-
1 प्रपद्
pra-pad1) 2. Ā. - padyate (ep. alsoﾠ P.), to fall orﾠ drop down from (abl.), throw one's self down (at a person's feet) MBh. ;
to go forwards set out for, resort to, arrive at, attain, enter (with acc., rarely loc.) AV. etc. etc.;
to fly to for succour, take refuge with (acc.) TS. etc. etc.;
to fall upon, attack, assail RV. AV. ;
to come to a partic. state orﾠ condition, incur, undergo (acc.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
(with an adv. in sāt), to become e.g.. sarpasātpra-pad, to becñbecome a serpent Bhatt.;
to obtain, gain ( patini, « as husband»), partake of, share in (acc.) ib. ;
to adopt orﾠ embrace (a doctrine) Rājat. ;
to undertake, commence, begin, do MBh. Kāv. ;
to form (a judgment) MBh. ;
to assume (a form) Kathās. ;
to enjoy (pleasure) R. ;
to take to (dat.) Hariv. ;
to come on, approach, appear AV. R. Hariv. ;
to take effect, succeed MBh. ;
to turn out ( anyathā, « differently» i.e. without any effect orﾠ consequence) Hariv. ;
to admit (a claim) R.:
Caus. - pādayati, - te, to cause to enter, introduce into (acc. orﾠ loc.) Br.:
Desid. P. pítsati, to wish to enter ṠBr. ;
Ā. - pitsate (cf. Pāṇ. 7-4, 54),
to be going to incur orﾠ undertake Daṡ. ;
2) f. away AitBr. ;
N. of partic. sacred texts Br. GṛṠrS. ;
prá-pad
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2 अभिसम्प्रपद्
abhi-sam-pra-pad
-
3 अतिप्रपद्
-
4 अनुप्रपद्
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5 अभिप्रपद्
abhi-pra-padto come towards, reach at, enter into (acc.) ṠBr. etc.;
to resort to (acc.) MBh. etc.;
to undertake MBh.
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6 विकृति
ví-kṛitif. change, alteration, modification, variation, changed condition (of body orﾠ mind;
acc. with gam, yā, vraj, orﾠ pra-pad, to undergo a change, be changed) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
sickness, disease L. ;
perturbation, agitation, emotion MBh. Kathās. etc.;
alienation, hostility, defection Kām. Pañcat. ;
a verse changed in a partic. manner ṠBr. KātyṠr. ;
an apparition, phantom, spectre Kathās. ;
any production (ifc. anything made of) MBh. Suṡr. ;
(in Sāṃkhya) = 2. vi-kāra;
(in gram.) a derivative Nir. ;
formation, growth, development AitBr. ;
abortion Suṡr. (v.l. vaikṛita);
= ḍimba L. ;
= pralāpa Harav. Sch. ;
N. of a class of metres Piṇg. ;
m. N. of a son of Jīmūta VP. ;
- kaumudī f. - pradīpikā f. N. of wks.;
- mat mfn. liable to change Ṡak. ;
indisposed, ill Nalôd. ;
- hautra n. N. of wk.
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7 वेदप्रपद्
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8 सम्प्रपद्
sam-pra-padĀ. - padyate (in some forms alsoﾠ P.), to go towards orﾠ enter together, approach, enter (acc.) AitBr. BhP. ;
to set out (on a journey acc.) Hariv. ;
to betake one's self orﾠ have recourse to (acc.) MBh. Hariv. BhP. ;
to succeed, be accomplished Pañcat. ;
to become, be turned into (- sāt) Bhaṭṭ. ;
to set about, begin MW.
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9 प्रवास
pra-vāsam. dwelling abroad, foreign residence, absence from home RV. etc. etc. (acc. with gam orﾠ yā. pra- vas orﾠ ā- pad;
to go abroad;
abl. with ā- i, upâ̱-. orﾠ parā-vṛit, to return from abroad);
(in astron.) heliacal setting of the planets Var. ;
- kṛitya n. N. of wk.;
- gata mfn. gone abroad, being away from home MW. ;
- gamana-vidhi m. N. of wk.;
- para mfn. addicted to living abroad MW. ;
- pariṡishta n. - vidhi m. N. of wks.;
- stha ( Ragh.), - sthita ( Kathās.) mfn. being absent from home;
- sôpasthāna n.;
- sôpasthāna-prayoga m. - sôpasthāna. vidhi, m.;
-sôpasthāna-haviryajña-prâ̱yaṡcitta n. N. of wks.
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10 प्रणि
-
11 कन्या
kanyā́f. ( kan Uṇ. IV, 111),
a girl, virgin, daughter RV. AV. etc. MBh. etc. ( kanyāṉ dā orﾠ pra-dā orﾠ pra-yam orﾠ upa-pad, Caus. to give one's daughter in marriage Mn. VIII, IX ;
kanyāṉprati-grah orﾠ hṛi orﾠ vah, to receive a girl in marriage, marry Mn. IX);
the sign of the zodiac Virgo VarBṛ. and BṛS. etc.. ;
the female of any animal Mṛicch. ;
N. of Durgā MBh. III, 8115 ;
N. of a tuberous plant growing in Kaṡmīra Suṡr. ;
Aloe Perfoliata L. ;
several other plants L. ;
N. of a metre (of four lines, each of them containing four long syllables)
- कन्याकाल
- कन्याकुब्ज
- कन्याकुमारी
- कन्याकूप
- कन्यागत
- कन्यागर्भ
- कन्याग्रहण
- कन्याज
- कन्याजात
- कन्याट
- कन्यातीर्थ
- कन्यात्व
- कन्यादातृ
- कन्यादान
- कन्यादूषक
- कन्यादूषण
- कन्यादूषयितृ
- कन्यादूषिन्
- कन्यादोष
- कन्याधन
- कन्यापति
- कन्यापाल
- कन्यापुत्र
- कन्यापुर
- कन्याप्रदान
- कन्याभर्तृ
- कन्याभाव
- कन्याभैक्ष
- कन्यामय
- कन्यारत्न
- कन्याराम
- कन्याराशि
- कन्यार्थिक
- कन्यार्थिन्
- कन्यावत्
- कन्यावेदिन्
- कन्याव्रतस्था
- कन्याशुल्क
- कन्याश्रम
- कन्यासंवेद्य
- कन्यासमुद्भव
- कन्यासंप्रदान
- कन्यास्वयंवर
- कन्याहरण
- कन्याह्रद
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12 प्रोत्पद्
-
13 युगपद्
yugá-padind. « being in the same yoke orﾠ by the side of each other», together, at the same time, simultaneously (« with» instr. Pāṇ. 2-1, 6 Sch. ;
cf. yuga-ṡáram) GṛṠrS. etc. etc.;
(- pat)- karman n. a simultaneous action Lāṭy. ;
(- pat) - kāla mfn. taking place at the same time ĀpṠr. ;
(- pat) -prâ̱pti f. reaching simultaneously ĀṡvGṛ. ;
(- pad) - bhāva m. simultaneousness KātyṠr.
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14 पच्
pac
to spread out, make clear orﾠ evident Dhātup. VI, 14:
Caus. - pañcayati XXXII, 108 seeﾠ pra-pañcaya
2) cl. P. Ā. Dhātup. XXIII, 27 ;
pácati, - te (cl. 4. Ā. pácyate cf. below;
p. pacāna MBh. III, 13239 <cf. kim-pacāna>;
pf. papāca <2. sg. papaktha orﾠ pecitha Pāṇ. 6-4, 121 Sch. >,
pecur;
pece, pecire < ápeciran, AV. ;
peciran Pat. on Pāṇ. 6-4, 120 >;
aor. pákshat RV. ;
apākshīt, apakta Gr.;
Prec. pacyāt ib. ;
fut. pakshyati, - te orﾠ paktā Br. ;
ind. p. paktvā́ AV. MBh. ;
inf. páktave AV. Br. ;
paktum, pāṇ VIII, 2, 30 Sch.),
to cook, bake, roast, boil (Ā. alsoﾠ « for one's self») RV. etc. etc.;
(with double acc.) to cook anything out of (e.g.. tandulānodanampacati, « he cooks porridge out of rice-grains») Siddh. ;
to bake orﾠ burn (bricks) ṠBr. ;
to digest Suṡr. ;
to ripen, mature, bring to perfection orﾠ completion RV. etc. etc.;
(with double acc.) to develop orﾠ change into (e.g.. puṇyâ̱puṇyaṉsukhâ̱sukham, « merit andﾠ demerit into weal orﾠ woe») Vop. ;
(intrans.) to become ripe orﾠ mature Bhpr.:
Pass. pacyáte (- ti MBh. ;
aor. apāci Gr.), to be cooked orﾠ burnt orﾠ melted orﾠ digested orﾠ ripened orﾠ developed RV. etc. etc.;
to be tormented Divyâ̱v. ;
alsoﾠ intrans. = pácyate (cf. above), to become ripe orﾠ mature, to develop orﾠ ripen RV. VS. Br. (with acc. of the fruit that is borne orﾠ ripens Maitr. Kāṭh. ;
cf. Pāṇ. 3-1, 87 Vārtt. 14 Pat. ;
lokáḥpácyamānaḥ, « the developing world» ṠBr.):
Caus. pācayati, - te Br. (aor. apīpacat Gr.;
Pass. pācyate, p. - cyamāna MBh.);
to cause to cook orﾠ be cooked (Ā. « for one's self»), to have cooked orﾠ to cook ṠBr. MBh. etc. (cf. Pāṇ. 1-3, 74; 4, 52, (?) Sch.);
to cause to ripen TBr. ;
to bring to completion orﾠ to an end, cure, heal Suṡr.:
Desid. pipakshati Gr.:
Intens. pāpacīti Gr.;
pāpacyate, to be much cooked, to cook very much orﾠ burn excessively, to be much afflicted BhP. Suṡr.:
Desid. of intens. pāpacishati, - te
+ Gr. Cf.
Gk. πέσσω;
Lat. coquo;
Slav. peka, pešti
3) mfn. (ifc.;
nom. - pak Pāṇ. 6-4, 15 Sch.)
cooking, baking
in comp. for 3. pad
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15 वश
váṡa1) m. will, wish, desire RV. etc. etc. ( alsoﾠ pl. váṡānánu orﾠ ánuváṡa, « according to wish orﾠ will, at pleasure»);
authority, power, control, dominion (in AV. personified) ib. (acc. with verbs of going e.g.. with i, anu-i, gam, ā-gam, ya, ā-pad, ā-sthā etc., « to fall into a person's <gen.> power, become subject orﾠ give way to» ;
acc. with nī, ā-nī andﾠ pra-yuj, orﾠ loc. with kṛi, labh orﾠ Caus. of sthā orﾠ saṉ-sthā, « to reduce to subjection, subdue» ;
loc. with bhū, vṛit, sthā andﾠ saṉ-sthā, « to be in a person's <gen.> power» ;
vaṡena, - ṡāt, andﾠ - ṡa-taḥ, with gen. orﾠ ifc., « by command of, by force of, on account of, by means of, according to»);
birth, origin L. ;
a brothel L. (cf. veṡa);
Carissa Carandas L. ;
the son of a Vaiṡya andﾠ a Karaṇī L. ;
N. of a Ṛishi preserved by the Aṡvins RV. ;
(with aṡvya) of the supposed author of RV. VIII, 46 (in ṠBr. etc. alsoﾠ of this hymn itself);
= vālmīki Gal.;
pl. N. of a people AitBr. MBh. ;
(ā) f. seeﾠ below;
mf (ā)n. willing, submissive, obedient, subject to orﾠ dependent on (gen.) Kathās. BhP. Pañcat. ;
docile L. ;
free, licentious L. ;
vaṡa2) n. (cf. vasā) liquid fat, grease AV. AitBr. Kāṭh. ;
- वशंवद
- वशकर
- वशकारक
- वशक्रिया
- वशग
- वशगत
- वशगमन
- वशगामिन्
- वशंकर
- वशंकृत
- वशंगत
- वशंगम
- वशतस्
- वशता
- वशत्व
- वशनी
- वशवर्तिन्
- वशस्थ
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16 A
1.A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:II.A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.III.In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.A.Short a is changed,1., into long a —a.In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,b.In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).c.In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)2.Short a is changed into é or ē—a.Into é.(α).Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).(β).Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.(γ).In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).b.Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).3.Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)(α).before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —(β).Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).b.ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.c. d.In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.4. a.Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).b.Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).5.Short a is changed into ŭ —a.In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).b.In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.c.ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).B. 1. 2.Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)IV.Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.V.The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).VI.Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.B.ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.1.The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.2.In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.3. 4.The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.5.Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.VII.In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.A.Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).B.Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—1.Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.2.Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.3.Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.4.Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.5. 6.Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.C.Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.2.As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;3.so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.a, prep.=ab, v. ab.4.ā, interj.=ah, v. ah. -
17 a
1.A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:II.A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.III.In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.A.Short a is changed,1., into long a —a.In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,b.In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).c.In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)2.Short a is changed into é or ē—a.Into é.(α).Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).(β).Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.(γ).In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).b.Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).3.Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)(α).before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —(β).Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).b.ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.c. d.In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.4. a.Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).b.Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).5.Short a is changed into ŭ —a.In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).b.In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.c.ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).B. 1. 2.Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)IV.Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.V.The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).VI.Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.B.ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.1.The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.2.In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.3. 4.The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.5.Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.VII.In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.A.Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).B.Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—1.Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.2.Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.3.Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.4.Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.5. 6.Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.C.Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.2.As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;3.so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.a, prep.=ab, v. ab.4.ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.
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