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101 res
rēs, reī, f. (altind. ras, Gut, Besitz, rāti, gibt), Sache, Ding im weitesten Sinne, I) im allg., Sache, Ding, Gegenstand, Wesen, Umstand, Lage, Angelegenheit, Vorfall, Begebenheit, Ereignis, Erscheinung, zuw. bl. = etwas, divinae humanaeque res, Cic.: res, quae numquam fuerunt, ut Scyllae, Cic.: natura rerum, Welt, Cic.: caput rerum (Welt) urbs Romana, Ov. – Genet. rerum pleonast., timeo quid rerum gesserim, Plaut.: quid rerum geritis? Plaut. u. Catull.: abdita rerum, Verborgenes, Hor.: ficta rerum, Schnurrpfeifereien, Hor.: dum ita rerum habet, Tert adv. Val. 14 in.: u. so rerum zur Verstärkung des Superl., rerum pulcherrima, Roma, die allerschönste, Verg.: pulcherrima rerum, eloquentia, Quint.: pulcherrime rerum, maxime rerum, Ov. – res divina, r. militaris, navalis, rustica u. dgl., s. dīvīnususw. – rem gerere, s. 1. gerono. I, B, 2. – si r. postulabit, die Sachlage, Cic.: ebenso res autem haec est, Cic. – quae res? quae haec res est? Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 1343. p. 126). – multa signa sunt eius rei, hiervon, Cic.: si qua (invidia) ex re (daraus) oreretur, Liv.: neque est ulla r. (irgend etwas), in qua, Cic.: homines nullā re bonā digni, nichtswürdig, Cic.: sumptu ne parcas ulla in re, Cic.: res una solaque, das einzige, das einzige Mittel, Hor.: profecto, ut loquor, ita res est, so ist es, Plaut.: male se res habet, es steht schlimm, Cic.: Dion rem eo perduxit, ut etc., brachte es dahin, daß usw., Nep. – mala r., übler Handel, üble Lage, üble Umstände, Plaut. u. Sall.: gew. Plur. malae r. (Ggstz. bonae res), Komik. u.a.; vgl. adversus, secundus, florens, salvus u. dgl. – e re nata, nach Beschaffenheit der Umstände, Ter. u. Apul.: dass. pro re nata, Cic., u. bl. pro re, Liv. – nitentia (arma) ante rem, vor der Schlacht, Liv.: quibus (sc. litteris tuis) non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus, Cic. – r. nova, eine neue Erscheinung, Nep.: r. magna, ein wichtiges Ereignis, etwas Großes, Wichtiges, Liv. – res populi Romani (die Begebenheiten, Ereignisse, die Geschichte) perscribere, Liv.: u. so res Persicae, Nep.: veteres res, alte Geschichte, Cic.
II) insbes.: A) die Sache selbst, die Tat, der wirkliche Erfolg, der Augenschein, die Wirklichkeit, Wahrheit, res dicta secuta est, gesagt getan, Ov.: res indicabit, Cic.: ut ipsa res declaravit, Cic.: re tibi praestabo, ICt. – aut consilio aut re iuvero, Ter. – rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba, Cic.: hos deos non re, sed opinione esse, Cic.: nominibus differre, re congruere, Cic.: eum tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio confiteri, Cic.: vides, quantum distet argumentatio ab re ipsā atque a veritate, Cic.: haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā loquitur, Cic.: populi nomine, re autem verā sceleratissimo latrocinio, Cic.: et re verā, in der Tat, wirklich, Cic. – ut erat res, wie es sich wirklich verhielt, Sall.: u. so hoc od. id quod res est, wie es sich wirklich verhält, Komik.: u. bl. quod res est, Cic. ep. 13, 7, 2. – B) Besitztum, Vermögen, Hab und Gut, pro (im Verhältnis zu) re nostra, Ter.: rem quaerere (zu erwerben suchen), Plaut.: rem facere (erwerben), Ter. u. Hor.: rem augere, Cic.: rem conficere (vertun), Cic.: reliquias rei publicae dissipare, Cic. – Plur., reliquiae rerum suarum, Suet.: privatae res (Ggstz. res publica), Cic. – C) Interesse, Vorteil, Nutzen, res magis quaeritur, quam clientium fides, Plaut.: consulere suis rebus, Nep.: in rem suam convertere, Cic.: dum ob rem, wenn es nur nützlich ist, Ter.: verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, Sall.: ebenso si in rem est, Ter.: u. in rem et vostram et nostram esset, Ter.: quod in rem recte conducat tuam, Plaut. u. in rem est (es ist zweckdienlich, vorteilhaft) m. folg. Infin., Sall. u. Liv., od. m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., od. m. folg. ut u. Konj., Plaut. u. Ter.: ex tua re est, ut ego moriar, Plaut.: ex re mea, Cic.: ex re istius, Ter.: e od. ex re publica (zum Vorteile, zum Besten des Staates) fecisse, Cic., ducere, Liv.: u. ex od. e re publica est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. u. Liv.: subdole ab re consulit, er gibt Ratschläge (vom Vorteil weg, d.h.) zum Nachteil, Plaut.: u. so haud id ab re ancupis, Plaut. Vgl. übh. Brix Plaut. trin. 238. Spengel Plaut. truc. 2, 6, 40 u. Ter. Andr. 546. – D) Ursache, Grund, nur in der Verbndng. eā (hāc) re od. ob eam (hanc) rem, adv., deshalb, zu dem Behufe, eā re, Cic.: hāc re, Lucr. u. Sen. ep.: ob eam rem, Plaut., Cic. u.a. – E) Geschäftssache, Geschäftsangelegenheit, Geschäft, inter se multa communicare de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic.: rem cum alqo transigere, Cic. – dah. übtr., allg.: res (alci) est cum alqo, m. jmd. zu tun (zu schaffen) haben, etiamne tecum hic res mihi est? Ter.: tecum mihi res est, T. Rosci, quoniam etc., Cic.: quoniam cum senatore res est, Cic.: u. v. Sachen, famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo, bekomme es zu tun mit Verlust u. Schaden, Plaut. trin. 219. – F) Rechtssache, Rechtsangelegenheit, Rechtshandel, Prozeß (allgemeiner als causa), utrum rem an litem dici oporteret, Cic.: de rebus ab isto cognitis iudicatisque et de iudiciis datis, Cic. – G) res publica u. (bes. bei Histor.) auch bl. res, das Gemeinwesen, das Gemeindewesen, Staatswesen, der Staat; auch Staatsleitung, Staatsverwaltung, Staatsgewalt, α) res p.: rei publicae pericula, Cic.: re publicā frui, Cic.: rem publicam sustinere, Cic.: rem publicam gerere, s. 1. gerono. I, B, 2, a u. b (Bd. 1. S. 2927 u. 2928): ratio rei totius publicae, Cic.: de re publica disputatio, Cic.: dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, Cic.: rem publicam recusare, den Staatsdienst aufgeben, Commod. bei Spart. Pesc. 4, 4: de tribus generibus rerum publicarum, Cic.: in rebus publicis, Cic. – β) bl. res: res Romana, Liv. u. Hor.: res Albana, Liv.: res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, Sall. – Plur., res Priami evertere, Verg.: incruenta Urbs et res sine discordia translatae, Tac. – / arch. Genet. re, Elog. clar. vir. 29 im Corp. inscr. Lat. 1. p. 288: arch. Dat. re, Lucil. 52 u. 969: arch. Abl. ree, einsilbig gemessen, Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 9499 = Carm. epigr. 959 A: Genet. re einsilbig, und Dativ rei einsilbig oft bei Plaut. u. Ter., s. Georges Lexikon der lat. Wortf. S. 598.
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102 gero
gĕro, ĕre, gessi, gestum - tr. - - Lebaigue P. 543 et P. 544. [st1]1 [-] porter qq part qqch. - gerere terram, Liv. 7, 6, 2: transporter de la terre. - gerere saxa in muros, Liv. 28, 19, 13: porter (transporter) des pierres pour les murs. - caput abscisum spiculo gerens, Liv. 4, 19, 5: portant au bout d'une pique la tête détachée du tronc. [st1]2 [-] porter sur soi, avec soi. - gerere vestem, Lucr. 5, 1420: porter un vêtement. --- cf. Nep. Dat. 3, 1. - in capite galeam, dextra manu clavam gerere, Nep. Dat. 3, 2: porter sur sa tête un casque, dans sa main droite un bâton. - virginis os habitumque gerens, Virg. En. 1, 315: portant les traits et le costume d'une jeune fille. - semina rerum permixta gerit tellus, Lucr. 6, 790: la terre porte en elle un mélange confus de germes. --- cf. Lucr. 6, 539. [st1]3 [-] [d'où] produire. - fruges gerit terra, Varr. L. 5, 64: la terre produit les moissons. --- cf. Virg. G. 2, 70 ; Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6, etc. [st1]4 [-] fig. porter, tenir, avoir, faire paraître. - gerere personam, Cic. Off. 1, 115: tenir un rôle. - gerere personam civitatis, Cic. Off. 1, 132: représenter la cité. - gerere cognomen, Sen. Ep. 91, 17: porter un surnom. - [d'où, postclass.] gerere aliquem: jouer le personnage de qqn, se comporter en telle personne. - gerere principem, Plin. Pan. 44: se comporter en empereur. --- cf. Just. 32, 3, 1; V. Max. 9, 1, 9. - gerere fortem animum, Sall. J. 107, 1: montrer du courage. - cum multis graves inimicitias gerere, Cic. Caecil. 66: entretenir de graves inimitiés avec bien des personnes. --- cf. Cic. Cael. 32 ; Caes. BC. 1, 3, 4. - gerere amicitiam, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5: entretenir des sentiments d'amitié. - gerere odium in aliquem, Liv. 28, 22, 2: entretenir des sentiments de haine contre qqn. - [absolt] aliter atque animo gerebat, Sall. J. 72, 1: contrairement à sa pensée. - prae se gerere = prae se ferre: porter devant soi, montrer. --- Cic. Inv. 2, 30 ; 2, 157. [st1]5 [-] porter une chose, s'en charger. - cf. Varr. L. 6, 77. [st1]6 [-] faire, accomplir, exécuter. - statuere utrum illi qui istam rem gesserunt homicidae sint an vindices libertatis, Cic. Phil. 2, 30: décider si les auteurs de cette action dont tu parles [meurtre de César] sont des assassins ou les vengeurs de la liberté. - haec dum Romae geruntur, Cic. Quinct. 28: pendant que tout cela se passe à Rome. - [t. mil.] rem gerere: exécuter une entreprise de guerre, combattre. - res geritur, Cic. Phil. 8, 17: l'affaire (la bataille) est engagée. - gladio comminus rem gerere, Caes. BG. 5, 44, 11: s'escrimer de près avec l'épée. - occasio rei bene gerendae, Caes. BG. 5, 57, 1: occasion de remporter un succès. - male re gesta, Caes. BG. 1, 40, 12: après un échec, un échec étant essuyé. --- cf. Liv. 2, 17, 4. - [même sens avec negotium, Caes. BG. 3, 18, 5, etc]. - quid negotii geritur? Cic.: que se passe-t-il ? - [vie privée]: rem ou negotium gerere: mener, administrer une affaire, ses propres affaires. --- cf. Cic. CM 22 ; Att. 16, 2, 2 ; Cat. 2, 21; Com. 32, etc. [st1]7 [-] [vie politique] accomplir, exécuter. - gerere rem publicam: exercer des fonctions publiques, se charger des affaires publiques. --- cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 12. - rem publicam bene gerere, Cic. Br. 103: faire de bonne politique. - mais superatis hostibus, optime re publica gesta, Cic. Verr. 3, 185: après avoir triomphé des ennemis et rempli excellemment leur mission officielle. - cf. Cic. Prov. 14 ; Liv. 2, 24, 5. - rem publicam gerere et administrare, Cic. Fin. 3, 68: prendre en mains et administrer les affaires publiques. - gerere magistratum, Cic. Sest. 79: exercer une magistrature. - gerere praeturam, Cic. Verr. 4, 136: exercer la préture. [st1]8 [-] diriger (la guerre). - gerere bellum: - [abcl]a - avoir la conduite de la guerre (en parl. du général). - [abcl]b - faire la guerre, être en guerre. --- Cic. Rep. 2, 15 ; 1, 25 ; etc. - (bellum) quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere (gesserunt), Liv. 21: (guerre) que les Carthaginois, sous la conduite d'Annibal, firent au peuple romain. - ad Syracusas terra marique geritur res, Liv. 25, 6: à Syracuse, on fait la guerre sur terre et sur mer. - terra marique communi consilio rem gerere, Liv. 28, 23: mener d'un commun accord les opérations sur terre et sur mer. - res gestae: choses accomplies, actions aussi bien civiles que politiques ou militaires. - res tuae gestae, res gestae alicujus: tes actions, les actions accomplies par qqn, les hauts faits, les exploits. --- cf. Cic. Marc. 25 ; Fin. 5, 52 ; Dej. 12 ; Verr. 5, 25 ; etc. - plur. n. gesta, orum: exploits. --- Nep. Them. 4, 6 ; Han. 13, 3 ; Liv. 6, 1, 3 ; 8, 40, 5. [st1]9 [-] passer (le temps...). - gerere aetatem cum aliquo, Sulp. Fam. 4, 5, 3: passer sa vie avec qqn. - adolescentiae tempus gerere, Suet. Dom. 1: passer sa jeunesse. - annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum, Suet. Vesp.: dans sa soixante-neuvième année. - annos gerens proxime quadraginta, Aur. Vict.: âgé de presque quarante ans. [st1]10 [-] morem gerere. - gerere morem alicui: faire la volonté de qqn, déférer aux désirs de qqn, complaire à qqn, obéir à qqn. - geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: je me plierai à ton désir et ce qui t'intéresse, je vais te l'expliquer de mon mieux. - ut homo est, ita morem geras, Ter. Ad. 432: comme est chacun, il faut s'y faire. - utrique a me mos gestus est, Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3: j'ai fait plaisir à tous les deux. [st1]11 [-] gerere se + adv. ou expression équivalente: se comporter, se conduire. - se gerere pro + abl.: se comporter en. - se gerere pro cive, Cic. Arch. 11: se comporter en citoyen. --- cf. Liv. 32, 2, 6. - se gerere turpiter, Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4: se conduire honteusement. - gerere se matrem: se conduire en mère. - se gerere aliquo modo: se comporter de telle ou telle manière. - se gerere summissius, Cic. Off. 1, 90: se comporter avec plus de modestie, avoir une conduite plus modeste. --- cf. Cic. Off. 1, 98 ; Tusc. 2, 48, etc. - ita se gerere ut... Cic. Verr. 4, 72: se comporter (se conduire) de telle manière que... - [avec attribut] se gerere medium, Liv. 2, 27, 3: se montrer neutre. - se gerere et exercitum more majorum, Sall. J. 55, 1: traiter soi-même et l'armée à la manière des ancêtres. --- cf. Sall. J. 85, 47.* * *gĕro, ĕre, gessi, gestum - tr. - - Lebaigue P. 543 et P. 544. [st1]1 [-] porter qq part qqch. - gerere terram, Liv. 7, 6, 2: transporter de la terre. - gerere saxa in muros, Liv. 28, 19, 13: porter (transporter) des pierres pour les murs. - caput abscisum spiculo gerens, Liv. 4, 19, 5: portant au bout d'une pique la tête détachée du tronc. [st1]2 [-] porter sur soi, avec soi. - gerere vestem, Lucr. 5, 1420: porter un vêtement. --- cf. Nep. Dat. 3, 1. - in capite galeam, dextra manu clavam gerere, Nep. Dat. 3, 2: porter sur sa tête un casque, dans sa main droite un bâton. - virginis os habitumque gerens, Virg. En. 1, 315: portant les traits et le costume d'une jeune fille. - semina rerum permixta gerit tellus, Lucr. 6, 790: la terre porte en elle un mélange confus de germes. --- cf. Lucr. 6, 539. [st1]3 [-] [d'où] produire. - fruges gerit terra, Varr. L. 5, 64: la terre produit les moissons. --- cf. Virg. G. 2, 70 ; Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6, etc. [st1]4 [-] fig. porter, tenir, avoir, faire paraître. - gerere personam, Cic. Off. 1, 115: tenir un rôle. - gerere personam civitatis, Cic. Off. 1, 132: représenter la cité. - gerere cognomen, Sen. Ep. 91, 17: porter un surnom. - [d'où, postclass.] gerere aliquem: jouer le personnage de qqn, se comporter en telle personne. - gerere principem, Plin. Pan. 44: se comporter en empereur. --- cf. Just. 32, 3, 1; V. Max. 9, 1, 9. - gerere fortem animum, Sall. J. 107, 1: montrer du courage. - cum multis graves inimicitias gerere, Cic. Caecil. 66: entretenir de graves inimitiés avec bien des personnes. --- cf. Cic. Cael. 32 ; Caes. BC. 1, 3, 4. - gerere amicitiam, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5: entretenir des sentiments d'amitié. - gerere odium in aliquem, Liv. 28, 22, 2: entretenir des sentiments de haine contre qqn. - [absolt] aliter atque animo gerebat, Sall. J. 72, 1: contrairement à sa pensée. - prae se gerere = prae se ferre: porter devant soi, montrer. --- Cic. Inv. 2, 30 ; 2, 157. [st1]5 [-] porter une chose, s'en charger. - cf. Varr. L. 6, 77. [st1]6 [-] faire, accomplir, exécuter. - statuere utrum illi qui istam rem gesserunt homicidae sint an vindices libertatis, Cic. Phil. 2, 30: décider si les auteurs de cette action dont tu parles [meurtre de César] sont des assassins ou les vengeurs de la liberté. - haec dum Romae geruntur, Cic. Quinct. 28: pendant que tout cela se passe à Rome. - [t. mil.] rem gerere: exécuter une entreprise de guerre, combattre. - res geritur, Cic. Phil. 8, 17: l'affaire (la bataille) est engagée. - gladio comminus rem gerere, Caes. BG. 5, 44, 11: s'escrimer de près avec l'épée. - occasio rei bene gerendae, Caes. BG. 5, 57, 1: occasion de remporter un succès. - male re gesta, Caes. BG. 1, 40, 12: après un échec, un échec étant essuyé. --- cf. Liv. 2, 17, 4. - [même sens avec negotium, Caes. BG. 3, 18, 5, etc]. - quid negotii geritur? Cic.: que se passe-t-il ? - [vie privée]: rem ou negotium gerere: mener, administrer une affaire, ses propres affaires. --- cf. Cic. CM 22 ; Att. 16, 2, 2 ; Cat. 2, 21; Com. 32, etc. [st1]7 [-] [vie politique] accomplir, exécuter. - gerere rem publicam: exercer des fonctions publiques, se charger des affaires publiques. --- cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 12. - rem publicam bene gerere, Cic. Br. 103: faire de bonne politique. - mais superatis hostibus, optime re publica gesta, Cic. Verr. 3, 185: après avoir triomphé des ennemis et rempli excellemment leur mission officielle. - cf. Cic. Prov. 14 ; Liv. 2, 24, 5. - rem publicam gerere et administrare, Cic. Fin. 3, 68: prendre en mains et administrer les affaires publiques. - gerere magistratum, Cic. Sest. 79: exercer une magistrature. - gerere praeturam, Cic. Verr. 4, 136: exercer la préture. [st1]8 [-] diriger (la guerre). - gerere bellum: - [abcl]a - avoir la conduite de la guerre (en parl. du général). - [abcl]b - faire la guerre, être en guerre. --- Cic. Rep. 2, 15 ; 1, 25 ; etc. - (bellum) quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere (gesserunt), Liv. 21: (guerre) que les Carthaginois, sous la conduite d'Annibal, firent au peuple romain. - ad Syracusas terra marique geritur res, Liv. 25, 6: à Syracuse, on fait la guerre sur terre et sur mer. - terra marique communi consilio rem gerere, Liv. 28, 23: mener d'un commun accord les opérations sur terre et sur mer. - res gestae: choses accomplies, actions aussi bien civiles que politiques ou militaires. - res tuae gestae, res gestae alicujus: tes actions, les actions accomplies par qqn, les hauts faits, les exploits. --- cf. Cic. Marc. 25 ; Fin. 5, 52 ; Dej. 12 ; Verr. 5, 25 ; etc. - plur. n. gesta, orum: exploits. --- Nep. Them. 4, 6 ; Han. 13, 3 ; Liv. 6, 1, 3 ; 8, 40, 5. [st1]9 [-] passer (le temps...). - gerere aetatem cum aliquo, Sulp. Fam. 4, 5, 3: passer sa vie avec qqn. - adolescentiae tempus gerere, Suet. Dom. 1: passer sa jeunesse. - annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum, Suet. Vesp.: dans sa soixante-neuvième année. - annos gerens proxime quadraginta, Aur. Vict.: âgé de presque quarante ans. [st1]10 [-] morem gerere. - gerere morem alicui: faire la volonté de qqn, déférer aux désirs de qqn, complaire à qqn, obéir à qqn. - geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: je me plierai à ton désir et ce qui t'intéresse, je vais te l'expliquer de mon mieux. - ut homo est, ita morem geras, Ter. Ad. 432: comme est chacun, il faut s'y faire. - utrique a me mos gestus est, Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3: j'ai fait plaisir à tous les deux. [st1]11 [-] gerere se + adv. ou expression équivalente: se comporter, se conduire. - se gerere pro + abl.: se comporter en. - se gerere pro cive, Cic. Arch. 11: se comporter en citoyen. --- cf. Liv. 32, 2, 6. - se gerere turpiter, Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4: se conduire honteusement. - gerere se matrem: se conduire en mère. - se gerere aliquo modo: se comporter de telle ou telle manière. - se gerere summissius, Cic. Off. 1, 90: se comporter avec plus de modestie, avoir une conduite plus modeste. --- cf. Cic. Off. 1, 98 ; Tusc. 2, 48, etc. - ita se gerere ut... Cic. Verr. 4, 72: se comporter (se conduire) de telle manière que... - [avec attribut] se gerere medium, Liv. 2, 27, 3: se montrer neutre. - se gerere et exercitum more majorum, Sall. J. 55, 1: traiter soi-même et l'armée à la manière des ancêtres. --- cf. Sall. J. 85, 47.* * *Gero, geris, gessi, gestum, gerere. Virgil. Porter.\Gerere rem aliquam. Virgil. Faire quelque chose.\Gerere. Cic. Regir, Gouverner.\Quemadmodum nos aduersus homines geramus. Cic. Comment nous nous debvons porter, gouverner, et maintenir envers les hommes.\Amicitiam gerere. Cic. Estre ami, Porter amitié, Aimer.\Animum laude dignum gerere. Cic. Avoir.\Animum muliebrem gerere. Cic. Avoir courage de femme.\Bellum gerere. Cic. Faire la guerre.\Censuram. Plin. Estre Censeur.\Consulem. Sallust. Estre Consul, Exercer l'estat de Consul.\Fidem fluxam. Plaut. N'estre point loyal, Ne tenir point sa promesse.\Formam alterius. Plaut. Representer aucun, Porter sa semblance.\Honores. Plin. iunior. Exercer dignitez et offices publiques.\Ingenium callidum genere. Plaut. Estre cauteleux et fin.\Inimicitias. Liu. Porter rancune et inimitié contre aucun, Luy vouloir mal.\Iras gerere. Plaut. Tenir courroux, Prendre querelle et se courroucer.\Iram in promptu. Plaut. Se courroucer legierement et aiseement.\Magistratum. Cic. Estre Magistrat, Exercer quelque Magistrat ou office.\Mammas. Plin. Avoir des mammelles.\Morem. Cic. Obeir, Accorder à aucun ce qu'il veult, Luy faire ce qu'il demande, Luy accorder sa requeste.\Morem animo. Terent. Faire à son plaisir.\Negotium aliquod gerere. Cic. Faire quelque affaire.\Nos aliquod nomenque, decusque gessimus. Virgil. Nous avons eu quelque bruit autresfois, ou quelque reputation.\Odium gerere. Liu. Avoir haine ou rancune contre aucun.\Onus morsu gerere. Plin. Porter quelque charge aux dents.\Partum. Plin. Estre grosse.\Personam aliquam. Cic. Se mesler de quelque estat ou profession.\Prae se gerit quandam vtilitatem haec res. Cic. Monstre quelque prouffit, Il semble de prime face, et congnoist on que ceste chose est utile et prouffitable.\Coniecturam perspicuam prae se gerit affectionis ratio. Cic. La nature d'affection baille clere conjecture de soy, On conjecture clerement quelle est l'affection de l'homme: comme s'il est joyeux, ou courroucé.\Personam ciuitatis. Cic. Representer la communaulté des citoyens.\Praeturam. Plaut. Estre preteur.\Pudorem. Plaut. Estre honteux.\Rem aliquam. Plaut. Faire, Desmesler quelque affaire.\Reuiso quidnam Chaerea hic rerum gerat. Terent. Que c'est qu'il fait.\Scio quam rem geram. Plaut. Je scay bien que je fay.\Bene rem suam gerere. Plaut. Faire bien ses besongnes, Gaigner.\Ex sententia rem aliquam gerere. Cic. A nostre souhait.\Leuiter rem gerere. Plin. Aiseement parachever quelque affaire.\Rem alicuius gerere malitiose. Cic. Faire l'affaire d'autruy malicieusement.\Res gerere. Plin. Alexandro Magno res ibi gerente. Ce pendant qu'il menoit la guerre en ce pays là.\Alias res geris. Plaut. Tu penses à autres choses, Tu n'entens pas à ce que je di.\Rempub. gerere. Cic. Manier et faire ou gouverner les affaires publiques.\Obseruant quemadmodum se vnusquisque vestrum gerat in retinenda religione. Cic. Comment il se porte et gouverne, ou maintient.\Gessit se contra disciplinam meam. Traianus ad Plinium. Il a faict contre ma, etc.\Se gerere honeste. Cic. Se gouverner honnestement.\Se gerere pro ciue. Cic. Se maintenir estre citoyen et bourgeois.\Se gessit pro haerede in trientem. Vlpian. Il s'est porté heritier pour un tiers. B.\Se gerere summissius. Cic. Se porter humblement, Estre humble.\Simultatem gerere cum aliquo. Antonius ad Ciceronem. Avoir picque avec aucun et querelle.\Societatem gerere. Cic. Manier les affaires de la compaignie et communaulté.\Speciem teli gerere. Colum. Estre de la facon.\Speciem paternam. Colum. Resembler, Porter la semblance du pere.\Tutelam ianuae. Plaut. Garder la porte. -
103 res
rēs, reī, f. (altind. ras, Gut, Besitz, rāti, gibt), Sache, Ding im weitesten Sinne, I) im allg., Sache, Ding, Gegenstand, Wesen, Umstand, Lage, Angelegenheit, Vorfall, Begebenheit, Ereignis, Erscheinung, zuw. bl. = etwas, divinae humanaeque res, Cic.: res, quae numquam fuerunt, ut Scyllae, Cic.: natura rerum, Welt, Cic.: caput rerum (Welt) urbs Romana, Ov. – Genet. rerum pleonast., timeo quid rerum gesserim, Plaut.: quid rerum geritis? Plaut. u. Catull.: abdita rerum, Verborgenes, Hor.: ficta rerum, Schnurrpfeifereien, Hor.: dum ita rerum habet, Tert adv. Val. 14 in.: u. so rerum zur Verstärkung des Superl., rerum pulcherrima, Roma, die allerschönste, Verg.: pulcherrima rerum, eloquentia, Quint.: pulcherrime rerum, maxime rerum, Ov. – res divina, r. militaris, navalis, rustica u. dgl., s. divinus usw. – rem gerere, s. gero no. I, B, 2. – si r. postulabit, die Sachlage, Cic.: ebenso res autem haec est, Cic. – quae res? quae haec res est? Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 1343. p. 126). – multa signa sunt eius rei, hiervon, Cic.: si qua (invidia) ex re (daraus) oreretur, Liv.: neque est ulla r. (irgend etwas), in qua, Cic.: homines nullā re bonā digni, nichtswürdig, Cic.: sumptu ne parcas ulla in re, Cic.: res una solaque, das einzige, das einzige Mittel, Hor.: profecto, ut loquor, ita res est, so ist es, Plaut.: male se res habet, es steht schlimm, Cic.: Dion rem————eo perduxit, ut etc., brachte es dahin, daß usw., Nep. – mala r., übler Handel, üble Lage, üble Umstände, Plaut. u. Sall.: gew. Plur. malae r. (Ggstz. bonae res), Komik. u.a.; vgl. adversus, secundus, florens, salvus u. dgl. – e re nata, nach Beschaffenheit der Umstände, Ter. u. Apul.: dass. pro re nata, Cic., u. bl. pro re, Liv. – nitentia (arma) ante rem, vor der Schlacht, Liv.: quibus (sc. litteris tuis) non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus, Cic. – r. nova, eine neue Erscheinung, Nep.: r. magna, ein wichtiges Ereignis, etwas Großes, Wichtiges, Liv. – res populi Romani (die Begebenheiten, Ereignisse, die Geschichte) perscribere, Liv.: u. so res Persicae, Nep.: veteres res, alte Geschichte, Cic.II) insbes.: A) die Sache selbst, die Tat, der wirkliche Erfolg, der Augenschein, die Wirklichkeit, Wahrheit, res dicta secuta est, gesagt getan, Ov.: res indicabit, Cic.: ut ipsa res declaravit, Cic.: re tibi praestabo, ICt. – aut consilio aut re iuvero, Ter. – rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba, Cic.: hos deos non re, sed opinione esse, Cic.: nominibus differre, re congruere, Cic.: eum tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio confiteri, Cic.: vides, quantum distet argumentatio ab re ipsā atque a veritate, Cic.: haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā loquitur, Cic.: populi nomine, re autem verā sceleratissimo latrocinio, Cic.: et re verā, in der Tat, wirklich, Cic. –————ut erat res, wie es sich wirklich verhielt, Sall.: u. so hoc od. id quod res est, wie es sich wirklich verhält, Komik.: u. bl. quod res est, Cic. ep. 13, 7, 2. – B) Besitztum, Vermögen, Hab und Gut, pro (im Verhältnis zu) re nostra, Ter.: rem quaerere (zu erwerben suchen), Plaut.: rem facere (erwerben), Ter. u. Hor.: rem augere, Cic.: rem conficere (vertun), Cic.: reliquias rei publicae dissipare, Cic. – Plur., reliquiae rerum suarum, Suet.: privatae res (Ggstz. res publica), Cic. – C) Interesse, Vorteil, Nutzen, res magis quaeritur, quam clientium fides, Plaut.: consulere suis rebus, Nep.: in rem suam convertere, Cic.: dum ob rem, wenn es nur nützlich ist, Ter.: verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, Sall.: ebenso si in rem est, Ter.: u. in rem et vostram et nostram esset, Ter.: quod in rem recte conducat tuam, Plaut. u. in rem est (es ist zweckdienlich, vorteilhaft) m. folg. Infin., Sall. u. Liv., od. m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., od. m. folg. ut u. Konj., Plaut. u. Ter.: ex tua re est, ut ego moriar, Plaut.: ex re mea, Cic.: ex re istius, Ter.: e od. ex re publica (zum Vorteile, zum Besten des Staates) fecisse, Cic., ducere, Liv.: u. ex od. e re publica est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. u. Liv.: subdole ab re consulit, er gibt Ratschläge (vom Vorteil weg, d.h.) zum Nachteil, Plaut.: u. so haud id ab re ancupis, Plaut. Vgl. übh. Brix Plaut. trin. 238. Spengel Plaut. truc. 2, 6, 40 u. Ter. Andr. 546. – D) Ursache, Grund, nur in der Verbndng. eā————(hāc) re od. ob eam (hanc) rem, adv., deshalb, zu dem Behufe, eā re, Cic.: hāc re, Lucr. u. Sen. ep.: ob eam rem, Plaut., Cic. u.a. – E) Geschäftssache, Geschäftsangelegenheit, Geschäft, inter se multa communicare de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic.: rem cum alqo transigere, Cic. – dah. übtr., allg.: res (alci) est cum alqo, m. jmd. zu tun (zu schaffen) haben, etiamne tecum hic res mihi est? Ter.: tecum mihi res est, T. Rosci, quoniam etc., Cic.: quoniam cum senatore res est, Cic.: u. v. Sachen, famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo, bekomme es zu tun mit Verlust u. Schaden, Plaut. trin. 219. – F) Rechtssache, Rechtsangelegenheit, Rechtshandel, Prozeß (allgemeiner als causa), utrum rem an litem dici oporteret, Cic.: de rebus ab isto cognitis iudicatisque et de iudiciis datis, Cic. – G) res publica u. (bes. bei Histor.) auch bl. res, das Gemeinwesen, das Gemeindewesen, Staatswesen, der Staat; auch Staatsleitung, Staatsverwaltung, Staatsgewalt, α) res p.: rei publicae pericula, Cic.: re publicā frui, Cic.: rem publicam sustinere, Cic.: rem publicam gerere, s. gero no. I, B, 2, a u. b (Bd. 1. S. 2927 u. 2928): ratio rei totius publicae, Cic.: de re publica disputatio, Cic.: dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, Cic.: rem publicam recusare, den Staatsdienst aufgeben, Commod. bei Spart. Pesc. 4, 4: de tribus generibus rerum publicarum, Cic.: in rebus publicis, Cic. – β)————bl. res: res Romana, Liv. u. Hor.: res Albana, Liv.: res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, Sall. – Plur., res Priami evertere, Verg.: incruenta Urbs et res sine discordia translatae, Tac. – ⇒ arch. Genet. re, Elog. clar. vir. 29 im Corp. inscr. Lat. 1. p. 288: arch. Dat. re, Lucil. 52 u. 969: arch. Abl. ree, einsilbig gemessen, Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 9499 = Carm. epigr. 959 A: Genet. re einsilbig, und Dativ rei einsilbig oft bei Plaut. u. Ter., s. Georges Lexikon der lat. Wortf. S. 598. -
104 habeo
hăbĕo, ui, itum, 2 (archaic perf. subj. habessit, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; inf. haberier, Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 111), v. a. and n. [etym. dub.; cf. Gr. kôpê, handle; Lat. capio; Germ. haben, Haft; Engl. have], to have, in the widest sense of the word, to hold, keep, possess, cherish, entertain, occupy, enclose, contain (cf.: teneo, possideo, etc.).I.In gen.A.Of personal subjects.1.With persons or things as objects: SI INTESTATO MORITVR, CVI SVVS HERES NEC SIT, AGNATVS PROXIMVS FAMILIAM HABETO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Ulp. Fragm. 26, 1: ex tui animi sententia tu uxorem habes? Cato ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 260; cf.:2.aliquam habere in matrimonio, Cic. Scaur. § 8: ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 6:si et prudentes homines et non veteres reges habere voluerunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 37 fin.:quae cum patrem clarissimum, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet,
id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:cum ille haberet filium delicatiorem,
id. de Or. 2, 64, 257:quod non ingenuous habeat clarosque parentes,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 91:habebat saepe ducentos, saepe decem servos,
id. ib. 1, 3, 11:fundum habere, Cic. Tull. § 14: cur pecuniam non habeat mulier?
id. Rep. 3, 10:tantas divitias habet,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 99; so,aurum,
id. ib. 2, 3, 35; and:vectigalia magna Divitiasque,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 101:tantum opum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 48:classes,
id. Phil. 9, 2, 4:naves,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 40, § 104:denique sit finis quaerendi, cumque habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 92:tacitus pasci si posset corvus, haberet Plus dapis,
id. Ep. 1, 17, 50:Dionysii equus quid attulit admirationis, quod habuit apes in juba?
Cic. Div. 2, 31, 67: faenum habet in cornu;longe fuge,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 34:leges in monumentis habere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 14:hostis habet muros,
Verg. A. 2, 290:hostis habet portus,
Val. Fl. 3, 45 al.:quam vellem Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 10:Ciceronem secum,
id. Att. 4, 9, 2; cf.:ea legione, quam secum habebat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 8, 1:secum senatorem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 31, § 77; cf.also: magnum numerum equitatus circum se,
Caes. B. G. 1, 18, 5:haec si habeat aurum, quod illi renumeret, faciat lubens,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12; cf.:quid non habuisti quod dares? Habuisse se dicet, Cic. Scaur. § 19: quod non desit, habentem,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 52:qui in foro turbaque, quicum colloqui libeat, non habeant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 17.—With abstr. objects: quid illos, bono genere gnatos, opinanimi animi habuisse atque habituros dum vivent? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17:(β).quod uno et eodem temporis puncto nati dissimiles et naturas et vitas et casus habent,
Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95:febrim,
id. Fam. 7, 26, 1:instrumenta animi,
id. Rep. 3, 3:nec vero habere virtutem satis est, quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare,
id. ib. 1, 2:in populos perpetuam potestatem,
id. ib. 2, 27; cf.:in populum vitae necisque potestatem,
id. ib. 3, 14; so,potestatem,
id. ib. 2, 29; 32;36: eo plus auctoritatis,
id. ib. 3, 16:ornamenta dicendi,
id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:summam prudentiam summamque vim dicendi,
id. ib. 1, 20, 89:Q. Lucilius Balbus tantos progressus habebat in Stoicis, ut, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 6, 15:neque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, reperiri poterat,
Caes. B. G. 4, 20 fin.:nonnullam invidiam ex eo, quod, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 283: nimiam spem, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 17, 1:spem in fide alicujus,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; cf.:tantum spei ad vivendum,
id. Att. 15, 20, 2; id. N. D. 3, 6, 14; cf.also: summam spem de aliquo,
id. Lael. 3, 11:odium in equestrem ordinem,
id. Clu. 55, 151:metum,
Prop. 3, 11 (4, 10), 6: consolationem [p. 834] semper in ore atque in animo, Cic. Fam. 5, 16, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 6, § 56 Mull.:rogavi, ut diceret, quid haberet in animo,
Cic. Att. 8, 10:neque modum neque modestiam victores habere,
observe no bounds, Sall. C. 11, 4;v. modus: haec habebam fere, quae te scire vellem,
Cic. Att. 1, 6; cf.:haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem,
this is what I had to say, id. Lael. 27 fin.: fidem, gratiam, honorem, rationem; v. these nouns.—In a play on the word lumen: Arge, jaces; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas Exstinctum est, the light for so many lights ( eyes), Ov. M. 1, 720.—With inf. (analog. to the Gr. echô), to have something to do, be able to do something:B.habeo etiam dicere quem contra morem majorum dejecerit, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,
id. Att. 2, 22, 6.—So with inf. or with the part. fut. pass. (ante-class. and post-Aug.), to have or be obliged to do something, I must do something:rogas, ut id mihi habeam curare,
Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 2:filius hominis, quod carne indui haberet in terra,
Lact. 4, 12, 15:habemus humiliare eum in signo,
id. 4, 18, 22:quod plurimae haereses haberent existere,
id. 4, 30, 2:etiam Filius Dei mori habuit,
Tert. Hab. Mul. 1:si inimicos jubemur diligere, quem habemus odisse?
id. Apol. 37:de spatiis ordinum eatenus praecipiendum habemus, ut intelligant agricolae, etc.,
Col. 5, 5, 3:praesertim cum enitendum haberemus, ut, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 12:si nunc primum statuendum haberemus,
Tac. A. 14, 44:cum respondendum haberent,
id. Or. 36.—Of inanim. or abstr. subjects:II.prima classis LXXXVIII. centurias habeat,
Cic. Rep. 2, 22:locus ille nihil habet religionis,
id. Leg. 2, 22, 57:humani animi eam partem, quae sensum habeat,
id. Div. 1, 32, 70:animus incorruptus agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse habetur,
Sall. J. 2, 3:divinus animus mortale nihil habuit, Cic. Scaur. § 50: habet statum res publica de tribus secundarium,
id. Rep. 1, 42; cf.:nullum est genus illarum rerum publicarum, quod non habeat iter ad finitimum quoddam malum,
id. ib. 1, 28:ipsa aequabilitas est iniqua, cum habeat nullos gradus dignitatis,
id. ib. 1, 27:nulla alia in civitate...ullum domicilium libertas habet,
id. ib. 1, 31:nostri casus plus honoris habuerunt quam laboris,
id. ib. 1, 4; cf.:viri excellentis ancipites variique casus habent admirationem,
id. Fam. 5, 12, 5:habet etiam amoenitas ipsa illecebras multas cupiditatum,
id. Rep. 2, 4:quid habet illius carminis simile haec oratio?
id. ib. 1, 36:magnam habet vim disciplina verecundiae,
id. ib. 4, 6 et saep.:quomodo habere dicimur febrem, cum illa nos habeat,
Sen. Ep. 119 med.; cf.:animalia somnus habebat,
Verg. A. 3, 147; Ov. M. 7, 329:me somno gravatum Infelix habuit thalamus,
Verg. A. 6, 521; cf.:non me impia namque Tartara habent,
id. ib. 5, 734:habentque Tartara Panthoiden,
Hor. C. 1, 28, 9:qui (metus) major absentes habet,
id. Epod. 1, 18; Sen. Const. Sap. 7:et habet mortalia casus,
Luc. 2, 13:terror habet vates,
Stat. Th. 3, 549.In partic.A.Pregn., to have or possess property (mostly absol.):2.miserum istuc verbum et pessumum'st, habuisse et nihil habere,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 34; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 10: qui habet, ultro appetitur: qui est pauper, aspernatur, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P.:habet idem in nummis, habet idem in urbanis praediis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 86, § 199; so,in nummis,
id. Att. 8, 10:in Salentinis aut in Brutiis,
i. e. to have possessions, id. Rosc. Am. 46, 132; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45: nos quod simus, quod habeamus, etc., Curius ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 29, 1:et belli rabies et amor successit habendi,
Verg. A. 8, 327; cf.:amore senescit habendi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 85; Phaedr. 3 prol. 21; Juv. 14, 207: quid habentibus auri nunquam exstincta sitis? Sil. 5, 264; so, habentes = hoi echontes, the wealthy, Lact. 5, 8, 7. —With an object - or relative-clause, to have the means, ability, or knowledge, i. e. to be in a condition, to be able, to know how to do or say any thing.(α).With an objectclause:(β).de Alexandrina re tantum habeo polliceri, me tibi cumulate satisfacturum,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 3:de re publica nihil habeo ad te scribere,
id. Att. 2, 22, 6:haec fere dicere habui de natura deorum,
this is the substance of what I had to say, id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf.:quid habes igitur dicere de Gaditano foedere?
id. Balb. 14, 33:habeo etiam dicere, quem de ponte in Tiberim dejecerit,
id. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:illud affirmare pro certo habeo, etc.,
Liv. 44, 22, 4:sic placet, an melius quis habet suadere?
Hor. Epod. 16, 23.—With a relat.-clause (usually with a negative: non habeo, quid faciam;B.or: nihil habeo, quod faciam, dicam, etc.): de quibus habeo ipse, quid sentiam: non habeo autem, quid tibi assentiar,
Cic. N. D. 3, 25, 64:de pueris quid agam, non habeo,
id. Att. 7, 19:usque eo quid arguas non habes,
id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45:quid huic responderet, non habebat,
id. Mur. 12, 26:nec quid faceret habebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:qui, quo se reciperent, non haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 38, 2:nihil habeo, quod ad te scribam,
Cic. Att. 7, 19:nil habeo, quod agam,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 19; and:nihil habeo, quod cum amicitia Scipionis possim comparare,
Cic. Lael. 27, 103.—To have in use, make use of, use (very rare, for the usual uti, opp. abuti):2.anulus in digito subter tenuatur habendo,
i. e. by use, by wearing, Lucr. 1, 312; cf.:aera nitent usu: vestis bona quaerit haberi,
Ov. Am. 1, 8, 51:quippe quas (divitias) honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant,
Sall. C. 13, 2 Kritz; cf.:magnae opes innocenter paratae et modeste habitae,
Tac. A. 4, 44.—Hence,To hold, use, wield, handle, manage:C.nec inmensa barbarorum scuta, enormis hastas, inter truncos arborum perinde haberi quam pila,
Tac. A. 2, 14.— Trop.:quo modo rem publicam habuerint (majores), disserere,
Sall. C. 5, 9; cf.:reipublicae partes,
Tac. A. 4, 6 init. —To hold or keep a person or thing in any condition; to have, hold, or regard in any light:2.aliquem in obsidione,
Caes. B. C. 3, 31, 3:aliquem in liberis custodiis,
Sall. C. 47, 3; so,aliquem in custodiis,
id. ib. 52, 14:aliquem in vinculis,
id. ib. 51 fin.;for which also: in custodiam habitus,
i. e. put into prison and kept there, Liv. 22, 25; Tac. H. 1, 87; cf.:quo facilius omne Hadriaticum mare in potestatem haberet,
Caes. B. C. 1, 25 Oud. N. cr. (al. in potestate):cum talem virum in potestatem habuisset,
Sall. J. 112 fin. Kritz N. cr.:quae res eos in magno diuturnoque bello inter se habuit,
id. ib. 79, 3:alios in ea fortuna haberent, ut socii esse quam cives mallent,
Liv. 26, 24:aegros in tenebris,
Cels. 3, 18:aquam caelestem sub dio in sole,
Col. 12, 12, 1:in otio militem,
Liv. 39, 2, 6; cf.:legiones habebantur per otium,
Tac. H. 1, 31:externa sine cura habebantur,
id. A. 1, 79 init.:exercitus sine imperio et modestia habitus,
Sall. J. 44, 1:quos ille postea magno in honore habuit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 77, 2;for which: quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit,
id. B. G. 5, 54, 4:habeo Junium (mensem) et Quintilem in metu,
i. e. I fear, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14.— So with an adj. or a perf. part., to denote a lasting condition:ita me mea forma habet sollicitum,
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 95 Lorenz; id. Men. 4, 2, 12; 21:miserrimum ego hunc habebo amasium,
id. Cas. 3, 3, 27 al.:laetum Germanicum,
Tac. A. 2, 57; 65:sollicitum habebat cogitatio,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1; 2, 16, 2.—Hence,With a double object, esp. freq. with the part. perf. pass., to have, hold, or possess a person or thing in any quality or capacity, as any thing; to have, hold, or possess an action as completed, finished (a pregn. circumlocution for the perf.):3.cum haberet collegam in praetura Sophoclem,
Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93:an heredem habuerit eum, a quo, etc.,
id. 7, 2, 37:istaec illum perdidit assentatio, nam absque te esset, ego illum haberem rectum ad ingenium bonum,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 8:cur ergo unus tu Apollonidenses miseriores habes quam pater tuus habuit umquam?
Cic. Fl. 29, 71:obvium habuerunt patrem,
Quint. 7, 1, 29:reliquas civitates stipendiarias,
Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 3:quod (cognomen) habes hereditarium,
Cic. Rep. 6, 11:quae habuit venalia,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 144; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 11, 1:qui auro habeat soccis suppactum solum,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 98:me segregatum habuisse, uxorem ut duxit, a me Pamphilum,
have kept him away, aloof, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 25; cf.:inclusum in curia senatum habuerunt,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 8:(Romulus) habuit plebem in clientelas principum descriptam,
id. Rep. 2, 9: satis mihi videbar habere cognitum Scaevolam ex iis rebus, quas, etc., id. Brut. 40, 147; cf.:si nondum eum satis habes cognitum,
id. Fam. 13, 17, 3; ib. 15, 20 fin.: fidem spectatam jam et diu cognitam, id. Div. ap. Caecil. 4, 11:decumas ad aquam deportatas,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36:domitas habere libidines,
id. de Or. 1, 43, 194:omnes philosophiae notos et tractatos locos,
id. Or. 33, 118; id. Rep. 2, 6:innumerabilia, quae collecta habent Stoici,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145: quantum in acie tironi sit committendum, nimium saepe expertum habemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 3:quare velim ita statutum habeas, me, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1: habeo absolutum suave epos ad Caesarem, id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 6:in adversariis scriptum habere (nomen),
id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:de Caesare satis dictum habebo,
id. Phil. 5, 19, 52:bellum habere susceptum,
id. Agr. 2, 6, 14:quam (domum) tu iam dimensam et exaedificatam animo habebas,
id. Att. 1, 6, 1:ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam,
Sall. J. 85, 7:compertum ego habeo,
id. Cat. 58, 1; cf. Nep. Att. 17 fin.; 18, 1: neque ea res falsum ( part. perf. pass.) me habuit, Sall. J. 10, 1 al. From this use is derived the compound perf. of the Romance languages: ho veduto, j'ai vu, qs. habeo visum, I have seen).—Also, with a double object, to make, render:4.praecipit ut dent operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos habeant,
Sall. C. 41, 5:qui pascua publica infesta habuerant,
Liv. 39, 29, 9; 34, 36, 3:necdum omnia edita facinora habent,
id. 39, 16, 3; 31, 42, 1:anxium me et inquietum habet petitio Sexti,
Plin. Ep. 2, 9, 1:sed Pompeium gratia impunitum habuit,
kept, Vell. 2, 1, 5.—Hence:5.in aliquo (aliqua re), aliquem (aliquid) habere (rare): ea si fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me habiturum,
Sall. J. 14, 1:in vobis liberos, parentes, consanguineos habeo,
Curt. 6, 9, 12:majora in eo obsequia habiturus,
Just. 8, 6, 6; cf. Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 5.—To have or hold a person in any manner, to treat, use:6.is, uti tu me hic habueris, proinde illum illic curaverit,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 64:equitatu agmen adversariorum male habere et carpere,
Caes. B. C. 1, 63, 2; cf. Cels. 3, 20; 3, 21:exercitum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habere,
Sall. C. 11, 5 Kritz; cf.:eos ille non pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accurate et liberaliter habuit,
id. J. 103, 5; 113, 2:Fabiis plurimi (saucii) dati, nec alibi majore cura habiti,
Liv. 2, 47, 12; 29, 8, 6; 37, 34, 5:video quam molliter tuos habeas,
Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 1:militant vobiscum, qui superbe habiti rebellassent,
Curt. 8, 8, 11:virgines tam sancte habuit,
id. 3, 12, 21; 4, 10, 33:male habere aliquem,
Nep. Eum. 12, 1:neque conjugem et filium ejus hostiliter haberi,
Tac. A. 2, 10.—With se, and sometimes mid. or neut., to hold or keep himself or itself in a certain manner, i. e. to be constituted or situated, to find one's self, to be, in any manner.(α).Habere se:(β).Tironem Patris aegrum reliqui...et quamquam videbatur se non graviter habere, tamen sum sollicitus, etc.,
Cic. Att. 7, 2, 3:praeclare te habes, cum, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 149:ipsi se hoc melius habent quam nos, quod, etc.,
id. Att. 11, 7, 4:Bene habemus nos,
id. ib. 2, 8, 1:ego me bene habeo,
am well, Tac. A. 14, 51: praeclare se res habeat ( is well), si, etc., Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:male se res habet, cum, quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecunia,
id. Off. 2, 6, 22; cf. id. de Or. 2, 77, 313:quae cum ita se res haberet, tamen, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 124; cf.:ita se res habet, ut ego, etc.,
id. Quint. 1, 2:sic profecto res se habet,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 271:scire aveo, quomodo res se habeat,
id. Att. 13, 35, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 32, 140:ut se tota res habeat,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 15; cf.:ut meae res sese habent,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 1.—Mid.:(γ).virtus clara aeternaque habetur,
exhibits itself, is, continues, Sall. C. 1, 4:sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur,
as for the most part happens in human affairs, id. ib. 6, 3.—Neutr. (as also the Gr echô): Tullia nostra recte valet: Terentia minus belle habuit, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 1:D.volui animum tandem confirmare hodie meum, Ut bene haberem filiae nuptiis,
I might enjoy myself, Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 2: qui bene habet suisque amicis est volup, id. [p. 835] Mil. 3, 1, 130:bene habent tibi principia,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 82:bene habet: jacta sunt fundamenta defensionis,
it is well, Cic. Mur. 6, 14; Liv. 8, 6:magnum narras, vix credibile! atqui sic habet,
so it is, it is even so, Hor. S. 1, 9, 53: illasce sues sanas esse habereque recte licere spondesne? Formula emendi, ap. Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 5; 2, 3, 5.—To hold, account, esteem, consider, regard a person or thing in any manner or as any thing; to think or believe a person or thing to be so or so:2.aliquem fidelem sibi habere,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 87:deos aeternos et beatos,
Cic. N. D. 1, 17, 45:id habent hodie vile et semper habuerunt,
id. Balb. 22, 51:maximam illam voluptatem habemus, quae, etc.,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 37:eum nos ut perveterem habemus... nec vero habeo quemquam antiquiorem,
id. Brut. 15, 61:Ut et rex et pater habereter omnium,
id. Rep. 1, 36; 2, 21:parentem Asiae et dici et haberi,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10 fin.:eos dicit esse habitos deos, a quibus, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:cum esset habendus rex, quicumque genere regio natus esset,
id. Rep. 1, 33; cf. id. ib. 2, 12 fin.: non habeo nauci Marsum augurem, Poet. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132:cujus auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur,
Caes. B. G. 4, 21, 7:nihil pensi habere,
Quint. 11, 1, 29; cf.also: an perinde habenda sit haec atque illa,
id. 7, 3, 11:sese illum non pro amico, sed pro hoste habiturum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44, 19; so,aliquem pro hoste,
Liv. 2, 20; Curt. 6, 2 al.:nisi in provincia relictas rationes pro relatis haberem,
Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2:licet omnia Italica pro Romanis habeam,
Quint. 1, 5, 56; 12, 10, 73:istuc jam pro facto habeo,
Cic. Att. 13, 1, 2:Pompeium pro certo habemus per Illyricum proficisci in Galliam,
to consider as certain, id. ib. 10, 6 fin.:id obliviscendum, pro non dicto habendum,
Liv. 23, 22, 9:hoc velim in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas,
Cic. Att. 5, 5 fin.:aliquem in deorum numero,
id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:aliquem in hostium numero,
Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 1:aliquem suorum In numero,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 41;for which also: hostium numero haberi,
Cic. Att. 11, 6, 6:numero impiorum ac sceleratorum haberi,
Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 7; cf. also Quint. 3, 7, 2:quem Aegyptii nefas habent nominare,
Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 56:mutare nefas habent,
Quint. 12, 8, 6:nec tamen est habendum religioni, nocentem aliquando defendere,
to scruple, make a conscience of, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 51; cf.:nec eam rem habuit religioni,
id. Div. 1, 35, 77:quando tu me bene merentem tibi habes despicatui,
you despise, Plaut. Men. 4, 3, 19:non sic ludibrio tuis factis habitus essem,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 11.—Hence: sic habeto, or sic habeas aliquid, or with an object-clause, hold or judge thus, be convinced or persuaded, believe, know:sed hoc nihil ad te: illud velim sic habeas, uod intelliges, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 2:unum hoc sic habeto: si, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 6 fin.:sic habeto: omnibus, etc.,
id. Rep. 6, 13:enitere et sic habeto, non esse te mortalem, sed corpus hoc,
id. ib. 6, 24; so with an object-clause, id. Fam. 2, 10, 1; 16, 4, 4.—Without sic:id primum ergo habeto, non sine magna causa, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 2:tantum habeto, civem egregium esse Pompeium, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 8, 2.—To take, accept, bear, submit to, endure:E.neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur: multi eas gravius aequo habuere,
Sall. C. 51, 11:egestas facile habetur sine damno,
id. ib. 6, 37:quae in praesens Tiberius civiliter habuit, sed, etc.,
Tac. A. 4, 21:neque tantum maleficium impune habendum,
id. ib. 3, 70;12, 48: nec ita aegre habuit filium id pro parente ausum,
Liv. 7, 5, 7 Weissenb.—To hold, have possession of, occupy, a place:2.urbem Romam condidere atque habuere initio Trojani,
Sall. C. 6, 1:qui mortales initio Africam habuerint,
id. J. 17, 7; 18, 1; cf.Siciliam et Sardiniam per legatos habuit,
rule, administer, Flor. 4, 2, 22:urbem Romanam a principio reges habuere,
Tac. A. 1, 1:Hispaniae tribus legionibus habebantur,
id. ib. 4, 5; 12, 54.—More freq. neutr., to dwell, live anywhere (perh. only ante-class.; in good prose habito is used instead): quae Corinthum arcem altam habetis, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 294 Vahl.):F. G.ille geminus qui Syracusis habet,
Plaut. Men. prol. 69: quis istic habet? id. Bacch. 1, 2, 6:ubi nunc adulescens habet?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 156:apud aedem Junonis Lucinae, ubi aeditumus habere solet,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 50 Mull.; cf.:situm formamque et universorum castrorum et partium, qua Poeni, qua Numidae haberent...specularentur,
Liv. 30, 4, 2 (but v. Weissenb. ad loc.).—To have in one's mind, to know, be acquainted with:H.siquidem istius regis (Anci) matrem habemus, ignoramus patrem,
Cic. Rep. 2, 18 fin.: habes consilia nostra;nunc cognosce de Bruto,
there you have, such are, id. Att. 5, 21, 10:habetis igitur primum ortum tyranni,
id. Rep. 2, 27:habetis sermonem bene longum hominis,
id. de Or. 2, 88, 361; cf.also: habes nostras sententias,
Suet. Claud. 4:habes, quae fortissime de beata vita dici putem,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 28 fin.; cf. id. de Or. 2, 71, 291. —To have as a habit, peculiarity, or characteristic:K.habebat hoc omnino Caesar: quem plane perditum aere alieno egentemque cognorat, hunc in familiaritatem libentissime recipiebat,
Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 78; id. Pis. 32, 81.—To hold, to make, do, perform, prepare, utter, pronounce, produce, cause:L.alium quaerebam, iter hac habui,
made, directed, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 35; cf.:ex urbe profectus iter ad legiones habebat,
Caes. B. C. 1, 14, 3; so,iter,
id. ib. 1, 51, 1; 3, 11, 2; 3, 106, 1; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 2:vias,
Luc. 2, 439:C. Cato contionatus est, comitia haberi non siturum, si, etc.,
to be held, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 6:senatum,
id. ib. 2, 13, 3; id. Fam. 1, 4, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2, 1:concilia,
id. B. G. 5, 53, 4:contionem,
Cic. Att. 4, 1, 6:censum,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:delectum (militum),
id. Phil. 5, 12, 31; id. Fam. 15, 1 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 1;v. delectus: ludos,
Suet. Rhet. 1:sermonem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; cf.:orationem,
to deliver, id. Rep. 1, 46:multis verbis ultro citroque habitis,
id. ib. 6, 9 fin.:disputationem,
id. ib. 1, 7; Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 1:dialogum,
Cic. Att. 2, 9, 1:verba,
id. de Or. 2, 47, 190:querelam de aliquo apud aliquem,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 1, § 2:controversiam de fundo cum aliquo,
id. Fam. 13, 69, 2 et saep.:deinde adventus in Syriam primus equitatus habuit interitum,
caused, occasioned, Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 9; cf. id. Div. 2, 46, 96:latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 23, 6.—Habere in animo (or simply animo), with an objectclause, to have in mind, to intend, to be disposed, inclined to do any thing (=propositum habere, constituisse, decrevisse):M.istum exheredare in animo habebat,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 18, 52; id. Att. 1, 17, 11:hoc (flumen) neque ipse transire in animo habebat neque hostes transituros existimabat,
Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 5:neque bello eum invadere animo habuit,
Liv. 44, 25, 1 dub (al. in animo), v. Drak. ad h. l.—Habere sibi or secum aliquid, to keep to one's self (lit. and trop.):N.clamare coeperunt, sibi ut haberet hereditatem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47:per vindicationem his verbis legamus: DO LEGO, CAPITO, SUMITO, SIBI HABETO,
Ulp. Fragm. 24, 3; cf. ib. § 5; Gai. Inst. 2, 209.—So the formula used in divorces:res tuas tibi habeas or habe,
Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 47; Sen. Suas. 1, § 7:illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim tabulis,
Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69. —Comic. transf.:apage sis amor: tuas tibi res habeto,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 32.— Trop.:secreto hoc audi, tecum habeto, ne Apellae quidem liberto tuo dixeris,
Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 2:verum haec tu tecum habeto,
id. Att. 4, 15, 6.—Of a sweetheart, to have, to possess, enjoy:O.postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit,
Verg. E. 1, 31; Tib. 1, 2, 65; Prop. 3, 8 (4, 7), 22:duxi, habui scortum,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 6; Ter. And. 1, 1, 58: cum esset objectum, habere eum Laida;habeo, inquit, non habeor a Laide,
Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2.—Gladiatorial t. t., of a wounded combatant: hoc habet or habet, he has that (i. e. that stroke), he is hit:2.desuper altus equo graviter ferit atque ita fatur: Hoc habet,
Verg. A. 12, 296; Prud. Psych. 53.—Transf.:A.hoc habet: reperi, qui senem ducerem,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Rud. 4, 4, 99: egomet continuo mecum;Certe captus est! Habet!
Ter. And. 1, 1, 56 (id est vulneratus est. Habet enim qui percussus est: et proprie de gladiatoribus dicitur, Don.).—Hence: hăbĭtus, a, um, P. a., held or kept in a certain condition, state, humor (ante-class.).In gen.1.Lit.: equus nimis strigosus et male habitus, Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11; v. in the foll.—2.Trop.:B.ut patrem tuum vidi esse habitum, diu etiam duras (lites) dabit,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22.—In partic., physically, well kept, well conditioned, fleshy, corpulent:corpulentior videre atque habitior,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 8:si qua (virgo) est habitior paulo, pugilem esse aiunt, deducunt cibum,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 23: (censores) equum nimis strigosum et male habitum, sed equitem ejus uberrimum et habitissimum viderunt, etc., Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11. -
105 cogito
[st1]1 [-] cōgĭto, āre, āvi, ātum [cum + agito]: - tr. et intr. - a - penser, songer, réfléchir, agiter dans son esprit. - cogitare toto animo, Cic.: se plonger dans ses réflexions. - cogitare de aliquo, de aliqua re: songer à qqn, à qqch. - cogitare de sua salute, Caes.: penser à son salut. - cogitare rem aliam ex alia, Ter.: passer d'une idée à une autre. - cogitare + prop inf: songer que. - cogitata injuria: injustice préméditée. b - songer à, avoir l'intention de, méditer, projeter, chercher à. - in Pompeianum (s.-ent. ire) cogito, Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4: je pense à partir pour Pompéies. - cogitare rus, Cic.: former le projet d'aller à la campagne. - cogitare ut: penser à, avoir l’idée de (= vouloir). - cogitare ne: prendre garde (en réfléchissant) que... ne. - quid agam cogito, Ter. And.: je réfléchis à ce que je dois faire. - cogitemus an expediat, Sen.: demandons-nous s'il serait avantageux... c - avoir telle ou telle disposition d'esprit. - male cogitare de aliquo: vouloir du mal à qqn. - amabiliter in aliquem cogitare, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14: être animé de bons sentiments à l'égard de qqn. - si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, Nep.: si tu médites quelque alliance avec les Romains. - cogitare adversus aliquem, Suet.: être mal disposé à l'égard de qqn. - cogitare nefas in aliquem, Curt.: méditer un attentat contre qqn. [st1]2 [-] cōgĭto, āre [cogo]: - tr. - [abcl][b]a - Treb. réunir, rassembler. - [abcl]b - Vulg. contraindre, forcer.[/b]* * *[st1]1 [-] cōgĭto, āre, āvi, ātum [cum + agito]: - tr. et intr. - a - penser, songer, réfléchir, agiter dans son esprit. - cogitare toto animo, Cic.: se plonger dans ses réflexions. - cogitare de aliquo, de aliqua re: songer à qqn, à qqch. - cogitare de sua salute, Caes.: penser à son salut. - cogitare rem aliam ex alia, Ter.: passer d'une idée à une autre. - cogitare + prop inf: songer que. - cogitata injuria: injustice préméditée. b - songer à, avoir l'intention de, méditer, projeter, chercher à. - in Pompeianum (s.-ent. ire) cogito, Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4: je pense à partir pour Pompéies. - cogitare rus, Cic.: former le projet d'aller à la campagne. - cogitare ut: penser à, avoir l’idée de (= vouloir). - cogitare ne: prendre garde (en réfléchissant) que... ne. - quid agam cogito, Ter. And.: je réfléchis à ce que je dois faire. - cogitemus an expediat, Sen.: demandons-nous s'il serait avantageux... c - avoir telle ou telle disposition d'esprit. - male cogitare de aliquo: vouloir du mal à qqn. - amabiliter in aliquem cogitare, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14: être animé de bons sentiments à l'égard de qqn. - si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, Nep.: si tu médites quelque alliance avec les Romains. - cogitare adversus aliquem, Suet.: être mal disposé à l'égard de qqn. - cogitare nefas in aliquem, Curt.: méditer un attentat contre qqn. [st1]2 [-] cōgĭto, āre [cogo]: - tr. - [abcl][b]a - Treb. réunir, rassembler. - [abcl]b - Vulg. contraindre, forcer.[/b]* * *Cogito, cogitas, pen. corr. cogitare. Cic. Penser, Cogiter.\Dies et noctes aliquid reputare et cogitare. Cic. Pourpenser, Penser et repenser.\Cogitare in animo. Terent. Penser en soymesme.\Cogitare cum animo. Plaut. Penser en soymesme, S'appenser.\Cogitare ad verbum. Plin. iunior. Penser de mot à mot.\Instituere animum ad cogitandum. Terent. Dresser et appliquer son esprit et se mettre à penser.\Nec aequum, anne iniquum imperet, cogitabit. Plautus. Il n'aura point d'esgard, si ce qu'il commande est raisonnable ou non.\Cogita etiam atque etiam. Terent. Pense et repense.\Quanto magis, magisque cogito. Terent. De tant plus que je y pense.\Cogitare aliam rem ex alia. Terent. Entrer d'une pensee en autre.\Cogitare de aliquo. Terent. Avoir memoire et souvenance de luy.\Me expectes, de me cogites. Terent. Souvienne vous de moy.\De consciscenda morte cogitare. Sueton. Penser et proposer de se tuer.\Cogitare de exeundo. Cic. Penser de s'en aller et sortir du lieu où on est, S'appenser de, etc.\Humaniter, et sapienter, et amabiliter cogitare in aliquem. Antonius Ciceroni. Penser d'autruy, et proposer de luy faire comme à son ami.\Britanniam cogitare. Cic. Penser d'aller en Angleterre.\Saxa et montes cogitare. Cic. Ne penser à autre chose qu'à roches et montaignes.\Quid cogitet humidus Auster. Virgil. Que veult faire le vent de midi, ou pluye, ou beau temps.\Fraudem cogitare alicui. Horat. Penser de tromper aucun, Machiner quelque tromperie contre aucun.\Cogitare suspendium. Martial. Penser de se pendre.\Cogito in Tusculanum. Cic. Je propose de m'en aller en, etc.\Cogitare male. Plin. Mal penser, Songer à mal faire, Garder une mauvaise pensee.\In cogitando, moerore angor. Plaut. En pensant.\Cogitatum est mihi quid loquar. Plaut. J'ay tout pensé à ce que je doy dire. -
106 adfero
af-fĕro (better adf-), attŭli (adt-, better att-), allātum (adl-), afferre (adf-), v. a.; constr. aliquid ad aliquem or alicui.I.In gen., to bring, take, carry or convey a thing to a place (of portable things, while adducere denotes the leading or conducting of men, animals, etc.), lit. and trop.A.Lit.:B.lumen,
Enn. Ann. 1, 40:viginti minas,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 78; 1, 3, 87 al.:adtuli hunc.—Quid, adtulisti?—Adduxi volui dicere,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 21:tandem bruma nives adfert,
Lucr. 5, 746: adlatus est acipenser, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12:adfer huc scyphos,
Hor. Epod. 9, 33:nuces,
Juv. 5, 144:cibum pede ad rostrum veluti manu,
Plin. 10, 46, 63, § 129:pauxillum aquae,
Vulg. Gen. 18, 4:caput ejus,
ib. Marc. 6, 28.—With de in part. sense:adferte nobis de fructibus terrae,
Vulg. Num. 13, 21; ib. Joan. 21, 10 (as lit. rendering of the Greek).—So of letters:adferre litteras, ad aliquem or alicui,
Cic. Att. 8, 6; id. Imp. Pomp. 2; Liv. 22, 11 al.: adferre se ad aliquem locum, to betake one's self to a place, to go or come to (opp. auferre se ab aliquo, to withdraw from, to leave, only poet.):huc me adfero,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 6; Ter. And. 4, 5, 12 Bentl.:Fatis huc te poscentibus adfers,
Verg. A. 8, 477:sese a moenibus,
id. ib. 3, 345.—So pass. adferri:urbem adferimur,
are driven, come, Verg. A. 7, 217;and adferre pedem: abite illuc, unde malum pedem adtulistis,
id. Cat. 14, 21.— To bring near, extend, = porrigo (eccl. Lat.):adfer manum tuam,
reach hither, Vulg. Joan. 20, 27.—Trop., to bring to, upon, in a good or bad sense.(α).In bon. part.:(β).pacem ad vos adfero,
Plaut. Am. prol. 32:hic Stoicus genus sermonum adfert non liquidum,
i.e. makes use of, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159:nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre,
id. ib. 3, 12, 45:non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis,
id. Mur. 2, 4:consulatum in familiam,
id. Phil. 9, 2:animum vacuum ad scribendas res difficiles,
id. Att. 12, 38:tibi benedictionem,
Vulg. Gen. 33, 11:Domino gloriam,
ib. 1 Par. 16, 28; ib. Apoc. 21, 26: ignominiam, ib. Osee, 4, 18.—In mal. part.:II.bellum in patriam,
Ov. M. 12, 5:nisi etiam illuc pervenerint (canes), ut in dominum adferant dentes,
to use their teeth against their master, Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 9:adferam super eos mala,
Vulg. Jer. 23, 12:Quam accusationem adfertis adversus hominem hunc?
id. Joan. 18, 29: quod gustatum adfert mortem, ib. Job, 6, 6: vim adferre alicui for inferre, to use force against or offer violence to one, Cic. Phil. 2, 7; id. Verr. 2, 1, 26; Liv. 9, 16; 42, 29 Drak.; Ov. H. 17, 21 Heins.; id. A. A. 1, 679; Suet. Oth. 12 al.: manus adferre alicui, in a bad sense, to lay hands on, attack, assail (opp.:manus abstinere ab aliquo): pro re quisque manus adfert (sc. ad pugnam),
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26:domino a familiā suā manus adlatas esse,
id. Quint. 27:intellegimus eum detrudi, cui manus adferuntur,
id. Caecin. 17:qui sit improbissimus, manus ei adferantur, effodiantur oculi,
id. Rep. 3, 17 Creuz. al.: sibi manus, to lay hands on one's self, to commit suicide: Qui quidem manus, quas justius in Lepidi perniciem animāsset, sibi adferre conatus est, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.—Also of things: manus templo, to rob or plunder, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18:bonis alienis,
id. Off. 2, 15:manus suis vulneribus,
to tear open, id. Att. 3, 15 (a little before:ne rescindam ipse dolorem meum): manus beneficio suo,
to nullify, render worthless, Sen. Ben. 2, 5 ext. —Esp.A.To bring, bear, or carry a thing, as news, to report, announce, inform, publish; constr. alicui or ad aliquem aliquid, or acc. with inf. (class.;B.in the histt., esp. in Livy, very freq.): ea adferam eaque ut nuntiem, etc.,
Plaut. Am. prol. 9:istud quod adfers, aures exspectant meae,
id. As. 2, 2, 65; Ter. Phorm. prol. 22:calamitas tanta fuit, ut eam non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:si ei subito sit adlatum periculum patriae,
id. Off. 1, 43, 154:nihil novi ad nos adferebatur,
id. Fam. 2, 14; id. Att. 6, 8: rumores, qui de me adferuntur, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21:Caelium ad illam adtulisse, se aurum quaerere,
id. Cael. 24; so id. Fam. 5, 2 al.:magnum enim, quod adferebant, videbatur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 15 Dint.:cum crebri adferrent nuntii, male rem gerere Darium,
Nep. 3, 3:haud vana adtulere,
Liv. 4, 37; 6, 31:exploratores missi adtulerunt quieta omnia apud Gallos esse,
id. 8, 17 Drak.:per idem tempus rebellāsse Etruscos adlatum est,
word was brought, id. 10, 45 al.:idem ex Hispaniā adlatum,
Tac. H. 1, 76:esse, qui magnum nescio quid adferret,
Suet. Dom. 16; Luc. 1, 475:scelus adtulit umbris,
Val. Fl. 3, 172 al. —So of instruction: doctrinam, Vulg. prol. Eccli.; ib. 2 Joan. 10.—To bring a thing on one, i.e. to cause, occasion, effect, give, impart; esp. of states of mind:C.aegritudinem alicui,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 2:alicui molestiam,
id. Hec. 3, 2, 9:populo Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium, concordiam,
Cic. Mur. 1:alicui multas lacrimas, magnam cladem,
id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:ipsa detractio molestiae consecutionem adfert voluptatis,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 37; so,adferre auctoritatem et fidem orationi,
id. Phil. 12, 7:metum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 25:dolorem,
id. Sull. 1:luctum et egestatem,
id. Rosc. Am. 5:consolationem,
id. Att. 10, 4:delectationem,
id. Fam. 7, 1 al.:detrimentum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 82:taedium,
Plin. 15, 2, 3, § 7:dolorem capitis,
id. 23, 1, 18:gaudium,
Plin. Ep. 10, 2, 1 al. —To bring forwards, allege, assert, adduce, as an excuse, reason, etc.:D.quam causam adferam?
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 23:justas causas adfers,
Cic. Att. 11, 15;also without causa: rationes quoque, cur hoc ita sit, adferendas puto,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13:idque me non ad meam defensionem adtulisse,
id. Caecin. 29, 85:ad ea, quae dixi, adfer, si quid habes,
id. Att. 7: nihil igitur adferunt, qui in re gerendā versari senectutem negant, they bring forwards nothing to the purpose, who, etc., id. Sen. 6; id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:quid enim poterit dicere?... an aetatem adferet?
i. e. as an excuse, id. ib. 2, 89, 364.—Also absol.:Quid sit enim corpus sentire, quis adferet umquam...?
will bring forwards an explanation, Lucr. 3, 354 (cf. reddo absol. in same sense, id. 1, 566):et, cur credam, adferre possum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70; 3, 23, 55.—Adferre aliquid = conducere, conferre aliquid, to contribute any thing to a definite object, to be useful in any thing, to help, assist; constr. with ad, with dat., or absol.:E.quam ad rem magnum adtulimus adjumentum hominibus nostris,
Cic. Off. 1, 1:negat Epicurus diuturnitatem temporis ad beate vivendum aliquid adferre,
id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:quidquid ad rem publicam adtulimus, si modo aliquid adtulimus,
id. Off. 1, 44, 155:illa praesidia non adferunt oratori aliquid, ne, etc.,
id. Mil. 1: aliquid adtulimus etiam nos, id. Planc. 10, 24:quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi, etc.,
id. N. D. 2, 63.—Very rare in class. period, to bring forth as a product, to yield, bear, produce, = fero:agri fertiles, qui multo plus adferunt, quam acceperunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 15:herbam adferentem semen,
Vulg. Gen. 1, 29:arva non adferent cibum,
ib. Hab. 3, 17: lignum adtulit fructum, ib. Joel, 2, 22; ib. Apoc. 22, 2:ager fructum,
ib. Luc. 12, 16 al. -
107 affero
af-fĕro (better adf-), attŭli (adt-, better att-), allātum (adl-), afferre (adf-), v. a.; constr. aliquid ad aliquem or alicui.I.In gen., to bring, take, carry or convey a thing to a place (of portable things, while adducere denotes the leading or conducting of men, animals, etc.), lit. and trop.A.Lit.:B.lumen,
Enn. Ann. 1, 40:viginti minas,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 78; 1, 3, 87 al.:adtuli hunc.—Quid, adtulisti?—Adduxi volui dicere,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 21:tandem bruma nives adfert,
Lucr. 5, 746: adlatus est acipenser, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12:adfer huc scyphos,
Hor. Epod. 9, 33:nuces,
Juv. 5, 144:cibum pede ad rostrum veluti manu,
Plin. 10, 46, 63, § 129:pauxillum aquae,
Vulg. Gen. 18, 4:caput ejus,
ib. Marc. 6, 28.—With de in part. sense:adferte nobis de fructibus terrae,
Vulg. Num. 13, 21; ib. Joan. 21, 10 (as lit. rendering of the Greek).—So of letters:adferre litteras, ad aliquem or alicui,
Cic. Att. 8, 6; id. Imp. Pomp. 2; Liv. 22, 11 al.: adferre se ad aliquem locum, to betake one's self to a place, to go or come to (opp. auferre se ab aliquo, to withdraw from, to leave, only poet.):huc me adfero,
Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 6; Ter. And. 4, 5, 12 Bentl.:Fatis huc te poscentibus adfers,
Verg. A. 8, 477:sese a moenibus,
id. ib. 3, 345.—So pass. adferri:urbem adferimur,
are driven, come, Verg. A. 7, 217;and adferre pedem: abite illuc, unde malum pedem adtulistis,
id. Cat. 14, 21.— To bring near, extend, = porrigo (eccl. Lat.):adfer manum tuam,
reach hither, Vulg. Joan. 20, 27.—Trop., to bring to, upon, in a good or bad sense.(α).In bon. part.:(β).pacem ad vos adfero,
Plaut. Am. prol. 32:hic Stoicus genus sermonum adfert non liquidum,
i.e. makes use of, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 159:nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre,
id. ib. 3, 12, 45:non minus adferret ad dicendum auctoritatis quam facultatis,
id. Mur. 2, 4:consulatum in familiam,
id. Phil. 9, 2:animum vacuum ad scribendas res difficiles,
id. Att. 12, 38:tibi benedictionem,
Vulg. Gen. 33, 11:Domino gloriam,
ib. 1 Par. 16, 28; ib. Apoc. 21, 26: ignominiam, ib. Osee, 4, 18.—In mal. part.:II.bellum in patriam,
Ov. M. 12, 5:nisi etiam illuc pervenerint (canes), ut in dominum adferant dentes,
to use their teeth against their master, Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 9:adferam super eos mala,
Vulg. Jer. 23, 12:Quam accusationem adfertis adversus hominem hunc?
id. Joan. 18, 29: quod gustatum adfert mortem, ib. Job, 6, 6: vim adferre alicui for inferre, to use force against or offer violence to one, Cic. Phil. 2, 7; id. Verr. 2, 1, 26; Liv. 9, 16; 42, 29 Drak.; Ov. H. 17, 21 Heins.; id. A. A. 1, 679; Suet. Oth. 12 al.: manus adferre alicui, in a bad sense, to lay hands on, attack, assail (opp.:manus abstinere ab aliquo): pro re quisque manus adfert (sc. ad pugnam),
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26:domino a familiā suā manus adlatas esse,
id. Quint. 27:intellegimus eum detrudi, cui manus adferuntur,
id. Caecin. 17:qui sit improbissimus, manus ei adferantur, effodiantur oculi,
id. Rep. 3, 17 Creuz. al.: sibi manus, to lay hands on one's self, to commit suicide: Qui quidem manus, quas justius in Lepidi perniciem animāsset, sibi adferre conatus est, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.—Also of things: manus templo, to rob or plunder, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18:bonis alienis,
id. Off. 2, 15:manus suis vulneribus,
to tear open, id. Att. 3, 15 (a little before:ne rescindam ipse dolorem meum): manus beneficio suo,
to nullify, render worthless, Sen. Ben. 2, 5 ext. —Esp.A.To bring, bear, or carry a thing, as news, to report, announce, inform, publish; constr. alicui or ad aliquem aliquid, or acc. with inf. (class.;B.in the histt., esp. in Livy, very freq.): ea adferam eaque ut nuntiem, etc.,
Plaut. Am. prol. 9:istud quod adfers, aures exspectant meae,
id. As. 2, 2, 65; Ter. Phorm. prol. 22:calamitas tanta fuit, ut eam non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:si ei subito sit adlatum periculum patriae,
id. Off. 1, 43, 154:nihil novi ad nos adferebatur,
id. Fam. 2, 14; id. Att. 6, 8: rumores, qui de me adferuntur, Cic. Fil. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 21:Caelium ad illam adtulisse, se aurum quaerere,
id. Cael. 24; so id. Fam. 5, 2 al.:magnum enim, quod adferebant, videbatur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 15 Dint.:cum crebri adferrent nuntii, male rem gerere Darium,
Nep. 3, 3:haud vana adtulere,
Liv. 4, 37; 6, 31:exploratores missi adtulerunt quieta omnia apud Gallos esse,
id. 8, 17 Drak.:per idem tempus rebellāsse Etruscos adlatum est,
word was brought, id. 10, 45 al.:idem ex Hispaniā adlatum,
Tac. H. 1, 76:esse, qui magnum nescio quid adferret,
Suet. Dom. 16; Luc. 1, 475:scelus adtulit umbris,
Val. Fl. 3, 172 al. —So of instruction: doctrinam, Vulg. prol. Eccli.; ib. 2 Joan. 10.—To bring a thing on one, i.e. to cause, occasion, effect, give, impart; esp. of states of mind:C.aegritudinem alicui,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 2:alicui molestiam,
id. Hec. 3, 2, 9:populo Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium, concordiam,
Cic. Mur. 1:alicui multas lacrimas, magnam cladem,
id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:ipsa detractio molestiae consecutionem adfert voluptatis,
id. Fin. 1, 11, 37; so,adferre auctoritatem et fidem orationi,
id. Phil. 12, 7:metum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 25:dolorem,
id. Sull. 1:luctum et egestatem,
id. Rosc. Am. 5:consolationem,
id. Att. 10, 4:delectationem,
id. Fam. 7, 1 al.:detrimentum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 82:taedium,
Plin. 15, 2, 3, § 7:dolorem capitis,
id. 23, 1, 18:gaudium,
Plin. Ep. 10, 2, 1 al. —To bring forwards, allege, assert, adduce, as an excuse, reason, etc.:D.quam causam adferam?
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 23:justas causas adfers,
Cic. Att. 11, 15;also without causa: rationes quoque, cur hoc ita sit, adferendas puto,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27; cf. id. Fam. 4, 13:idque me non ad meam defensionem adtulisse,
id. Caecin. 29, 85:ad ea, quae dixi, adfer, si quid habes,
id. Att. 7: nihil igitur adferunt, qui in re gerendā versari senectutem negant, they bring forwards nothing to the purpose, who, etc., id. Sen. 6; id. de Or. 2, 53, 215:quid enim poterit dicere?... an aetatem adferet?
i. e. as an excuse, id. ib. 2, 89, 364.—Also absol.:Quid sit enim corpus sentire, quis adferet umquam...?
will bring forwards an explanation, Lucr. 3, 354 (cf. reddo absol. in same sense, id. 1, 566):et, cur credam, adferre possum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70; 3, 23, 55.—Adferre aliquid = conducere, conferre aliquid, to contribute any thing to a definite object, to be useful in any thing, to help, assist; constr. with ad, with dat., or absol.:E.quam ad rem magnum adtulimus adjumentum hominibus nostris,
Cic. Off. 1, 1:negat Epicurus diuturnitatem temporis ad beate vivendum aliquid adferre,
id. Fin. 2, 27, 87:quidquid ad rem publicam adtulimus, si modo aliquid adtulimus,
id. Off. 1, 44, 155:illa praesidia non adferunt oratori aliquid, ne, etc.,
id. Mil. 1: aliquid adtulimus etiam nos, id. Planc. 10, 24:quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi, etc.,
id. N. D. 2, 63.—Very rare in class. period, to bring forth as a product, to yield, bear, produce, = fero:agri fertiles, qui multo plus adferunt, quam acceperunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 15:herbam adferentem semen,
Vulg. Gen. 1, 29:arva non adferent cibum,
ib. Hab. 3, 17: lignum adtulit fructum, ib. Joel, 2, 22; ib. Apoc. 22, 2:ager fructum,
ib. Luc. 12, 16 al. -
108 cogito
cōgĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [contr. from cŏ-ăgito, acc. to Varr. L. L. 6, § 43 Müll.; but more prob. from con and root of aio, Sanscr. ah; cf.: nego, adagium], to pursue something in the mind (cf. agito, II.), i. e.I.To consider thoroughly, to ponder, to weigh, reflect upon, think (class. in prose and poetry); constr. absol., with aliquid, de aliquo, or de aliquā re, sic, ita, or a rel. -clause: cogitate cum animis vestris si quid, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4; so Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 13; Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 55; 5, 3, 32; Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64; cf.:b.in animo cogitare,
Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 5:toto animo,
Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 3:coepi egomet mecum Aliam rem ex aliā cogitare,
Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 3; so id. ib. 4, 2, 8; 1, 1, 19; id. Ad. 5, 3, 22:placuit tum id mihi. Sic cogitabam: hic, etc.,
id. And. 1, 1, 83; cf. id. Eun. 1, 1, 11; 3, 3, 1; 4, 6, 21; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:sic cogitabam! fore uti, etc.,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77:severā fronte curas cogitans (i. e. animo volvens),
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46; cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 1, 2:nec, aequum anne iniquum imperet, cogitabit,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 291:quid agam cogito,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 21; cf. id. ib. 5, 1, 7 sq.; id. Ad. 4, 2, 30; Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 10; Lucr. 4, 789; cf. id. 4, 782; Cic. Rab. Perd. 10, 29:ad haec igitur cogita, vel potius excogita,
id. Att. 9, 6, 7.—With acc. of person:Regulum cogita,
think, imagine, picture to yourself, Plin. Ep. 4, 2, 2:tamquam in eo tragoediae argumento sui oblitus tantum Catonem cogitasset,
Tac. Or. 2:matrem, patrem, propinquos,
Quint. Decl. 22 fin.; cf.:o felicem illum, qui non praesens tantum, sed etiam cogitatus emendat,
Sen. Ep. 11, 9.—With two accs.:quem ultimae gentes castiorem non modo viderunt sed cogitaverunt?
Cic. Balb. 4, 9:Scipionem, Laelium, avum,
to think of, call to mind, id. Fin. 5, 1, 2:et majores et posteros cogitate,
Tac. Agr. 32 fin.:si principem cogitares,
Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 31:cum Persas cogitaret,
Flor. 2, 8, 2; Sen. Cons. Marc. 3, 4. —cōgĭtāta, ōrum, n. subst., reflections, thoughts, ideas:B.postquam ad judices Ventum est, non potuit cogitata proloqui,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 53:so cogitata (mentis) eloqui,
Cic. Brut. 72, 253:perficere,
id. Deiot. 7, 21:patefacere,
Nep. Paus. 3, 1:sapientium,
Cic. Agr. 1, 1, 1:Naevii,
id. Quint. 29, 90.—Rare in sing.:quo neque acutius ullius imperatoris cogitatum neque celerius factum usquam legimus,
Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—Cogitare in, adversus aliquem, with an adv., to think in some way in respect to one, to be disposed towards (very rare): si humaniter et sapienter et amabiliter in me cogitare vis, etc., Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 2:II.adversus se,
Suet. Caes. 75 Bremi; cf. with de aliquo:si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis,
Nep. Hann. 2, 6: ut multi mihi renuntiarent... male eum de me cogitare, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 1; and absol.: male cogitantes, Cato, R. R. praef. 4; cf.:Karthagini male jam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18.—In respect to a work to be undertaken or a conclusion to be made, to have something in mind, to intend, meditate, design, plan, purpose, etc.(α).With inf.:(β).praedium parare,
Cato, R. R. 1, 1; 3, 1; Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 163:cogitat recipere hunc in aedes,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 58:facere,
id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46:recipere me,
Cic. Att. 2, 9, 4:cenare,
id. ib. 4, 12, 1:uti,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 50:ex fumo dare lucem,
id. A. P. 144:deducere exercitum,
Suet. Ner. 18 al. —With acc.:(γ).proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare,
Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:caedem principis et res novas,
Tac. A. 4, 28 fin.:cogitatum facinus,
Suet. Tib. 19;and parricidium,
id. Calig. 12:mecum rem pulcherrimam,
Curt. 8, 7, 9:tantum nefas in aliquem,
id. 6, 7, 30; 8, 6, 3; cf.:si qua cogitarentur, gravius adversus se,
Suet. Caes. 75:quid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes cogitet,
what he plots, devises, Hor. C. 2, 11, 2; and so poet. of the (personified) wind:quid cogitet humidus Auster,
Verg. G. 1, 462 Heyne.—With ut and subj.:(δ).neque jam, ut aliquid acquireret... cogitabat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 59:quid... viros cogitasse arbitramur? Ut nomen suum, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 32; Nep. Dion, 9, 2.—With de:a.cogitavit etiam de Homeri carminibus abolendis,
Suet. Calig. 34:de reddendā republicā,
id. Aug. 28:de consciscendā morte,
id. Caes. 36; id. Claud. 31:de quo,
id. Caes. 9:cum spiritus coepit de exitu cogitare,
Sen. Q. N. 6, 25, 1.—In epistolary style, with ellipsis,Of ire:b.in Pompeianum cogitabam inde Aeculanum,
Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4; 9, 1, 2; id. Fam. 7, 4 init.; id. Att. 2, 8, 2; 5, 15, 3.—Of manere:A.eo die cogitabam in Anagnino, postero autem in Tusculano,
Cic. Att. 12, 1, 1; cf.:ut eo die apud T. Titium in Anagnino manerem. Postridie autem in Laterio cogitabam,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 4 (2, 7, 1).—Hence, *P. a.: cōgĭtātus, a, um, deliberate:B.utrum perturbatione aliquā animi, an consulto et cogitata fiat injuria,
Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27 B. and K. (al. cogitato).—cōgĭtātē, adv., with mature reflection, considerately (rare):tractare rem suam,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 45:meditari,
id. Mil. 3, 3, 69:quae vero accurate cogitateque scripsisset,
Cic. Arch. 8, 18. -
109 teneo
teneo, tenuī, tentum, ēre (zu tendo), tr. u. intr. halten, in der Hand, im Munde usw. haben, I) im allg.: A) eig. u. übtr.: 1) eig.: tene me, halte mich, Plaut.: accipe sis argentum, tene sis argentum: etiam tu argentum tenes? Plaut.: age tu, redde huic scipionem et pallium. Ch. tene, Plaut.: ova contra lumen tenere, Varro: pyxidem in manu, Cic.: fragmina manu, Ov.: pateram dexterā manu, Cic.: languenti manu carchesia mixta, Ov.: utrisque manibus mensam, Sen. rhet.: alqm manu (an der Hand), Sall.: dextrā cornu, radicem, cibum ore (im Munde) Cic. u. Phaedr.: im Bilde, gubernacula rei publicae, Cic. – 2) übtr.: a) im allg.: res oculis et manibus tenetur, ist sichtbar u. handgreiflich, Cic.: rem manu tenere, so gut als handgreiflich erkennen, Cic. – b) insbes. = geistig halten = sich in Gedanken vorstellen, fassen, begreifen, wissen, kennen, verstehen, quae et saepe audistis et tenetis animis, Cic.: omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat, allen wußte er beizukommen, Cic.: quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere possemus, Cic.: teneo, ich begreife, verstehe, Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 86): tenes? od. tenesne? kapierst du's? Komik.: rem tenes, omnem rem tenes, richtig, du hast es erraten, Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 349): teneo istuc, teneo omnia, Plaut.: teneo pulcre, recte, satis, Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 1163): iam teneo, quid sit, Plaut.: tenes, quid dicam? Ter.: quibus rebus capiatur Caesar, tenes, Cic.: quae a Romanis auguribus ignorantur, a Cilicibus tenentur, Cic.: m. folg. Infin. od. Acc. u. Infin., qui et bene et male facere tenet, Plaut.: nec tenet amissam dextram inter equos abstraxe rotas, Lucr. – B) meton.: 1) an einem Orte anlangen, ihn erreichen, wohin gelangen, (zu Schiffe) wo landen, regionem, Liv.: portum, Liv. u. Ov.: terram, erreichen = berühren, Cic. – übtr., per cursum rectum regnum, Cic.: ingenio, virtute regnum, Liv.: teneri res aliter non potest, Cic. – 2) wohin halten, richten, a) übh.: oculos in se, Ov.: oculos sub astra, Verg. – vgl. übtr., attentos animos ad decoris conservationem, genau auf die Beobachtung des Anstandes achten, Cic. – b) insbes., seine Bewegung wohin richten, wohin einen Weg einschlagen, quo tenetis iter! Verg.: medium iter classe, Verg. – intr., v. Schiffenden (als naut. t.t.), wohin hinhalten, steuern, segeln, Diam, Ov.: ad Mendin, Liv.: Liparas (nach L.), ad insulam Vulcani, Liv.: ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum, Liv. – v. Winde, wohinwärts wehen, hic ventus adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus, weht den von Athen Abreisenden entgegen, Nep. Milt. 1, 5.
II) mit dem Nebenbegriffe des Besitzes = (im physischen) Besitz haben, besitzen, innehaben, 1) eig.: a) übh.: quod tu meum habes, tenes, possides, im faktischen, physischen u. rechtlichen Besitz bist, ICt.: multa hereditatibus, multa emptionibus tenebantur sine iniuria, Cic.: quae tenuit dives Achaemenes, Hor.: sedem patris, loca, Liv.: tuta tenere, in Sicherheit sein, Verg. – in der Umgangssprache, teneo te, »ich habe dich wieder«, vom Wiedersehen einer geliebten Person (s. Ruhnken Ter. heaut. 2, 4, 27. Hildebr. Apul. met. 5, 13. p. 341, b), Ter., Ov. u.a. – b) (als milit. t.t.) einen Ort innehaben, besetzt halten, locum praesidiis, montem, portum, Caes.: tenente omnia equitatu, Liv.: aciem primam, Caes. – 2) übtr., nunc totum me tenet, habet, possidet, hat mich ganz, gleichs. im physischen, faktischen u. rechtlichen Besitz = ganz eingenommen, Plin. ep. – alqm tenet insania, hat ergriffen, Plaut.: u. so num eum veternus aut aqua intercus tenet? Plaut. – vom Besitz als Geliebter, Geliebte, saepe aliam tenui, Tibull.: te iam tenet altera coniunx, Ov.; vgl. Ruhnken Ov. her. 2, 103. Broukh. Tibull. 1, 6, 3 u. die Auslgg. zu Phaedr. 2, 2, 3. – v. Besitz als Machthaber, Herrscher, terras, Hor.: imperium, Caes.: summam imperii, Caes.: scaenam, allein innehaben, herrschen auf usw. (v. Bühnenkünstlern), Suet.: rem publicam, Cic.: dah. qui tenent (sc. rem publicam), die im Besitz des Staates sind, die Machthaber im Staate, Cic. – als Kommandierender, befehligen, alterum cornu, Nep.: exercitum pedestrem, Nep.
III) mit dem Nebenbegr. der Festigkeit = festhalten, 1) eig.: a) übh.: ut quo maior se vis aquae incitavisset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur, Caes.: loca sunt egregia ad tenendas ancoras, Auct. b. Alex. – b) (als milit. t.t.) einen Ort verteidigen, behaupten, suum locum, tumulum, Caes.: Capitolia, Verg. – c) (als ökonom, t.t.) bekleiben, einwurzeln, vitis tenet, Colum. u. Sen. – 2) übtr.: a) geistig festhalten, memoriam alcis, Cic. – memoriā tenere, im Gedächtnisse behalten = sich erinnern, mit folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. – so auch bl. tenere, zB. satin haec meministi et tenes? Plaut.: numeros memini, si verba tenerem, Verg. – b) ertappen, überführen, mala (femina), te teneo, Plaut.: teneo te, da hab' ich dich, Cic. u.a. (s. Bünem. Lact. 2, 8, 54. p. 231, a): mit dopp. Acc., iam te non furem (als D.) teneo, sed raptorem (als R.), Augustin. serm. 85, 1: im Passiv, teneri in manifesto peccato, Cic.: u. mit Genet., cupiditatis eiusdem, Cic.: repetundarum, Tac.: caedis, Quint.: furti, Masur. Sabin. fr. bei Gell. u. ICt. – c) (v. Affekten) jmd., jmds. Gemüt fesseln, einnehmen, beseelen, erfüllen, s ich bemächtigen, misericordia me tenet, Cic.: magna me spes tenet m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. (u. so quā spe ut vivere velint tenebuntur, Cic.): consulem Marcellum tanta cupiditas tenebat dimicandi cum Hannibale, ut etc., Liv.: mirum me desiderium tenet urbis, Cic.: magno teneri desiderio virium, Cic.: Romanorum ingenti admiratione teneri, Eutr.: historiae per se tenent lectores, Vitr. – d) (von Personen u. Dingen) jmds. Sinne fesseln, ergötzen, varias mentes carmine, Verg.: u. so bes. im Passiv, pueri ludis tenentur, oculi picturā tenentur, Cic. – e) zu einer Verbindlichkeit anhalten = verbindlich machen, binden, haec adeo edico ex hac nocte primum ut lex teneat senes, Plaut.: leges eum tenent, binden ihn, Cic.: lege, foedere, promisso teneri, gebunden sein an usw., Cic. u. Liv.: eā poenā, quae est de vi, teneri, der Str. verfallen, durch die Str. geahndet werden, Cic.: u. so diligenter teneri (iure civili), Cic. – f) als mir zukommend festhalten, behaupten, auctoritatem, imperium in suos, Cic.: suum illud, nihil ut affirmet, tenet ad extremum, Cic.: causam, recht behalten, Cic. u. Liv.: causam apud centumviros, einen Prozeß gewinnen, durchsetzen, Cic.: plura tenuit, Liv. – dah. absol., recht behalten, es durchsetzen, si recte conclusi, teneo, behalte ich recht, Cic.: m. folg. ut od. ne u. Konj., tenuerunt patres, ut etc., setzten es durch (erreichten es), daß usw., Liv.: patres apud maiores nostros tenere non potuerunt, ut etc., Cic.: plebs tenuit, ne etc., Liv. – g) an einer Behauptung festhalten, illud arte tenent (bleiben fest dabei) accurateque defendunt, voluptatem esse summum bonum, Cic.
IV) mit dem Nebenbegr. des Bestehens, der Dauer, der Ruhe = festhalten, halten, erhalten, be wahren, A) im allg.: a) eig.: terra tenetur nutu suo, die Erde wird durch ihre Schwerkraft im Gleichgewicht gehalten, Cic. – b) übtr., tribus rebus vita animantium tenetur, wird erhalten, Cic.: alqm in officio, jmd. im Gehorsam erhalten, Caes.: alqm in servitute, Caes.: matrimonia, beibehalten (Ggstz. dimittere), Suet. – mit dopp. Acc., libertatem servitute oppressam, Nep.: rem publicam oppressam, Val. Max.: se quietum, Liv. – B) insbes.: 1) tr. in der Dauer erhalten = von etwas nicht abweichen, etw. halten, a) eig.: cursum (bes. als milit. u. naut. t.t.), die Richtung beim Marsche, bei der Fahrt (fest)halten, auf der rechten Bahn bleiben (auch übtr., Ggstz. cursum commutare), Caes., Cic. u.a. – absol., medio tutissimus ibis: inter utrumque tene, halte die Richtung, halte Strich, Ov. met. 2, 140. – b) übtr., an etw. festhalten, etw. halten, beobachten, ihm treu bleiben, ordinem, Cic.: silentium (s.d.), Liv. u. Ov.: fidem, Cic.: propositum, Caes.: morem, Suet. – 2) intr. dauern, sich erhalten, währen (s. Drak. Liv. 4, 7, 7. Duker Liv. 6, 35, 10. Fabri Liv. 23, 44, 6), imber per totam noctem tenuit, Liv.: silentium inde aliquamdiu tenuit, Liv.: u. so consuetudo tenuit, ut etc., Quint.: u. fama tenet (es erhält sich die Sage) m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Liv.
V) mit dem Nebenbegr. der gehemmten Bewegung = festhalten, d.i. A) einhalten, zurückhalten, halten, einschließen, 1) eig.: a) übh.: manus ab alqo, Ov.: ventrem, Cels. – dah. alqm od. se domi, jmd. od. sich zu Hause halten, Liv. u. Nep.: alqm Romae, Eutr.: pecus, innehalten, einsperren, Verg.: lecto teneri, Cic.: lectulo me teneo, Fronto: se castris, sich im L. halten, Caes.: se oppido, Cic.: Antiochiā teneri, in A. eingeschlossen sein, Cic. ad Att. 5, 20, 3. – b) Geister auf der Oberwelt festhalten, bannen, iam tenet infernas magico stridore catervas, Tibull. 1, 2, 49: synochitide teneri umbras inferûm evocatas, Plin. 37, 192. – 2) übtr.: a) zurückhalten, im Zaume halten, bezähmen, mäßigen, risum, dolorem, iracundiam, Cic.: lacrimas, Cic. u. Caes.: u. so se ab accusando, sich der Anklage enthalten, Cic.: se non tenere od. se tenere non posse, quin etc., teneri non posse, quin etc., sich nicht enthalten können, zu usw., Cic. – b) bei sich behalten, verschweigen, alqd, Cic. de or. 2, 221. – B) aufhalten, 1) eig.: tabellarios, Cic.: septimum iam diem Corcyrae teneri, Cic.: quae (naves) vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum venire possent, Caes.: ne quid se Romae teneret, quominus paludatus ab urbe exiret, Liv. – 2) übtr.: non teneo te pluribus, will dich nicht lange aufhalten (mit Worten), will es kurz machen, Cic. – alqm tenere (abhalten, hindern) m. folg. ne od. quo minus u. Konj., ea modo una causa, ne transirent flumen, tenuit Romanos, Liv.: ne persequeretur Mithridatem, seditio militum tenuit, Liv. epit.: diu non perlitatum tenuerat dictatorem, ne ante meridiem signum dare posset, Liv.: si te dolor aliqui corporis aut infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quominus ad ludos venires, Cic.
VI) mit dem Nebenbegr. des Inhaltes = umfassen, begreifen, enthalten (= continere, κατέχειν), haec populos, haec magnos formula reges tenet, Hor. sat. 2, 3, 46. – im Passiv, teneri alqā re, in etw. enthalten sein, mitbegriffen sein, ihm angehören, zu etw. gehören, aus od. in etw. bestehen, ut homines deorum agnatione teneantur, Cic.: si Asia hoc imperio non teneretur, Cic.: causae, quae familiaritate tenentur, Cic. – / Parag. Infin. Praes. pass. tenerier, Mart. Cap. poët. 2. § 93: archaist. Perf. tetini, Diom. 366, 23 u. 372, 18, wov. Coni. tetinerim, tetinerit, Pacuv. tr. 172 u. Acc. tr. 39: Infin. Perf. tetinisse, Pacuv. tr. 226: Fut. exact. tetinero, nach Paul. ex Fest. 252, 9. – Andere Nbf. des Perf. tenivi, Charis. 248, 2.
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110 consulo
consŭlo, ĕre, consŭlŭi, consultum - intr. - [st1]1 [-] tenir conseil, délibérer, prendre une résolution, prendre des mesures, pourvoir, prendre garde, veiller, réfléchir. - consulere in aliquem (qqf. de aliquo): prendre une mesure contre qqn. - de aliquo, de aliqua re consulere: délibérer sur qqn, sur qqch. - consulens curia, Hor.: le sénat en délibération. - consulere cum suis, Liv.: se consulter avec les siens. - ad summam rem consulere: prendre des mesures en vue de l’intérêt général. - consulere ad summam rerum, Caes.: prendre conseil des événements, aviser d'après l'ensemble des circonstances. - consulere ex re, Tac.: prendre conseil des événements, aviser d'après l'ensemble des circonstances. - consulere in longitudinem, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 10: réfléchir à l'avenir. - consulere in medium (in commune, in publicum): délibérer en vue de l'intérêt général, avoir en vue l'intérêt commun. - consulere in unum, Tac. H. 1, 68: concerter ses desseins. - consulere sibi per se, Hor.: n'avoir d'autre conseiller que soi-même. - consulere de salute suorum, Cic. Sull. 22: songer au salut des siens. - consulere de se, Cic.: s'occuper de soi. - consulere graviter de perfugis, Liv.: traiter sévèrement les transfuges. - crudeliter in victos consulebatur, Liv.: on sévissait contre les vaincus. - alicui consulere: avoir soin de qqn, avoir des égards pour qqn, s'occuper de qqn. - consulere civibus, Cic.: favoriser les intérêts des citoyens. - consulere sibi, Cic. Sall.: songer à soi, pourvoir à ses intérêts. - Cornelius, non, cui simulabat, consulendo... Liv.: Cornélius, non par intérêt pour celui qu'il feignait de protéger... - perterritis omnibus sibi quisque consulebat, Caes. BC. 2, 43, 2: dans l'effroi général, chacun s'occupait de soi. - alicui rei consulere: avoir soin de qqch, s'occuper de qqch. - consulere receptui sibi, Caes. BC. 3, 69: se ménager une retraite. - consulere magis irae quam famae, Sall. C. 51, 7: consulter sa colère plus que l'intérêt de sa réputation. - qui mi consultum optime velit esse, Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 1:... qui ne veut que mon bonheur. - optime tibi consultum esse volo, Ter.: je veux que tu sois heureux. - timori consulere, Caes.: obéir à la crainte - male patriae consulere, Nep. Ep. 10: faire le malheur de son pays. - consulere ut: veiller à ce que. - consulere ne: veiller à ce que ne pas. - tr. - [st1]2 [-] délibérer sur, discuter, examiner, consulter, demander conseil, demander l'avis, décider. - rem consulere: délibérer sur qqch, examiner qqch. - quid consuluistis? Plaut.: qu'avez-vous arrêté? - quae male consuluerunt, Sall.: les funestes résolutions qu'ils ont prises. - consulit ab re, Plaut.: il nous donne un conseil contraire à notre intérêt. - consulere optimi, Apul.: approuver fort. - boni consulere aliquid: estimer comme bon qqch, trouver bon, agréer qqch, être satisfait de qqch. - avaritia consuluit invenisse... Plin.: l'avarice s'est applaudi d'avoir trouvé... - eane fieri boni consulitis? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17: approuvez-vous de tels actes? - haec consule missa boni, Ov. P. 3, 8, 24: agrée cet envoi. - senatum consulere: consulter le sénat. - Apollinem consulere: consulter Apollon. - consulere aliquem utrum... an...: consulter qqn pour savoir si... ou si... - consulere aliquem aliquid (de aliqua re, in rem): consulter qqn sur qqch. - qui solent consuli de jure (qui consuluntur), Cic.: les jurisconsultes.* * *consŭlo, ĕre, consŭlŭi, consultum - intr. - [st1]1 [-] tenir conseil, délibérer, prendre une résolution, prendre des mesures, pourvoir, prendre garde, veiller, réfléchir. - consulere in aliquem (qqf. de aliquo): prendre une mesure contre qqn. - de aliquo, de aliqua re consulere: délibérer sur qqn, sur qqch. - consulens curia, Hor.: le sénat en délibération. - consulere cum suis, Liv.: se consulter avec les siens. - ad summam rem consulere: prendre des mesures en vue de l’intérêt général. - consulere ad summam rerum, Caes.: prendre conseil des événements, aviser d'après l'ensemble des circonstances. - consulere ex re, Tac.: prendre conseil des événements, aviser d'après l'ensemble des circonstances. - consulere in longitudinem, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 10: réfléchir à l'avenir. - consulere in medium (in commune, in publicum): délibérer en vue de l'intérêt général, avoir en vue l'intérêt commun. - consulere in unum, Tac. H. 1, 68: concerter ses desseins. - consulere sibi per se, Hor.: n'avoir d'autre conseiller que soi-même. - consulere de salute suorum, Cic. Sull. 22: songer au salut des siens. - consulere de se, Cic.: s'occuper de soi. - consulere graviter de perfugis, Liv.: traiter sévèrement les transfuges. - crudeliter in victos consulebatur, Liv.: on sévissait contre les vaincus. - alicui consulere: avoir soin de qqn, avoir des égards pour qqn, s'occuper de qqn. - consulere civibus, Cic.: favoriser les intérêts des citoyens. - consulere sibi, Cic. Sall.: songer à soi, pourvoir à ses intérêts. - Cornelius, non, cui simulabat, consulendo... Liv.: Cornélius, non par intérêt pour celui qu'il feignait de protéger... - perterritis omnibus sibi quisque consulebat, Caes. BC. 2, 43, 2: dans l'effroi général, chacun s'occupait de soi. - alicui rei consulere: avoir soin de qqch, s'occuper de qqch. - consulere receptui sibi, Caes. BC. 3, 69: se ménager une retraite. - consulere magis irae quam famae, Sall. C. 51, 7: consulter sa colère plus que l'intérêt de sa réputation. - qui mi consultum optime velit esse, Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 1:... qui ne veut que mon bonheur. - optime tibi consultum esse volo, Ter.: je veux que tu sois heureux. - timori consulere, Caes.: obéir à la crainte - male patriae consulere, Nep. Ep. 10: faire le malheur de son pays. - consulere ut: veiller à ce que. - consulere ne: veiller à ce que ne pas. - tr. - [st1]2 [-] délibérer sur, discuter, examiner, consulter, demander conseil, demander l'avis, décider. - rem consulere: délibérer sur qqch, examiner qqch. - quid consuluistis? Plaut.: qu'avez-vous arrêté? - quae male consuluerunt, Sall.: les funestes résolutions qu'ils ont prises. - consulit ab re, Plaut.: il nous donne un conseil contraire à notre intérêt. - consulere optimi, Apul.: approuver fort. - boni consulere aliquid: estimer comme bon qqch, trouver bon, agréer qqch, être satisfait de qqch. - avaritia consuluit invenisse... Plin.: l'avarice s'est applaudi d'avoir trouvé... - eane fieri boni consulitis? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17: approuvez-vous de tels actes? - haec consule missa boni, Ov. P. 3, 8, 24: agrée cet envoi. - senatum consulere: consulter le sénat. - Apollinem consulere: consulter Apollon. - consulere aliquem utrum... an...: consulter qqn pour savoir si... ou si... - consulere aliquem aliquid (de aliqua re, in rem): consulter qqn sur qqch. - qui solent consuli de jure (qui consuluntur), Cic.: les jurisconsultes.* * *Consulo, consulis, pen. corr. consului, consultum, consulere. Adviser, et prendre conseil, Consulter.\In longitudinem consulere. Terent. Prouvoir pour l'advenir.\In commune consulere. Terent. Prouvoir et entendre au commun prouffit de l'un et de l'autre.\In publicum consulere, Idem. Plin. iunior. Aider et prouvoir au prouffit public en assemblee publique, Pourchasser le prouffit public.\In medium consulere. Lucan. Quand chascun dit son advis en assemblee publique.\Consulitur in medium. Liu. Chascun en la congregation et assemblee publique dit son advis et opinion pour le prouffit commun, Chascun entend au prouffit commun.\Consulere de aliquo bene vel male. Liu. Opiner humainement ou rigoreusement en son faict, Le traicter doulcement, ou rudement.\Acerbe de aliquo consulere. Liu. Le traicter rudement.\Consulere de salute suorum. Cic. Penser de sauver les siens.\Consulere de se grauius. Cic. Entreprendre de s'affoler soymesme, S'occire, Se tuer.\Ex re consulere. Tacit. S'adviser, ou prendre advis selon l'occasion et opportunité des choses.\In humiliores crudeliter, libidinoseque consulebatur. Liu. On les traictoit cruellement.\Pessime istuc in te atque in illum consulis. Terent. Tu fais une chose qui est grandement dommageable à toy et à luy.\Consulere aliquid mali quod facias alteri. Plaut. Penser et songer, ou consulter quelque malice que tu faces à autruy.\Consulere alicui. Terent. Luy prouvoir.\Tu fortasse quid me fiat paruipendis, dum illi consulas. Terent. Tu ne te soucie que je devienne, pourveu que tu luy prouvoye.\Longe consulere. Virgil. Adviser de loing.\Consulere alicui optime. Cic. Prouvoir advantageusement.\Optime illi consultum vult esse. Terent. Il ne demande que le prouffit de cestuy là.\Consulere male alicui. Plaut. Faire fascherie à autruy, Luy faire mal ses besongnes.\Commodis et vtilitati aliquorum consulere. Cic. Regarder et entendre à leur prouffit.\Concordiae consulere. Liu. Regarder et adviser à l'union et concorde.\Existimationi. Cic. Prouvoir à garder son honneur.\Famae. Cic. Prouvoir qu'on ait bonne opinion de nous.\Pudori consulere. Cic. Garder son honneur.\Saluti consulere suae. Caesar. Prouvoir à se sauver.\Supremis suis consulere. Tacit. Prouvoir à la fin de sa vie.\Consulere tempori. Cic. Avoir esgard au temps.\Consulere, accusatiuo personae iunctum, significat Petere consilium. Plautus, Neque te consulit. Il ne te demande point conseil.\Coniectorem consulere. Plaut. Aller au devin.\Consulere aliquid alterum. Plautus. Luy demander conseil de quelque chose.\Consulere ius. Liu. Demander à un legiste son opinion de quelque difficulté de droict.\Speculum consulere. Ouid. Se mirer, Se regarder dedens un miroir.\Neque qua quaeram, consultum est. Plaut. Et si ne scay de quel costé, etc. -
111 teneo
teneo, tenuī, tentum, ēre (zu tendo), tr. u. intr. halten, in der Hand, im Munde usw. haben, I) im allg.: A) eig. u. übtr.: 1) eig.: tene me, halte mich, Plaut.: accipe sis argentum, tene sis argentum: etiam tu argentum tenes? Plaut.: age tu, redde huic scipionem et pallium. Ch. tene, Plaut.: ova contra lumen tenere, Varro: pyxidem in manu, Cic.: fragmina manu, Ov.: pateram dexterā manu, Cic.: languenti manu carchesia mixta, Ov.: utrisque manibus mensam, Sen. rhet.: alqm manu (an der Hand), Sall.: dextrā cornu, radicem, cibum ore (im Munde) Cic. u. Phaedr.: im Bilde, gubernacula rei publicae, Cic. – 2) übtr.: a) im allg.: res oculis et manibus tenetur, ist sichtbar u. handgreiflich, Cic.: rem manu tenere, so gut als handgreiflich erkennen, Cic. – b) insbes. = geistig halten = sich in Gedanken vorstellen, fassen, begreifen, wissen, kennen, verstehen, quae et saepe audistis et tenetis animis, Cic.: omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat, allen wußte er beizukommen, Cic.: quibus reconditos eius sensus tenere possemus, Cic.: teneo, ich begreife, verstehe, Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 86): tenes? od. tenesne? kapierst du's? Komik.: rem tenes, omnem rem tenes, richtig, du hast es erraten, Komik. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. 349): teneo istuc, teneo omnia, Plaut.: teneo pulcre, recte, satis, Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 1163): iam teneo, quid sit, Plaut.:————tenes, quid dicam? Ter.: quibus rebus capiatur Caesar, tenes, Cic.: quae a Romanis auguribus ignorantur, a Cilicibus tenentur, Cic.: m. folg. Infin. od. Acc. u. Infin., qui et bene et male facere tenet, Plaut.: nec tenet amissam dextram inter equos abstraxe rotas, Lucr. – B) meton.: 1) an einem Orte anlangen, ihn erreichen, wohin gelangen, (zu Schiffe) wo landen, regionem, Liv.: portum, Liv. u. Ov.: terram, erreichen = berühren, Cic. – übtr., per cursum rectum regnum, Cic.: ingenio, virtute regnum, Liv.: teneri res aliter non potest, Cic. – 2) wohin halten, richten, a) übh.: oculos in se, Ov.: oculos sub astra, Verg. – vgl. übtr., attentos animos ad decoris conservationem, genau auf die Beobachtung des Anstandes achten, Cic. – b) insbes., seine Bewegung wohin richten, wohin einen Weg einschlagen, quo tenetis iter! Verg.: medium iter classe, Verg. – intr., v. Schiffenden (als naut. t.t.), wohin hinhalten, steuern, segeln, Diam, Ov.: ad Mendin, Liv.: Liparas (nach L.), ad insulam Vulcani, Liv.: ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum, Liv. – v. Winde, wohinwärts wehen, hic ventus adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus, weht den von Athen Abreisenden entgegen, Nep. Milt. 1, 5.II) mit dem Nebenbegriffe des Besitzes = (im physischen) Besitz haben, besitzen, innehaben, 1) eig.: a) übh.: quod tu meum habes, tenes, possides, im fak-————tischen, physischen u. rechtlichen Besitz bist, ICt.: multa hereditatibus, multa emptionibus tenebantur sine iniuria, Cic.: quae tenuit dives Achaemenes, Hor.: sedem patris, loca, Liv.: tuta tenere, in Sicherheit sein, Verg. – in der Umgangssprache, teneo te, »ich habe dich wieder«, vom Wiedersehen einer geliebten Person (s. Ruhnken Ter. heaut. 2, 4, 27. Hildebr. Apul. met. 5, 13. p. 341, b), Ter., Ov. u.a. – b) (als milit. t.t.) einen Ort innehaben, besetzt halten, locum praesidiis, montem, portum, Caes.: tenente omnia equitatu, Liv.: aciem primam, Caes. – 2) übtr., nunc totum me tenet, habet, possidet, hat mich ganz, gleichs. im physischen, faktischen u. rechtlichen Besitz = ganz eingenommen, Plin. ep. – alqm tenet insania, hat ergriffen, Plaut.: u. so num eum veternus aut aqua intercus tenet? Plaut. – vom Besitz als Geliebter, Geliebte, saepe aliam tenui, Tibull.: te iam tenet altera coniunx, Ov.; vgl. Ruhnken Ov. her. 2, 103. Broukh. Tibull. 1, 6, 3 u. die Auslgg. zu Phaedr. 2, 2, 3. – v. Besitz als Machthaber, Herrscher, terras, Hor.: imperium, Caes.: summam imperii, Caes.: scaenam, allein innehaben, herrschen auf usw. (v. Bühnenkünstlern), Suet.: rem publicam, Cic.: dah. qui tenent (sc. rem publicam), die im Besitz des Staates sind, die Machthaber im Staate, Cic. – als Kommandierender, befehligen, alterum cornu, Nep.: exercitum pedestrem, Nep.————III) mit dem Nebenbegr. der Festigkeit = festhalten, 1) eig.: a) übh.: ut quo maior se vis aquae incitavisset, hoc artius illigata tenerentur, Caes.: loca sunt egregia ad tenendas ancoras, Auct. b. Alex. – b) (als milit. t.t.) einen Ort verteidigen, behaupten, suum locum, tumulum, Caes.: Capitolia, Verg. – c) (als ökonom, t.t.) bekleiben, einwurzeln, vitis tenet, Colum. u. Sen. – 2) übtr.: a) geistig festhalten, memoriam alcis, Cic. – memoriā tenere, im Gedächtnisse behalten = sich erinnern, mit folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. – so auch bl. tenere, zB. satin haec meministi et tenes? Plaut.: numeros memini, si verba tenerem, Verg. – b) ertappen, überführen, mala (femina), te teneo, Plaut.: teneo te, da hab' ich dich, Cic. u.a. (s. Bünem. Lact. 2, 8, 54. p. 231, a): mit dopp. Acc., iam te non furem (als D.) teneo, sed raptorem (als R.), Augustin. serm. 85, 1: im Passiv, teneri in manifesto peccato, Cic.: u. mit Genet., cupiditatis eiusdem, Cic.: repetundarum, Tac.: caedis, Quint.: furti, Masur. Sabin. fr. bei Gell. u. ICt. – c) (v. Affekten) jmd., jmds. Gemüt fesseln, einnehmen, beseelen, erfüllen, s ich bemächtigen, misericordia me tenet, Cic.: magna me spes tenet m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. (u. so quā spe ut vivere velint tenebuntur, Cic.): consulem Marcellum tanta cupiditas tenebat dimicandi cum Hannibale, ut etc., Liv.: mirum me desiderium tenet urbis, Cic.: magno teneri desiderio virium, Cic.: Ro-————manorum ingenti admiratione teneri, Eutr.: historiae per se tenent lectores, Vitr. – d) (von Personen u. Dingen) jmds. Sinne fesseln, ergötzen, varias mentes carmine, Verg.: u. so bes. im Passiv, pueri ludis tenentur, oculi picturā tenentur, Cic. – e) zu einer Verbindlichkeit anhalten = verbindlich machen, binden, haec adeo edico ex hac nocte primum ut lex teneat senes, Plaut.: leges eum tenent, binden ihn, Cic.: lege, foedere, promisso teneri, gebunden sein an usw., Cic. u. Liv.: eā poenā, quae est de vi, teneri, der Str. verfallen, durch die Str. geahndet werden, Cic.: u. so diligenter teneri (iure civili), Cic. – f) als mir zukommend festhalten, behaupten, auctoritatem, imperium in suos, Cic.: suum illud, nihil ut affirmet, tenet ad extremum, Cic.: causam, recht behalten, Cic. u. Liv.: causam apud centumviros, einen Prozeß gewinnen, durchsetzen, Cic.: plura tenuit, Liv. – dah. absol., recht behalten, es durchsetzen, si recte conclusi, teneo, behalte ich recht, Cic.: m. folg. ut od. ne u. Konj., tenuerunt patres, ut etc., setzten es durch (erreichten es), daß usw., Liv.: patres apud maiores nostros tenere non potuerunt, ut etc., Cic.: plebs tenuit, ne etc., Liv. – g) an einer Behauptung festhalten, illud arte tenent (bleiben fest dabei) accurateque defendunt, voluptatem esse summum bonum, Cic.IV) mit dem Nebenbegr. des Bestehens, der Dauer, der Ruhe = festhalten, halten, erhalten, be-————wahren, A) im allg.: a) eig.: terra tenetur nutu suo, die Erde wird durch ihre Schwerkraft im Gleichgewicht gehalten, Cic. – b) übtr., tribus rebus vita animantium tenetur, wird erhalten, Cic.: alqm in officio, jmd. im Gehorsam erhalten, Caes.: alqm in servitute, Caes.: matrimonia, beibehalten (Ggstz. dimittere), Suet. – mit dopp. Acc., libertatem servitute oppressam, Nep.: rem publicam oppressam, Val. Max.: se quietum, Liv. – B) insbes.: 1) tr. in der Dauer erhalten = von etwas nicht abweichen, etw. halten, a) eig.: cursum (bes. als milit. u. naut. t.t.), die Richtung beim Marsche, bei der Fahrt (fest)halten, auf der rechten Bahn bleiben (auch übtr., Ggstz. cursum commutare), Caes., Cic. u.a. – absol., medio tutissimus ibis: inter utrumque tene, halte die Richtung, halte Strich, Ov. met. 2, 140. – b) übtr., an etw. festhalten, etw. halten, beobachten, ihm treu bleiben, ordinem, Cic.: silentium (s.d.), Liv. u. Ov.: fidem, Cic.: propositum, Caes.: morem, Suet. – 2) intr. dauern, sich erhalten, währen (s. Drak. Liv. 4, 7, 7. Duker Liv. 6, 35, 10. Fabri Liv. 23, 44, 6), imber per totam noctem tenuit, Liv.: silentium inde aliquamdiu tenuit, Liv.: u. so consuetudo tenuit, ut etc., Quint.: u. fama tenet (es erhält sich die Sage) m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Liv.V) mit dem Nebenbegr. der gehemmten Bewegung = festhalten, d.i. A) einhalten, zurückhalten,————halten, einschließen, 1) eig.: a) übh.: manus ab alqo, Ov.: ventrem, Cels. – dah. alqm od. se domi, jmd. od. sich zu Hause halten, Liv. u. Nep.: alqm Romae, Eutr.: pecus, innehalten, einsperren, Verg.: lecto teneri, Cic.: lectulo me teneo, Fronto: se castris, sich im L. halten, Caes.: se oppido, Cic.: Antiochiā teneri, in A. eingeschlossen sein, Cic. ad Att. 5, 20, 3. – b) Geister auf der Oberwelt festhalten, bannen, iam tenet infernas magico stridore catervas, Tibull. 1, 2, 49: synochitide teneri umbras inferûm evocatas, Plin. 37, 192. – 2) übtr.: a) zurückhalten, im Zaume halten, bezähmen, mäßigen, risum, dolorem, iracundiam, Cic.: lacrimas, Cic. u. Caes.: u. so se ab accusando, sich der Anklage enthalten, Cic.: se non tenere od. se tenere non posse, quin etc., teneri non posse, quin etc., sich nicht enthalten können, zu usw., Cic. – b) bei sich behalten, verschweigen, alqd, Cic. de or. 2, 221. – B) aufhalten, 1) eig.: tabellarios, Cic.: septimum iam diem Corcyrae teneri, Cic.: quae (naves) vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum venire possent, Caes.: ne quid se Romae teneret, quominus paludatus ab urbe exiret, Liv. – 2) übtr.: non teneo te pluribus, will dich nicht lange aufhalten (mit Worten), will es kurz machen, Cic. – alqm tenere (abhalten, hindern) m. folg. ne od. quo minus u. Konj., ea modo una causa, ne transirent flumen, tenuit Romanos, Liv.: ne persequeretur Mithridatem, seditio————militum tenuit, Liv. epit.: diu non perlitatum tenuerat dictatorem, ne ante meridiem signum dare posset, Liv.: si te dolor aliqui corporis aut infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quominus ad ludos venires, Cic.VI) mit dem Nebenbegr. des Inhaltes = umfassen, begreifen, enthalten (= continere, κατέχειν), haec populos, haec magnos formula reges tenet, Hor. sat. 2, 3, 46. – im Passiv, teneri alqā re, in etw. enthalten sein, mitbegriffen sein, ihm angehören, zu etw. gehören, aus od. in etw. bestehen, ut homines deorum agnatione teneantur, Cic.: si Asia hoc imperio non teneretur, Cic.: causae, quae familiaritate tenentur, Cic. – ⇒ Parag. Infin. Praes. pass. tenerier, Mart. Cap. poët. 2. § 93: archaist. Perf. tetini, Diom. 366, 23 u. 372, 18, wov. Coni. tetinerim, tetinerit, Pacuv. tr. 172 u. Acc. tr. 39: Infin. Perf. tetinisse, Pacuv. tr. 226: Fut. exact. tetinero, nach Paul. ex Fest. 252, 9. – Andere Nbf. des Perf. tenivi, Charis. 248, 2. -
112 gero
1.gĕro, gessi, gestum ( Part. gen. plur. sync. gerentum, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 13; imper. ger, like dic, duc, fac, fer, Cat. 27, 2), 3, v. a. [root gas-, to come, go; Zend, jah, jahaiti, come; gero (for geso), in caus. sense, to cause to come; cf. Gr. bastazô, from bastos = gestus], to bear about with one, to bear, carry, to wear, have (in the lit. signif. mostly poet., not in Cic., Cæs., Sall., or Quint.; but instead of it ferre, portare, vehere, sustinere, etc.; but in the trop. signif. freq. and class.).I.Lit.A.In gen.:b.(vestem ferinam) qui gessit primus,
Lucr. 5, 1420; so,vestem,
Ov. M. 11, 276 (with induere vestes), Nep. Dat. 3; cf.:coronam Olympiacam capite,
Suet. Ner. 25:ornamenta,
id. Caes. 84:angues immixtos crinibus,
Ov. M. 4, 792:clipeum (laeva),
id. ib. 4, 782; cf.:galeam venatoriam in capite, clavam dextra manu, copulam sinistra,
Nep. Dat. 3:ramum, jaculum,
Ov. M. 12, 442:spicea serta,
id. ib. 2, 28:vincla,
id. ib. 4, 681:venabula corpore fixa,
id. ib. 9, 206; cf.:tela (in pectore fixus),
id. ib. 6, 228:Vulcanum (i. e. ignem) in cornu conclusum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 185:spolia ducis hostium caesi suspensa fabricato ad id apte ferculo gerens,
Liv. 1, 10, 5; cf.:Horatius trigemina spolia prae se gerens,
id. 1, 26, 2:onera,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.: uterum or partum gerere, to be pregnant, be with young; so, gerere partum, Plin. 8, 47, 72, § 187:uterum,
id. 8, 40, 62, § 151:centum fronte oculos centum cervice gerebat Argus,
Ov. Am. 3, 4, 19:lumen unum media fronte,
id. M. 13, 773:cornua fronte,
id. ib. 15, 596:virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma,
Verg. A. 1, 315:virginis ora,
Ov. M. 5, 553; cf.:quae modo bracchia gessit, Crura gerit,
id. ib. 5, 455 sq.:Coae cornua matres Gesserunt tum,
i. e. were turned into cows, id. ib. 7, 364:principio (morbi) caput incensum fervore gerebant,
Lucr. 6, 1145:qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu,
Verg. A. 6, 772:tempora tecta pelle lupi,
Ov. M. 12, 380:(Hector) squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crines Vulneraque illa gerens, quae, etc.,
Verg. A. 2, 278:capella gerat distentius uber,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 110.—Of inanimate things:B.semina rerum permixta gerit tellus discretaque tradit,
Lucr. 6, 790; cf.:(terram) multosque lacus multasque lacunas In gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa,
id. ib. 6, 539; Enn. ap. Non. 66, 26 (Sat. 23, p. 157 Vahl.); and:quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos,
Verg. G. 2, 122:speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago,
Lucr. 4, 52.—In partic. (very rare).1.With respect to the term. ad quem, to bear, carry, bring to a place:2.(feminae puerique) saxa in muros munientibus gerunt,
Liv. 28, 19, 13:neque eam voraginem conjectu terrae, cum pro se quisque gereret, expleri potuisse,
id. 7, 6, 2; cf. id. 37, 5, 1. — Absol.:si non habebis unde irriges, gerito inditoque leniter,
Cato, R. R. 151, 4; Liv. 7, 6, 2 Drak.—Prov.:non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—With the accessory idea of production, to bear, bring forth, produce:II.quae (terra) quod gerit fruges, Ceres (appellata est),
Varr. L. L. 5, § 64 Müll.; cf. Tib. 2, 4, 56:violam nullo terra serente gerit,
Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6:arbores (Oete),
id. M. 9, 230:malos (platani),
Verg. G. 2, 70: frondes (silva), Ov. M. 11, 615:terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque Fluminaque et Nymphas et cetera numina ruris,
Ov. M. 2, 16.Trop.A.In gen., to bear, have, entertain, cherish: vos etenim juvenes animum geritis muliebrem, illa virago viri, Poët. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf.:B.fortem animum gerere,
Sall. J. 107, 1:parem animum,
id. ib. 54, 1 Kritz.:animum invictum advorsum divitias,
id. ib. 43, 5:animum super fortunam,
id. ib. 64, 2:mixtum gaudio ac metu animum,
Liv. 32, 11, 5; cf. also Verg. A. 9, 311; and v. infra B. 3.: aeque inimicitiam atque amicitiam in frontem promptam gero, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 8, 6 (Trag. v. 8 Vahl.):personam,
to support a character, play a part, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 115; cf.:est igitur proprium munus magistratus, intelligere, se gerere personam civitatis debereque ejus dignitatem et decus sustinere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 132; Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 29 init.;id. Civ. Dei, 1, 21 al.: mores, quos ante gerebant, Nunc quoque habent,
Ov. M. 7, 655:et nos aliquod nomenque decusque Gessimus,
Verg. A. 2, 89:seu tu querelas sive geris jocos Seu rixam et insanos amores Seu facilem, pia testa (i. e. amphora), somnum,
Hor. C. 3, 21, 2:in dextris vestris jam libertatem, opem... geritis,
Curt. 4, 14 fin.:plumbeas iras,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 18:iras,
Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 30: M. Catonem illum Sapientem cum multis graves inimicitias gessisse accepimus propter Hispanorum injurias, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66:veteres inimicitias cum Caesare,
Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 4:muliebres inimicitias cum aliqua,
Cic. Cael. 14, 32:inimicitias hominum more,
id. Deiot. 11, 30: simultatem cum aliquo pro re publica, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 3; cf. Suet. Vesp. 6; and Verg. A. 12, 48:de amicitia gerenda praeclarissime scripti libri,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5:amicitiam,
Nep. Dat. 10 fin.:praecipuum in Romanos gerebant odium,
Liv. 28, 22, 2:cum fortuna mutabilem gerentes fidem,
id. 8, 24, 6:utrique imperii cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant,
Just. 17, 1 fin. —Absol.:ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide respondit,
Sall. J. 72, 1.—In partic.1.Gerere se aliquo modo, to bear, deport, behave, or conduct one's self, to act in any manner:b.in maximis rebus quonam modo gererem me adversus Caesarem, usus tuo consilio sum,
Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 5; cf. id. Off. 1, 28, 98:ut, quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. ib. 1, 26, 90; so,se liberius (servi),
id. Rep. 1, 43:se inconsultius,
Liv. 41, 10, 5:se valde honeste,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 13:se perdite,
id. ib. 9, 2, A, 2:se turpissime (illa pars animi),
id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:se turpiter in legatione,
Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4:sic in provincia nos gerimus, quod ad abstinentiam attinet, ut, etc.,
Cic. Att. 5, 17, 2:sic me in hoc magistratu geram, ut, etc.,
id. Agr. 1, 8, 26; cf.:nunc ita nos gerimus, ut, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 22, 3:uti sese victus gereret, exploratum misit,
Sall. J. 54, 2:se medium gerere,
to remain neutral, Liv. 2, 27, 3.—In a like sense also post-class.: gerere aliquem, to behave or conduct one's self as any one (like agere aliquem):c.nec heredem regni sed regem gerebat,
Just. 32, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 44, 2:tu civem patremque geras,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293:aedilem,
App. M. 1, p. 113:captivum,
Sen. Troad. 714.—Gerere se et aliquem, to treat one's self and another in any manner:d.interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque et exercitum more majorum gereret,
Sall. J. 55, 1:meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram,
id. ib. 85, 47.—Pro aliquo se gerere, to assume to be:2.querentes, quosdam non sui generis pro colonis se gerere,
Liv. 32, 2, 6:eum, qui sit census, ita se jam tum gessisse pro cive,
Cic. Arch. 5, 11 dub.—Gerere prae se aliquid (for the usual prae se ferre), to show, exhibit, manifest:3.affectionis ratio perspicuam solet prae se gerere conjecturam, ut amor, iracundia, molestia, etc.,
Cic. Inv. 2, 9, 30; cf.:prae se quandam gerere utilitatem,
id. ib. 2, 52, 157: animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10 fin.; Aug. de Lib. Arbit. 3, 21, 61 al.;so gerere alone: ita tum mos erat, in adversis voltum secundae fortunae gerere, moderari animo in secundis,
to assume, Liv. 42, 63, 11.—With the accessory idea of activity or exertion, to sustain the charge of any undertaking or business, to administer, manage, regulate, rule, govern, conduct, carry on, wage, transact, accomplish, perform (cf.: facio, ago).—In pass. also in gen., to happen, take place, be done (hence, res gesta, a deed, and res gestae, events, occurrences, acts, exploits; v. the foll.): tertium gradum agendi esse dicunt, ubi quid faciant;4.in eo propter similitudinem agendi et faciundi et gerundi quidam error his, qui putant esse unum. Potest enim aliquid facere et non agere, ut poëta facit fabulam et non agit: contra actor agit et non facit.... Contra imperator quod dicitur res gerere, in eo neque facit neque agit, sed gerit, id est sustinet, translatum ab his qui onera gerunt, quod hi sustinent,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.:omnia nostra, quoad eris Romae, ita gerito, regito, gubernato, ut nihil a me exspectes,
Cic. Att. 16, 2, 2:gerere et administrare rem publicam,
id. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf. id. Rep. 2, 1 and 12:rem publicam,
id. ib. 1, 7; 1, 8; id. Fam. 2, 7, 3 et saep.:magistratum,
id. Sest. 37, 79; cf.potestatem,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:consulatum,
id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; id. Sest. 16, 37:duumviratum,
id. ib. 8, 19:tutelam alicujus,
Dig. 23, 2, 68; 27, 1, 22 al.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patria procul, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.); so,rem, of private affairs,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 34; Cic. de Sen. 7, 22 al.:aliquid per aes et libram gerere,
to transact by coin and balance, Gai. Inst. 3, 173; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 6, 14.—Of war: etsi res bene gesta est, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168 (Ann. v. 512 Vahl.): vi geritur res, id. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 272 ib.); cf.:gladiis geri res coepta est,
Liv. 28, 2, 6:ubi res ferro geratur,
id. 10, 39, 12: qui rem cum Achivis gesserunt statim, Enn. ap. Non. 393, 14 (Trag. v. 39 Vahl.); cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84:Alexander... passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus,
exploits, Juv. 14, 314:miranda quidem, sed nuper gesta referemus,
id. 15, 28.—Of public affairs, affairs of government:magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris summo imperio praeditis, dictatoribus atque consulibus, belli domique gerebantur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 32 fin.; 2, 24:a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit,
id. de Sen. 6, 15; cf. § 17: quid quod homines infima fortuna, nulla spe rerum gerendarum ( public business), opifices denique, delectantur historia? maximeque eos videre possumus res gestas ( public events or occurrences) audire et legere velle, qui a spe gerendi absunt, confecti senectute, id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:sin per se populus interfecit aut ejecit tyrannum, est moderatior, quoad sentit et sapit et sua re gesta laetatur,
their deed, id. Rep. 1, 42:ut pleraque senatus auctoritate gererentur,
id. ib. 2, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 27:haec dum Romae geruntur,
id. Quint. 6, 28:ut iis, qui audiunt, tum geri illa fierique videantur,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 241:susceptum negotium,
id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; cf.:si ipse negotium meum gererem, nihil gererem, nisi consilio tuo,
id. Att. 13, 3, 1:negotium bene, male, etc.,
id. Rosc. Com. 11, 32; id. Cat. 2, 10, 21; Caes. B. G. 3, 18, 5 et saep.; cf.:quid negotii geritur?
Cic. Quint. 13, 42: annos multos bellum gerentes summum summā industriā, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 Vahl.); cf.:bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii summa inter se contentione gesserunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16; so,bella,
id. ib. 5, 2: pacem an bellum gerens, v. Andrews and Stoddard's Gram. § 323, 1 (2); Sall. J. 46 fin.:bella multa felicissime,
Cic. Rep. 2, 9:bellum cum aliquo,
id. Sest. 2, 4; id. Div. 1, 46, 103; Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 4 et saep.:bello gesto,
Liv. 5, 43, 1: mea mater de ea re gessit morem morigerae mihi, performed my will, i. e. complied with my wishes, gratified, humored me, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.:geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: morem alicui (in aliqua re), Enn. ap. Non. 342, 24 (Trag. v. 241 Vahl.):sine me in hac re gerere mihi morem,
Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 74; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 44; id. Men. 5, 2, 37; id. Mil. 2, 1, 58; Cic. Rep. 3, 5; id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; Ov. Am. 2, 2, 13 et saep.; also without dat., Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 36; Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 77.— Pass.:ut utrique a me mos gestus esse videatur,
Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 69; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 108; id. Ad. 2, 2, 6; Nep. Them. 7, 3 al.—With a play upon this meaning and that in II. A.: magna, inquit, [p. 813] bella gessi:magnis imperiis et provinciis praefui. Gere igitur animum laude dignum,
Cic. Par. 5, 2, 37.— Absol.:cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, quorum res gestae nullae invenirentur, alii in gerendo probabiles, in disserendo rudes,
Cic. Rep. 1, 8; cf.the passage,
id. Fin. 5, 19, 52 supra:Armeniam deinde ingressus prima parte introitus prospere gessit,
Vell. 2, 102, 2 (where others unnecessarily insert rem), Liv. 25, 22, 1; cf.also: sive caesi ab Romanis forent Bastarnae... sive prospere gessissent,
id. 40, 58 fin.:cum Persis et Philippus qui cogitavit, et Alexander, qui gessit, hanc bellandi causam inferebat, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 3, 9.—Of time, to pass, spend (mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic.): ut (Tullia) cum aliquo adolescente primario conjuncta aetatem gereret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; cf.:2.pubertatis ac primae adolescentiae tempus,
Suet. Dom. 1:vitam,
Petr. 63; Val. Fl. 6, 695:annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum,
Suet. Vesp. 24.—Hence, gĕrens, entis, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 3.), managing, conducting, etc.; with gen.:rei male gerentes,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 43:sui negotii bene gerens,
Cic. Quint. 19, 62.gĕro, ōnis, m. [1. gero], a carrier; connected per hyphen with foras:ite, ite hac, simul eri damnigeruli, foras gerones, Bonorum hamaxagogae,
that carry off, ravishers, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 1. -
113 cognosco
cō-gnōsco, gnōvī, gnitum, ere (co und gnōsco = nōsco), einen Ggstd. kennen lernen, erkennen (auch = erproben), wahrnehmen, bemerken, vernehmen, erfahren, ersehen, zur Kenntnis od. Erkenntnis einer Sache gelangen, von etw. unterrichtet werden od. sich unterrichten, u. im Perf. auch = kennen, wissen, durch sinnliche od. geistige Wahrnehmung, durch Autopsie, Lektüre, Umgang, Erfahrung, Studium, I) im allg.: α) m. Acc.: sensus ignem cognoscere vere, Lucr.: c. regiones, Caes.: alcis sepulcrum, Suet.: ephebum Temni, Cic.: infantem, Suet.: multa animalia hoc primum saeculo, Sen.: strepitus pedum, Verg. – miserias sociorum, vernehmen, Cic.: responsum, Nep.: sententiam alcis, Nep.: naturam alcis, Sall.: morem hostium, Sall.: animos omnium facile, Nep.: alqm bene cognovisse, Cic.; vgl. alci bene cognitum esse, Caes. in Cic. ep.: antiquitatem diligenter habere cognitam, Nep. – fidem alcis, Caes.: summam in se voluntatem alcis, Caes. – haec animum cognoscere posse, Lucr.: perspicere cognoscereque naturam rerum, Cic.: ius civile domi, Cic. – m. Abl. wodurch? corpora tactu, Lucr.: matrem risu, Verg.: amnem assiduo venatu, Verg.: alqd experiendo magis quam discendo, Cic.: ea et litteris multorum et nuntiis cognosse, Cic.: Gallos, novam gentem, pace potius cognosci quam armis, Liv. – m. per u. Akk., deditio per nuntios cognita, Sall. fr.: homo per se cognitus (= homo novus), Cic. – m. ab u. ex m. Abl. = von jmd. od. aus etw., ab alqo haec dicta, Caes.: certissima putabo, quae ex te cognoro, Cic.: c. iter hostium ex perfugis, Sall.: alqm ex litteris alcis, Cic.: alqd non tam ex re, quam ex alcis factis decretisque, Cic.: illa cognosces ex aliis; a me pauca et ea summatim, Cic. ep. 10, 28, 3. – m. ab u. ex m. Abl. = an (aus) etw. (s. Held Caes. b. G. 1, 22, 1), id a Gallicis armis et insignibus, Caes.: alqm sermone ab ipso, Phaedr.: ab eiusdem motu numerorum naturam vimque, Cic.: quaedam magis ex aliorum contentione, quam ipsa per sese, Cic.: ex particula parva scelerum et crudelitatis tuae genus universum, Cic.: alcis adventum ex colore vestitus, Caes. – m. in u. Abl. = in od. bei etw., puerum in Iudo, Nep.: acerrimi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus, Nep.: quae in vivis modo cognosci possunt, Cels. – m. einem zweiten Acc. als was? c. alqm bonum, Cic.: alqm hominem pudentem et officiosum, Cic.: alqm hominem summā probitate, Cic.: aliter rem publicam se habentem, Cic.: domos atque villas in urbium modum exaedificatas, Sall.: tam praesentes alibi divos, Verg. – m. Genet. od. Abl. der Eigenschaft, kennen lernen = erproben (s. Held Caes. b. G. 1, 28, 4. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 13, 6, 14), alqm magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognovisse, Caes.: alqm paratissimo animo cognovisse, Cic. – β) m. Acc. u. Infin. u. im Passiv m. Nom. u. Infin., Attici nostri te valde studiosum esse cognovi, Cic.: signo detracto cognoscit sibi pereundum esse, Nep.: magnam multitudinem convenisse hostium in fines Pictonum litteris nuntiisque Duratii cognoscit, Hirt. b. G.: Metello iam antea experimentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum esse, Sall.: cognitus (erkannt, dabei ertappt) Iphicli surripuisse boves, Prop. 2, 3, 52. – per exploratores Caesar cognoscit et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse, Caes.: ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse, Caes.: id factum (esse) ex suis hospitibus cognoverat, Caes.: ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cognovit, Sall. – ecquid ab (an) impressae cognoscis imagine gemmae haec tibi Nasonem scribere verba, Ov.: ut abs te gratissimus esse cognoscerer, Cic. ep. 1, 5. litt. a. § 1. – u. im Abl. absol. (vgl. no. γ), cognito, nachdem man erfahren, in Erfahrung gebracht, cognito vivere Ptolemaeum, Liv.: cognito mandatum sibi auxilium, Aurel. Vict.: ex agrestibus cognito hostium naves ad Aethaliam stare, Liv. – Dafür spätlat. cognito mit folg. quod (den Umstand, daß usw.), Iustin. 1, 7, 9 (dazu Fittb.) u. ö. Treb. Poll. Gallien. 3, 6. Vopisc. Prob. 10, 8. – γ) m. folg. indir. Fragesatz: tandem cognosti, qui siem, Ter.: cognoscite nunc, quae potestas decemviris et quanta detur, Cic.: cognoscendi quid fieret facultas, Caes.: qualis esset natura montis, qui cognoscerent misit, Caes.: id socordiane an casu factum sit, parum cognovi, Sall.: ibi per certos exploratores in singula diei tempora, quae ad Avaricum agerentur, cognoscebat, Caes. – u. im Abl. absol. (vgl. no. β), nachdem man erfahren, in Erfahrung gebracht, Romae nondum cognito, qui fuisset exitus in Illyrico, Tac. – δ) m. folg. de u. Abl. = über etw. Kunde od. Nachricht erhalten (erlangen, sich verschaffen), von etw. unterrichtet werden od. sich unterrichten od. sich unterrichten lassen, habes consilia nostra; nunc cognosce de Bruto, Cic.: ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede, Caes. – de omnibus rebus, quae ad te pertinent, quid actum, quid constitutum sit, optime ex M. Plaetorio cognosces, Cic.: simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, Sall.: de meo studio... credo te cognoscere ex litteris tuorum, Cic. – ε) absol.: nobis pleraque digna cognitu obvenere, Tac.: quo res facilior cognitu esset, Cornif. rhet.: id quod ei... facile erit cognitu, Cic.: quae res harum aliquam rem consequantur faciles erunt cognitu, Cic.
II) insbes.: a) wie erkennen, als allg. Ausdr. auch = wiedererkennen (s. Gernh. Cic. Lael. 1, 5. Benecke Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 10 u. Iustin. 2, 6, 20. Kritz u. Fabri Sall. Cat. 47, 3. Fabri Liv. 24, 16, 5. Mencken Observv. p. 113 sqq.), et signum et manum suam, Cic.: pecus, Liv.: suas res, sua, Liv.: Cratippum, Cic.: inimicos suos, Sall.: inter ceteras Veturiam, Liv.: alqm facie (am G.), Liv.: cuius erat facies, in qua mater paterque cognosci possent, Ov.: alii cives Romani, ne cognoscerentur, involutis e carcere capitibus rapiebantur, Cic. – b) vor Gericht jmd. als eine bestimmte Pers. erkennen u. dadurch jmds. Identität (d.i. daß er ein röm. Bürger sei u. seinen Namen mit Recht trage) bezeugen, bescheinigen, cum eum Syracusis amplius centum cives Romani cognoscerent, Cic. II. Verr. 1, 14: u. so Cic. Verr. 5, 72. – c) (wie ἀναγιγνώσκειν) von einer Schrift Kenntnis nehmen, sich mit einer Schrift dem Inhalt nach bekannt machen, sie einsehen, eine Schrift, einen Schriftsteller lesen, studieren, α) übh.: litteras, Cic. u. Nep.: libellum, Suet.: librum, Nep.: Servii orationem, Cic.: audire oratores Graecos cognoscereque eorum litteras, Cic.: edicta veterum praetorum legere atque c., Gell.: c. Demosthenem totum, Cic.: auctores, Tac. dial. – absol., quid tam iucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio et perpolita? Cic. – d) wie γιγνώσκειν u. das alttestam. erkennen, euphemist. vom fleischlichen Umgange, virum, Ov.: uxorem alcis adulterio, Iustin.: Postumia stupro cognita, Tac.: tacito iam cognita furto Deidamia mihi, Stat. – e) beurteilend in etw. Einsicht gewinnen od. zu gewinnen suchen, etw. prüfen, untersuchen, α) übh.: accipe et cognosce signum, Plaut. Pseud. 988: nam et cognoscendi et ignoscendi dabitur peccati locus, Ter. heaut. 218: u. so prüfen u. dah. unterscheiden, ova, Cic. Acad. 2, 86: numerum tuorum militum reliquiasque, mustern, Cic. Pis. 92. – β) v. Theaterpublikum, favete, adeste aequo animo et rem cognoscite, Ter.: aequum est vos cognoscere atque ignoscere, si etc., Ter. – γ) v. Sachwalter, eine zu verteidigende Sache, rem tantam, tot controversiis implicatam, Cic.: causas diligenter penitusque, Cic. – δ) v. Richter od. einem andern Magistrate u. dgl. untersuchen, eine Untersuchung (ein Verhör) anstellen, Gericht halten, m. Acc., causam od. causas, Cic.: causā cognitā (Ggstz. causā incognitā), Cic. – m. de u. Abl., de agro Campano, Cic.: de hereditate, Cic.: cognoscere statuereque de controversiis regum, Liv.: de eorum postulatis, Caes.: c. de actis Caesaris, Cic.: de servo corrupto, ICt. – absol., Verres adesse iubebat, Verres cognoscebat, Verres iudicabat, Cic.: Caesar ut cognosceret, postularunt, Caes.: magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus, Suet. – / Perf. -Formen zsgzg. cognosti, cognostis, cognorim, -ris, -rit, cognoram, cognossem, cognossent, cognoro, cognosse, oft bei Cic. u.a., s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.3 3, 487 u. Georges, Lexik. d. lat. Wortf. S. 145. – cognoscin = cognoscisne, Plaut. Amph. 822 codd.; Poen. 5, 3, 11 codd.; vgl. C. F. W. Müller Nachtr. usw. S. 101. – vulg. Partiz. Perf. Pass. cognotus, Itala (Cant.) Luc. 24, 35; Itala (Clar.) 1. Cor. 13, 12.
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114 quaero
quaero, quaesīvī, quaesītum, ere, I) suchen, aufsuchen, 1) eig.: α) v. leb. Wesen: αα) leb. Wesen: te, Enn. fr.: te ipsum, Ter.: suos, Caes.: suos notos hospitesque, Caes.: Hectora per acies, Ov.: iuvencum per nemora et lucos, Verg.: quaerens per arva piorum invenit Eurydicen, Ov.: quaeritur huic alius (ein Gegner), Verg.: quaeritur (man sucht einen), qui tantae pondera molis sustineat, Ov.: Gutrua- tus celeriter omnium curā quaesitus, Caes.: quaesitus matri (von der M.) agnus, Verg.: u. so filia matri est quaesita, Ov. – liberos ad necem, Cic. Sest. 54: alqm ad poenam, Eutr. 7, 15. – ββ) Lebl.: cibum (v. Hunde), Varro: portum, Caes.: Indiam, Curt.: terras, Ov.: viam, quā etc., Ov.: locum, in quo etc., Curt.: sibi hospitium, Plaut.: domicilia sibi, Curt.: escam in sterquilino, Phaedr. – β) v. lebl. Subjj.: quod natura cibum quaerit cuiusque animantis, Lucr. 4, 856: per imas quaerit (Ufens) iter valles, sucht sich Bahn (= strömt dahin), Verg. Aen. 7, 802: te decisa suum dextera quaerit, Verg. Aen. 10, 395: mutilatae cauda colubrae... moriens dominae vestigia quaerit, Ov. met. 6, 560. – 2) übtr.: a) suchen, α) = aufzutreiben suchen, sich zu verschaffen-, zu erwerben suchen, zu gewinnen suchen, erstreben od. = etw. sich verschaffen, gewinnen, erringen, αα) leb. Wesen: sibi novum imperatorem, Sall.: alci generum, Plin. ep.: antiquis de moribus alci uxorem, Iuven.: heredem in regnum, Verg.: adversus externos militem, Tac. – liberos, zu zeugen suchen, erzielen, Plaut. u. Suet.: iustissimos viros ad administrandam rem publicam, zu gewinnen suchen, Eutr.: u. so melius visum amicos quam servos quaerere, Sall. – ββ) Lebl.: pecuniam (vom Borger), Nep.: opus (Arbeit), Cic. u. Liv.: alci venenum (jmd. zu vergiften suchen), Cic.: mortem, den T. suchen, Vell.: vitam, das L. zu erhalten suchen, Vell.: remedium sibi ad alqd, Cic.: locum (Gelegenheit) iniuriae, Liv., od. insidiis, Liv. u. Curt.: tempus aut locum pugnae, Sall.: tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli, passen auf usw., Caes.: armis gloriam atque divitias, Sall.: gloriam bello, Cic., belli domique, Eutr.: sibi dignitatem, Hirt. b. G.: alci od. sibi honores, Cic. u. Liv.: nobilitatem laboribus atque periculis, Sall.: bello concordiam, Sall. fr.: principatum armis, Vell.: immortalitatem sibi morte, Cic.: iustum amorem omni sibi liberalitate et docilitate, Eutr.: victoria quaeritur sollicitis armis, Ov.: quaesita per hoc dignitas, Sen. ep. 68, 11. – v. Lebl., quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit? was soll das Kleid bedeuten? Ter. eun. 558. – β) suchen = zu bewerkstelligen-, zu bereiten suchen, od. = bewerkstelligen, bereiten, fugam ex Italia, Cic.: itineribus diversis fugam nequiquam, Caes.: alci ignominiam, Liv.: alci salutem malo, Ter.: dedecore potius quam manu salutem lieber sein Heil suchen in usw., Sall.: invidiam in alqm, zu erregen suchen, Cic.: u. so ex habitu invidiam Midiae (dem Midias), Quint.: ultionem, Veranlassung zur Rache suchen, Vell. – γ) nach jmd. od. etw. Verlangen tragen, trachten, etw. verlangen, begehren, erwarten, Caesarem, Hor. carm. 4, 5, 16: pocula aurea, Hor.: solacia, Curt.: novum statum, novam rem publicam, Vell.: non tam mortis quam belli remedium, Curt.: eas se tamen balneas non ex libris patris, sed ex tabulis et ex censu quaerere, Cic. – m. folg. ut u. Konj., quaeris (du verlangst, wünschest), ut suscipiam cogitationem, quidnam istis agendum putem, Cic. ad Att. 14, 20, 4 zw. (Wesenb. quod vis): u. so verb. quaerere et petere, ut etc., Gell. 13, 18 (17), 2. – δ) nach etw. sich umsehen = auf etw. sinnen, denken, consilium, Ter.: omisso veteri consilio novum, Sall.: consilia belli, Hirt. b. G.: aliquid duram in dominam, Prop. – mit folg. indir. Fragesatz, quaerere ipse secum et agitare cum suis coepit, quibusnam rebus in ea provincia maximam uno anno pecuniam facere posset, Cic. Verr. 2, 17: ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus, Sall. Cat. 33, 5. – ε) mit folg. Infin., suchen = sich bemühen zu usw., od. = begehren, wünschen zu usw., bibere in somnis, Lucr.: abrumpere lucem, Verg.: mitibus mutare tristia, Hor.: mori, Sen., honeste mori, Iustin.: e monte aliquo in alium transilire, Plin.: mutare sedes, Tac. – b) beratend, besprechend untersuchen, zum Gegenstande der Beratung od. Untersuchung od. Betrachtung machen, profectionis tempus, Caes. b. c. 1, 67, 1: rationem perficiendi (consilii), Caes. b. G. 7, 37, 6: sed quaeramus unamquamque reliquorum sententiam, Cic. Tusc. 5, 48. – m. de u. Abl., Socratem de vita et de moribus solitum esse quaerere, Cic. de rep. 1, 16: iuvabat de aeternitate animarum quaerere (nachzudenken), Sen. ep. 102, 2. – absol., quaero, ich sinne darüber nach, Ter. Andr. 683. – c) zu erfahren od. zu ergründen suchen, wissen wollen, sich erkundigen, Erkundigung einziehen, fragen, forschen, α) übh.: αα) alqm, zB. alqm a ianua, ab ostio, nach jmd. an der Haustür fragen, Cic. de or. 2, 276. – ββ) alqd ab, ex od. de alqo, gew. m. folg. Fragesatz, quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventu dixerat;... eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit, Caes.: a quo cum quaesivisset, quo duci se vellet, Nep.: quaero abs te teneasne memoriā etc., Cic.: quaero a te, utrum hoc adduxerit caeli temperatura an terrae bonitas? Varro fr.: de te ipso, Vatini, quaero, utrum... an etc., Cic.: ex me quaesieras, nonne putarem etc., Cic.: ex quibus quaererent scirentne etc., Cic. – dum inter se invicem quaerunt, quae sit huius perseverantiae causa, Lact. – quaere, cur? Cic.: quaerant, num quid etc., Cic.: quaesivit, si (ob) incolumis evasisset, Liv.: cum quaereretur, ecqui Campanorum bene meritus de re publica nostra esset, Liv. – nachaug. m. folg. an u. Konj. quaesitum est, an danda esset inquisitio, Plin. ep. 6, 29, 8 (u. so 7, 11, 1; 7, 19, 5 u.a.): quaesito (Abl. absol.), an Caesar venisset, Tac. ann. 2, 9. – cura tibi de quo quaerere nulla fuit, nach dem zu fragen, Ov. ex Pont. 4, 3, 18. – quid quaeris? was fragst du noch? = kurz, mit einem Worte, Cic. u. Hor.: ebenso noli quaerere, Cic. – si quaeris, wenn du weiter (nach dem weiteren Erfolge) fragst, das Weitere wissen willst, genauer auf die Frage eingehst, Cic.: ebenso si quaerimus, si quaeritis? Cic.: u. si verum quaeris, Cic. – Partiz. subst., quaesītum, ī, n., die Frage, Ov. met. 4, 794. Ov. fast. 1, 278. – als Übersetzung von πύσμα (als rhet. Fig.), Aquil. Rom. de fig. sent. § 12. Mart. Cap. 5. § 524. – β) von der wissenschaftl. Frage, an jmd. eine Frage richten, eine Frage aufstellen, -aufwerfen, multa ex eo saepe quaesivi, Cic.: si quis quid quaereret, Cic.: naturā fieret laudabile carmen, an arte, quaesitum est, Hor.: quaeritur inter medicos, cuius generis aquae sint utilissimae, Plin. – d) gerichtl. befragen, mit jmd. od. über etw. ein Verhör anstellen (halten), etw. gerichtl. untersuchen, wegen od. über etw. eine Untersuchung anstellen, rem per tormenta, Suet.: coniurationem, Liv.: de morte alcis, Cic.: absol., coëgit consules circa fora proficisci ibique quaerere et iudicia exercere, Liv. 39, 18, 2. – de servo in dominum, den Sklaven peinlich befragen wegen des H. (über den H.), Cic.: aber de Philota (mit Ph.), Curt.
II) prägn.: a) suchen = durch Arbeit, Verdienst zu erwerben suchen, erwerben, verdienen, tam facile victum, Ter.: victum vulgo (v. einer Buhldirne), Ter.: u. so victum sibi obscoenissimum, Lact.: victum sibi aegre quaesisse eumque sordide invenisse comparandis mulis et vehiculis, quae etc., Gell. 15, 4, 3: argentum, Hor.: pecuniam, Plaut.: nummos aratro et manu, Cic.: rem honeste mercaturis faciendis, Cic.: fruges boum labore quaesitae, Curt.: iam diu nihil quaesivisse, Cic.: ea, quae voce quaesierat, Quint.: miser homo est, qui ipsus sibi quod edit quaerit et id aegre invenit, Plaut.: ego quaero quod edim, his (= hi) quaerunt quod cacent, Pompon. com. fr.: alius quantum aleā quaesierit tantum bibit, Plin. – absol., conserva, quaere, parce, Ter.: laborans, quaerens, parcens, Ter.: nec minor est virtus quam quaerere, parta tueri, Ov.: contrivi in quaerendo vitam, Ter.: denique sit finis quaerendi, Hor.: quis hunc non putet confiteri sibi quaesito opus esse? er müsse etwas verdienen, Cic. – Partiz. subst., quaesītum, ī, n. u. Plur. quaesīta, ōrum, n., das Erworbene, quaesiti tenax, et qui quaesita reservent, Ov. met. 7, 657: asper et attentus quaesitis, Hor. sat. 2, 6, 82: bes. erworbene (gesammelte) Schätze, ante quaesita, Hor. sat. 1, 1, 38. – b) etw. vergebens suchen, sich vergebens nach etw. umse hen, etw. vermissen, Siciliam in Sicilia, Cic.: saepe Persas et Indos et imbellem Asiam, Liv.: optatos Tyndaridas, Prop.: occasionem omissam od. praetermissam, Liv.: quaerit Boeotia Dircen, Ov.: amnes quaerunt armenta, Stat.: soleo non numquam quaerere M. Regulum, nolo enim dicere desiderare, Plin. ep. 6, 2, 1: hic ego virtutem vestram quaero, sapientiam desidero, veterem consuetudinem requiro, Cornif. rhet. 4, 49. – c) etw. verlangen, erfordern; nötig machen (v. Lebl.), sic alia, quae umidum locum quaerunt, Varro r. r. 1, 23, 4: quia (alter collis) magnā parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat, Sall. Iug. 98, 3: ne limites ex litibus iudicem quaerant, Varro r. r. 1, 15 in.: nego ego quicquam a testibus dictum, quod cuiusquam oratoris eloquentiam quaereret, Cic. II. Verr. 1, 29: quod bellum repens aut dictatoriam maiestatem aut Quinctium rectorem quaesisset, Liv. 4, 14, 2.
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115 cognosco
cō-gnōsco, gnōvī, gnitum, ere (co und gnōsco = nōsco), einen Ggstd. kennen lernen, erkennen (auch = erproben), wahrnehmen, bemerken, vernehmen, erfahren, ersehen, zur Kenntnis od. Erkenntnis einer Sache gelangen, von etw. unterrichtet werden od. sich unterrichten, u. im Perf. auch = kennen, wissen, durch sinnliche od. geistige Wahrnehmung, durch Autopsie, Lektüre, Umgang, Erfahrung, Studium, I) im allg.: α) m. Acc.: sensus ignem cognoscere vere, Lucr.: c. regiones, Caes.: alcis sepulcrum, Suet.: ephebum Temni, Cic.: infantem, Suet.: multa animalia hoc primum saeculo, Sen.: strepitus pedum, Verg. – miserias sociorum, vernehmen, Cic.: responsum, Nep.: sententiam alcis, Nep.: naturam alcis, Sall.: morem hostium, Sall.: animos omnium facile, Nep.: alqm bene cognovisse, Cic.; vgl. alci bene cognitum esse, Caes. in Cic. ep.: antiquitatem diligenter habere cognitam, Nep. – fidem alcis, Caes.: summam in se voluntatem alcis, Caes. – haec animum cognoscere posse, Lucr.: perspicere cognoscereque naturam rerum, Cic.: ius civile domi, Cic. – m. Abl. wodurch? corpora tactu, Lucr.: matrem risu, Verg.: amnem assiduo venatu, Verg.: alqd experiendo magis quam discendo, Cic.: ea et litteris multorum et nuntiis cognosse, Cic.: Gallos, novam gentem, pace potius cognosci quam armis, Liv. – m. per u. Akk., deditio————per nuntios cognita, Sall. fr.: homo per se cognitus (= homo novus), Cic. – m. ab u. ex m. Abl. = von jmd. od. aus etw., ab alqo haec dicta, Caes.: certissima putabo, quae ex te cognoro, Cic.: c. iter hostium ex perfugis, Sall.: alqm ex litteris alcis, Cic.: alqd non tam ex re, quam ex alcis factis decretisque, Cic.: illa cognosces ex aliis; a me pauca et ea summatim, Cic. ep. 10, 28, 3. – m. ab u. ex m. Abl. = an (aus) etw. (s. Held Caes. b. G. 1, 22, 1), id a Gallicis armis et insignibus, Caes.: alqm sermone ab ipso, Phaedr.: ab eiusdem motu numerorum naturam vimque, Cic.: quaedam magis ex aliorum contentione, quam ipsa per sese, Cic.: ex particula parva scelerum et crudelitatis tuae genus universum, Cic.: alcis adventum ex colore vestitus, Caes. – m. in u. Abl. = in od. bei etw., puerum in Iudo, Nep.: acerrimi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus, Nep.: quae in vivis modo cognosci possunt, Cels. – m. einem zweiten Acc. als was? c. alqm bonum, Cic.: alqm hominem pudentem et officiosum, Cic.: alqm hominem summā probitate, Cic.: aliter rem publicam se habentem, Cic.: domos atque villas in urbium modum exaedificatas, Sall.: tam praesentes alibi divos, Verg. – m. Genet. od. Abl. der Eigenschaft, kennen lernen = erproben (s. Held Caes. b. G. 1, 28, 4. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 13, 6, 14), alqm magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognovisse, Caes.: alqm paratissimo————animo cognovisse, Cic. – β) m. Acc. u. Infin. u. im Passiv m. Nom. u. Infin., Attici nostri te valde studiosum esse cognovi, Cic.: signo detracto cognoscit sibi pereundum esse, Nep.: magnam multitudinem convenisse hostium in fines Pictonum litteris nuntiisque Duratii cognoscit, Hirt. b. G.: Metello iam antea experimentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum esse, Sall.: cognitus (erkannt, dabei ertappt) Iphicli surripuisse boves, Prop. 2, 3, 52. – per exploratores Caesar cognoscit et montem a suis teneri et Helvetios castra movisse, Caes.: ab his cognoscit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse, Caes.: id factum (esse) ex suis hospitibus cognoverat, Caes.: ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cognovit, Sall. – ecquid ab (an) impressae cognoscis imagine gemmae haec tibi Nasonem scribere verba, Ov.: ut abs te gratissimus esse cognoscerer, Cic. ep. 1, 5. litt. a. § 1. – u. im Abl. absol. (vgl. no. γ), cognito, nachdem man erfahren, in Erfahrung gebracht, cognito vivere Ptolemaeum, Liv.: cognito mandatum sibi auxilium, Aurel. Vict.: ex agrestibus cognito hostium naves ad Aethaliam stare, Liv. – Dafür spätlat. cognito mit folg. quod (den Umstand, daß usw.), Iustin. 1, 7, 9 (dazu Fittb.) u. ö. Treb. Poll. Gallien. 3, 6. Vopisc. Prob. 10, 8. – γ) m. folg. indir. Fragesatz: tandem cognosti, qui siem, Ter.: cognoscite nunc, quae potestas decemviris et quanta detur, Cic.: cognoscendi————quid fieret facultas, Caes.: qualis esset natura montis, qui cognoscerent misit, Caes.: id socordiane an casu factum sit, parum cognovi, Sall.: ibi per certos exploratores in singula diei tempora, quae ad Avaricum agerentur, cognoscebat, Caes. – u. im Abl. absol. (vgl. no. β), nachdem man erfahren, in Erfahrung gebracht, Romae nondum cognito, qui fuisset exitus in Illyrico, Tac. – δ) m. folg. de u. Abl. = über etw. Kunde od. Nachricht erhalten (erlangen, sich verschaffen), von etw. unterrichtet werden od. sich unterrichten od. sich unterrichten lassen, habes consilia nostra; nunc cognosce de Bruto, Cic.: ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede, Caes. – de omnibus rebus, quae ad te pertinent, quid actum, quid constitutum sit, optime ex M. Plaetorio cognosces, Cic.: simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, Sall.: de meo studio... credo te cognoscere ex litteris tuorum, Cic. – ε) absol.: nobis pleraque digna cognitu obvenere, Tac.: quo res facilior cognitu esset, Cornif. rhet.: id quod ei... facile erit cognitu, Cic.: quae res harum aliquam rem consequantur faciles erunt cognitu, Cic.II) insbes.: a) wie erkennen, als allg. Ausdr. auch = wiedererkennen (s. Gernh. Cic. Lael. 1, 5. Benecke Cic. Cat. 3, 5, 10 u. Iustin. 2, 6, 20. Kritz u. Fabri Sall. Cat. 47, 3. Fabri Liv. 24, 16, 5. Mencken Observv. p. 113 sqq.), et signum et manum suam, Cic.: pecus, Liv.: suas res, sua, Liv.: Cratippum, Cic.:————inimicos suos, Sall.: inter ceteras Veturiam, Liv.: alqm facie (am G.), Liv.: cuius erat facies, in qua mater paterque cognosci possent, Ov.: alii cives Romani, ne cognoscerentur, involutis e carcere capitibus rapiebantur, Cic. – b) vor Gericht jmd. als eine bestimmte Pers. erkennen u. dadurch jmds. Identität (d.i. daß er ein röm. Bürger sei u. seinen Namen mit Recht trage) bezeugen, bescheinigen, cum eum Syracusis amplius centum cives Romani cognoscerent, Cic. II. Verr. 1, 14: u. so Cic. Verr. 5, 72. – c) (wie ἀναγιγνώσκειν) von einer Schrift Kenntnis nehmen, sich mit einer Schrift dem Inhalt nach bekannt machen, sie einsehen, eine Schrift, einen Schriftsteller lesen, studieren, α) übh.: litteras, Cic. u. Nep.: libellum, Suet.: librum, Nep.: Servii orationem, Cic.: audire oratores Graecos cognoscereque eorum litteras, Cic.: edicta veterum praetorum legere atque c., Gell.: c. Demosthenem totum, Cic.: auctores, Tac. dial. – absol., quid tam iucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio et perpolita? Cic. – d) wie γιγνώσκειν u. das alttestam. erkennen, euphemist. vom fleischlichen Umgange, virum, Ov.: uxorem alcis adulterio, Iustin.: Postumia stupro cognita, Tac.: tacito iam cognita furto Deidamia mihi, Stat. – e) beurteilend in etw. Einsicht gewinnen od. zu gewinnen suchen, etw. prüfen, untersuchen, α) übh.: accipe et cognosce si-————gnum, Plaut. Pseud. 988: nam et cognoscendi et ignoscendi dabitur peccati locus, Ter. heaut. 218: u. so prüfen u. dah. unterscheiden, ova, Cic. Acad. 2, 86: numerum tuorum militum reliquiasque, mustern, Cic. Pis. 92. – β) v. Theaterpublikum, favete, adeste aequo animo et rem cognoscite, Ter.: aequum est vos cognoscere atque ignoscere, si etc., Ter. – γ) v. Sachwalter, eine zu verteidigende Sache, rem tantam, tot controversiis implicatam, Cic.: causas diligenter penitusque, Cic. – δ) v. Richter od. einem andern Magistrate u. dgl. untersuchen, eine Untersuchung (ein Verhör) anstellen, Gericht halten, m. Acc., causam od. causas, Cic.: causā cognitā (Ggstz. causā incognitā), Cic. – m. de u. Abl., de agro Campano, Cic.: de hereditate, Cic.: cognoscere statuereque de controversiis regum, Liv.: de eorum postulatis, Caes.: c. de actis Caesaris, Cic.: de servo corrupto, ICt. – absol., Verres adesse iubebat, Verres cognoscebat, Verres iudicabat, Cic.: Caesar ut cognosceret, postularunt, Caes.: magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus, Suet. – ⇒ Perf. -Formen zsgzg. cognosti, cognostis, cognorim, -ris, -rit, cognoram, cognossem, cognossent, cognoro, cognosse, oft bei Cic. u.a., s. Neue- Wagener Formenl.3 3, 487 u. Georges, Lexik. d. lat. Wortf. S. 145. – cognoscin = cognoscisne, Plaut. Amph. 822 codd.; Poen. 5, 3, 11 codd.; vgl. C. F. W. Müller Nachtr. usw. S. 101. – vulg. Partiz. Perf.————Pass. cognotus, Itala (Cant.) Luc. 24, 35; Itala (Clar.) 1. Cor. 13, 12.Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > cognosco
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116 quaero
quaero, quaesīvī, quaesītum, ere, I) suchen, aufsuchen, 1) eig.: α) v. leb. Wesen: αα) leb. Wesen: te, Enn. fr.: te ipsum, Ter.: suos, Caes.: suos notos hospitesque, Caes.: Hectora per acies, Ov.: iuvencum per nemora et lucos, Verg.: quaerens per arva piorum invenit Eurydicen, Ov.: quaeritur huic alius (ein Gegner), Verg.: quaeritur (man sucht einen), qui tantae pondera molis sustineat, Ov.: Gutrua- tus celeriter omnium curā quaesitus, Caes.: quaesitus matri (von der M.) agnus, Verg.: u. so filia matri est quaesita, Ov. – liberos ad necem, Cic. Sest. 54: alqm ad poenam, Eutr. 7, 15. – ββ) Lebl.: cibum (v. Hunde), Varro: portum, Caes.: Indiam, Curt.: terras, Ov.: viam, quā etc., Ov.: locum, in quo etc., Curt.: sibi hospitium, Plaut.: domicilia sibi, Curt.: escam in sterquilino, Phaedr. – β) v. lebl. Subjj.: quod natura cibum quaerit cuiusque animantis, Lucr. 4, 856: per imas quaerit (Ufens) iter valles, sucht sich Bahn (= strömt dahin), Verg. Aen. 7, 802: te decisa suum dextera quaerit, Verg. Aen. 10, 395: mutilatae cauda colubrae... moriens dominae vestigia quaerit, Ov. met. 6, 560. – 2) übtr.: a) suchen, α) = aufzutreiben suchen, sich zu verschaffen-, zu erwerben suchen, zu gewinnen suchen, erstreben od. = etw. sich verschaffen, gewinnen, erringen, αα) leb. Wesen: sibi novum imperatorem, Sall.: alci generum, Plin. ep.:————antiquis de moribus alci uxorem, Iuven.: heredem in regnum, Verg.: adversus externos militem, Tac. – liberos, zu zeugen suchen, erzielen, Plaut. u. Suet.: iustissimos viros ad administrandam rem publicam, zu gewinnen suchen, Eutr.: u. so melius visum amicos quam servos quaerere, Sall. – ββ) Lebl.: pecuniam (vom Borger), Nep.: opus (Arbeit), Cic. u. Liv.: alci venenum (jmd. zu vergiften suchen), Cic.: mortem, den T. suchen, Vell.: vitam, das L. zu erhalten suchen, Vell.: remedium sibi ad alqd, Cic.: locum (Gelegenheit) iniuriae, Liv., od. insidiis, Liv. u. Curt.: tempus aut locum pugnae, Sall.: tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli, passen auf usw., Caes.: armis gloriam atque divitias, Sall.: gloriam bello, Cic., belli domique, Eutr.: sibi dignitatem, Hirt. b. G.: alci od. sibi honores, Cic. u. Liv.: nobilitatem laboribus atque periculis, Sall.: bello concordiam, Sall. fr.: principatum armis, Vell.: immortalitatem sibi morte, Cic.: iustum amorem omni sibi liberalitate et docilitate, Eutr.: victoria quaeritur sollicitis armis, Ov.: quaesita per hoc dignitas, Sen. ep. 68, 11. – v. Lebl., quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit? was soll das Kleid bedeuten? Ter. eun. 558. – β) suchen = zu bewerkstelligen-, zu bereiten suchen, od. = bewerkstelligen, bereiten, fugam ex Italia, Cic.: itineribus diversis fugam nequiquam, Caes.: alci ignominiam, Liv.: alci salutem malo, Ter.: dedecore potius quam manu salutem lie-————ber sein Heil suchen in usw., Sall.: invidiam in alqm, zu erregen suchen, Cic.: u. so ex habitu invidiam Midiae (dem Midias), Quint.: ultionem, Veranlassung zur Rache suchen, Vell. – γ) nach jmd. od. etw. Verlangen tragen, trachten, etw. verlangen, begehren, erwarten, Caesarem, Hor. carm. 4, 5, 16: pocula aurea, Hor.: solacia, Curt.: novum statum, novam rem publicam, Vell.: non tam mortis quam belli remedium, Curt.: eas se tamen balneas non ex libris patris, sed ex tabulis et ex censu quaerere, Cic. – m. folg. ut u. Konj., quaeris (du verlangst, wünschest), ut suscipiam cogitationem, quidnam istis agendum putem, Cic. ad Att. 14, 20, 4 zw. (Wesenb. quod vis): u. so verb. quaerere et petere, ut etc., Gell. 13, 18 (17), 2. – δ) nach etw. sich umsehen = auf etw. sinnen, denken, consilium, Ter.: omisso veteri consilio novum, Sall.: consilia belli, Hirt. b. G.: aliquid duram in dominam, Prop. – mit folg. indir. Fragesatz, quaerere ipse secum et agitare cum suis coepit, quibusnam rebus in ea provincia maximam uno anno pecuniam facere posset, Cic. Verr. 2, 17: ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxime ulti sanguinem nostrum pereamus, Sall. Cat. 33, 5. – ε) mit folg. Infin., suchen = sich bemühen zu usw., od. = begehren, wünschen zu usw., bibere in somnis, Lucr.: abrumpere lucem, Verg.: mitibus mutare tristia, Hor.: mori, Sen., honeste mori, Iustin.: e monte aliquo in alium transilire,————Plin.: mutare sedes, Tac. – b) beratend, besprechend untersuchen, zum Gegenstande der Beratung od. Untersuchung od. Betrachtung machen, profectionis tempus, Caes. b. c. 1, 67, 1: rationem perficiendi (consilii), Caes. b. G. 7, 37, 6: sed quaeramus unamquamque reliquorum sententiam, Cic. Tusc. 5, 48. – m. de u. Abl., Socratem de vita et de moribus solitum esse quaerere, Cic. de rep. 1, 16: iuvabat de aeternitate animarum quaerere (nachzudenken), Sen. ep. 102, 2. – absol., quaero, ich sinne darüber nach, Ter. Andr. 683. – c) zu erfahren od. zu ergründen suchen, wissen wollen, sich erkundigen, Erkundigung einziehen, fragen, forschen, α) übh.: αα) alqm, zB. alqm a ianua, ab ostio, nach jmd. an der Haustür fragen, Cic. de or. 2, 276. – ββ) alqd ab, ex od. de alqo, gew. m. folg. Fragesatz, quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventu dixerat;... eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit, Caes.: a quo cum quaesivisset, quo duci se vellet, Nep.: quaero abs te teneasne memoriā etc., Cic.: quaero a te, utrum hoc adduxerit caeli temperatura an terrae bonitas? Varro fr.: de te ipso, Vatini, quaero, utrum... an etc., Cic.: ex me quaesieras, nonne putarem etc., Cic.: ex quibus quaererent scirentne etc., Cic. – dum inter se invicem quaerunt, quae sit huius perseverantiae causa, Lact. – quaere, cur? Cic.: quaerant, num quid etc., Cic.: quaesivit, si (ob) incolumis evasisset, Liv.: cum quaereretur, ecqui Campanorum————bene meritus de re publica nostra esset, Liv. – nachaug. m. folg. an u. Konj. quaesitum est, an danda esset inquisitio, Plin. ep. 6, 29, 8 (u. so 7, 11, 1; 7, 19, 5 u.a.): quaesito (Abl. absol.), an Caesar venisset, Tac. ann. 2, 9. – cura tibi de quo quaerere nulla fuit, nach dem zu fragen, Ov. ex Pont. 4, 3, 18. – quid quaeris? was fragst du noch? = kurz, mit einem Worte, Cic. u. Hor.: ebenso noli quaerere, Cic. – si quaeris, wenn du weiter (nach dem weiteren Erfolge) fragst, das Weitere wissen willst, genauer auf die Frage eingehst, Cic.: ebenso si quaerimus, si quaeritis? Cic.: u. si verum quaeris, Cic. – Partiz. subst., quaesītum, ī, n., die Frage, Ov. met. 4, 794. Ov. fast. 1, 278. – als Übersetzung von πύσμα (als rhet. Fig.), Aquil. Rom. de fig. sent. § 12. Mart. Cap. 5. § 524. – β) von der wissenschaftl. Frage, an jmd. eine Frage richten, eine Frage aufstellen, -aufwerfen, multa ex eo saepe quaesivi, Cic.: si quis quid quaereret, Cic.: naturā fieret laudabile carmen, an arte, quaesitum est, Hor.: quaeritur inter medicos, cuius generis aquae sint utilissimae, Plin. – d) gerichtl. befragen, mit jmd. od. über etw. ein Verhör anstellen (halten), etw. gerichtl. untersuchen, wegen od. über etw. eine Untersuchung anstellen, rem per tormenta, Suet.: coniurationem, Liv.: de morte alcis, Cic.: absol., coëgit consules circa fora proficisci ibique quaerere et iudicia exercere, Liv. 39, 18, 2. – de servo in dominum,————den Sklaven peinlich befragen wegen des H. (über den H.), Cic.: aber de Philota (mit Ph.), Curt.II) prägn.: a) suchen = durch Arbeit, Verdienst zu erwerben suchen, erwerben, verdienen, tam facile victum, Ter.: victum vulgo (v. einer Buhldirne), Ter.: u. so victum sibi obscoenissimum, Lact.: victum sibi aegre quaesisse eumque sordide invenisse comparandis mulis et vehiculis, quae etc., Gell. 15, 4, 3: argentum, Hor.: pecuniam, Plaut.: nummos aratro et manu, Cic.: rem honeste mercaturis faciendis, Cic.: fruges boum labore quaesitae, Curt.: iam diu nihil quaesivisse, Cic.: ea, quae voce quaesierat, Quint.: miser homo est, qui ipsus sibi quod edit quaerit et id aegre invenit, Plaut.: ego quaero quod edim, his (= hi) quaerunt quod cacent, Pompon. com. fr.: alius quantum aleā quaesierit tantum bibit, Plin. – absol., conserva, quaere, parce, Ter.: laborans, quaerens, parcens, Ter.: nec minor est virtus quam quaerere, parta tueri, Ov.: contrivi in quaerendo vitam, Ter.: denique sit finis quaerendi, Hor.: quis hunc non putet confiteri sibi quaesito opus esse? er müsse etwas verdienen, Cic. – Partiz. subst., quaesītum, ī, n. u. Plur. quaesīta, ōrum, n., das Erworbene, quaesiti tenax, et qui quaesita reservent, Ov. met. 7, 657: asper et attentus quaesitis, Hor. sat. 2, 6, 82: bes. erworbene (gesammelte) Schätze, ante quaesita, Hor. sat. 1, 1, 38. – b) etw. vergebens suchen, sich vergebens nach etw. umse-————hen, etw. vermissen, Siciliam in Sicilia, Cic.: saepe Persas et Indos et imbellem Asiam, Liv.: optatos Tyndaridas, Prop.: occasionem omissam od. praetermissam, Liv.: quaerit Boeotia Dircen, Ov.: amnes quaerunt armenta, Stat.: soleo non numquam quaerere M. Regulum, nolo enim dicere desiderare, Plin. ep. 6, 2, 1: hic ego virtutem vestram quaero, sapientiam desidero, veterem consuetudinem requiro, Cornif. rhet. 4, 49. – c) etw. verlangen, erfordern; nötig machen (v. Lebl.), sic alia, quae umidum locum quaerunt, Varro r. r. 1, 23, 4: quia (alter collis) magnā parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat, Sall. Iug. 98, 3: ne limites ex litibus iudicem quaerant, Varro r. r. 1, 15 in.: nego ego quicquam a testibus dictum, quod cuiusquam oratoris eloquentiam quaereret, Cic. II. Verr. 1, 29: quod bellum repens aut dictatoriam maiestatem aut Quinctium rectorem quaesisset, Liv. 4, 14, 2. -
117 sī
sī (old, sei), conj. [SOVO]-, as a conditional particle.—With indic., in conditions assumed as true, or (with fut.) which will probably be fulfilled, if, when, inasmuch as, since: si vis, dabo tibi testīs: si voluntas mea, si industria, si aures patent omnibus: magnifica quaedam res, si modo est ulia: si quisquam est facilis, hic est: si aliquid dandum est voluptati: istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent ut acuent ingenia: educ tecum omnīs tuos; si minus, quam plurimos: auferat omnia oblivio, si potest; si non, utrumque silentium tegat, L.: ignosce, Caesar, si rex cessit, etc.: non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco, etc.: aut nemo, aut si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit: si Athenienses, sublato Areopago, nihil nisi populi scitis ac decretis agebant, etc.: si vis erat, si fraus, si metus: si neglegentiam dices, mirabimur: di persequar, si potero, subtilius: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris.—Esp. with pluperf., in indef. clauses of repeated action: plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat, whenever: si quando forte suis fortunis desperare coeperant, Cs.—With subj praes. or perf., in conditions assumed as possible, if, even if, though: satis facere rei p. videmur, si istius furorem vitemus: si ad verba rem deflectere velimus: rem facias, rem, Si possis, recte; si non, quocumque modo rem, H.: innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest.— With subj imperf. or pluperf., implying that the condition is contrary to fact, if: servi mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, domum meum relinquendam putarem: quod ne fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur: Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa iuventus, V.— Followed by tamen, even if, although, albeit: quas si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.: quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc., S.: si aliter accidisset: si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.—In the parenthetic phrase, si forte, perhaps, perchance: vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et aliquem, si forte, motum.—With subj. (rarely indic.), in place of an inf, if, when, that: apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent (i. e. amatores non habere): illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc., L.—In dependent questions, if, whether, if perchance: ut illum quaeram, Idque adeo visam, si domist, T.: fatis incerta feror, si Iuppiter unam Esse velit urbem, V.: primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus... imposuissent, L.: statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur.—In expressing a wish (poet. for utinam), usu. with O, if only, would that, O that: o si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc., H.: Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto! would that, V.—With a relat., to express a class vaguely or doubtfully, if there be any such, whoever they may be: mortem proponit... eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt: dimissis, si qui parum idonei essent, L.—In clauses of purpose, if, in order to, to try whether, to see if, that if possible: Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit, to see whether, Cs.: neque ullum munus despiciens, si in Caesaris complexum venire posset, Cs.: pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent, L.—In clauses of contingency, against the case that: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit, in order to be ready, if, etc., L.: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. threatened an attack if, etc.: erat reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi poenae aestimatio: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motūs nuntiarentur, relictae, to be ready, in case, etc., L.* * *if, if only; whetherquod si -- but if; si quis/quid -- if anyone/anything
-
118 an
1.ăn, conj. [etym. very obscure; v. the various views adduced in Hand, I. p. 296, with which he seems dissatisfied; if it is connected with the Sanscr. anjas, = Germ. ander, = Engl. other, we may comp. the Engl. other and or with the Germ. oder, = or]. It introduces the second part of a disjunctive interrogation, or a phrase implying doubt, and thus unites in itself the signif. of aut and num or -ne, or, or whether (hence the clause with an is entirely parallel with that introduced by num, utrum, -ne, etc., while aut forms only a subdivision in the single disjunctive clause; utrum... aut—an... aut, whether... or, etc.; cf. Ochsn. Eclog. p. 150; v. also aut).I.In disjunctive interrogations.A.Direct.a.Introd. by utrum (in Engl. the introd. particle whether is now obsolete, and the interrogation is denoted simply by the order of the words):b.Utrum hac me feriam an ab laevā latus?
Plaut. Cist. 3, 10:sed utrum tu amicis hodie an inimicis tuis Daturu's cenam?
id. Ps. 3, 2, 88; id. Pers. 3, 1, 13; id. Trin. 1, 2, 138; id. Cas. 2, 4, 11:Utrum sit annon voltis?
id. Am. prol. 56:quid facies? Utrum hoc tantum crimen praetermittes an obicies?
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 30 sq.:in plebem vero Romanam utrum superbiam prius commemorem an crudelitatem?
id. Verr. 1, 122; id. Deiot. 23; id. Fam. 7, 13:Utrum enim defenditis an impugnatis plebem?
Liv. 5, 3. —And with an twice:Utrum hoc signum cupiditatis tuae an tropaeum necessitudinis atque hospitii an amoris indicium esse voluisti?
Cic. Verr. 2, 115; id. Imp. Pomp. 57 sq.; id. Rab. 21.—With an three times:Utrum res ab initio ita ducta est, an ad extremum ita perducta, an ita parva est pecunia, an is (homo) Verres, ut haec quae dixi, gratis facta esse videantur?
Cic. Verr. 2, 61; 3, 83; id. Clu. 183; Liv. 21, 10; and seven times in Cic. Dom. 56-58.—With -ne pleon. (not to be confounded with cases where utrum precedes as pron.; as Cic. Tusc. 4, 4, 9):sed utrum tu masne an femina es, qui illum patrem voces?
Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 16; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; id. Stich. 5, 4, 26:Utrum studione id sibi habet an laudi putat Fore, si etc.,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 28:Utrum igitur tandem perspicuisne dubia aperiuntur an dubiis perspicua tolluntur?
Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67.—And affixed to utrum, but rarely:Utrumne jussi persequemur otium... an hunc laborem etc.,
Hor. Epod. 1, 7; Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 4; Quint. 12, 1, 40.—Introduced by -ne:c.quid fit? seditio tabetne an numeros augificat suos?
Enn. Trag. Rel. p. 23 Rib.:servos esne an liber?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 186:idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis an ut cum bonis civibus conveniret?
Cic. Lig. 18; 23:custosne urbis an direptor et vexator esset Antonius?
id. Phil. 3, 27; id. Mur. 88; id. Sull. 22.—So with an twice,
Cic. Cat. 1, 28; id. Att. 16, 8;and five times,
id. Balb. 9.—Introduced by nonne:d.Nonne ad servos videtis rem publicam venturam fuisse? An mihi ipsi fuit mors aequo animo oppetenda?
Cic. Sest. 47; id. Sex. Rosc. 43 sq.; id. Dom. 26; 127.—So with an twice, Cic. Phil. 11, 36.—Introduced by num:e.si quis invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis invidia quam inertiae pertimescenda?
Cic. Cat. 1, 29; id. Mur. 76; id. Sest. 80:Num quid duas habetis patrias an est illa patria communis?
id. Leg. 2, 2.—Without introductory particle:B.quid igitur? haec vera an falsa sunt?
Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 95:quid enim exspectas? bellum an tabulas novas?
id. Cat. 2, 18:ipse percussit an aliis occidendum dedit?
id. Sex. Rosc. 74; id. Verr. 2, 106; id. Imp. Pomp. 53; id. Phil. 2, 27:eloquar an sileam?
Verg. A. 3, 37:auditis an me ludit amabilis Insania?
Hor. C. 3, 4, 5.—So an twice, Cic. Mil. 54;three times,
Plin. Ep. 2, 8;and six times,
Cic. Rab. 14; id. Pis. 40.—Indirect.a.Introduced by utrum:► So once only in Vulg.quid tu, malum, curas, Utrum crudum an coctum edim?
Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 16; id. Cist. 4, 2, 11; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 1; id. Mil. 2, 3, 74:quaero, si quis... utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur,
Cic. Cat. 4, 12:agitur, utrum M. Antonio facultas detur an horum ei facere nihil liceat,
id. Phil. 5, 6; id. Sex. Rosc. 72; id. Imp. Pomp. 42; id. Verr. 1, 105.aut for an: Loquimini de me utrum bovem cujusquam tulerim aut asinum, 1 Reg. 12, 3.—And with -ne pleon.:b.res in discrimine versatur, utrum possitne se contra luxuriem parsimonia defendere an deformata cupiditati addicatur,
Cic. Quinct. 92:numquamne intelleges statuendum tibi esse, utrum illi, qui istam rem gesserunt, homicidaene sint an vindices libertatis?
id. Phil. 2, 30.—Introduced by -ne:c.Fortunāne an forte repertus,
Att. Trag. Rel. p. 159 Rib. agitur autem liberine vivamus an mortem obeamus, Cic. Phil. 11, 24; id. Verr. 4, 73; id. Mil. 16:nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus vivamus etc.,
Sall. C. 52, 10.—So with an three times, Cic. Or. 61.—Introduced by an:d.haud scio an malim te videri... an amicos tuos plus habuisse,
Cic. Pis. 39.—Without introd. particle:C.... vivam an moriar, nulla in me est metus,
Enn. Trag. Rel. p. 72 Rib.:vivat an mortuus sit, quis aut scit aut curat?
Cic. Phil. 13, 33; 3, 18; id. Sex. Rosc. 88; id. Red. in Sen. 14.—Sometimes the opinion of the speaker or the probability inclines to the second interrogative clause (cf. infra, II. E.). and this is made emphatic, as a corrective of the former, or rather, or on the contrary:D.ea quae dixi ad corpusne refers? an est aliquid, quod te suā sponte delectet?
Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 107:Cur sic agere voluistis? An ignoratis quod etc.,
Vulg. Gen. 44, 15.—Hence, in the comic poets, an potius:cum animo depugnat suo, Utrum itane esse mavelit ut... An ita potius ut etc.,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 31: id. Stich. 1, 2, 18; id. Trin. 2, 2, 25:an id flagitium est, An potius hoc patri aequomst fieri, ut a me ludatur dolis?
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 94.—The first part of the interrogation is freq. not expressed, but is to be supplied from the context; in this case, an begins the interrog., or, or rather, or indeed, or perhaps (but it does not begin an absolute, i. e. not disjunctive, interrog.): De. Credam ego istuc, si esse te hilarem videro. Ar. An tu esse me tristem putas? (where nonne me hilarem esse vides? is implied), Plaut. As. 5, 1, 10: Ch. Sed Thaïs multon ante venit? Py. An abiit jam a milite? Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 7:E.An ego Ulixem obliscar umquam?
Att. Trag. Rel. p. 199 Rib.:An parum vobis est quod peccatis?
Vulg. Josh. 22, 17:est igitur aliquid, quod perturbata mens melius possit facere quam constans? an quisquam potest sine perturbatione mentis irasci?
Cic. Tusc. 4, 24, 54; cf. id. Clu. 22; id. Off. 3, 29: Debes hoc etiam rescribere, sit tibi curae Quantae conveniat Munatius; an male sarta Gratia nequiquam coit...? or is perhaps, etc., Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 31 K. and H. —So esp. in Cic., in order to make the truth of an assertion more certain, by an argumentum a minore ad majus:cur (philosophus) pecuniam magno opere desideret vel potius curet omnino? an Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi non potuerunt?
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 89 sq.:An vero P. Scipio T. Gracchum privatus interfecit, Catilinam vero nos consules perferemus?
id. Cat. 1, 1; so id. Rab. Perd. 5; id. Phil. 14, 5, 12 Muret.; id. Fin. 1, 2, 5, ubi v. Madv.—It sometimes introduces a question suggested by the words of another: He. Mane. Non dum audisti, Demea, Quod est gravissimum? De. An quid est etiam anplius? Is there then etc., Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 21:sed ad haec, nisi molestum est, habeo quae velim. An me, inquam, nisi te audire vellem censes haec dicturum fuisse?
Cic. Fin. 1, 8, 28; 2, 22, 74; id. Tusc. 5, 26, 73; 5, 12, 35; id. Brut. 184; id. Fat. 2, 4; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 1, 8, 28.—It sometimes anticipates an answer to something going before: At vero si ad vitem sensus accesserit, ut appetitum quendam habeat et per se ipsa moveatur, quid facturam putas? An ea, quae per vinitorem antea consequebatur, per se ipsa curabit? shall we not say that, must we not think that etc., Cic. Fin. 5, 14, 38, ubi v. Madv.—An non. and in one word, annon (in direct questions more freq. than necne):F.isne est quem quaero an non?
Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 12:Hocine agis an non?
id. And. 1, 2, 15:Tibi ego dico an non?
id. ib. 4, 4, 23:utrum sit an non voltis?
Plaut. Am. prol. 56:utrum cetera nomina in codicem accepti et expensi digesta habes annon?
Cic. Rosc. Com. 3 al. —Also in indirect questions = necne, q. v.:abi, vise redieritne jam an non dum domum,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 4, 5:videbo utrum clamorem opere conpleverint, an non est ita,
Vulg. Gen. 18, 21; 24, 21.—An ne, usually written anne, pleon. for an.a.In direct questions:b.anne tu dicis quā ex causā vindicaveris?
Cic. Mur. 26. —In indirect questions:II.nec. aequom anne iniquom imperet, cogitabit,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 19; id. Ps. 1, 1, 122:percontarier, Utrum aurum reddat anne eat secum simul,
id. Bacch. 4, 1, 4:Nam quid ego de consulato loquar, parto vis, anue gesto?
Cic. Pis. 1, 3:cum interrogetur, tria pauca sint anne multa,
id. Ac. 2, 29:Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique,
id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 57; so id. Or. 61, 206:Quid enim interest, divitias, opes, valetudinem bona dicas anne praeposita, cum etc.,
id. Fin. 4, 9, 23 Madv.; August. ap. Suet. Aug. 69 al. (for the omission of the second disjunctive clause or the particle necne representing it, v. utrum;instances of this usage in eccl. Lat. are,
Vulg. Lev. 13, 36; 14, 36; ib. Num. 11, 23 al.).—In disjunctive clauses that express doubt, or.A.Utrum stultitiā facere ego hunc an malitiā Dicam, scientem an imprudentem, incertus sum. Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 54:B.ut nescias, utrum res oratione an verba sententiis illustrentur,
Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56:honestumne factu sit an turpe, dubitant,
id. Off. 1, 3, 9:nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam,
id. Fam. 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 7, 5:pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile discerneres,
Sall. C. 25, 3; so id. ib. 52, 10; Suet. Aug. 19; id. Tib. 10; id. Claud. 15:cognoscet de doctrinā, utrum ex Deo sit an ego a me ipso loquar,
Vulg. Joan. 7, 17; ib. Eccl. 2, 19 al.—An sometimes denotes uncertainty by itself, without a verb of doubting (dubito, dubium or incertum est, etc., vet in such cases the editors are divided between an and aut; cf. Mos. and Orell. ad Cic. Rep. 1, 12): verene hoc memoriae proditum est [p. 115] regem istum Numam Pythagorae ipsius discipulum, an certe Pythagoreum fuisse? Cic. Rep. 2, 15, where B. and K. read aut certe: Cn. Octavius est an Cn. Cornelius quidam tuus familiaris, summo genere natus, terrae filius;C.is etc.,
id. Fam. 7, 9 B. and K.:Themistocles quidem, cum ei Simonides an quis alius artem memoriae polliceretur, Oblivionis, inquit, mallem,
Simonides or some other person, id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. Fam. 7, 9, 3; id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 2, 7, 3; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—It often stands for sive (so esp. in and after the Aug. per.):D.quod sit an non, nihil commovet analogiam,
whether this be so or not, Varr. L. L. 9, § 105 Müll.; Att. ap. Prisc. p. 677 P.; Ov. R. Am. 797:saucius an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui,
id. F. 4, 7:Illa mihi referet, si nostri mutua curast, An minor, an toto pectore deciderim,
Tib. 3, 1, 20; Tac. A. 11, 26:sive nullam opem praevidebat inermis atque exul, seu taedio ambiguae spei an amore conjugis et liberorum,
id. ib. 14, 59.—The first disjunctive clause is freq. to be supplied from the gen. idea or an may stand for utrum—necne (cf. supra, I. D.):E.qui scis, an, quae jubeam, sine vi faciat? (vine coactus is to be supplied),
how knowest thou whether or not he will do it without compulsion? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 20:An dolo malo factum sit, ambigitur,
Cic. Tull. 23:quaesivi an misisset (periplasmata),
id. Verr. 4, 27:Vide an facile fieri tu potueris, cum etc.,
id. Fragm. B. 13, 2, 1:praebete aurem et videte an mentiar,
Vulg. Job, 6, 28: de L. Bruto fortasse dubitaverim an propter infinitum odium tyranni effrenatius in Aruntem invaserit, I might doubt whether or not, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 22, 50; id. Verr. 3, 76:Quis scit an adiciant hodiernae crastina summae Tempora di superi?
Hor. C. 4, 7, 17; Plin. Ep. 6, 21, 3; Quint. 2, 17, 38:Sine videamus an veniat Elias,
Vulg. Matt. 27, 49:tria sine dubio rursus spectanda sunt, an sit, quid sit, quale sit,
Quint. 5, 10, 53:dubium an quaesitā morte,
Tac. A. 1, 5; 6, 50; 4, 74:Multitudo an vindicatura Bessum fuerit, incertum est,
Curt. 7, 5:diu Lacedaemonii, an eum summae rei praeponerent, deliberaverunt,
Just. 6, 2, 4 et saep.—Since in such distrib. sentences expressive of doubt, the opinion of the speaker or the probability usually inclines to the second, i. e. to the clause beginning with an, the expressions haud scio an, nescio an, dubito an (the latter through all pers. and tenses), incline to an affirmative signification, I almost know, I am inclined to think, I almost think, I might say, I might assert that, etc., for perhaps, probably (hence the opinion is incorrect that an, in this situation, stands for an non; for by an non a negation of the objective clause is expressed, e. g. nescio an non beatus sit, I am almost of the opinion that he is not happy, v. infra, and cf. Beier ad Cic. Off. 1, Exc. XI. p. 335 sq.; Cic. uses haud scio an eleven times in his Orations;F.nescio an, four times): atque haud scio an, quae dixit sint vera omnia,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 45:crudele gladiatorum spectaculum et inhumanum non nullis videri solet: et haud scio an ita sit, ut nunc fit,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 41; id. Fl. 26:testem non mediocrem, sed haud scio an gravissimum,
perhaps, id. Off. 3, 29:constantiam dico? nescio an melius patientiam possim dicere,
id. Lig. 9; id. Fam. 9, 19:ingens eo die res, ac nescio an maxima illo bello gesta sit,
Liv. 23, 16; Quint. 12, 11, 7 al.:si per se virtus sine fortunā ponderanda sit, dubito an Thrasybulum primum omuium ponam,
I am not certain whether I should not prefer Thrasybulus to all others, Nep. Thras. 1 Dähne:dicitur acinace stricto Darius dubitāsse an fugae dedecus honestā morte vitaret,
i. e. was almost resolved upon, Curt. 4, 5, 30:ego dubito an id improprium potius appellem,
Quint. 1, 5, 46; Gell. 1, 3 al.—Hence, a neg. objective clause must contain in this connection the words non, nemo, nullus, nihil, numquam, nusquam, etc.:dubitet an turpe non sit,
he is inclined to believe that it is not bad, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50:haud scio an ne opus quidem sit, nihil umquam deesse amicis,
id. Am. 14, 51:eloquentiā quidem nescio an habuisset parem neminem,
id. Brut. 33: quod cum omnibus est faciendum tum haud scio an nemini potius quam tibi, to no one perhaps more, id. Off. 3, 2, 6:meā sententiā haud scio an nulla beatior esse possit,
id. Sen. 16; id. Leg. 1, 21:non saepe atque haud scio an numquam,
id. Or. 2, 7 al. —Sometimes the distributive clause beginning with an designates directly the opposite, the more improbable, the negative; in which case nescio an, haud scio an, etc., like the Engl. I know not whether, signify I think that not, I believe that not, etc.; hence, in the object. clause, aliquis, quisquam, ullus, etc., must stand instead of nemo, nullus, etc. (so for the most part only after Cic.): an profecturus sim, nescio, I know not (i. e. I doubt, I am not confident) whether I shall effect any thing, Sen. Ep. 25:2.opus nescio an superabile, magnum certe tractemus,
id. Q. N. 3, praef. 4; Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 6: haud scio an vivere nobis liceret, I know not whether we, etc., Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22: doleo enim maximam feminam eripi oculis civitatis, nescio an aliquid simile visuris, for I know not whether they will ever see any thing of this kind, Plin. Ep. 7, 19; Val. Max. 5, 2, 9:nescio an ullum tempus jucundius exegerim,
I do not know whether I have ever passed time more pleasantly, id. 3, 1:namque huic uni contigit, quod nescio an ulli,
Nep. Timol. 1, 1; Sen. Contr. 3 praef.; Quint. 9, 4, 1:nostri quoque soloecum, soloecismum nescio an umquam dixerint,
Gell. 5, 20 al. Cf. upon this word Hand, Turs. I. pp. 296-361, and Beier, Exc. ad Cic. Am. pp. 202-238.an-, v. ambi.3.- ăn. This word appears in forsan, forsitan, and fortasse an (Att. Trag. Rel. p. 151 Rib.) or fortassan, seeming to enhance the idea of uncertainty and doubt belonging to fors, etc., and is regarded by some as the Greek conditional particle an, and indeed one of these compounds, forsitan, sometimes in the Vulgate, translates an; as, Joan. 4, 10; 5, 46; 8, 19; and in 3, Joan. 9, it still represents the various reading, an. -
119 Cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16. -
120 cum
1.cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.I.In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:b.qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—In an expression of displeasure:B.in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—In a designation of time with which some action concurs:C.egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:b.cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—Attributively, with subst.:2.et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).(α).Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,(β).cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—With ut:(γ).Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —With ne:3.obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:4.cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:D.ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:II.cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.In partic.A.Completing the meaning of verbs.1.With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:2.ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:3.cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:4.cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—Of deliberation and discussion:5.haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—Of strife, difference, etc.:6.quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—Of comparison:B.nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:C.hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;D.v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.► a.Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:b.quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—Before et... et, connecting two substt.:III.cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—B.It designates,1.A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—2.The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.2.Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].I.Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.A.In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.1.The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.a.Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—With principal predicate in fut. (rare):(γ).ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):b.haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—With logical perf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:(β).gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—(γ).With two logical perff. (rare):c.cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—With principal predicate in pres.:d.in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in pres.:(β).quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—With principal predicate in fut. indic.:(γ).cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—With principal predicate in fut. imper.:(δ).cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—With two fut. perff.:e.cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—In partic.(α).In definitions with pres, indic.:(β).humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:(γ).in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:2.sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—With subj. referring to indefinite time.a. (α).With pres. subj.:(β).acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—With perf. subj.:b.difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—c.In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):d.saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—e.If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:3.caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:a.formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).Cum with pres. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):b.Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—Cum with logical perf. indic.(α).Principal predicate in pres.:(β).ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):c.at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—With fut.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—With principal predicate in fut. perf.:(γ).cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—With principal predicate in imper. fut.:(δ).mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):(ε).cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—d.With fut. perf.(α).With principal predicate in fut.:(β).mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):(γ).quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—With principal predicate in subj. (potential):4.quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—With subj. in definite time.a.Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—b.Sometimes by attraction:c.curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.B.In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.1.With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:2.portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —With pluperf. indic.a.Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:b.idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—c.If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:3.nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.a.With pluperf. indic.(α).With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:(β).cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—With principal predicate in perf. indic.:b.Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:4.cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.(α).When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):(β).Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:(γ).(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:5.qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.C.In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:1.quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).a.The clause expressing a momentary action:b.posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):c.in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:d.ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:2.ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.a.The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:b.set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):3.cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].a.Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.(α).Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:(β).eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:(γ).antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:(δ).tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:b.nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter(α).In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:(β).res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):(γ).magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:D.illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.1.The predicate in present:2.amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—With fut. (rare):3.cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—With fut. perf. (rare):4.quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—With perf.:5.fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—With histor. pres.:6.Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—With imperf.:7.cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;8.very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—With pluperf. (very rare):* 9.exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—Pluperf. and imperf.:10.quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—Imperf. subj. (post-class.):11.tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:E.illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.1.Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.a.The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:(β).jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:(γ).erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:(δ).fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:b.quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.(α).With pres. or fut. indic.:(β).incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:(γ).atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:c.accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:2.Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.a.With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.(α).With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—With ordinals:(γ).vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—With diu:b.jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:c.quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:d.permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:3.dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.a.With cardinals.(α).Time in acc. (ante-class.):(β).annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—With nom.:b.nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—With diu or dudum:c.nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:4.omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.a.Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.(α).Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(β).dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:b.dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.(α).Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:(β).non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:(γ).jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—(δ).Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—(ε).Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—(ζ).Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—(η).Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—(θ).Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—(κ).With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):5.quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).a.When, on an occasion, on which, etc.(α).With perf. indic.:(β).Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—With imperf. indic.:(γ).num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):(δ).nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—(ε).So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:b.sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).(α).With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:(β).fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—6.Cum interea (interim).a.Adverbial (rare).(α).Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—(β).Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:b.simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,(α).To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:(β).anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—To the inverted clauses (4.):(γ).tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:F.post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.1.After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).a.Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.(α).With indic.:(β).nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—With subj.:b.is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:c.L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):2.memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).a.Verbs of thanking:b.habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—Of congratulation:c.quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—Of rejoicing and grieving:d.quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—Dependent on optative sentences:G.di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.Elliptical usages (without predicate).1.Cum maxime.a.With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:b.etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:2.nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):H.foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.II.Causal, since, because, as.A.Anteclass., chiefly with indic.1.With pres. indic.:2.hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—With perf. indic.:3.praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—With subj.a.By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—b.Independent of such construction:B.jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—With perf. subj.:3.cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—With imperf. subj.a.Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:b.vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—Denoting cause without time:4.cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—With pluperf. subj.:C.Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.With adverbs of emphasis.1.Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:2.quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:3.nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:III.me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., chiefly,1.With indic.:2.hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—Subj.a.By construction of principal predicate:b.tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):B.eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.With pres. subj.:2.cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:3.indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—With imperf. subj.:4.ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —With pluperf. subj.:IV.Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.A.Ante-class., mostly with indic.1.Indic.:2.qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).B.Class. and post-class., always with subj.1.Pres. subj.:2.testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—Imperf. subj.:3.ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—With pluperf. subj.:V.cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.1.With imperf. subj.:2.quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—With pluperf. subj.:quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16.
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