quercūs+v

quercus, ūs ( gen. querci, Pall. 4, 7, 8; gen. plur. quercorum, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 717 P.; dat. and abl. plur. do not occur), f. [perh. from root kar (kal-k), to be hard; cf.: cornu calx, calculus].

An oak, oaktree, esp. the Italian or esculent oak, sacred to Jupiter (cf. robur): quercus dicitur, quod id genus arboris grave sit ac durum, tum etiam in ingentem evadat amplitudinem: querqueram enim gravem et magnam putant dici, Paul. ex Fest. p. 259 Müll.: percellunt magnas quercus, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 194 Vahl.):

magna Jovis quercus,

Verg. G. 3, 332:

glandiferae,

Lucr. 5, 939; Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 2:

aëriae,

Verg. A. 3, 680:

quercus et ilex Multā fruge pecus juvat,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 9:

auritae,

id. C. 1, 12, 12:

aridae,

id. ib. 4, 13, 10:

durior annosā quercu,

Ov. M. 13, 799: quercorum rami, Cic. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 717 P.—

Poet., transf.

Of things made of oak-wood. Of a ship, of the ship Argo, Val. Fl. 5, 65.— Of a javelin, Val. Fl. 6, 243.— Of a drinkingvessel, Sil. 7, 190.—

Capitolina,

a garland of oak-leaves, Juv. 6, 386;

usually bestowed upon one who had saved the life of a citizen in battle,

Ov. F. 4, 953; id. M. 1, 563; Luc. 1, 357:

civilis,

Verg. A. 6, 772. —

For acorns (very rare):

veteris fastidia quercūs,

Juv. 14, 184.

* * *

oak tree.

ENG oak eggar

NLD hagenheld, hageheld

GER Eichenspinner

FRA minime a baudes jaunes

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

dōdōna, ae ( -ē, es, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 228; Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 117), f., = Dôdônê, a city in Epirus, famed on account of its very ancient oracle of Jupiter, situated in an oak-grove, Cic. Div. 1, 43, 95; Plin. l. l.; Prop. 2, 21, 3 (3, 14, 3 M.); Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 43; Luc. 6, 426 al.—

Meton.

The sacred oak-grove of Dodona, Verg. G. 1, 149 Serv.—

The Dodonean priests, Nep. Lys. 3, 2.—

Derivv.

Dōdō-naeus, a, um, adj., of Dodona, Dodonean:

quercus,

Cic. Att. 2, 4; cf. Ov. M. 7, 623:

oraculum,

Cic. Div. 1, 1 fin.:

Juppiter,

id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Mel. 2, 3, 5; Plin. 4, 1, 1, § 2:

lebetas,

Verg. A. 3, 466:

agmina,

Claud. Bell. Get. 136 al. —

Dōdōnĭus, a, um, adj., of Dodona:

quercus,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 31.—

Dōdōnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Dodonean:

terra,

Ov. M. 13, 716:

quercus,

Val. Fl. 1, 32:

Thyene,

i. e. one of the Hyades, as the nurses of Jupiter, Ov. F. 6, 711;

these latter are called Dodonides Nymphae,

Hyg. Fab. 182.—

Dō-dōnĭgĕna, ae, m. adj.:

populi,

i. e. nations living on acorns, Sid. Ep. 6, 12 med.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

Chāŏnes, um, m., = Chaones, a people in the north-west part of Epirus, named after Chaon (v. the preced. art.), the Chaonians, Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 334 sq.; acc. plur. Gr. Chaonas, Claud. B. Get. 135; their country was called Chā-ŏnĭa, ae, f., Verg. A. 3, 335 Serv.; Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 2; Liv. 32, 5, 9. —

Hence,

Chāŏnĭus, a, um, adj., Chaonian; also of Epirus:

campi,

Verg. A. 3, 334:

sinus,

Ov. M. 13, 717:

glans,

Verg. G. 1, 8: pater, i. e. Jupiter, whose oracle was at Dodona, id. ib. 2, 67; cf.

Juppiter,

Val. Fl. 1, 303:

columbae,

which revealed the future at Dodona, Verg. E. 9, 13:

nemus,

i. e. the oak forest, Stat. Th. 6, 99:

truncus,

Val. Fl. 8, 461:

vertex,

Luc. 3, 180:

victus,

i.e. of acorns, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 47.—

Chāŏnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Chaonian:

ales, i.e. columba (v. the preced.),

Ov. A. A. 2, 150:

arbos, i. e. quercus,

id. M. 10, 90:

quercus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1624.

Chāŏnes, um, m., = Chaones, a people in the north-west part of Epirus, named after Chaon (v. the preced. art.), the Chaonians, Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 334 sq.; acc. plur. Gr. Chaonas, Claud. B. Get. 135; their country was called Chā-ŏnĭa, ae, f., Verg. A. 3, 335 Serv.; Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 2; Liv. 32, 5, 9. —

Hence,

Chāŏnĭus, a, um, adj., Chaonian; also of Epirus:

campi,

Verg. A. 3, 334:

sinus,

Ov. M. 13, 717:

glans,

Verg. G. 1, 8: pater, i. e. Jupiter, whose oracle was at Dodona, id. ib. 2, 67; cf.

Juppiter,

Val. Fl. 1, 303:

columbae,

which revealed the future at Dodona, Verg. E. 9, 13:

nemus,

i. e. the oak forest, Stat. Th. 6, 99:

truncus,

Val. Fl. 8, 461:

vertex,

Luc. 3, 180:

victus,

i.e. of acorns, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 47.—

Chāŏnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Chaonian:

ales, i.e. columba (v. the preced.),

Ov. A. A. 2, 150:

arbos, i. e. quercus,

id. M. 10, 90:

quercus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1624.

Chāŏnes, um, m., = Chaones, a people in the north-west part of Epirus, named after Chaon (v. the preced. art.), the Chaonians, Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 334 sq.; acc. plur. Gr. Chaonas, Claud. B. Get. 135; their country was called Chā-ŏnĭa, ae, f., Verg. A. 3, 335 Serv.; Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 2; Liv. 32, 5, 9. —

Hence,

Chāŏnĭus, a, um, adj., Chaonian; also of Epirus:

campi,

Verg. A. 3, 334:

sinus,

Ov. M. 13, 717:

glans,

Verg. G. 1, 8: pater, i. e. Jupiter, whose oracle was at Dodona, id. ib. 2, 67; cf.

Juppiter,

Val. Fl. 1, 303:

columbae,

which revealed the future at Dodona, Verg. E. 9, 13:

nemus,

i. e. the oak forest, Stat. Th. 6, 99:

truncus,

Val. Fl. 8, 461:

vertex,

Luc. 3, 180:

victus,

i.e. of acorns, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 47.—

Chāŏnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Chaonian:

ales, i.e. columba (v. the preced.),

Ov. A. A. 2, 150:

arbos, i. e. quercus,

id. M. 10, 90:

quercus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1624.

Chāŏnes, um, m., = Chaones, a people in the north-west part of Epirus, named after Chaon (v. the preced. art.), the Chaonians, Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 334 sq.; acc. plur. Gr. Chaonas, Claud. B. Get. 135; their country was called Chā-ŏnĭa, ae, f., Verg. A. 3, 335 Serv.; Plin. 4, prooem. § 2; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 2; Liv. 32, 5, 9. —

Hence,

Chāŏnĭus, a, um, adj., Chaonian; also of Epirus:

campi,

Verg. A. 3, 334:

sinus,

Ov. M. 13, 717:

glans,

Verg. G. 1, 8: pater, i. e. Jupiter, whose oracle was at Dodona, id. ib. 2, 67; cf.

Juppiter,

Val. Fl. 1, 303:

columbae,

which revealed the future at Dodona, Verg. E. 9, 13:

nemus,

i. e. the oak forest, Stat. Th. 6, 99:

truncus,

Val. Fl. 8, 461:

vertex,

Luc. 3, 180:

victus,

i.e. of acorns, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 47.—

Chāŏnis, ĭdis, f. adj., Chaonian:

ales, i.e. columba (v. the preced.),

Ov. A. A. 2, 150:

arbos, i. e. quercus,

id. M. 10, 90:

quercus,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1624.

săcer, sā̆cra, sā̆crum (ante-class. collat. form sacer, sacris, sacre; plur.:

sacres porci,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 16; id. Rud. 4, 6, 4; Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 20; 4, 16; sing. acc.: sacrem porcum, Fest. s. h. v. p. 318 Müll.), adj. [root sa-; Gr. saos, sôos, safe; whence Lat. sānus], dedicated or consecrated to a divinity, holy, sacred, = hieros (cf.: sanctus, augustus): Gallus Aelius ait, sacrum esse quocumque modo atque instituto civitatis consecratum sit, sive aedis, sive ara, sive signum, sive locus, sive pecunia, sive quid aliud quod dis dedicatum atque consecratum sit, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.; cf.:

quicquid destinatum est diis, sacrum vocatur,

Macr. S. 3, 7:

sacrae (res) sunt quae diis superis consecratae sunt: religiosae quae diis manibus relictae sunt,

Gai. Inst. 2, 3.

In gen.

Absol.:

quicquam (opp. profanum),

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27; id. Trin. 2, 2, 8; cf.:

aedificiis omnibus, publicis privatis sacris profanis, sic pepercit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 129; so,

locus sacer et profanus,

id. Inv. 1, 26, 38; Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7; Quint. 5, 10, 38:

miscebis sacra profanis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 54; id. A. P. 397; Nep. Them. 6, 5; Sall. C. 11, 6:

villae signis et tabulis refertae partim publicis partim etiam sacris et religiosis,

Cic. Leg. 3, 13, 31; so (with religiosus) id. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 127; Suet. Tib. 61:

mores autem rapere properant quā sacrum quā puplicum,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 37:

(legum) genera sunt tria, sacri, publici, privati juris,

Quint. 2, 4, 33; cf. in the sup.:

deprecor hoc unum per jura sacerrima lecti,

Ov. H. 9, 159:

aedes,

Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1; Quint. 4, 2, 8; Ov. M. 14, 315:

lucus late sacer,

Verg. A. 5, 761:

arvum Martis,

Ov. M. 7, 101:

ara,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20:

aurum,

Liv. 5, 50; cf.

pecunia (opp. privata),

Quint. 4, 2, 8:

arma,

Liv. 24, 21:

tus,

Ov. M. 14, 130:

sanguis (of the sacrificial victim),

Cat. 68, 75:

ales (so called from its use in augury),

Verg. A. 11, 721:

luces (with profestae),

Hor. C. 4, 15, 25; cf.

dies (with religiosus),

Suet. Tib. 61:

tempus,

Hor. C. S. 4:

commissum,

a crime against religion, Cic. Leg. 2, 9 et saep.— Poet.: vitis (as sacred to Bacchus), Enn. ap. Charis. p. 214 P. (Trag. v. 149 Vahl.); Hor. C. 1, 18, 1; so,

laurus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 18; Verg. A. 7, 60:

robur,

Ov. M. 8, 752:

aqua,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 22:

fontes,

Ov. M. 2, 464; Verg. E. 1, 53:

focus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 43:

Tarentum,

id. C. 1, 28, 29:

fines,

Sil. 3, 501; cf.

montes (the Alps, because not to be ascended by men),

id. 4, 70;

vates (because dedicated to Apollo),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 28; Tib. 2, 5, 113; cf.:

sacer interpresque deorum Orpheus,

Hor. A. P. 391;

and (for sanctus) of the divinity itself: Vesta,

Prop. 3, 4 (4, 3), 11; so,

Cybebe,

id. 3 (4), 22, 3 (but in Liv. 3, 19: ut sacrosancti habeantur, quibus ipsi dii neque sacri neque sancti sunt, so used only on account of the lusus verbb. with sacrosancti;

v. the context).—Sacer Mons,

a hill about three miles from Rome, beyond the Anio, and on the right of the Via Nomentana, to which the Roman people retired during their controversy with the Senate, Liv. 2, 32; 3, 52; Cic. Rep. 2, 37, 63; id. Brut. 14, 54:

os sacrum, quod imum ventrem sustinet,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4: Sacra Via, or ( poet.) Sacer Clivus, a street in Rome leading from the Forum to the Capitol, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; id. Att. 4, 3, 3; Hor. S. 1, 9, 1; id. C. 4, 2, 35; Mart. 1, 70, 5;

v. also via, I. A. 2.: sacer morbus,

the epilepsy, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4:

sacer lapis,

a stone landmark, a mere-stone, Liv. 41, 13: os sacrum, anatom. t. t., = Gr. hieron osteon, the lowest bone of the spine, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, 24:

litterae sacrae (eccl. Lat.),

the Scriptures, Vulg. 2 Tim. 3, 15.—For its combinations with ignis, via, etc., v. those words.—

With gen. (class.):

ego te sacram coronam surripuisse scio Jovis,

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 38; so,

urna Veneris,

id. Rud. 2, 5, 16 (for which:

urna Veneria,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18):

Dianae celebris dies,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 20:

sepulcrum Batti veteris,

Cat. 7, 6; cf. Plin. 8, 21, 31, § 76.—As a predicate: terra, ut focus domiciliorum, sacra deorum omnium est (a transl. of the Platon. Gê hiera pantôn theôn), Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

illa insula (sc. Delos) eorum deorum sacra putatur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48.—

With dat. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf.

infra, II. A.): sacra Jovi quercus,

Ov. M. 7, 623:

esculus Jovi sacra,

Plin. 16, 4, 5, § 11:

Nymphis cervus,

Ov. M. 10, 109:

Cereri Polyphoetes (as a priest),

Verg. A. 6, 484:

pugionem templo Salutis detraxerat gestabatque velut magno operi sacrum,

Tac. A. 15, 53:

cupressus Diti sacra,

Plin. 16, 33, 60, § 139:

aesculus Jovi,

id. 16, 4, 5, § 11.—As a predicate:

Jani mensis, Qui sacer est imis Manibus,

Ov. F. 2, 52, quercus antiqua, quae erat Marti sacra, Suet. Vesp. 5 (al. sacrata).—

Transf., in gen., holy, sacred, awful, venerable (not till after the Aug. per., and very rare):

silentium,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 29:

laedere amantes,

Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 11:

lingua (Ciceronis),

Mart. 5, 69, 7:

Maro,

id. 8. 56, 3:

quaedam patris memoria,

Quint. 11, 1, 59:

O sacer et magnus vatum labor,

Luc. 9, 983:

heu sacri vatum errores,

Sil. 8, 100.—So used of the emperors;

disapproved of by Tiberius: (Tiberius) alium dicentem sacras ejus occupationes verba mutare et pro sacris laboriosas dicere coëgit,

Suet. Tib. 27.—But soon after Tiberius in general use:

auris Caesaris,

Mart. 7, 99, 4:

sacri lateris custos,

id. 6, 76, 1:

apud aures sacras mentitus est,

Amm. 28, 6, 26 (cf.:

se Imperatori mentitum,

id. 28, 6, 26, § 21); and hence, for ecclesiastical: domus, comitatus, scrinia, largitiones, etc., in the law books et saep.

In partic., with a bad accessory signif., devoted to a divinity for destruction, forfeited; and absol., accursed, criminal, impious, wicked.

With dat.: si quisquam aliuta faxit, ipsos Jovi sacer esto, Lex Numae ap. Fest. p. 6 Müll.; cf.: ut caput ejus Jovi sacrum esset, an ancient plebiscitum ap. Liv. 3, 55, 7:

non alienum videtur, de condicione eorum hominum referre, quos leges sacros esse certis diis jubent, quod, cum cetera sacra violari nefas sit, hominem sacrum jus fuerit occidi, etc.,

Macr. S. 3, 7.—

Absol.: homo sacer is est, quem populus judicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari; sed qui occidit, parricidii non damnatur. Nam lege tribuniciā primā cavetur: si quis eum, qui eo plebei scito sacer sit, occiderit, parricida ne sit. Ex quo quivis homo malus atque improbus sacer appellari solet, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.: PATRONVS SI CLIENTI FRAVDEM FECERIT SACER ESTO, LEX XII. Tab. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 6, 609;

in imitation: uter aedilis fuerit, etc.... is intestabilis et sacer esto,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 181:

eum, qui cuiquam nocuerit, sacrum sanciri,

Liv. 3, 55.—

Transf., in gen., accursed, execrable, detestable, horrible, infamous, etc. (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Of persons:

ego sum malus, Ego sum sacer, scelestus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 14; Afran. ap. Non. 397, 22 (with malus); Lucil. ib. 397, 27.— Sup., Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 67:

homo sacerrimus,

id. Poen. prol. 90; id. Rud. 1, 2, 69; Turp. ap. Non. 397, 29 (with pessimus). —

Of things: sacerrimum domicilium, Turp. ap. Non. 397, 30:

di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum,

Cat. 14, 12:

hircus alarum,

id. 71, 1:

auri fames,

Verg. A. 3, 57 (for which:

aurum fame,

Plin. 33, 1, 3, § 6:

venenum (Medeae),

Val. Fl. 7, 165:

nox,

id. 8, 25:

arma metu,

id. 4, 185; cf.

pavor,

id. 1, 798:

insania,

Stat. Th. 10, 804:

morbus,

i. e. epilepsy, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4.—With dat.:

ut immerentis fluxit in terram Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor,

Hor. Epod. 7, 20.— Comp. and adv. do not appear (as for the comp. v. Varr. L. L. 8, § 77 Müll.).—Hence, subst.: sā̆crum, i, n., something consecrated; a holy or sacred thing, a sacred vessel or utensil; a sanctuary, a temple; a religious act, a sacrifice, etc.; in plur. in gen., sacred rites, religious worship, religion (both of the State and of single races and families; and even of individuals; v. infra, b; class.; most freq. in plur.).

Lit.

Sing.:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui cleperit rapsitque parricida esto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ubi sacro manus sis admolitus,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 24:

omne sacrum rapiente dextrā,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 52:

metuens velut contingere sacrum,

id. S. 2, 3, 110:

apud Cluacinae sacrum,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 6:

Minervae,

Dict. Cret. 5, 12 fin.:

theatrum veluti quoddam illius sacri templum vocabimus,

Quint. 3, 8, 29: [p. 1611] quae (sacerdos Cereris) Graecum illud sacrum monstraret et faceret, Cic. Balb. 24, 55:

sacrum Herculi facere,

Liv. 1, 7:

facere Junoni,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 43:

facto per Magos sacro,

Suet. Ner. 34:

sollemne sacrum conficere,

Flor. 1, 13, 16:

ita se habet sacrum (Suovetaurilia),

Quint. 1, 5, 67:

arma lecta conici in acervum jussit consul sacrumque id Vulcano cremavit,

Liv. 41, 12:

sacrum piaculare fieri,

id. 29, 19:

sollemne Apollinis sacrum,

Suet. Aug. 94; Ov. M. 12, 33:

pyrā sacri sub imagine factā,

id. ib. 14, 80:

nec de lucernā fas est accendi sacrum,

Phaedr. 4, 11, 13:

neve initianto, nisi ut assolet, Cereri, Graeco sacro,

according to the Grecian rites, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 21; cf.:

vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum Vulgarit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 26:

morientibus operire (oculos) rursusque in rogo patefacere, Quiritium ritu sacrum est,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150:

in sacro est,

id. 18, 12, 30, § 118.—

Plur.: sacra deosque penates.. ex aedibus suis eripuisse dixit, sacred vessels or utensils, holy things, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 13; cf. Liv. 5, 40:

sacra omnia proferre, Auct. B. Alex. 32, 3: portabant canistris,

Ov. M. 2, 713:

Troïa,

Tib. 2, 5, 40:

velut qui Junonis sacra ferret,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 11; cf.

of the same,

Verg. A. 2, 293; 2, 717 Heyne; Ov. F. 1, 527; id. H. 7, 80; 7, 158:

cumque suis penetralia sacris,

i. e. the images of the gods, Penates, id. M. 1, 287:

jactata aequoribus sacra,

Hor. C.4,4,54:

pueri Sacra canunt,

sacred songs, Verg. A. 2, 239; cf. Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 19:

sacra ordine in mensā Penatium deorum Ponuntur,

sacred gifts, offerings, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 11:

neve ulla vitiorum sacra sollemnia obeunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sicut in sollemnibus sacris fieri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

qui (Mercurius) sacris anniversariis coleretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 39, § 84 (for which:

sacrificiis anniversariis colebatur,

id. ib. 2, 4, 57, §

128: sacris e principum numero pontifices quinque praefecit,

id. Rep. 2, 14, 26:

(Romulus) sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi facit,

Liv. 1, 7; cf.:

sacra Jovi facturus erat,

Ov. M. 3, 26:

sacra Jovi Stygio Perficere,

Verg. A. 4, 638:

ipse (Numa) plurima sacra obibat,

Liv. 1, 20:

densi circumstant sacra ministri,

Ov. M. 2, 717:

arcana sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; Ov. M. 10, 436:

fera,

id. ib. 13, 454:

nefanda,

id. ib. 10, 228:

mystica,

id. H. 2, 42:

horrida,

Sil. 3, 140:

veneranda,

id. 7, 382:

casta,

Stat. Achill. 1, 370.

Divine worship or religion in gen.: publica sacra, quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt, quaeque pro montibus, pagis, curiis, sacellis: at privata, quae pro singulis hominibus, familiis, gentibus fiunt, Fest. pp. 244 and 245 Müll.; Liv. 5, 52:

quo foedere (Romulus) et Sabinos in civitatem ascivit, sacris communicatis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 13:

quod per populum errari fas non erat propter religionem sacrorum,

id. Agr. 2, 7, 18; so,

religio sacrorum,

id. Fl. 28, 69:

sacra Cereris conficere,

id. Balb. 24, 55; so,

Cereris,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 14 (cf. supra, a fin.):

Eleusina,

Suet. Claud. 23:

Junonis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 11:

Orphica,

rites, solemnity, festival, Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 58:

Bacchia,

Ov. M. 3, 518:

trieterica Bacchi,

id. ib. 6, 587:

Dianae,

id. ib. 7, 94;

15, 489: Isidis,

Suet. Oth. 12 et saep.—

The private religious rites of a gens, a family, etc. (observed by the Romans with the greatest care):

sacra privata perpetua manento,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf. id. ib. 2, 19, 47:

an gentilicia sacra ne in bello quidem intermitti, publica sacra et Romanos deos etiam in pace deseri placet?

Liv. 5, 52:

ut ne morte patris familias sacrorum memoria occideret,

Cic. Leg. 2, 19, 48:

docebant (antiqui) tribus modis sacris adstringi,

id. ib. 2, 20, 49:

magnum est eadem habere monumenta majorum, eisdem uti sacris, sepulcra habere communia,

id. Off. 1, 17, 55; cf.:

ut qui natus sit, ignoret, cujus sanguinis, quorum sacrorum sit,

Liv. 4,2:

sacra interire illi (majores) noluerunt,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27:

sacrorum alienatio,

id. Or. 42, 144 (v. alienatio); cf. sing.:

sacrum familiare,

Macr. S. 1, 16:

nuptialia,

marriage solemnities, Quint. 1, 7, 28;

called also jugalia,

Ov. M. 7, 700; cf. respecting the sacra privata of the Romans, Savigny, in his Zeitschr. 2, p. 397 sq.—

Poet., poems (as sacred to the Muses):

mihi jam puero caelestia sacra placebant, Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 19:

vatum,

Pers. prol. 7:

Maronis,

Mart. 7, 63, 5. —

Prov.

Inter sacrum saxumque stare, to stand between the victim and the knife, i. e. to be between the door and the wall, to be in great straits, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 84; cf.:

inter sacrum et saxum positus,

App. M. 11, p. 271 fin. —

Hereditas sine sacris, i. e. a great profit without trouble, = a rose without thorns, meat without bone, etc. (because the keeping up of the sacra privata was attended with great expense), Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 8, and id. Trin. 2, 4, 83; cf. Fest. p. 290 Müll.—

Transf., in gen. (the figure being borrowed from secret religious rites), in plur.: sacra, secrets, mysteries (not till after the Aug. period, and very rare):

sacra tori coitusque novos referebam,

Ov. M. 7, 709:

peregisse mihi videor sacra tradentium artes,

Quint. 5, 14, 27 (cf.:

omnes fere, qui legem dicendi, quasi quaedam mysteria, tradiderunt,

id. 5, 13, 60):

litterarum colere,

id. 10, 1, 92:

studiorum profanare,

Tac. Or. 11.

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