deperit illa semel,
Ov. H. 5, 104:semel aeternā nocte premenda fui,
id. ib. 10, 112:nobis vero homicidio semel interdicto,
once for all, Tert. Apol. 9:sic et semel Christus oblatus est,
Vulg. Heb. 9, 28; id. 1 Pet. 3, 18:quoniam se semel a caeli contemplatione averterunt,
Lact. 6, 1, 7;hence in Florus: semel in perpetuum,
Flor. 2, 12, 2:semel et in perpetuum,
id. 3, 6, 7.—Of speech, at once, once for all, in a word, briefly:cum postulasset, ut sibi fundus, cujus emptor erat, semel indicaretur,
Cic. Off. 3, 15, 62 (for which, just before:non plus quam semel): interim, quod pluribus collegit adversarius, satis est semel proponere,
Quint. 5, 13, 14; cf.:ut semel, plura complectar,
id. 11, 1, 66; 1, 2, 24; 2, 15, 34:ut semel dicam,
id. 10, 1, 17:ut, quod sentio, semel finiam,
id. 5, 13, 3; cf.:quisquam denique, ut semel finiam, in lite cantat?
id. 11, 3, 59; so (after denique) id. 10, 3, 22.—In a succession = primum, primo, the first time, first:2.demonstravimus, L. Vibullium Rufum bis in potestatem pervenisse Caesaris, semel ad Corfinium, iterum in Hispaniā,
Caes. B. C. 3, 10; so after bis, with iterum, Liv. 1, 19, 3; Suet. Caes. 36; id. Aug. 25; id. tib. 6 Oud.; 72; id. Claud. 6; after ter, with iterum and tertio, Liv. 23, 9, 11.—Without iterum, etc.:cum ad idem, unde semel profecta sunt, cuncta astra redierint,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24; cf.:uti exorta est semel,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 118.—In gen., like primum, to denote the simple antecedence of an occurrence; hence, most freq. with the particles ut, ubi, quando, cum, si, etc., once, ever, at some time, at any time:quod semel dixi, haud mutabo,
what I have once said, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:quod Complacitum est semel,
id. Am. prol. 106:satis sum semel deceptus,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 99:verebamini, ne non id facerem quod recepissem semel?
Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 9:nec accidere, ut quisquam te timere incipiat eorum, qui semel a te sint liberati timore,
Cic. Deiot. 14, 39:in id, quod semel invasit, incumbit,
Quint. 2, 12, 2:retrahi nequitum, quoquo progressa est semel, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Fest. s. v. nequitum, p. 162 Müll.—So too in the comically formed proper name: Quodsemelarripides,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 6, 23.—With particles; with ut:in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit, semel ut emigravimus,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 40:ut occepi semel,
id. Am. 3, 1, 13:ut semel eloquentia evecta est,
Cic. Brut. 13, 51:ut semel gloriam consecutus sum,
id. Att. 1, 19, 6; Caes. B. G. 1, 31:denique ut semel finiam,
Quint. 9, 4, 138.—With ubi:ubi erit accubitum semel,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 105:ubi animus semel cupiditate se devinxit malā,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 34; 2, 4, 12; Liv. 22, 2.—With quandoquidem:perge, quandoquidem occepisti semel,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 34.—With quando:quando in apertum semel discrimen evasura esset res,
Liv. 10, 14, 8.—With cum:quae proclivius ad perniciem, cum semel coepit, labitur,
Cic. Lael. 12, 41.—With quoniam:(Antonius) quoniam semel induxit animum, sibi licere quod vellet, etc.,
Cic. Att. 14, 13, 6;Ov H. 12, 11: illam partem, quoniam semel ita vobis placuit, non recusabo quominus perpoliam,
Cic. de Or 2, 28, 121; id. Rosc. Am. 11, 31; id. Phil. 12, 7, 18; Liv. 40, 13, 7.—With si:si semel amoris peculum accepit, Extemplo et ipsus periit et res,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 22; so,si semel,
id. Mil. 3, 3, 42:si istam semel amiseris libertatem,
id. ib. 3, 1, 106 Brix ad loc.; Ov. M. 13, 101:si illum semel prehendero,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 1, 6:si semel animum tuom perspexerit,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 69:et semel emissum volat inrevocabile verbam,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 71 (but, semel si, if once, if ever, whenever, as an emphatic numeral, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 66; id. Capt. 1, 2, 8; v. supra, I. init.).—With participles (several times in Liv. and Quint.): ut adversando remorandoque incitato semel militi adderent impetum, Liv. 2, 45, 7; so id. 5, 6, 8; 25, 6, 15; Quint. 4, 2, 115; 7, 10, 9; 10, 7, 24 al. -
53 sub
sŭb (on the form sus from subs v. infra, III.), prep. with acc. and abl. [perh. for es-ub, ens-ub, = ens (eis) and hupo; Sanscr. upa; cf. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 290], under.I.With abl., to point out the object under which a thing is situated or takes place (Gr. hupo, with dat. or gen.), under, below, beneath, underneath.A.Of space:2.si essent, qui sub terrā semper habitavissent... nec tamen exissent umquam supra terram,
Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95; Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 72:sub aquā,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 28:sub vestimentis,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 32; Liv. 1, 58; cf.: saepe est sub palliolo sordido sapientia, Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 23, 56:ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 34:sub pellibus hiemare,
Caes. B. C. 3, 13, 5; cf. Liv. 23, 18, 15:manet sub Jove frigido Venator,
Hor. C. 1, 1, 25:sub divo moreris,
id. ib. 2, 3, 23:vitam sub divo agat,
id. ib. 3, 2, 5 (v. divus, II.):sub terrā vivi demissi sunt,
Liv. 22, 57:sub hoc jugo dictator Aequos misit,
id. 3, 28, 11:pone (me) sub curru nimium propinqui Solis,
Hor. C. 1, 22, 21 et saep.— Trop.:non parvum sub hoc verbo furtum latet,
Cic. Agr. 3, 3, 12.—Transf., of lofty objects, at the foot of which, or in whose immediate neighborhood, any thing is situated, under, below, beneath, at the foot of, at, by, near, before:B.sub monte consedit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48; so,sub monte considere,
id. ib. 1, 21:sub colle constituere,
id. ib. 7, 49:sub montis radicibus esse,
id. ib. 7, 36 al.:sub ipsis Numantiae moenibus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 11, 17:est ager sub urbe,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 107; so,sub urbe,
Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 26; Varr. R. R. 1, 50, 2; Hor. C. 3, 19, 4:sub Veteribus,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 19:sub Novis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266 Orell. N. cr.; id. Ac. 2, 22, 70 Goer. N. cr.; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:sub basilicā,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 11 et saep.— Trop.:sub oculis domini suam probare operam studebant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 57 fin.:omnia sub oculis erant,
Liv. 4, 28; cf. Vell. 2, 21, 3:classem sub ipso ore urbis incendit,
Flor. 2, 15.—Of time, in, within, during, at, by:C.ne sub ipsā profectione milites oppidum irrumperent,
Caes. B. C. 1, 27:sub decessu suo,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 49:sub luce,
Ov. M. 1, 494; Hor. A. P. 363; Liv. 25, 24:sub eodem tempore,
Ov. F. 5, 491:sub somno,
Cels. 3, 18 med. al.—In other relations, where existence under or in the immediate vicinity of any thing may be conceived.1.Under, in rank or order; hence, next to, immediately after: Euryalumque Helymus sequitur;2.quo deinde sub ipso Ecce volat calcemque terit jam calce Diores,
Verg. A. 5, 322.—In gen., of subjection, domination, stipulation, influence, effect, reason, etc., under, beneath, with:3.omnes ordine sub signis ducam legiones meas,
under my standards, Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 71: sub armis vitam cernere, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll. (Trag. v. 297 Vahl.); so,sub armis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 41; 1, 42:sub sarcinis,
id. B. G. 2, 17; 3, 24:sub onere,
id. B. C. 1, 66 et saep.—Trop., under, subject to, in the power of; during, in the time of, upon, etc.:II.sub Veneris regno vapulo, non sub Jovis,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 13:sub regno esse,
Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:sub imperio alicujus esse,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 4:sub dicione atque imperio alicujus esse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31; Auct. B. Alex. 66, 6; Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Con. 4, 4; id. Eum. 7, 1; cf.:sub Corbulone Armenios pellere,
Tac. H. 3, 24: sub manu alicujus esse, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 2;sub rege,
Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 43; Hor. C. 3, 5, 9:sub Hannibale,
Liv. 25, 40:sub dominā meretrice,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 25:sub nutrice,
id. ib. 2, 1, 99:sub judice lis est,
id. A. P. 78:praecipua sub Domitiano miseriarum pars erat,
during the reign of, Tac. Agr. 45:scripsit sub Nerone novissimis annis,
Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 5:gnarus sub Nerone temporum,
Tac. Agr. 6; Suet. Tit. 8 et saep.:sub vulnere,
from the effects of the wound, Ov. M. 5, 62; cf.:sub judice,
under, id. ib. 13, 190:nullo sub indice,
forced by no betrayer, id. ib. 13, 34.—So in certain phrases where the simple abl. is more freq.:sub pacto abolitionis dominationem deponere,
Quint. 9, 2, 97:sub condicione,
Liv. 6, 40, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.:sub condicionibus,
id. 21, 12, 4:sub eā condicione, ne cui fidem meam obstringam,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11:sub eā condicione, si esset, etc.,
id. ib. 8, 18, 4; so,sub condicione, ut (ne, si, etc.),
Suet. Tib. 44; 13; id. Caes. 68; id. Claud. 24; id. Vit. 6:sub specie (= specie, or per speciem): sub specie infidae pacis quieti,
Liv. 9, 45, 5; 36, 7, 12; 44, 24, 4:sub tutelae specie,
Curt. 10, 6, 21; Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 2; cf.:sub nomine pacis bellum latet,
Cic. Phil. 12, 7, 17:sub alienis auspiciis rem gerere,
Val. Max. 3, 2, 6:sub lege, ne,
Suet. Aug. 21:sub exceptione, si,
id. Caes. 78:sub poenā mortis,
id. Calig. 48:servitutis,
id. Tib. 36 et saep.:sub frigido sudore mori,
Cels. 5, 26, 31 fin. —With acc., to point out the object under which a thing comes, goes, extends, etc. (Gr. hupo, with acc.), under, below, beneath.A.Of space, usually with verbs of motion:2.et datores et factores omnes subdam sub solum,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 18:manum sub vestimenta deferre,
id. Bacch. 3, 3, 78:cum tota se luna sub orbem solis subjecisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:exercitum sub jugum mittere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7; 1, 12; Sall. J. 38, 9 Dietsch ad loc.:sub furcam ire,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 66:sub divum rapere,
id. C. 1, 18, 13:sub terras ire,
Verg. A. 4, 654. — Trop.:sub judicium sapientis et delectum cadunt,
Cic. Fin. 3, 18, 61:quae sub sensus subjecta sunt,
id. Ac. 2, 23, 74:quod sub aurium mensuram aliquam cadat,
id. Or. 20, 67:columbae Ipsa sub ora viri venere,
Verg. A. 6, 191:quod sub oculos venit,
Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 6.—Rarely with verb of rest:quidquid sub Noton et Borean hominum sumus,
Luc. 7, 364.—Transf. (cf. supra, I. A. 2.), of lofty objects, to the foot of which, or into whose immediate neighborhood, any thing comes, or near to which it extends, under, below, beneath, to, near to, close to, up to, towards, etc.:B.sub montem succedunt milites,
Caes. B. C. 1, 45:sub ipsum murum fons aquae prorumpebat,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 41:missi sunt sub muros,
Liv. 44, 45:Judaei sub ipsos muros struxere aciem,
Tac. H. 5, 11; 3, 21:aedes suas detulit sub Veliam,
Cic. Rep. 2, 31, 54:arat finem sub utrumque colonus,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 35:jactatus amnis Ostia sub Tusci,
id. ib. 2, 2, 33:(hostem) mediam ferit ense sub alvum,
Ov. M. 12, 389:sub orientem secutus Armenios,
Flor. 3, 5.—Of time, denoting a close approximation.1.Before, towards, about, shortly before, up to, until:2.Pompeius sub noctem naves solvit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 28; so,sub noctem,
Verg. A. 1, 662; Hor. C. 1, 9, 19; id. S. 2, 1, 9; 2, 7, 109; id. Ep. 2, 2, 169:sub vesperum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 33; id. B. C. 1, 42:sub lucem,
id. B. G. 7, 83; Verg. G. 1, 445:sub lumina prima,
Hor. S. 2, 7, 33:sub tempus edendi,
id. Ep. 1, 16, 22:sub dies festos,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 1:sub galli cantum,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 10:usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem,
Verg. G. 1, 211:simulacra Visa sub obscurum noctis,
id. ib. 1, 478:prima vel autumni sub frigora,
id. ib. 2, 321:quod (bellum) fuit sub recentem pacem,
Liv. 21, 2, 1.—After, immediately after, just after, immediately upon:C.sub eas (litteras) statim recitatae sunt tuae,
Cic. Fam. 10, 16, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 4:sub haec dicta omnes procubuerunt,
Liv. 7, 31:sub adventum praetoris,
id. 23, 15, 1; 23, 16, 3; 45, 10, 10:sub hanc vocem fremitus variantis multitudinis fuit,
id. 35, 31:sub hoc erus inquit,
hereupon, Hor. S. 2, 8, 43.—In other relations, in which a coming under any thing may be conceived:III.lepide hoc succedit sub manus negotium,
comes to hand, convenient, Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 59:sub manus succedere,
id. ib. 4, 4, 7; id. Pers. 4, 1, 2: sub manum submittere, at hand, convenient, Auct. B. Afr. 36, 1:sub ictum venire,
Liv. 27, 18:sub manum annuntiari,
Suet. Aug. 49 (al. sub manu; cf.supra, I. C.): sub legum et judiciorum potestatem cadere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:sub populi Romani imperium dicionemque cadere,
id. Font. 5, 12 (1, 2):incolas sub potestatem Atheniensium redigere,
Nep. Milt. 1:matrimonium vos sub legis superbissimae vincula conicitis,
Liv. 4, 4:sub unum fortunae ictum totas vires regni cadere pati,
Curt. 3, 8, 2.—In composition, the b remains unchanged before vowels and before b, d, j, l, n, s, t, v. Before m and r it is frequently, and before the remaining consonants, c, f, g, p, it is regularly assimilated. Yet here the MSS. vary, as in ob, ad, in, etc. Before some words commencing with c. p, t, it assumes the form sus, by the rejection of the b from a collateral form subs (analog. to abs); e. g. suscipio, suscito, suspendo, sustineo, sustuli, sustollo. Before s, with a following consonant, there remains merely su in the words suspicio, suspicor, suspiro; cf., however: substerno, substituo, substo, substruo al.; v. esp. Neue, Formenl. 2, 775 sqq.—B.In composition, sub denotes,1.Lit., a being situated or contained under, a putting or bringing under, or a going in under any thing: subaeratus, subcavus; subdo, subigo, subicio; subhaereo, subaperio; subedo.—2.Hence, also, a concealing or being concealed behind something; a secret action: subnoto, surripio, suffuror, subausculto, suborno. —3. -
54 tum
tum, adv. demonstr., of time [pronom. demonstr. stems to-, ta-; Gr. to, seen in ita, tam, etc.; cf. quom or cum], then.I.Absol.A.Referring to a time previously specified.1.To a definite past time.(α).To a period of time in which something was or happened (opp. later periods) = illis temporibus:(β).is dictu'st ollis popularibus olim Qui tum vivebant homines,
Enn. Ann. v. 308 Vahl.:quod tum erat res in pecore et locorum possessionibus, i. e. Romuli temporibus,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 16:cum illi male dicerent, quod tum fieri licebat, i. e. Periclis temporibus,
id. de Or. 3, 34, 138:erat omnino tum mos ut faciles essent in suum cuique tribuendo,
id. Brut. 21, 85; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 46, 111:vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant,
Liv. 1, 4, 6; 2, 6, 8; 3, 29, 3; 4, 6, 12; 42, 62, 11;44, 9, 4: ut tum erant tempora,
Nep. Att. 1, 2; 12, 3; Liv. 1, 3, 3; 1, 8, 4; 2, 7, 4; 2, 9, 8; 2, 50, 2; 2, 63, 6;39, 6, 7 and 9.—With illis temporibus: nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius... loquebantur quam pugnabant,
Nep. Thras. 2, 4.—Referring to a point of time, then, at that time:(γ).insigneita fere tum milia militum octo Duxit,
Enn. Ann. v. 336 Vahl.: ut jacui exsurgo;ardere censui aedis: ita tum confulgebant,
Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 15:jam duo restabant fata tum,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 35; id. Cist. 1, 3, 14: quot eras annos gnatus tum, quom, etc.? Me Septuennis, nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum, id. Men. 5, 9, 56; id. Merc. prol. 66; id. Most. 1, 2, 49; id. Am. 2, 1, 56; Ter. And. 1, 1, 82: sic igitur tum se levis ac diffusilis aether... undique flexit. Lucr. 5, 467; 5, 837; 5, 911; 5, 432;5, 942: atque huic anno proximus Sulla consule et Pompejo fuit. Tum P. Sulpicii in tribunatu, cottidie contionantis, totum genus dicendi cognovimus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 306; id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:scribit Eudemum Pheras venisse, quae erat urbs in Thessalia tum admodum nobilis,
id. Div. 1, 25, 53; id. Rep. 2, 37, 63:hi tum in Asia rhetorum principes,
id. Brut. 91, 316; id. Sest. 11, 26; id. Planc. 37, 90; id. Quint. 61, 170; id. Fam. 9, 21, 2:hoc tum veritus Caesar Pharum prehendit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 112:eodem anno a Campanis Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur,
Liv. 4, 44, 13; 1, 7, 14; 2, 9, 5;2, 37, 7: praetores tum duos Latium habebat,
id. 8, 3, 9:Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant, dictatorem dixit,
id. 8, 12, 13; 5, 8, 4; 22, 46, 6;1, 7, 12: tum Athenis perpetui archontes esse desierunt,
Vell. 1, 8, 3:tum Cimbri et Teutoni transcendere Rhenum,
id. 2, 8, 3; Val. Max. 1, 5, 3; Tac. H. 4, 49; 3, 57:non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,
Curt. 3, 11, 5:Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat,
Nep. Pelop. 3, 2; id. Phoc. 3, 3.—With in eo tempore: eum quem virile secus tum in eo tempore habebat, Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 5.—Repeated by anaphora:quae nox omnium temporum conjurationis acerrima fuit. Tum Catilinae dies exeundi, tum ceteris manendi condicio, tum descriptio... constituta est, tum tuus pater, etc.,
Cic. Sull. 18, 52; cf. Lucr. 5, 1377; 5, 1399.—Esp., referring to a former state, implying that it no longer exists:(δ).quaesivit ex lege illa Cornelia quae tum erat,
Cic. Clu. 20, 55:cum sententias Oppianicus, quae tum erat potestas, palam ferri velle dixisset,
id. ib. 27, 75:Caere, opulento tum oppido,
Liv. 1, 2, 3; 3, 52, 3:praetores aerarii (nam tum a praetoribus tractabatur aerarium), etc.,
Tac. H. 4, 9.—Expressly opposed to present time (hodie, nunc, hoc tempore, etc.; class. and very freq.; but in post-Aug. writers tunc is regularly used): prius non is eras qui eras;(ε).nunc is factu's qui tum non eras,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 138:tu nunc tibi Id laudi ducis quod tum fecisti inopia?
Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 25; id. Hec. 3, 3, 48:quae tabula, tum imperio tuo revulsa, nunc a me tamen reportata est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 112:tum imperator populi Romani deos patrios reportabat, nunc praetor ejusdem populi eosdem illos deos... auferebat,
id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 77; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 78; 2, 5, 20, § 51; id. Clu. 31, 86; id. Planc. 9, 22; id. Quint. 22, 71; id. Phil. 14, 8, 21; id. Leg. 2, 22, 57; Caes. B. C. 3, 17; Liv. 5, 3, 5; 6, 15, 11; 10, 9, 6.—Opposed to another time specified:(ζ).itaque tum eos exire jussit. Post autem e provincia litteras ad conlegium misit, se, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:itaque ut tum carere rege, sic pulso Tarquinio nomen regis audire non poterat,
id. Rep. 2, 30, 53; id. Mil. 21, 55:sicut legatorum antea, ita tum novorum colonorum caede imbutis armis,
Liv. 4, 31, 7; 39, 22, 10; 9, 36, 1; 2, 52, 7; 4, 2, 10; 4, 57, 11;21, 17, 1: et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide,
Ov. M. 2, 218; Verg. A. 11, 33; Nep. Arist. 2, 3; id. Ham. 11, 7.—In the historians in applying general statements or truths to the state of affairs spoken of: communi enim fit vitio naturae ut invisis atque incognitis rebus... vehementius exterreamur;(η).ut tum accidit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 4; 3, 68; id. B. G. 7, 3; 2, 6; id. B. C. 1, 80:foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus,
Liv. 1, 24, 4; 1, 32, 14; 21, 31, 12.—Denoting coincidence or inner connection with an action before mentioned = a temporal clause (tum = cum hoc fieret), then, on that occasion:(θ).quis tum non ingemuit?
Cic. Vatin. 13, 31:ne tum quidem hominum venustatem et facetias perspicere potuisti? i. e. cum coronam auream imponebant,
id. Fl. 31, 76: apud imperitos tum illa dicta sunt;nunc agendum est subtilius,
id. Fin. 4, 27, 74:itaque tum Stajenus condemnatus est,
i. e. in that trial, id. Clu. 36, 101; id. Sen. 7, 22:M. Porcius Cato qui, asper ingenio, tum lenem mitemque senatorem egit,
Liv. 45, 25; Val. Max. 8, 3, 3:sed tum supplicia dis... decernuntur,
Tac. A. 3, 64; 3, 72:Graecia tum potuit Priamo quoque flenda videri,
Ov. M. 14, 474.—With the occasion referred to specified in the same clause: Manlius... ex petulanti scurra in discordiis civitatis ad eam columnam tum suffragiis populi pervenerat,
Cic. Clu. 13, 39:emisti tum in naufragio hujus urbis... tum, inquam, emisti ut, etc.,
id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7.—Repeated by anaphora: et Capitolinis injecit sedibus ignes. Tum statua Nattae, tum simulacra deorum, Romulusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti conciderunt, Cic. Div. 2, 20, 45;so repeated seven times,
id. Rep. 1, 40, 62.—Redundant, the time of the action being clear without it (esp. in Cic.):2.atque hoc tum judicio facto... tamen Avitus Oppianicum reum statim non facit,
Cic. Clu. 20, 56:itaque tum ille inopia et necessitate coactus ad Caepasios confugit,
id. ib. 20, 57; id. Brut. 23, 90; 39, 145; 43, 161; cf. id. Sull. 18, 51, where tum redundant occurs six times successively.—In oblique discourse, referring to the time of the speaker, = nunc in direct discourse:3.quando autem se, si tum non sint, pares hostibus fore?
if they were not now so, Liv. 3, 62, 1:(dixit Sempronius)... nec tum agrum plebi, sed sibi invidiam quaeri,
id. 4, 44, 9; 4, 57, 4:moenia eos tum transcendere non Italiae modo, sed etiam urbis Romanae,
id. 21, 35, 9; 5, 21, 7 (in this use nunc is also freq.).—Referring to indefinite time.(α).Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc., at such a season:(β).tum denique tauros in gregem redigo (after Lyra rises),
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12; 1, 35 fin.; Col. 11, 2, 87.—With the force of an indefinite temporal clause, at such a time, in such circumstances, i. e. when such a thing happens as has happened:(γ).qui (porci) a partu decimo die habentur puri, ab eo appellantur sacres, quod tum ad sacrificium idonei habentur primum,
Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 16; 2, 7, 13:deinde cibum sequitur somnus... quia plurima tum se corpora conturbant (i. e. cum cibum ceperunt),
Lucr. 4, 957; 3, 599; 4, 892; 4, 919;4, 1030: quam regionem cum superavit animus... finem altius se efferendi facit. Tum enim sui similem et levitatem et calorem adeptus... nullam in partem movetur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43; 1, 31, 75; 3, 23, 55; 4, 24, 54; Tac. Dial. 7.—With the force of a conditional clause, then, in this instance, if so: immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Ph. Tum tu igitur, qua causa missus es ad portum, id expedi (i. e. si ita est), Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 39; id. Most. 5, 1, 55; id. As. 1, 1, 93; 2, 2, 64; 3, 3, 36; id. Aul. 3, 6, 31; id. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 2, 78: non potitus essem;4.fuisset tum illos mi aegre aliquot dies,
Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 7; id. Eun. 2, 2, 50; 5, 1, 23; id. Hec. 3, 5, 12:ego C. Caesaris laudibus desim, quas, etc.? Tum hercule me confitear non judicium aliquod habuisse,
Cic. Planc. 39, 93: scribant aliquid Isocrateo more...;tum illos existimabo non desperatione formidavisse genus hoc,
id. Or. 70, 235; id. Font. 21, 49 (17, 39); id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85; id. Fam. 9, 8, 2; Ov. H. 18 (19), 81: vellem tam ferax saeculum haberemus...;tum ego te primus hortarer, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 8.—Referring to future time.(α).To a definite time before mentioned:(β).ut sit satius perdere Quam aut nunc manere tam diu, aut tum persequi,
i. e. after my future return, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 27:jam nunc mente prospicio quae tum studia hominum, qui concursus futuri sint,
Cic. Div. in Caecin. 13, 42; id. Verr. 1, 13, 37; 1, 10, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 17; id. Marcell. 9, 30:tum meae... Vocis accedet bona pars,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 45.—With the force of a conditional clause (cf. 3. b, supra), then, in this instance, if so: specta, tum scies. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 100; cf.:B.quom videbis, tum scies,
id. ib. 1, 2, 37: tuom incendes genus;Tum igitur aquae erit tibi cupido, etc.,
id. Trin. 3, 2, 50; id. Curc. 2, 3, 17:confer sudantes, ructantes, refertos epulis... tum intelleges, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100; id. Planc. 18, 45; id. Phil. 2, 45, 115:agedum, dictatorem creemus... Pulset tum mihi lictorem qui sciet, etc.,
Liv. 2, 29, 12; Cic. Phil. 10, 3, 6; id. Or. 23, 78; 71, 235; Liv. 4, 22, 11; 5, 16, 10; 9, 11, 4.—Referring to a time subsequent to a time mentioned, then, thereupon.1.Simple sequence in time.(α).Time proper (only of an immediate sequence;(β).otherwise deinde, postea, etc., are used): tum cum corde suo divum pater atque hominum rex Effatur, etc.,
Enn. Ann. 179:dico ei quo pactod eam viderim erilem nostram filiam sustollere. Extimuit tum illa,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 29; id. As. 4, 1, 58: tum ille egens forte adplicat Primum ad Chrysidis patrem se. Ter. And. 5, 4, 21; id. Eun. 3, 1, 17; Cato, R. R. 48 (49); 135 (136); so id. ib. 112 (113): equos quinto anno... amittere binos (dentes);tum renascentes eis sexto anno impleri,
Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2 sq.: collo [p. 1909] cari jussit hominem in aureo lecto, abacosque complures ornavit... Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros jussit consistere, eosque, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 61:dixerat hoc ille, cum puer nuntiavit venire ad eum Laelium... Tum Scipio e cubiculo est egressus, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Div. 2, 66, 135; id. Clu. 14, 40; id. Cat. 3, 5, 10; id. Ac. 2, 5, 13; id. Div. 1, 35, 77:hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt ut, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 26; cf. id. ib. 7, 64; 5, 43 fin.;5, 48: adsurgentem ibi regem cuspide ad terram adfixit. Tum spolia caputque abscisum spiculo gerens... hostes fudit,
Liv. 4, 19, 5; 5, 21, 1; 1, 26, 9; 1, 18, 10; 1, 20, 1; 1, 22, 6; 1, 28, 4; 1, 28, 9; 2, 24, 4;3, 8, 11, etc.: tum Caesar cum exercitu Thessaliam petit,
Vell. 2, 52, 1; Val. Max. 5, 1, 3; Curt. 4, 3, 7; Tac. A. 3, 28; 11, 35; id. H. 4, 84; Ov. M. 2, 122; 4, 80; 7, 121; 10, 481; 14, 386; Flor. 1, 13, 12; Gell. 1, 19, 5; 1, 23, 5.—In partic., foll. by an abl. absol.:(γ).tum, prope jam perculsis aliis tribunis, A. Verginius Caesoni capitis diem dicit,
Liv. 3, 11, 9; 8, 32, 1; 10, 29, 12:tum omni spe perdita, Meherdates dolo ejus vincitur, traditurque victori,
Tac. A. 12, 15; 12, 16:tum, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est,
Nep. Epam. 9, 4.—Implying a connection between two events, hence, under these circumstances, accordingly, thereupon:2.at pater omnipotens ira tum percitus acri... Phaethonta... Deturbavit in terram,
Lucr. 5, 399:madefactum iri Graeciam sanguine... tum neque te ipsum non esse commotum, Marcumque Varronem et M. Catonem... vehementer esse perterritos,
Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf. id. ib. 5, 49; 5, 51;7, 59: quippe quibus nec domi spes prolis, nec cum finitimis conubia essent. Tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit,
Liv. 1, 9, 2; 3, 26, 1; 3, 31, 7; 4, 45, 7.—Enumeration of a series of events; the co-ordinate clauses introduced by tum... tum, or primum (primo)... deinde... tum, etc.(α).Succession of time proper:(β).ducem Hannibali unum e concilio datum (a Jove), tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret, illum autem respexisse, tum visam beluam vastam, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; 1, 27, 57; 2, 28, 58 sq.:primo... deinde... tum... tum,
id. Fin. 1, 16, 50; 5, 23, 65; id. Tusc. 5, 2, 5:primum... deinde... tum... postremo,
id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; 3, 3, 6: primum colonos inde Romanos expulit: inde in Latinam viam transgressus, etc., inde Lavinium recepit; tum deinceps Corbionem, Vitelliam;postremum, etc.,
Liv. 2, 39, 4:primi consules sub jugum missi, tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, tum deinceps singulae legiones,
id. 9, 6, 1:primo... deinde... tum... tum,
id. 21, 22, 8; id. praef. 9; 3, 28, 8: 5, 39, 7;23, 23, 6: deinde... deinde... Tum... post quas, etc.,
Curt. 3, 3, 24: primum... deinde... deinde... tum... postea, Masur. Gabin. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 5; Gai. Inst. 4, 60.—So in partic.: tum (also hic, et;(γ).not deinde or postea), to denote the succession of speakers in dialogue: immo duas dabo, inquit adulescens... Tum senex ille: Si vis, inquit, quattuor sane dato,
Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 46 dub.:tum Piso... inquit, etc. Tum Quintus... inquit, etc. Hic ego... inquam, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Piso... inquit, etc. Et ille ridens... inquit, etc. Tum Piso exorsus est, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2 sqq.:tum Atticus... inquit, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Brutus, etc. Tum ille, etc. Tum Atticus, etc. Tum Pomponius... inquit, etc.,
id. Brut. 3, 11 sqq., and through the whole treatise; cf. id. Ac. 1, 2, 4; 1, 3, 9; 1, 4, 13; 1, 12, 43 and 44; 2, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 15 sqq.; id. Rep. 1, 13, 19 sqq.; Liv. 7, 10, 2 sqq.; 23, 12, 8; Tac. Dial. 3; 15; 25; 42; Gell. 3, 1, 11 sqq.; 18, 1, 9 sqq.; Ov. M. 14, 594.—Transf., of sequence or succession of thought, passing into mere co-ordination (v. C. 2. b, g), then... again... furthermore:C.qui mi in cursu obstiterit, faxo vitae is obstiterit suae. Prius edico ne quis, etc. Tum pistores scrofipasci qui, etc. Tum piscatores.... Tum lanii autem qui, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 28; 4, 2, 34; 4, 2, 39: (res familiaris) primum bene parta sit, tum quam plurimis se utilem praebeat, deinde augeatur ratione, diligentia, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68 sq.; 5, 40, 117; id. Ac. 2, 10, 30; id. de Or. 1, 42, 190; id. Cat. 4, 3, 5; id. Agr. 1, 2, 5; id. Clu. 2, 6; Liv. 3, 26, 11.—Hence, as co-ordinating conjunction, introducing an additional assertion, or thought.1.Alone, = praeterea, and then, besides, also, moreover, on the other hand (freq. in ante-class. style and in Cic.;2.rare in Livy and post-Aug. prose): argenti aurique advexit multum, lanam purpuramque multam... tum Babylonica peristromata, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 10; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 71; 4, 8, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 78; id. Aul. 1, 2, 6; 1, 3, 16; id. Men. 5, 5, 41; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 1, 3, 15; 4, 2, 3; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; 1, 2, 21; 2, 3, 7; id. Eun. prol. 4; 5, 6, 15; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 16; Lucr. 4, 680; cf. id. 1, 494; 4, 1152:magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis ab eo percepta doctrina... caruit omnino rebus urbanis,
Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1; 2, 14, 43; id. Div. 1, 24, 50; 1, 42, 94; id. de Or. 1, 46, 201; id. Off. 1, 6, 19; id. Fin. 1, 6, 21; 2, 16, 53; id. Leg. 1, 5, 17; 1, 9, 26; id. Rab. Post. 14, 40; id. Phil. 13, 12, 26:altera ex parte Bellovaci instabant, alteram Camulogenus tenebat: tum legiones a praesidio interclusas maximum flumen distinebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 59; id. B. C. 3, 49: naves convenerunt duae Punicae quinqueremes;duae ab Heraclea triremes... tum quinque Rhodiae quadriremes,
Liv. 42, 56, 6; 1, 40, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 4; Just. 5, 10, 3.—Sometimes connecting two terms of the same clause, with the force of cum... tum (v. infra, 3. d.):quot me censes homines jam deverberasse, hospites tum civis?
Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 14:faciendum est igitur nobis ut... veteranorum, tum legionis Martiae quartaeque consensus... confirmetur,
Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 7; Liv. 28, 43, 1 (in co-ordination often with etiam, autem, and sometimes with praeterea and porro; v. III. infra).—Tum as correlative of a preceding tum.(α).With an added assertion or thought: ita est haec hominum natio: voluptarii atque potatores, Tum sycophantae... plurimi In urbe habitant;(β).tum meretrices mulieres Nusquam perhibentur blandiores gentium,
Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 28; id. Mil. 3, 1, 100; 3, 1, 102.—Tum... tum = nunc... nunc (modo... modo), sometimes... sometimes, now... now, at one time... at another (freq. in Cic., not in Caes., rare in Liv., and very rare in postAug. writers):(γ).tum huc, tum illuc inretitos impedit piscis,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17:tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 134:mihi... tum hoc tum illud probabilius videtur,
id. Off. 3, 7, 33; so id. Am. 4, 13; id. Sen. 13, 45; id. Top. 7, 31; id. N. D. 2, 19, 49:(alvus) tum restringitur, tum relaxatur,
id. ib. 2, 54, 136; id. Rep. 3, 13 (14), 23; id. Leg. 2, 7, 16; id. Or. 63, 212; id. Sen. 3, 7; id. Inv. 1, 37, 66:dictator tum appellare tum adhortari milites,
Liv. 8, 39, 4; Suet. Ner. 1; Gell. 1, 11, 15.—Tum may be repeated several times:plerique propter voluptatem tum in morbos graves, tum in damna, tum in dedecora incurrunt,
Cic. Fin. 1, 14, 47; 3, 7, 26;so three times,
id. N. D. 1, 12, 29; 1, 14, 37; 1, 15, 39; id. Inv. 1, 52, 98; id. Or. 3, 45, 177; id. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 2, 17, 43; id. Top. 25, 96;four times,
id. N. D. 1, 43, 120; 2, 20, 52; 2, 39, 101; id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 75;five times,
id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; 1, 41, 76; id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94;six times,
id. ib. 1, 53, 120;seven times,
Quint. 9, 4, 133;nine times,
Cic. N. D. 2, 50, 51.—And in chronological order (to be distinguished from the instances B. 2. a and g):Atheniensium (rem publicam constituerunt) tum Theseus, tum Draco, tum Solo, tum Clisthenes, tum multi alii,
at different times, successively, Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 2.—Preceded or followed by other co-ordinate words (alias, modo, aliquando, aut... aut, nunc... nunc):(δ).ex quo intellegitur qualis ille sit quem tum moderatum, alias modestum, tum temperantem, alias constantem continentemque dicimus,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:tum... tum... aliquando,
id. Div. 2, 2, 6:tum... tum... aut... aut,
id. Or. 61, 204:modo... tum autem,
id. N. D. 2, 40, 142:nunc... nunc... tum... tum,
Flor. 1, 17, 5.—Tum... tum = et... et, both... and, not only... but also, partly... partly, without regard to time, the second term being frequently strengthened by etiam (mostly post-Aug.):3.Milo Compsam oppugnans, ictusque lapide tum Clodio, tum patriae, quam armis petebat, poenas dedit,
Vell. 2, 68, 3:Muciam et Fulviam, tum a patre, tum a viro utramque inclitam,
Val. Max. 9, 1, 8:Caesar Pompejo tum proprias, tum etiam filiae lacrimas reddidit,
id. 5, 1, 10; Quint. 7, 3, 18; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; id. Clem. 1, 19, 2; Front. Aquaed. 1; Tac. A. 12, 33; Suet. Tit. 3; Nep. praef. 8;and with etiam,
Val. Max. 2, 2, 8; 5, 9, 1; 7, 6 prooem.; Nep. Them. 2, 3.—As correlative with a preceding cum, introducing particular after a universal or a stronger or more important assertion after a weaker or less important.a.Connecting complete sentences with different predicates, cum... tum = as... so, while... (tum being not translated; ante-class. cum always with indic.; class. with subj. or indic.):b.quom antehac te amavi, et mihi amicam esse crevi... tum id mihi hodie aperuisti,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 2; id. Truc. 4, 1, 6:quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:quae cum res tota ficta sit pueriliter, tum ne efficit quidem quod vult,
Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19; id. Tusc. 5, 39, 13; id. Fam. 13, 16, 1; and so with subj., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Off. 3, 2, 5; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Brut. 39, 145; 11, 250:cum omnium rerum simulatio est vitiosa, tum amicitiae repugnat maxime,
id. Lael. 25, 91; id. Div. 2, 27, 58; and so with indic., id. Planc. 33, 80; id. Tull. 4, 8; id. Div. in Caecil. 20, 65; id. Sest. 1, 2; id. Fam. 16, 4, 4:haec cum merito ejus fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 4; 3, 16; id. B. C. 1, 58; Liv. 3, 34, 1; 4, 53, 4.—Clauses with the same predicate, which is placed after the first clause (always with indic.):c.nam mihi, cum multa eximie divineque videntur Athenae tuae peperisse, tum nihil melius illis mysteriis quibus, etc.,
Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 36; id. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; id. Phil. 2, 5, 12; Liv. 4, 46, 10; 6, 38, 10.—Clauses with a common predicate placed before both co-ordinate terms, cum... tum = not only, but also; as... so especially:d.visa est Arcesilae cum vera sententia, tum honesta et digna sapiente,
Cic. Ac. 2, 24, 77; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; 2, 35, 119; 3, 1, 3:movit patres conscriptos cum causa tum auctor,
Liv. 9, 10, 1; 4, 57, 2; Suet. Ner. 46 init. —With a common predicate after both co-ordinate terms:e.quom virum tum uxorem, di vos perdant,
Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 103:luxuria cum omni aetati turpis tum senectuti foedissima est,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 123; id. Clu. 59, 161; id. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 86; id. N. D. 1, 21, 57; id. Deiot. 9, 26; id. Clu. 16, 46:concitatos animos flecti quam frangi putabat cum tutius tum facilius esse,
Liv. 2, 23, 15; 6, 9, 8; 1, 57, 1; 10, 26, 13; Tac. Dial. 5.—With tum several times repeated:quem pater moriens cum tutoribus et propinquis, tum legibus, tum aequitati magistratuum, tum judiciis vestris commendatum putavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 151; cf. esp. id. Planc. 40, 95. —Tum, in this construction, is freq. strengthened,(α).By vero:(β).cum haec sunt videnda, tum vero illud est hominis magni, etc.,
in particular, Cic. Clu. 58, 159; id. Mur. 27, 55; id. Phil. 3, 5, 12; 7, 3, 9; cf. id. Or. 1, 23, 106; 3, 16, 60; Liv. 34, 39, 9; Quint. 12, 1, 25.—By maxime, above all, most of all, especially, chiefly:(γ).cum omnibus in rebus temeritas in adsentando turpis est, tum in eo loco maxime in quo ju dicandum est quantum, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 4, 7; id. Tusc. 4, 1, 1; 5, 12, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 69:cum infamia atque indignitas rei impediebat, tum maxime quod, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 7, 56; Sall. J. 43, 5; Liv. 1, 8, 2; Suet. Claud. 30; Quint. 6, 1, 29.—By praecipue, especially, chiefly, above all:(δ).cum omnium sociorum provinciarumque rationem diligenter habere debetis, tum praecipue Siciliae,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2; id. Fam. 13, 11, 3:fortuna quae plurimum potest cum in reliquis rebus, tum praecipue in bello,
Caes. B. C. 3, 68; Liv. 22, 43, 11; 1, 40, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 29; 1, 10, 13; 5, 10, 106; Plin. Ep. 4, 3, 2.—By inprimis, chiefly, principally:(ε).cum multa non probo, tum illud inprimis quod, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 18; id. Fam. 12, 22, 3.—By cumprimis, chiefly, principally: quapropter bene cum superis de rebus habenda Nobis est ratio... tum cumprimis Unde anima atque animi constet [p. 1910] natura videndum, Lucr. 1, 131.—(ζ).By certe, especially, at least, assuredly:(η).at cum de plurimis eadem dicit, tum certe de maximis,
Cic. Fin. 4, 5, 13; id. Fam. 7, 4; cf. Quint. 2, 1, 10.—By nimirum, assuredly, undoubtedly:(θ).cum plurimas... commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus quod, etc.,
Cic. Am. 7, 23. —By etiam, besides, as well:(ι).cum omnes omnibus ex terris homines improbos audacesque collegerat, tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos... tenebat,
Cic. Cael. 6, 14; id. Ac. 2, 10, 31; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:quos tu cum memoriter, tum etiam erga nos amice et benevole collegisti,
id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:cum sua virtute, tum etiam alienis vitiis,
id. Leg. 23, 67; id. Fin. 2, 12, 38; id. N. D. 2, 37, 95; id. de Or. 3, 60, 225; Liv. 1, 21, 2; 7, 23, 6; 7, 32, 10; Val. Max. 7, 2, 3; 3, 2, 10; 9, 6, 3; Quint. 9, 1, 20; 9, 4, 143.—By quoque, also, besides, as well:(κ).cum potestas major, tum vir quoque potestati par hostes trans Anienem submovere,
Liv. 4, 17, 11; 1, 22, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 72.—By et, also, besides, too:(λ).cujus mortem cum luctus civitatis, tum et dictaturae undecim insignem fecere,
Just. 19, 1, 7.—By praeterea, moreover, besides:II.dicimus C. Verrem cum multa libidinose fecerit, tum praeterea quadringentiens sestertium ex Sicilia abstulisse,
Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56.Tum as correlative of dependent clauses (freq. in ante - class. writings and Cic., rare in post-Aug. writings).A. 1.Referring to definite past time.a.Tum as antecedent of cum:b.jam tum cum primum jussit me ad se arcessier, Roget quis, Quid tibi cum illa?
Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 4; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21:qui (Hercules) tum dolore frangebatur cum immortalitatem ipsa morte quaerebat,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 8, 20:bene apud majores nostros senatus tum cum florebat imperium decrevit ut, etc.,
id. Div. 1, 41, 91; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114; id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; id. Clu. 33, 89; id. Verr. 1, 2, 5; id. Brut. 2, 7; 23, 89; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Agr. 2, 24, 64; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; 3, 4, 11:tum mittendos legatos fuisse cum Perseus Graecas urbes obsideret,
Liv. 45, 3, 7:tum cum Vipereos sparsi... dentes,
Ov. M. 4, 572; id. H. 3, 23; Val. Max. 6, 1, 12.—After pluperf.:nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant scimus Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19; Val. Max. 3, 6, 1; 2, 8, 15 fin. —Tum inserted in the temporal clause:cum Davo egomet vidi jurgantem ancillam... quom ibi me adesse neuter tum praesenserat,
Ter. And. 5, 1, 20.—Tum, introducing the apodosis of the temporal clause (generally not transl. in Engl.).(α).Of coincident events, cum... tum = while: quom genui tum morituros scivi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. Rel. v. 361 Vahl.); Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 18:(β).cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,
Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Cael. 26, 63; id. Phil. 3, 5, 13:cum pavida mulier nullam opem videret, tum Tarquinius fateri amorem, orare, etc.,
Liv. 1, 58, 3; 5, 11, 4. —Tum = deinde, usu. after a pluperf.:2.id cum Sulla fecisset, tum ante oppidum Nolam Samnitium castra cepit,
Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72; id. Brut. 92, 319; id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; 2, 3, 15; id. Fin. 1, 8, 26; id. Tusc. 4, 20, 45; id. Div. 1, 25, 53; 2, 2, 7; id. Rep. 2, 25, 47; Liv. 21, 11, 8; cf. id. 1, 26, 7; 23, 22, 4.—Inserted in the apodosis:cum jam humanae opes egestae a Veis essent, amoliri tum deum dona,
Liv. 5, 22, 3.—Referring to definite present time:3.quem esse negas, eundem esse dicis. Cum enim miserum esse dicis, tum eum qui non sit, dicis esse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12.—Referring to indefinite time.a.As antecedent of the clause, = at the time when, at a time when, whenever: hominum inmortalis est infamia;b.etiam tum vivit quom esse credas mortuam,
Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28; id. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7; Cato, R. R. 31:nec sibi enim quisquam tum se vitamque requirit Cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt,
Lucr. 3, 919; 4, 444; 4, 455;4, 1166: omnis praedictio mali tum probatur cum ad praedictionem cautio adjungitur,
Cic. Div. 2, 25, 54; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. N. D. 2, 3, 9: tum cum sine pondere suci Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant, Ov. H. 5, 109; Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44; 2, 27, 88; id. Fin. 4, 8, 20; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 20; 5, 26, 73; id. N. D. 1, 4, 9; id. Off. 1, 27, 93.—Tum maxime... cum plurimum = eo magis quo magis:eam (partem animi) tum maxime vigere cum plurimum absit a corpore,
Cic. Div. 1, 32, 70; so, cum maxime... tum maxime; v. b. a foll.—Tum introducing the apodosis.(α).As coincident:(β).quom amamus, tum perimus,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 94:ulmus, cum folia cadunt, tum iterum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; so id. ib. 155 (156):cum ea quae quasi involuta fuerunt, aperti sunt, tum inventa dicuntur,
Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 26; id. Fin. 5, 10, 29; 1, 17, 57; id. N. D. 2, 52, 129; 1, 19, 49; id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 15.—Cum maxime... tum maxime = quo magis eo magis:nam quom pugnabant maxume, ego tum fugiebam maxume,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 45:quamobrem omnes, cum secundae res sunt maxume, tum maxume Meditari secum oportet, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 30 poet. —As subsequent:4.ad legionem quom itum, adminiculum eis danunt tum jam aliquem cognatum suum,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 47:eo cum accessit ratio argumentique conclusio... tum et perceptio eorum omnium apparet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 30; 2, 41, 128; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24; 1, 20, 69; 5, 15, 41; id. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 1, 24, 58; 3, 2, 3; id. N. D. 2, 48, 123; id. Div. 2, 19, 44.—Referring to future time.(α).Tum as antecedent of cum:(β).quom mi haec dicentur dicta, tum tu, furcifer, quasi mus in medio pariete vorsabere,
Plaut. Cas. 1, 51; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:non committam ut tum haec res judicetur cum haec frequentia Roma discesserit,
Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54; id. Agr. 2, 17, 44; 2, 25, 67; id. Fin. 4, 22, 62; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Liv. 23, 13, 4; 41, 10, 7; Ov. M. 2, 651; id. H. 15, 293; Nep. Them. 6, 5.—Tum introducing the apodosis:B.quom videbis, tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; 4, 6, 30:de quo cum perpauca dixero, tum ad jus civile veniam,
Cic. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Clu. 2, 6; 4, 9; Liv. 3, 56, 10.—With temporal clause, introduced by ubi.1.Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):2.vitem novellam resecare tum erit tempus ubi valebit,
Cato, R. R. 33:tum tu igitur demum id adulescenti aurum dabis, ubi erit locata virgo in matrimonium?
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 52.—Tum introducing the apodosis.(α).Referring to definite past time (tum always = deinde):(β).ubi eorum dolorem majorem quam ceterorum cognovi, tum meum animum in illos, tum mei consilii causam proposui, tum eos hortatus sum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140; Sall. J. 94, 3:ubi illuxit, et Romanis Punica et Gallica arma cognita, tum dubitationem exemere,
Liv. 25, 10, 5; 1, 9, 10; 4, 57, 3; 9, 43, 16; 21, 25, 12; 23, 11, 4.—Referring to indefinite time:(γ).post ubi tempust promissa jam perfici, Tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,
Ter. And. 4, 1, 8: Cato, R. R. 3 init.; 17:ubi jam morbi se flexit causa... Tum quasi vaccillans primum consurgit,
Lucr. 3, 503; 6, 129; 6, 526.—Referring to future time:C.otium ubi erit, tum tibi operam ludo et deliciae dabo,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 13; id. Stich. 4, 2, 14:ubi tu voles, Ubi tempus erit, sat habet si tum recipitur,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 32; Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 18; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 72; id. Pers. 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 3, 2, 27:ut ubi id interrogando argumentis firmavero, tum testes ad crimen accommodem,
Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55:ubi haerere jam aciem videris, tum terrorem equestrem infer,
Liv. 6, 12, 10; 22, 55, 8.—With a temporal clause introduced by postquam.1.Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):2.Flaminius qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, tum vero postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, etc.,
Liv. 22, 3, 7; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 (v. infra, III. A. 2. a. b).—Tum introducing the apodosis (always = deinde).(α).Referring to definite past time:(β).posteaquam e portu piratae exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 100; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40 (al. tunc):postquam satis virium collectum videbat, tum ex suis unum sciscitatum Romam ad patrem misit,
Liv. 1, 54, 5; 3, 66, 5; 6, 13, 4; 22, 48, 4; 25, 10, 6; Gell. 5, 3, 6.—Referring to indefinite time: postquam vero commoditas quaedam... dicendi copiam consecuta est, tum ingenio freta malitia pervertere urbes adsuevit, Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 3.—D.With a temporal clause introduced by ut.1.Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):2.tum vero ingentem gemitum dat Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici... conspexit,
Verg. A. 1, 485; cf. id. ib. 12, 218.—Tum introducing the apodosis.(α).Of definite past time:(β).nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi, puto, prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,
Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46:sed ut intellectum est quantam vim haberet accurata... oratio, tum etiam magistri dicendi multi subito exstiterunt,
Cic. Brut. 8, 30; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; Liv. 24, 44, 10; id. 21, 54, 9; 23, 34, 6.—Referring to future time:E.neque ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,
Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 146:traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum, si eam Romanus rite emisisset, victoriam de Vejentibus dari (= si quando),
Liv. 5, 15, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.—With a temporal clause introduced by quando.1.Tum as antecedent of the clause.(α).Of definite past time:(β).auctoritatem senatus exstare sentio, tum, quando Alexandro mortuo, legatos Tyrum misimus,
Cic. Agr. 2, 16, 41.—Of future time:2.at scire tum memento quando id quod voles habebis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 41; id. Mil. 3, 1, 213; id. Most. 3, 1, 136; id. Men. 5, 7, 57:utinam tum essem natus quando Romani dona accipere coepissent,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75.—Tum introducing the apodosis.(α).Of indefinite time (quando = whenever):(β).quando esurio tum crepant (intestina),
Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 27; id. Truc. 1, 1, 15; id. Ps. 4, 7, 85:quando mulier dotem marito dabat, tum quae ex suis bonis retinebat reciperare dicebatur,
Gell. 17, 6, 6; 7 (6), 14, 4.—Of future time:F.at tu, quando habebis, tum dato,
Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 23:quando ab eadem parte sol eodemque tempore iterum defecerit, tum signis omnibus ad principium revocatis, expletum annum habeto,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:quando mihi usus venerit, tum quaeram ex te atque discam,
Gell. 6 (7), 17, 4.—In the apodosis after simul ac:G.an simul ac nubes successere, ipse in eas tum Descendit (Juppiter), prope ut hinc teli determinet ictus?
Lucr. 6, 402.—With a temporal clause introduced by dum.1.Tum as antecedent:2.sanctius visum est nomen Augusti, ut scilicet jam tum dum colit terras, ipso numine ac titulo consecretur,
Flor. 2, 33, 66 (4, 12, 66).—Tum introducing the apodosis:H.dum habeat, tum amet,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 23:dum se glomerant... tum pondere turris Procubuit,
Verg. A. 9, 540.—As antecedent of quamdiu:K.qui cum tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit quamdiu tecum in provincia fuerit, verum etiam nunc sit cum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 24, § 58.—Denoting a logical consequence after quando and cum:L.quando ergo erga te benignus fui... tum te mihi benigne itidem addecet... referre gratiam,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 35:cum magnus numerus deesset, tum iste homo nefarius in eorum locum... substituere coepit cives Romanos,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72.—After relative clauses denoting time: qua tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis junxit nuptiis, Ego tum gravida expletis jam fere ad pariendum mensibus, Poet. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 219 (Trag. Rel. p. 246 Rib.).—M.With conditional clauses.1. (α).Tum as antecedent of clause:(β).tum pol ego interii, homo si ille abiit,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 6; id. Men. 2, 2, 71; Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 40:si tenuis causa est, tum etiam argumentandi tenue filum,
Cic. Or. 36, 124; id. Rep. 1, 40, 62; 2, 9, 15; id. Fin. 1, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 13; id. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:tum vero ego nequiquam Capitolium servaverim si civem in servitutem duci videam,
Liv. 6, 14, 4; 3, 9, 11; 6, 14, 4; 7, 34, 14; Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14; Gell. 2, 12, 1 sq.; 4, 13, 1; 14, 2, 21.—Tum introducing the apodosis:2.si triduum hoc hic erimus, tum arbores in te cadent,
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 30; id. Rud. 5, 2, 59; 3, 4, 49; id. As. 1, 3, 89; id. Rud. 1, 3, 13; id. Ps. 4, 1, 1; 4, 1, 48 (39); Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 64; 3, 1, 17; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 19; Cato, R. R. 26; cf. id. ib. 27:quod si, ut spero, cepero, tum vero litteras publice mittam,
Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 3; id. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf. id. Ac. 2, 10, 32; id. Fin. 2, 4, 79; id. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Rep. 1, 43, 66: id. [p. 1911] Rosc. Am. 49, 142:si dimicandum erit, tum tu in novissimos te recipito,
Liv. 7, 40, 13; 8, 10, 12; Hor. S. 1, 2, 97; Ov. M. 7, 32.—Esp., denoting the consequences of perjury in ancient formulas of oaths: si ego injuste illos homines dedier mihi exposco, tum patriae compotem me numquam siris esse,
Liv. 1, 32, 7; 1, 24, 8; 22, 53, 11; hence, quid si falles? Me. Tum Mercurius Sosiae iratus siet, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 239; 3, 2, 52; id. Aul. 4, 10, 50; cf. also Liv. 3, 64, 10.—With a condition contrary to fact.(α).Tum, antecedent of clause:(β).tum esset ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,
Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:tum id audirem si tibi soli viveres,
id. Marcell. 8, 25; id. Fin. 4, 13, 33; id. Div. 2, 35, 73.—Tum introducing the apodosis:N.si quidem me amaret, tum istuc prodesset,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 56:quodsi omnia nobis quae ad victum pertinent. suppeditarentur, tum optimo quisque ingenio, totum se in cognitione et scientia collocaret,
Cic. Off. 1, 44, 158. —After an abl. absol.1. (α).Referring to definite past time:(β).ut morte ejus nuntiata tum denique bellum confectum arbitraretur,
Cic. Mur. 16, 34:sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres quanta vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae,
Sall. C. 61, 1:ita rebus divinis peractis tum de bello deque republica dictator rettulit,
Liv. 22, 11, 1; 2, 29, 1; 2, 29, 3; 3, 56, 1; 5, 50, 8; Plin. 11, 20, 22, § 68.—Referring to indefinite time:(γ).hisce omnibus rebus consideratis, tum denique id quod primum est dicendum, postremum soleo cogitare, quo utar exordio,
Cic. Or. 2, 77, 315.—Referring to future time (the abl. absol. = a fut. perf.):2.ita prope XL. diebus interpositis tum denique se responsuros esse arbitrantur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 31; 1, 18, 54; id. Fin. 4, 13, 32; id. Scaur. Fragm. 10, 22.—With pres. participles (post-class.):III.tacentibus cunctis, tum ipse (dixit), etc.,
Just. 12, 15, 6.Particular connections.A.With other particles of time.1.Jam tum, already at that time, i. e. earlier than might be anticipated:2.jam tum erat suspitio Dolo malo haec fieri,
Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8; cf. id. ib. 4, 4, 58; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 34:quippe etenim jam tum divom mortalia saecla Egregias animo facies vigilante videbant,
Lucr. 5, 1169; 5, 1037:ut mihi jam tum divinasse ille (Romulus) videatur hanc urbem sedem aliquando summo esse imperio praebituram,
Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10; 2, 7, 12; id. Div. 2, 57, 118; id. Tusc. 4, 2, 4:jam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt,
Liv. 1, 5, 1; 1, 7, 16; 1, 41, 7; 10, 21, 14;24, 49, 1: ut jam tum qualis futurus esset ostenderet,
Suet. Dom. 1; Curt. 4, 6, 29.—Tum demum and tum denique, then only, then at length, then at last, not till then, i. e. later than might be expected, implying delayed action.a.Tum demum.(α).In gen.:(β).adversisque in rebus noscere qui sit. Nam verae voces tum demum pectore ab imo Eiciuntur,
Lucr. 3, 58:tum demum Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat proponit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 5, 33; Sall. J. 46, 1:nec ante in campum degressi sunt quam, etc. Tum demum castra Etruscorum pro moenibus Fidenarum posita,
Liv. 4, 17, 12; 45, 12, 6; 2, 20, 11; 5, 39, 2; 23, 19, 15 et saep.; Val. Max. 1, 6, 10; 1, 7, 4; Curt. 3, 12, 12; Tac. A. 3, 18; 3, 47.—In partic., referring to clauses introduced by cum, ubi, si, or abl. absol. (v. II. A. B. L. M.), denoting absolute restriction to the terms of the clause:(γ).imo etiam ubi expolivero, magis hoc tum demum dices,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 60:tum demum mihi procax Academia videbitur si aut consenserint omnes, aut, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 13:cum is Casilini eo die mansurum dixisset, tum demum cognitus est error,
Liv. 22, 13, 8; Vell. 2, 115, 4; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 fin.; 7, 2, 4; Curt. 3, 11, 6; Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 7.—Sometimes = nunc demum (anteclass.): victus es, Chaline. St. Tum nos demum vivere. Olympio. Gaudeo, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 65.—b.Tum denique.(α).In gen.:(β).tum denique tauros in gregem redigo,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5:injecta glaeba tumulus is (locus) ubi humatus est vocatur, ac tum denique multa religiosa jura complectitur,
Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57; id. Fin. 3, 22, 76; id. Tusc. 3, 26, 61: nequiquam temptati ut tum denique desisterent impediendo bello, Liv. 4, 55, 5; Ov. M. 4, 519; 7, 857; 10, 664.—Referring to clauses with cum, etc. (v. II. A. B. L. M.):3.tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona quom quae in potestate habuimus ea amisimus,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 33:quo cum venerimus, tum denique vivemus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75; 3, 31, 75; id. Leg. 2, 4, 10; id. Rep. 1, 6, 11; so,tum denique si,
id. Fam. 14, 2, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10, § 29; id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 1:indicandum primum fuisse, dein petendum praesidium, postremo ni impetraretur, tum denique querendum,
Liv. 23, 43, 2; Cato ap. Plin. 17, 18, 29, § 126 (for tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9, v. II. D. 2. a).—Tum primum (rarely primo), then for the first time:4. a.tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit,
Lucr. 5, 1014:ludorum gratia quos tum primum anniversarios in circo facere constituisset,
Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 12; id. Sen. 21, 78; Caes. B. G. 7, 11:ponte sublicio tum primum in Tiberi facto,
Liv. 1, 33, 6; 2, 41, 3; 39, 22, 2; 2, 20, 6; 39, 49, 4; Vell. 2, 37, 5; Tac. A. 2, 27; id. H. 4, 57; Curt. 3, 12, 26. —Deinde tum (very rare):b.primum ea quae sumus acturi cogitare debemus, deinde tum dicere ac facere,
Varr. L. L. 6, 6, 62.—Tum deinde.(α).= tum demum or tum denique, then at length, not till then, then only:(β).nonne optime patronus occurrat prius conviciis luxuriae, etc., tum deinde narret de bonis Pallae? etc.,
Quint. 4, 2, 27; 12, 10, 11:emam, aedificabo, credam, exigam, honores geram: tum deinde lassam senectutem in otium referam,
Sen. Ep. 101, 4; Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251.—So corresp. with cum:quas cum solus pertulisset, tum deinde comitia collegae subrogando habuit,
Liv. 2, 8, 3 (Weissenb. demum, by conj.); Col. R. R. 1, 6, 13. —= an emphatic deinde: nam praetermisit quod in prima parte sumere debuit;c.tum deinde eodem ipso quod omiserat quasi proposito ad confirmandum aliud utitur,
Gell. 2, 8, 3; 13, 24 (23), 1; Just. 2, 1, 19.—With hic:d.hic tum repente Pacilius quidam accedit, ait, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94:hic ego tum ad respondendum surrexi,
id. Clu. 18, 51; 27, 73:hic tum injectus est hominibus scrupulus,
id. ib. 28, 76; id. Sest. 11, 25.—Tum postea:5.tum postea complorantibus nostris, dies quidem tandem inluxit,
Gell. 19, 1, 3; so id. 14, 3, 10 (for quid tum postea, v. D. 1.).—With interim:B.unum, alterum, tertium annum Sassia quiescebat... Tum interim, Q. Hortensio, Q. Metello coss.... despondet ei filiam suam,
Cic. Clu. 64, 179.—With particles of emphasis.1.Tum vero (sometimes tum enimvero or enimvero tum), then indeed, at that crisis, then if not before, etc., or merely = emphatic then, denoting either coincidence or sequence of action.(α).In gen.:(β).discedit a Melino Cluentia. Tum vero illa egregia mater palam exsultare... coepit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 14; 22, 61; id. Agr. 1, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:semper equidem magno cum metu incipio dicere... tum vero ita sum perturbatus ut, etc.,
id. Clu. 18, 51:tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur,
Caes. B. G. 2, 8; 5, 37; id. B. C. 1, 82; 2, 42:Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor... junguntur nuptiis. Tum vero in dies infestior Tulli senectus... coepit esse,
Liv. 1, 47, 1; 2, 22, 6; 4, 49, 13; 10, 19, 12; 21, 45, 9; 21, 58, 5; Ov. M. 2, 227; 7, 685; Curt. 4, 13, 1; 3, 11, 5; Tac. Agr. 37.—And in enumerations:deinde... post autem... tum vero ipsam veterem Karthaginem vendunt,
Cic. Agr. 1, 2, 5.—As correlative of temporal or conditional clauses, and after abl. absol.:2.quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit ne tum vero sustineri nec in urbe seditio, nec in castris posset,
Liv. 5, 7, 4; Sall. J. 94, 3:tum vero... si,
Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 63; Liv. 6, 14, 4 (v. II. M. 1. a, b).—With cum, Liv. 32, 12, 1:quae postquam frustra temptata rogumque parari... vidit, Tum vero gemitus... Edidit,
Ov. M. 2, 621; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40; v. C. 1. b. (so, tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; v. II. D. 2. and M. 1.).—Tum quidem, at that time, thereupon, then at least (usu. opposed to a later time): dixit sibi in somnis visum esse, etc. Et tum quidem incolumis exercitum liberavit; post triennium autem devovit se, etc., Cic. Div. 1, 24, 51; so,3.actum quidem,
id. Fl. 25, 59; id. Lael. 11, 39:et tum quidem ab Dio Perseus in interiora regni recepit se... post dies paucos, etc.,
Liv. 42, 39, 1; 1, 57, 10; 3, 2, 10;7, 17, 3.—Often in resuming the narrative after a digression: ac tum quidem regem... filium appellat,
Curt. 4, 7, 25.—Merely emphatic:Duillio Cornelioque coss. etiam mari congredi ausus est. Tum quidem ipsa velocitas classis comparatae victoriae auspicium fuit,
Flor. 1, 18 (2, 2), 7; so id. 1, 22 (2, 6), 20; 1, 40 (3, 5), 12.—With cum, Tac. Dial. 11.—Ne tum quidem, not even then:4.num quis horum miser hodie? Ne tum quidem, post spiritum extremum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 37, 89; id. Div. 1, 26, 55; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 98:ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 50; 7, 53; Tac. H. 5, 21; Curt. 3, 2, 18.—With cum:ille vere ne tum quidem miser cum ab Oroete in crucem actus est,
Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92; so id. Tusc. 5, 20, 57; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; Liv. praef. 12; 39, 39, 11.—Tum maxime (sometimes tum cummaxime).(α).Especially at that time, chiefly then: illi sumposia, nos convivia quod tum maxime simul vivitur, Cic. Fam. 9, 24, 35; id. Leg. 2, 11, 26.—With cum:(β).quae quidem vis tum maxime cognita est cum... M. Cato, legem suadens, in Galbam multa dixit,
Cic. Brut. 23, 89; id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Par. 4, 1, 29.—Just then, just at that moment (not ante-Aug.):(γ).regi, tum maxime captivos ex Illyrico vendenti,
Liv. 43, 20, 3; 1, 10, 1:per totam aciem vulgatum est, castra amissa esse, et tum cummaxime ardere,
id. 40, 32, 1; so,tum cummaxime,
id. 43, 7, 8:corpus enim suum a caupone trucidatum tum maxime plaustro ad portam ferri,
Val. Max. 1, 7, ext. 10; 2, 10, 2; 3, 2, 2 fin.; Curt. 3, 4, 14; 6, 6, 10; Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154; Quint. 2, 15, 30; 2, 61, 31; Suet. Caes. 65; id. Calig. 53.—So with cum:et quod tum maxime Abydum oppugnaret cum rex ab Attalo et Rhodiis ultro se bello lacessitum diceret,
Liv. 31, 18, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 15, 2.—Strengthening the co-ordinate tum after cum, so especially; v. I. C. 3. e. b (for cum maxime... tum maxime and tum maxime... cum plurimum, v. II. A. 3. a. b.).—5.Tum potissimum = tum maxime, just then (rare):6.C. Caesar... tum potissimum acie commissa impeditos religione hostes vicit,
Front. Strat. 2, 1, 16.—Etiam tum.(α).Even then:(β).etiam tum vivit cum esse credas mortuam,
Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28:totum se Servilio etiam tum tradidit,
even then, at so late a time, Cic. Sest. 62, 130:etiam tum cum verisimile erit,
id. Rosc. Am. 20, 57.— So with cum, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; id. Dom. 13, 23; id. Sest. 38, 81.—Still, as yet (also as one word; cf. etiamtum, and v. the foll. additional passages), Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 41; id. Fin. 3, 14, 48; id. Rep. 2, 12, 24; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; id. Brut. 20, 80; id. Off. 2, 14, 47; Caes. B. C. 3, 93; Liv. 5, 40, 10; Val. Max. 9, 6, 3; Tac. A. 3, 72; Suet. Claud. 27 fin.; id. Dom. 22.—7.And with a negation, = nondum: ipsa ego non longos etiam tum scissa capillos,
not yet long, Ov. H. 8, 79.—Tum etiam.(α).Followed by si or cum, even if, even when:(β).atque equidem filium Tum etiam si nolit, cogam,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 65:qui tum etiam cum... circumfusi erant caligine,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 45.—Then also, then too, besides:8.tum etiam illud cogitatote, sic vivere Cornelium ut, etc.,
Cic. Balb. 28, 65; id. N. D. 1, 16, 43; so id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Fin. 2, 16, 53; Col. 12 praef.—Tum quoque.(α).Also then, then likewise, then as before, then as on another occasion mentioned before: ceu lapidem si Percutiat lapis aut ferrum;(β).nam tum quoque lumen Exsilit,
Lucr. 6, 162:tum quoque homini plus tribui quam nescio cui necessitati,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 11, 28:tum quoque multis milibus Latinorum in civitatem acceptis,
Liv. 1, 33, 5; 2, 52, 2; 21, 22, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 37; Ov. M. 14, 369.—Even then, = etiam tum (rare):(γ).et tamen tum quoque se absentes triumphare credunt,
Liv. 45, 38, 13; 39, 41, 3; 39, 47, 11; Ov. H. 17 (18), 190.—In orat. obliq. (v. I. A. 2.), even now:(δ).quod si Romani tum quoque aequa aspernarentur,
Liv. 42, 62, 7. —= sic quoque, even under the circumstances, even as it was, etc. (v. sic, V. 3.): ut si effugium patuisset in publicum, impleturae urbem tumultu fuerint. Tum quoque [p. 1912] aliquotiens integro corpore evaserunt, Liv. 24, 26, 13; 40, 16, 6; 43, 4, 1;9.9, 13, 9: tum quoque, amputata dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit,
Just. 2, 9, 18.—Tum ipsum = eo ipso tempore, at the very time, just then, even then (only in Cic. in four passages; cf.:C.nunc ipsum): tota igitur ratio talium largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum... moderanda est,
Cic. Off. 2, 17, 60:quem quidem cum sua voluntate ex patria Karthaginem revertisset, tum ipsum cum vigiliis et fame cruciaretur, clamat virtus beatiorem fuisse quam Thorium,
id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv. ad loc.:tum ipsum cum immolare velis extorum fieri mutatio potest,
id. Div. 1, 52, 118:ita (oratores), non injuria, quotienscunque dicerent, id quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,
id. Or. 1, 27, 123.—Tum with co-ordinating particles.1.Tum autem.(α).= praeterea, and then, besides (v. I. C. 1.): turpilucricupidum te vocant cives tui;(β).tum autem sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:oves scabrae sunt... Tum autem Surorum nemo exstat qui ibi sex menses vixerit,
id. ib. 2, 4, 141; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 4, 2, 3; id. Poen. 5, 5, 34; 5, 7, 22; Ter. And. 1, 5, 34; id. Eun. 5, 9, 7; id. Hec. 2, 1, 14; 3, 2, 10:tum autem qui non ipso honesto movemur... callidi sumus, non boni,
Cic. Leg. 1, 14, 41; id. Or. 1, 58, 247; 2, 19, 80.—= tum... tum:(γ).visne igitur inter hos populos inambulantes, tum autem residentes quaeramus eisdem de rebus?
Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 15.—= eo tempore, with autem as connective:(δ).tum illic autem Lemnius... uxorem duxit, etc.,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 25:tum autem ex omnibus montibus nives proluit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 48.—But in this instance:2.uxori emunda ancilla'st: tum autem pluscula Supellectile opus est,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 60; 5, 7, 25 sq.—For tum etiam, v. B. 7. b.—3.Tum praeterea:4.nam tui similis est probe. Tum praeterea talem, nisi tu, nulla pareret filium,
Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 20; so id. Ad. 3, 2, 47; id. Phorm. 3, 2, 33; Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56 (v. I. C. 3. e. l).—Tum porro:D.tum porro venti magnam quoque tollere partem Umoris possunt,
Lucr. 6, 623; 4, 829 (827).—Quid tum?1.In dialogue, what then? what next? what further? novi ego hos pugnos meos. Ca. Quid tum? Th. Quid tum? Rogitas? Hisce ego, si tu me inritaveris, placidum te hodie reddam, Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 49; so id. As. 2, 2, 83; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47; 3, 5, 66; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 8.—And strengthened:2.quid tum postea?
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; id. As. 2, 2, 68; 2, 2, 79; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 78; 4, 2, 9; 4, 7, 23; id. Ad. 4, 5, 15; id. Hec. 4, 1, 36: videsne abundare me otio? A. Quid tum? Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 26.—In imitation of a dialogue:3.at mulctantur bonis exsules. Quid tum? Parumne multa de toleranda paupertate dicuntur?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 37, 107; so id. Quint. 22, 72; 27, 84; id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 132; id. Dom. 47, 123; id. Dejot. 7, 22; id. Phil. 1, 10, 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230.—As emphatic co-ordinative in quoting the different items of a document, law, etc.: quive in senatu sententiam dixit, dixerit. Quid tum? Qui eorum coiit, coierit, etc., what next? i. e. and then, listen! Cic. Clu. 54, 148; so id. Agr. 1, 5, 16; 3, 3, 11; id. Mur. 12, 26; id. Fl. 23, 55.—E.Tum temporis = eo tempore (post class. and rare; cf.:tunc temporis): postera die civitas principem suum, ac tum temporis consulem in foro expectabat,
Just. 31, 2, 6. -
55 tunc
tunc, adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Caes. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.I.Absol.A.Referring an event to a time before mentioned.1.To definite past time.(α).To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.):(β).tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus,
Tib. 1, 10, 19:nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,
Val. Max. 2, 1, 5:sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificanda patria plurimum periculi sustinebat,
id. 3, 2, 6:nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant qua tunc consul non erubuit,
id. 4, 3, 7:quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,
id. 6, 5, 6:si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,
Curt. 4, 16, 33:sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,
Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani [p. 1914] tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.):(γ).(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,
Cic. Arch. 10, 25:neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,
id. Sull. 3, 9:his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his... liberaliter responderunt,
Caes. B. C. 3, 104:tunc duces Nerviorum... colloqui sese velle dicunt,
at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41:quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,
id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.:Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,
Liv. 22, 24, 1:itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentia tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,
id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10;44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,
Ov. M. 2, 679:tunc ego nec cithara poteram gaudere sonora, nec, etc.,
Tib. 3, 4, 69:tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,
Vell. 2, 88, 2:forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,
Val. Max. 2, 6, 8:qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,
id. 5, 2, 10:Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,
id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.;8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,
Curt. 4, 2, 10:et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,
id. 3, 5, 1:perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,
Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5:tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,
Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,
Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3:ardente tunc in Africa bello,
Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21:Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,
Gell. 17, 9, 20:hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,
id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora:tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,
Tib. 2, 1, 43:tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus... occurrebant,
Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively:regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,
Just. 6, 2, 4.—Referring to a state no longer in existence:(δ).silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,
Liv. 21, 25, 8:urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,
id. 45, 28, 2:hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republica, mox... pro Caesare stetit,
Vell. 2, 48, 3:certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,
Val. Max. 7, 3, 9:docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,
Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423;(ε).ea lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,
Cic. Clu. 56, 154:cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?
Liv. 34, 6, 18:munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),
id. 36, 17, 4:parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,
id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5:Macedones milites ea tunc erant fama qua nunc Romani feruntur,
Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas;tunc tibi inferias dedi,
Sen. Phoen. 172:nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,
Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9:hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?
Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.;tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis;ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,
Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versa).—Opposed to a previous or a later time:(ζ).quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,
Liv. 3, 69, 1:(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,
id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10:non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,
Vell. 2, 80, 3:et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,
Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2:praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,
Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18:Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,
Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58:ob res et tunc in Africa, et olim in Germania gestas,
Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4:idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,
Flor. 1, 5, 8.—In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs:(η).mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coeant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,
Tac. A. 12, 47:legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,
Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood:aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,
Liv. 4, 51, 6.—Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion:(θ).quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,
Liv. 39, 36, 7:jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc... clamore adjuvant militem suum,
while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17:sed neque... nubes Tunc habuit, nec... imbres,
Ov. M. 2, 310:quid mihi tunc animi fuit?
id. ib. 7, 582:quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?
id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31:quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepidatio... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,
Vell. 2, 124, 1:non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,
Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1;9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,
Sen. Ep. 63, 15:non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,
Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5:tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,
Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaethontis) credunt... Tum facta'st Libya... arida;tum, etc.,
Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc... sorores Debuerant, etc.;Tum potui Medea mori bene,
id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time:nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,
if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—Redundant (post-class.):2.id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,
Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—= nunc, in oblique discourse (rare):3.quod si consulatus tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribunicia potestate esse,
Liv. 2, 54, 5:ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,
Just. 14, 5, 7.—Referring to indefinite time.(α).Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season:(β).tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,
Varr. R. R. 1, 27:ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,
id. ib. 2, 5:omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7:tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate prima),
id. ib. 4, 2, 21:et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,
id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—With the force of an indefinite temporal clause:(γ).tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vana trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2:adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,
id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum):4.dominae mentem convertite... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,
Prop. 1, 1, 23:itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),
Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22:cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,
Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt;tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc... tunc... denique, etc.,
id. ib. 10, 2;7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!
Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,
Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a femina manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atilia petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—Referring to future time.(α).In gen.: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur;(β).tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86:tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,
Liv. 3, 53, 10:senatus consultum adjectum est ut... praetor qui tunc esset... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur... jusjurandum daret, etc.,
id. 41, 9, 11:nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, etc.,
Tib. 2, 5, 95:tunc interea tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis,
Gell. 3, 7, 7.—With the force of a conditional clause:B.tunc me biremis Tutum... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),
Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),
id. Epod. 17, 74:tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),
id. A. P. 103:tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina... Tunc ego... Efficiam, etc.,
Ov. H. 15 (16), 319:tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,
id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.1.Simple sequence in time.(α).Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.;(β).in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Roma reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8:tandem curia excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,
id. 45, 25, 1:equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,
id. 7, 8, 1:iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se... minatus est,
Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1:Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,
Curt. 3, 8, 24:contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,
Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; [p. 1915] Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—Before an abl. absol. (postclass.):(γ).statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,
Tac. A. 1, 48:tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,
Suet. Aug. 98:tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,
Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly:2.caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides;quid dubitas, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 34:animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,
id. ib. 3, 85:omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,
Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10:Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,
Tib. 1, 3, 71:apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,
Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero:donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,
Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum:multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,
Liv. 9, 39, 10. —In enumerations with tum... deinde... postea, etc.(α).In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.;(β).tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia... tenerentur,
Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so,tunc... deinde... tunc, etc.,
Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13:tunc... tunc... deinde... tunc,
id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris;tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare):C.tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,
Liv. 2, 12, 15:apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,
Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum:tunc poeta... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,
Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—In co-ordination (very rare).1.= praeterea, and then:2.(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magna cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.:praeter has, frugalitas et continentia... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentia cum elegantia quantum decoris illi adderent!
Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—In the connection cum... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.):3.vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,
Juv. 9, 118 ( poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. b.II.As correlative of dependent clauses.A.Of temporal clauses with cum.1.Referring to definite past time.a.Tunc as antecedent of the clause:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108:etiamne in ara tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?
id. Rud. 3, 6, 8:quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,
id. ib. 2, 5, 43, §111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,
id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetenda patria, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9:et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italia haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?
id. 31, 7, 5:infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,
Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.):prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 10:quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,
Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—Introducing the apodosis.(α).Of coincident actions:(β).cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset... tunc injecta trepidatio,
Liv. 44, 28, 10.—= deinde:2.adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegrata ira, virgas et secures expediri jussit,
Liv. 8, 32, 10:divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt... noluerunt imperio parere,
Vitr. 2, 9, 15:cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,
Just. 2, 11, 5.—Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—3.Referring to indefinite time.a.As antecedent:b.arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,
Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19):tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,
id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; id. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only... when, never... unless (= tote dê), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Mull. tum):deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,
Quint. 10, 7, 14:tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,
id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3:voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38:in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,
Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—Introducing the apodosis:4.cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa... collocentur,
Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2;3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—Referring to future time:B.ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,
Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3:poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae... peregissem,
Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. b.—With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).1.Of definite past time:2.ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,
Liv. 4, 55, 2:haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,
id. 25, 8, 9.—Of indefinite time.a.As antecedent:b.tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,
Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—In apodosis:C.stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,
Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.1.Of definite past time:2.posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,
Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—D.With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare):E.ut vero... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus... audiebantur,
Just. 19, 2, 11.—With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).1.As antecedent:2.tunc quando abiero,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—In apodosis:F.quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,
Cic. Univ. 9.—With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare):G.tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,
Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—With conditional clauses.1.In gen.(α).As antecedent:(β).consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:sin autem ventus interpellaverit et... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,
Vitr. 8, 5, 2:tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,
Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—In apodosis:2.si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 15:quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,
Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9:si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,
Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—With a supposition contrary to fact:H.audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,
Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—After abl. absol. (rare):III.legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,
Liv. 44, 21, 1:his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,
Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.Particular connections.A.With other particles of time.1.Jam tunc (rare):2. a.nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,
Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53:At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,
Vell. 2, 12, 1:Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poematis clarum et nobilem,
Gell. 17, 21, 8:palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,
Just. 13, 5, 5. —Tunc demum.(α).Absol.:(β).tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,
Liv. 41, 3, 5:tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,
Ov. H. 11, 91:tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,
Curt. 4, 13, 20:tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6:(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,
Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14:tunc demum... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,
Suet. Calig. 9:tunc demum ad otium concessit,
id. Claud. 5.—With cum clause:b.postero die cum circumsessi aqua arceremur, nec ulla... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,
Liv. 21, 59, 6:et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,
id. 44, 44, 3:cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,
Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore mathêmatikoi. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur phusikoi, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—3.Tunc primum:4.quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,
Sall. J. 5, 2:tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,
Liv. 1, 35, 8:eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,
id. 4, 54, 2:tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,
id. 5, 7, 13:lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romana facto,
id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).(α).Deinde tunc:(β).roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,
Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera [p. 1916] exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—5.Tunc tandem:B.simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4.—With emphatic particles.1.Tunc vero (or enimvero):2.in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,
Liv. 40, 40, 10:cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,
id. 2, 36, 6:tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,
Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba;tunc vero nitenti, etc.,
Tac. A. 1, 11.—Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit;3.postero die, etc.,
Liv. 42, 57, 9:tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,
Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—Ne tunc quidem:4.quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,
Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9:ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,
Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).(α).Chiefly at that time, especially then:(β).Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—Just then:5.hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,
Curt. 3, 2, 17:non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,
id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. a.—6.Etiam tunc.(α).Even then:(β).experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,
Gell. 15, 16, 3.—Still:7.quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,
Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—Tunc etiam.(α).Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore:(β).in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,
Liv. 6, 5, 6.—Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel:8.ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,
Ov. M. 2, 68.—Tunc quoque.(α).Also then:(β).irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,
Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores;et tunc quoque forte legebat,
Ov. M. 4, 315:quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aera spiritus prosilit,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 18:cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,
Suet. Claud. 21:tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,
Just. 38, 9, 9.—Even then:(γ).tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7:faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,
Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum:tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit... an ex magna parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,
Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—= sic quoque, even as it was:C.quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,
Liv. 21, 34, 8.—Tunc temporis (postclass.;v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,
Just. 1, 4, 4:parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,
id. 3, 6, 6:ad abolendam invidiae famam qua insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,
id. 8, 3, 7:erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,
id. 12, 2, 7. -
56 sample
1. n образец, образчик; пробаup to sample, equal to sample — соответствующий образцу
2. n образец, пример3. n шаблон, модель4. n стат. выборка, замер, выборочная совокупность5. v отбирать образцы или пробы6. v пробовать, испытыватьСинонимический ряд:1. cross section (noun) cross section; portion; segment2. example (noun) bit; case; case history; example; illustration; instance; model; morsel; representation; representative; sampling; specimen; taste; unit3. test (verb) examine; experience; experiment; inspect; taste; testАнтонимический ряд:indulge in; whole -
57 жила
ж. горн. veinжила кабеля — cable conductor; core of a cable; cable conductor
Синонимический ряд:1. скупая (сущ.) жадина; жадюга; жмот; скаред; сквалыга; сквалыжник; скопидом; скряга; скупая; скупердяй; скупец2. водилась (глаг.) водилась; населяла3. обитала (глаг.) жительствовала; обитала; обреталась; проживала4. существовала (глаг.) существовалаАнтонимический ряд:помирала; умирала
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