parca

parcus, a, um, adj., = pauros [v. parco], sparing in any thing, esp. in expenditure; in a good and bad sense, frugal, thrifty, economical; niggardly, penurious, parsimonious (syn.: tenax, restrictus).

Lit.

Absol.:

detrusisti me ad senem parcissimum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 9:

patre parco ac tenaci,

Cic. Cael. 15, 36:

optimus colonus, parcissimus, modestissimus, frugalissimus,

id. de Or. 2, 71, 287:

parcumque genus patiensque laborum,

Ov. M. 7, 656:

parcā manu offerre aliquid,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 43.—

With gen.:

veteris non parcus aceti,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 62:

donandi parca juventus,

id. ib. 2, 5, 79:

pecuniae,

Tac. H. 1, 49:

pecuniae parcus ac tenax,

Suet. Tib. 46.—

In gen., sparing, chary, moderate in any thing:

operā haud fui parcus meā,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 14:

nimium parcus in largiendā civitate,

Cic. Balb. 22, 50:

non tam vereor, ne me in laudibus suis parcum, quam ne nimium putet,

Plin. Pan. 3, 3:

quam modica cultu, quam parca comitatu,

id. ib. 83, 7:

civium sanguinis parcus,

Tac. H. 3, 75:

parcissimus somni,

Luc. 9, 590:

parcissimus vini,

Suet. Aug. 77:

acies non parca fugae,

Sil. 10, 30:

beneficiorum parcissimus aestimator,

Plin. Pan. 21, 2:

parcus Deorum cultor,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 1:

in libidinem projecti, in cibum parci,

Just. 41, 3, 13.—With inf.:

parcusque lacessere Martem,

Sil. 1, 680:

haud parci Martem coluisse,

id. 8, 464.—In gen., moderate, not rash nor self-indulgent:

somnus sanitatis in homine parco,

Vulg. Ecclus. 31, 24.— Comp.:

parcior somni,

Just. 11, 13, 2.— Sup.:

parcissimus somni,

Luc. 9, 590.—

Transf., spare, scanty, little, small, slight ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

parco sale contingere,

Verg. G. 3, 403:

tellus,

Stat. S. 4, 5, 13:

lucerna,

Prop. 4 (5), 3, 60:

vulnus,

Sil. 16, 111:

merito parcior ira meo,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 98:

questaque sum vento lintea parca dari,

id. H. 21, 79:

optima mors parca quae venit apta die,

after a short time, Prop. 3, 3, 40 (Parcae quae venit acta die, id. 3, 4, 18 Müll.):

et brevis somnus,

Plin. Pan. 49.— Adv., in two forms, parce (class.) and parciter (ante- and post-class.).

Form parcē.

Sparingly, frugally, thriftily; penuriously, parsimoniously:

parce parcus,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 35: vivere parce, continenter, severe, sobrie, Cic. Off. 1, 30, 106; cf.:

parce ac duriter se habere,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 20:

parce et duriter vitam agere,

id. And. 1, 1, 47:

nimium parce facere sumptum,

id. ib. 2, 6, 19:

frumentum parce et paulatim metiri,

Caes. B. G. 7, 71:

cur id tam parce tamque restricte faciant,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 42:

parce seminat,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 9, 6.— Comp.:

implet manum parcius,

Juv. 6, 546.—

In gen., sparingly, moderately, cautiously:

scripsi de te parce et timide,

Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 3:

parce et molliter aliquem laedere,

id. ib. 1, 9, 23:

gaudere,

Phaedr. 4, 16:

mirari,

Sil. 10, 474; 15, 756; Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 3; 5, 7, 4.— Comp.:

parcius dicere de laude alicujus,

Cic. Mur. 13, 29:

parcius ista viris tamen obicienda memento,

Verg. E. 3, 7:

parcius Andromachen vexavit Achaia victrix,

Ov. H. 8, 13:

parcius quatiunt fenestras,

rarely, seldom, Hor. C. 1, 25, 1; Quint. 9, 2, 69.— Sup.:

civitatem Romanam parcissime dedit,

Suet. Aug. 40:

ut parcissime dicam, nemo historicorum commendavit magis,

Quint. 10, 1, 101.—

Form parcĭter, sparingly, Pompon. ap. Non. 515, 6: praelibare, Claud. Mam. praef.

* * *

* * *

ex-pĕdĭo, īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (archaic fut. expedibo, Enn., Pac., Att., and Pompon. ap. Non. 505, 15 sq.; 477, 2; Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 36), v. a. [pes], orig., to free the feet, i. e. from a snare; hence, in gen., to extricate, disengage, let loose, set free, liberate any thing entangled, involved (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.; syn.: extrico, enodo, enucleo, explico, expono, interpretor, etc.).

Lit.:

videte, in quot se laqueos induerit, quorum ex nullo se umquam expediet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102; cf. id. ib. 43, §

106: mortis laqueis caput,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 8; cf.

also: vix illigatum te triformi Pegasus expediet Chimaera,

id. ib. 1, 27, 24:

flammam inter et hostes Expedior,

make my way through, Verg. A. 2, 633:

errantem nemori,

Ov. F. 4, 669 et saep.—With inanim. and abstr. objects:

aditus expediunt,

open a passage, Caes. B. G. 7, 86 fin.:

sibi locum,

id. B. C. 2, 9, 6:

iter fugae per invias rupes,

Liv. 38, 2, 14:

agrum saxosum lectione lapidum,

Col. 2, 2, 12: capillus pectine quotidie expediendus est, disentangled, Fronto de Eloqu. init. —

Transf.

In gen., to fetch out, bring forward, procure, make ready, prepare any thing folded up, put away, etc.: funes expediunt, Sisenn. ap. Non. 297, 1:

vela,

Ov. H. 17, 200:

hominem nudari et virgas expediri jubet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 62, § 161:

cererem canistris,

Verg. A. 1, 702:

convivia mediis tectis (famulae),

Val. Fl. 2, 341; cf.:

cibaria pastoribus,

to provide, Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 6:

merces suas (institor),

Ov. A. A. 1, 422: pecuniam, to procure, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 298, 22; Suet. Caes. 4:

arma,

to hold in readiness, Caes. B. G. 7, 18 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 79; Verg. A. 4, 592:

tela equosque,

Liv. 38, 25, 14:

ferrum,

id. 24, 26, 10:

naves,

Caes. B. C. 2, 4 fin.:

vineas in occulto,

id. B. G 7, 27, 2:

copias,

Tac. A. 13, 7:

se celeriter (Galli equites),

Caes. B. C. 1, 51, 4:

se,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 52; Liv. 38, 21, 2; cf.

mid.: exercitum expediri ad bellum jubet,

Tac. H. 2, 99. —

to send away, despatch ( poet.):

me ex suis locis pulcre ornatum expedivit,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 3: saepe disco, Saepe trans finem jaculo nobilis expedito, despatched, i. e. hurled, Hor. C. 1, 8, 12.—

Absol., for expedire se, to arm one's self for battle (only in Tac.), Tac. H. 1, 10:

multos secum expedire jubet,

id. ib. 1, 88; 2, 99.

Trop., to bring out, extricate, release, free from any evil, obstacle, etc.:

impeditum animum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitiā suā impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit, se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

haererem, nisi tu me expedisses,

id. Pis. 30, 74:

ex servitute filium,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 94; cf.:

se ex turba,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 5:

se ab omni occupatione,

Cic. Att. 3, 20, 2:

aliquem omni molestiā,

id. ib. 2, 25, 2; so,

se aerumnis,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 8:

se crimine,

id. ib. 5, 1, 28:

se cura,

id. Phorm. 5, 4, 4:

civitatem malis obsidionalibus,

Amm. 16, 4, 3: amor Lycisci me tenet, Unde expedire non queant amicorum consilia, Hor. Epod. 11, 25: curae sagaces Expediunt (Claudiae manus) per acuta belli, bring or help through, id. C. 4, 4, 76; cf.:

per quot discrimina rerum Expedior?

escape, Val. Fl. 1, 217:

me multa impediverunt quae ne nunc quidem expedita sunt,

Cic. Fam. 14, 19:

si vita nostra in aliquas insidias incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset expediendae salutis,

of obtaining safety, id. Mil. 4, 10.—

Transf.

To put in order, arrange, set right:

cum Antonio loquare velim, et rem, ut poteris, expedias,

Cic. Att. 11, 18, 2:

expedire et conficere res,

id. Brut. 42, 154:

rem frumentariam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 36, 1; id. B. C. 1, 54 fin.:

negotia (with explicare),

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 3, 1:

nomina mea, per deos, expedi, exsolve,

settle, pay, id. Att. 16, 6, 3:

nomen,

id. ib. 13, 29, 3:

Faberianum,

id. ib. 12, 29, 2; cf. in a pun respecting a scholar unable to pay his debts: omnes solvere posse quaestiones, Unum difficile expedire nomen, Bibacul. ap. Suet. Gram. 11:

quemadmodum expediam exitum hujus institutae orationis, non reperio,

settle, arrange, Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 2; cf.:

expediri quae restant vix poterunt. si hoc relinqueris,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 55:

consilia sua,

Tac. H. 3, 73:

docte hanc fallaciam,

put into operation, Plaut. Capt. prol. 40.—

Of speech, to disclose, unfold, explain, relate, narrate (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose;

not in Cic., Cæs., or Quint.): qui tu misera's? mi expedi,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 50 (639 Ritschl): id ego aequum ac jus fecisse expedibo atque eloquar, will show, Enn. ap. Non. 505, 19;

Pac., Att.,

Pompon. ib. 15 sq.:

agedum, hoc mihi expedi,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 27:

altius omnem Expediam prima repetens ab origine famam,

Verg. G. 4, 286:

pauca tibi e multis... expediam dictis,

id. A. 3, 379:

priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium expedio,

Sall. J. 5, 2:

nunc originem, mores, et quo facinore dominationem raptum ierit, expediam,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

me non tantum praevisa, sed subita expedire docuisti,

id. ib. 14, 55:

ea de caede quam verissime expediam,

id. H. 4, 48:

promptius expediam quot, etc.,

i. e. it will take me a shorter time to recount, Juv. 10, 220.—

Reflex. of events, to develop, run their course, proceed:

amoris arteis eloquar quem ad modum se expediant,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 10; cf.:

ut res vostrorum omnium bene expedire voltis,

to make favorable progress, id. Am. prol. 5 (Lorenz ad Plaut. Trin. 2, 36; but Ussing reads me expedire, benefit me).—

Absol., res expedit, or impers., expedit (alicui—lit., it helps out, furthers, promotes; hence), it is serviceable, profitable, advantageous, useful, expedient (class.):

nequiter paene expedivit prima parasitatio,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 23:

non igitur faciat, dixerit quis, quod utile sit, quod expediat? Immo intelligat, nihil nec expedire nec utile esse, quod sit injustum,

Cic. Off. 3, 19, 76; cf.:

quid intersit sua, quid expediat,

id. Agr. 2, 25, 66:

ex utilitatis varietatibus, cum aliis aliud expediat, nasci discordias,

id. Rep. 1, 32; cf.:

ut non idem expediret, incidere saepe,

id. Lael. 10, 33:

quidquam Caesari ad diuturnitatem victoriae et dominationis,

id. Att. 7, 22, 1:

non idem ipsis expedire et multitudini,

Nep. Milt. 3, 5 al. —With an inf. clause as subject:

expedit bonas esse vobis,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 8; cf.:

omnibus bonis expedit salvam esse rem publicam,

Cic. Phil. 13, 8, 16:

cui (reo) damnari expediret,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 3 fin.:

cum eam (pecuniam) in praediis collocari maxime expediret,

id. Caecin. 6, 16:

ubi vinci necesse est, expedit cedere,

Quint. 6, 4, 16; Hor. C. 2, 8, 9 et saep.—With subj. clause as subject after ut or ne (post-class.):

expedire omnibus dicunt, ut singulae civitates suas leges habeant,

Just. 34, 1, 7 Benecke ad loc.:

expedit rei publicae, ne sua re quis male utatur,

Just. Inst. 1, 8, 2:

neque expedire ut ambitione aliena trahatur,

Tac. A. 3, 69.— Absol.:

tu si ita expedit, velim quamprimum conscendas,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 4:

sic magis expedit,

Quint. 4, 2, 67:

ut expediat causae,

id. 7, 3, 18.—Hence, ex-pĕdītus, a, um, P. a., unimpeded, unincumbered, disengaged, free, easy, ready, at hand.

Of persons:

cum ceteris quae habebat vadimonia differt, ut expeditus in Galliam proficisci posset,

Cic. Quint. 6, 23: incrmos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, i. e. without baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

eo circiter hominum numero XVI. milia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 49, 3:

legiones expeditae,

id. B. C. 1, 42, 1;

so of soldiers without baggage,

id. ib. 2, 19, 2; 6, 25, 1; 1, 27 fin. et saep.—As subst.: expĕdī-tus, i, m., a soldier lightly burdened, a swiftly marching soldier:

latitudo (silvae) novem dierum iter expedito patet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 25, 1:

obviam fit ei Clodius expeditus in equo,

Cic. Mil. 10, 28; cf.

Sagana,

tucked up, Hor. Epod. 5, 25:

expedito nobis homine et parato opus est,

ready, at hand, prompt, Cic. Phil. 11, 10, 26; cf.:

expeditus ad caedem,

id. Agr. 2, 30, 82:

ad pronuntiandum,

id. de Or. 2, 30, 131; cf.:

facilis et expeditus ad dicendum,

id. Brut. 48 fin. —

Of inanim. or abstr. things, convenient, at hand:

iis expedito loco actuaria navigia relinquit,

commodious, Caes. B. C. 1, 27; cf.:

via expeditior ad honores,

Cic. Fl. 41, 104:

reditum in caelum patere optimo et justissimo cuique expeditissimum,

id. Lael. 4, 13:

pecunia expeditissima quae erat, tibi decreta est,

the readiest, the nearest at hand, id. Fam. 11, 24, 2; cf.

rationes,

id. ib. 10, 25, 2:

cena (with parca),

Plin. Ep. 3, 12, 1:

expeditissimum unguentorum,

Plin. 13, 1, 2, § 8:

probabili expedito, soluto, libero, nullā re implicato,

Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 105:

expedita erat et perfacile currens oratio,

id. Brut. 63, 227; cf.:

expedita ac profluens dicendi celeritas,

id. ib. 61, 220:

inops ad ornandum, sed ad inveniendum expedita Hermagorae disciplina,

id. ib. 76, 263:

prope jam expeditam Caesaris victoriam interpellaverunt,

achieved, Caes. B. C. 3, 70 fin. —

In the neutr. absol.: in expedito esse, habere, etc., to be or have in readiness or at hand:

quaedam sunt quidem in animo, sed parum prompta: quae incipiunt in expedito esse, quum dicta sunt,

Sen. Ep. 94 med.; cf.:

promptum hoc et in expedito positum,

Quint. 10, 7, 24:

in expedito haberent integras copias ad opem ferendam,

ready for action, Liv. 36, 16, 10.—Hence, adv.: ex-pĕdīte, without impediment, without difficulty, readily, promptly, quickly:

in iis rebus celeriter expediteque percipiendis, quae, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12 fin.:

expedite explicans quod proposuerat,

id. Brut. 67, 237:

fabulatu's,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 63:

loqui,

Suet. Aug. 89.— Comp.:

non implicite et abscondite, sed patentius et expeditius,

Cic. Inv 2, 23, 69:

navigare,

id. Att. 6, 8, 4:

fit putatio,

Col. Arb. 11, 1.— Sup.:

ex quo te, quocumque opus erit, facillime et expeditissime conferas,

Cic. Fam. 6, 20, 2.

nūbĭlus, a, um, adj. [nubes], cloudy, overcast, lowering ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Lit.:

caelum,

Plin. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

dies,

id. 2, 35, 35, § 100:

annus,

Tib. 2, 5, 76.—

Subst.

nūbĭlum, i, n., a cloudy sky, cloudy weather:

venti, qui nubilum inducunt,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 7:

differre aliquid propter nubilum,

Suet. Ner. 13: vitandos soles atque ventos et nubila etiam ac siccitates. Quint. 11, 3, 27.—In abl.:

nubilo,

in cloudy weather, Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 215:

aranei sereno texunt, nubilo texunt,

id. 11, 24, 28, § 84.—

In plur.: nū-bĭla, ōrum, n., the clouds:

Diespiter lgni corusco nubila dividens,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 5:

caput inter nubila condit,

Verg. A. 4, 177:

nubila dissicere,

Ov. M. 1, 328:

nubila conducere,

id. ib. 1, 572:

nubila inducere et pellere,

id. ib. 7, 202; Plin. Pan. 30, 3.—

Transf.

Cloud-bringing, cloudy:

nubilus Auster,

Ov. P. 2, 1, 26; Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 127; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287.—

Dark, gloomy:

Styx,

Ov. F. 3, 322:

via nubila taxo,

id. M. 4, 432:

Tibris,

id. ib. 14, 447:

Arcas,

dwelling in the infernal regions, Stat. Th. 4, 483.—

Dark, of color:

nubilus color margaritae,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 108; Mart. 8, 51, 4.—

Trop.

Beclouded, troubled:

ita nubilam mentem Animi habeo,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 5:

Mars nubilus irā,

Stat. Th. 3, 230.—

Gloomy, sad, melancholy:

toto nubila vultu,

Ov. M. 5, 512:

oculi hilaritate nitescunt et tristitiā quoddam nubilum ducunt,

Quint. 4, 3, 27; cf. Plin. 2, 6, 4, § 13; Stat. S. 5, 3, 13:

nubila tempora,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 40; 1, 9, 6:

nubila nascenti seu mihi Parca fuit,

unfavorable, adverse, id. ib. 5, 3, 14.

nūbĭlus, a, um, adj. [nubes], cloudy, overcast, lowering ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Lit.:

caelum,

Plin. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

dies,

id. 2, 35, 35, § 100:

annus,

Tib. 2, 5, 76.—

Subst.

nūbĭlum, i, n., a cloudy sky, cloudy weather:

venti, qui nubilum inducunt,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 7:

differre aliquid propter nubilum,

Suet. Ner. 13: vitandos soles atque ventos et nubila etiam ac siccitates. Quint. 11, 3, 27.—In abl.:

nubilo,

in cloudy weather, Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 215:

aranei sereno texunt, nubilo texunt,

id. 11, 24, 28, § 84.—

In plur.: nū-bĭla, ōrum, n., the clouds:

Diespiter lgni corusco nubila dividens,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 5:

caput inter nubila condit,

Verg. A. 4, 177:

nubila dissicere,

Ov. M. 1, 328:

nubila conducere,

id. ib. 1, 572:

nubila inducere et pellere,

id. ib. 7, 202; Plin. Pan. 30, 3.—

Transf.

Cloud-bringing, cloudy:

nubilus Auster,

Ov. P. 2, 1, 26; Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 127; Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287.—

Dark, gloomy:

Styx,

Ov. F. 3, 322:

via nubila taxo,

id. M. 4, 432:

Tibris,

id. ib. 14, 447:

Arcas,

dwelling in the infernal regions, Stat. Th. 4, 483.—

Dark, of color:

nubilus color margaritae,

Plin. 9, 35, 54, § 108; Mart. 8, 51, 4.—

Trop.

Beclouded, troubled:

ita nubilam mentem Animi habeo,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 5:

Mars nubilus irā,

Stat. Th. 3, 230.—

Gloomy, sad, melancholy:

toto nubila vultu,

Ov. M. 5, 512:

oculi hilaritate nitescunt et tristitiā quoddam nubilum ducunt,

Quint. 4, 3, 27; cf. Plin. 2, 6, 4, § 13; Stat. S. 5, 3, 13:

nubila tempora,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 40; 1, 9, 6:

nubila nascenti seu mihi Parca fuit,

unfavorable, adverse, id. ib. 5, 3, 14.

ordĭor, orsus, 4 ( fut. ordibor for ordiar: non parvam rem ordibor, Att. ap. Non. 39, 22; part. perf. orditus, Sid. Ep. 2, 9; Vulg. Isa. 25, 7), v. dep., lit., to begin a web, to lay the warp; hence, also, in gen., to begin, undertake a thing:

ordiri est rei principium facere, unde et togae vocantur exordiae,

Fest. p. 185 Müll.; cf. Isid. 19, 29, 7:

telam,

Hier. in Isa. 9, 30, v. 1; Vulg. Isa. 25, 7.

Lit., to begin to weave a web, to weave, spin:

araneus orditur telas,

Plin. 11, 24, 28, § 80.—So of the Fates:

Lachesis plenā orditur manu,

Sen. Apoc. 4:

(Parca) hominis vitam orditur,

Lact. 2, 10, 20.—

In gen., to begin, commence, set about, undertake (class.; syn.: incipio, incoho, infit); constr. with acc., de, inf., or absol.

With acc.:

reliquas res,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 2:

alterius vitae quoddam initium ordimur,

id. Att. 4, 1:

reliquos,

to relate, describe, Nep. Alc. 11, 6:

querelae ab initio tantae ordiendae rei absint. Liv. praef. § 12: majorem orsa furorem,

Verg. A. 7, 386.—

With de:

paulo altius de re ordiri,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105.—

With inf.:

ea, de quā disputare ordimur,

Cic. Brut. 6, 22:

cum adulescens orsus esset in foro dicere,

id. ib. 88, 301:

cum sic orsa loqui vates,

Verg. A. 6, 125:

et orsa est Dicere Leuconoë,

Ov. M. 4, 167:

tunc sic orsa loqui,

id. ib. 4, 320.—

Absol., to begin, commence, set out, take or have a beginning:

unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio,

Cic. Marcell. 11, 33: Veneris contra sic filius orsus, thus began (to speak), Verg. A. 1, 325:

sic Juppiter orsus,

id. ib. 12, 806; so commonly with specification of the point from which:

unde ordiri rectius possumus quam a naturā?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37 init.:

a principio,

id. Phil. 2, 18, 44:

a facillimis,

id. Fin. 1, 5, 13:

a capite,

Plin. 25, 11, 83, § 132.—

Of things or subjects, to begin, to be begun (where the verb may be taken in pass. sense):

tormina ab atrā bile orsa mortifera sunt,

Cels. 2, 8:

cum ex depressiore loco fuerint orsa fundamenta,

Col. 1, 5, 9: sed ab initio est ordiendus (Themistocles), i. e. I must begin ( his life) at the beginning, Nep. Them. 1, 2; cf.:

ab eo nobis causa ordienda est,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21.

spīrĭtus, ūs (scanned spĭrĭtus, Sedul. Hymn. 1 fin.; dat. SPIRITO, Inscr. Orell. 3030; gen., dat., and abl. plur. only eccl. and late Lat., e. g. spirituum, Vulg. Marc. 6, 7:

spiritibus,

Aug. Serm. 216, 11 fin.; Vulg. Luc. 8, 2), m. [spiro], a breathing or gentle blowing of air, a breath, breeze (syn.: aura, flatus).

Lit.

In gen.:

spiritum a vento modus separat: vehementior enim spiritus ventus est, invicem spiritus leviter fluens aër,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 5: spiritus Austri Imbricitor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 423 Vahl.), Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 44, 114:

Boreae,

Verg. A. 12, 365:

quo spiritus non pervenit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 2; cf.:

silentis vel placidi spiritus dies,

Col. 3, 19 fin.:

alvus cum multo spiritu redditur,

Cels. 2, 7 med. —

In partic.

The air: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll. (Ann. v. 511 Vahl.):

proximum (igni) spiritus, quem Graeci nostrique eodem vocabulo aëra appellant,

Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 10:

quid tam est commune quam spiritus vivis?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 26, 72; cf. Quint. 12, 11, 13:

potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus?

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15.—

An exhalation, smell, odor:

spiritus unguenti suavis,

Lucr. 3, 222:

foedi odoris,

Cels. 5, 26, 31 fin.:

florum,

Gell. 9, 4, 10:

sulfuris,

Pall. Aug. 9, 1; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 19.—

Breathed air, a breath:

quojus tu legiones difflavisti spiritu,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 17.— Absol.: (equus) saepe jubam quassit simul altam: Spiritus ex animā calida spumas agit albas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 507 Vahl.):

creber spiritus,

Lucr. 6, 1186:

ardentes oculi atque attractus ab alto Spiritus,

Verg. G. 3, 505:

petitus imo spiritus,

Hor. Epod. 11, 10:

in pulmonibus inest raritas... ad hauriendum spiritum aptissima,

Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 136:

diffunditur spiritus per arterias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 138:

animantium vita tenetur, cibo, potione, spiritu,

id. ib. 2, 54, 134:

si spiritum ducit, vivit,

id. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum ducere,

id. Arch. 12, 30:

longissima est complexio verborum, quae volvi uno spiritu potest,

id. de Or. 3, 47, 182:

versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

id. ib. 1, 61, 261:

spiritus nec crebro receptus concidat sententiam, nec eo usque trahatur, donec deficiat,

Quint. 11, 3, 53:

lusit vir egregius (Socrates) extremo spiritu,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96; cf. id. Sest. 37, 79: quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta prudentia, id. Sen. 9, 27:

quos idem Deus de suis spiritibus figuravit,

Lact. Epit. 42, 3.—With gen.:

ut filiorum suorum postremum spiritum ore excipere liceret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118; Cels. 4, 4; 3, 27; Col. 6, 9, 3; Quint. 9, 4, 68; 11, 3, 32; 11, 3, 53 sq.—

Transf.

In abstr., a breathing:

aspera arteria excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; cf. id. ib. 2, 55, 138:

aër spiritu ductus alit et sustentat animantes,

id. ib. 2, 39, 101:

crevit onus neque habet quas ducat spiritus auras,

Ov. M. 12, 517.—Esp.: spiritum intercludere (includere), to stop the breath, suffocate, choke, etc.:

lacrimae spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,

Liv. 40, 16, 1; 40, 24, 7; so,

includere,

id. 21, 58, 4.—

The breath of a god, inspiration:

haec fieri non possent, nisi ea uno divino et continuato spiritu continerentur,

by a divine inspiration, Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 19; 3, 11, 28; cf.:

poëtam quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari,

id. Arch. 8, 18.—

The breath of life, life:

eum spiritum, quem naturae debeat, patriae reddere,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 20:

vos vero qui extremum spiritum in victoriā effudistis,

id. ib. 14, 12, 32:

dum spiritus hos regit artus,

Verg. A. 4, 336; cf. Hor. C. 4, 8, 14:

ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus auferatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118:

aliquem spiritu privare,

Vell. 2, 87, 2:

merula spiritum reddidit,

to expire, die, id. 2, 22, 2:

spiritus tenues vanescat in auras,

Ov. H. 12, 85:

non effundere mihi spiritum videbar, sed tradere,

Sen. Ep. 78, 4:

novissimum spiritum per ludibrium effundere,

Tac. H. 3, 66 fin.; cf. supra, I. B.—

Poet.,= suspirium, a sigh, Prop. 1, 16, 32; 2, 29 (3, 27), 38.—

In gram., a breathing or aspiration (asper and lenis), Prisc. p. 572 P.; Aus. Idyll. 12 de Monos. Graec. et Lat. 19. —

The hiss of a snake, Verg. Cul. 180.—

Trop.

(Class.) A haughty spirit, haughtiness, pride, arrogance; also, spirit, high spirit, energy, courage (esp. freq. in the plur.; syn. animi).

Sing. (in the best prose only in gen. and abl., which are wanting in plur.):

regio spiritu,

Cic. Agr. 2, 34, 93:

quem hominem! quā irā! quo spiritu!

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6:

illos ejus spiritus Siciliensis,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 22:

tantum fiduciae ac spiritūs,

Caes. B. C. 3, 72:

filia Hieronis, inflata adhuc regiis animis ac muliebri spiritu,

Liv. 24, 22:

patricii spiritūs animus,

id. 4, 42, 5:

ex magnitudine rerum spiritum ducat,

Quint. 1, 8, 5:

corpore majorem rides Turbonis in armis Spiritum et incessum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 311:

cecidit spiritus ille tuus,

Prop. 2, 3, 2:

spiritu divino tactus,

Liv. 5, 22, 5:

non negaverim fuisse alti spiritūs viros,

Sen. Ep. 90, 14.—

Plur.:

res gestae, credo, meae me nimis extulerunt ac mihi nescio quos spiritus attulerunt,

Cic. Sull. 9, 27:

noratis animos ejus ac spiritus tribunicios, etc.,

id. Clu. 39, 109; cf.:

unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus,

id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 66:

tantos sibi spiritus, sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin. in re militari sumere, id. ib. 2, 4:

nam Dion regios spiritus repressit,

Nep. Dion, 5, 5:

cum spiritus plebes sumpsisset,

Liv. 4, 54:

si cui honores subdere spiritus potuerunt,

id. 7, 40:

remittant spiritus, comprimant animos suos, sedent arrogantiam, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 22, 53:

spiritus feroces,

Liv. 1, 31:

quorum se vim ac spiritus fregisse,

id. 26, 24:

cohibuit spiritus ejus Thrasea,

Tac. A. 16, 26:

Antipater, qui probe nosset spiritus ejus,

Curt. 6, 1, 19.—

(Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose.) Spirit, soul, mind.

Sing.:

quoslibet occupat artus Spiritus,

Ov. M. 15, 167; Tac. A. 16, 34: spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem Carminis dedit, poetic spirit or inspiration, Hor. C. 4, 6, 29; cf.:

mihi Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca non mendax dedit,

id. ib. 2, 16, 38:

qualis Pindarico spiritus ore tonat,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 40:

imperator generosi spiritŭs,

Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 149: avidus (i. e. to epithumêtikon, the desiring, coveting soul), Hor. C. 2, 2, 10:

quidam comoedia necne poëma Esset, quaesivere: quod acer spiritus ac vis Nec verbis nec rebus inest,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 46:

majoris operis ac spiritūs,

Quint. 1, 9, 15:

alti spiritūs plena,

id. 10, 1, 44:

virtus magni spiritus est et recti,

Sen. Ep. 74, 29:

qui spiritus illi, Quis vultus vocisque sonus,

Verg. A. 5, 648.—

Plur.: Coriolanus hostiles jam tum spiritus gerens, Liv. 2, 35; Curt. 5, 8, 17.—

Transf. (like anima, and the Engl. soul), a beloved object, Vell. 2, 123 fin. —

Spiritus, personified, a spirit (late Lat.); so,

esp., Spiritus Sanctus or simply Spiritus,

the Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit, Cod. Just. 1, 1, 1; Aus. Ephem. 2, 18:

jurare per Deum et per Christum et per Spiritum Sanctum,

Veg. 2, 5:

nocens ille Spiritus,

an evil spirit, Lact. 4, 27, 12:

Spiritus nigri,

evil spirits, Sedul. Carm. 3, 41.