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101 ἐξάγω
ἐξάγω fut. ἐξάξω LXX; 2 aor. ἐξήγαγον. Pass.: 2 fut. 3 sg. ἐξαχθήσεται Sir 23:24; aor. ἐξήχθην LXX (s. ἄγω; Hom.+)① to conduct from an area, lead out, bring out., lit. τινά someone 1 Cl 10:6 (Gen 15:5); 12:4 (Jos 2:3); (out) of a country (Just., D. 120, 3) Ac 7:36, 40 (Ex 32:1); 13:17 (cp. Dt 4:37); Hb 8:9 (Jer 38:32); 1 Cl 53:2; B 4:8; 14:3 (the three last Ex 32:7ff; Dt 9:12); (out) of prison (PTebt 15, 13 [114 B.C.]; Gen 40:14; Ps 141:8; JosAs 4:14) Ac 5:19; 12:17; 16:37, 39; (out) of the river Hv 1, 1, 2; sheep fr. the fold (Pollux 1, 250; cp. Philo, Agr. 44) J 10:3. W. indication of the destination: into the desert (Ex 16:3) Ac 21:38. W. ἵνα foll. Mk 15:20. ἔξω (τινός) Mk 8:23 v.l. ἔξω w. destination given ἕως πρὸς (εἰς v.l.) Βηθανίαν as far as Bethany Lk 24:50 (cp. Gen 15:5; 19:17).② to remove from a state or condition, free, fig. ext. of mng. 1 (Diod S 3, 33, 6 ἐξάγειν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν=remove from life, put to death; Mel., P. 24, 163 ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου [B; θανάτου Ch.] ἐξήγετο) ἐ. ἐκ δεσμῶν free from bonds B 14:7 (Is 42:7).—M-M. -
102 ἐξίστημι
ἐξίστημι w. the Koine by-form ἐξιστάνω (B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 241) Ac 8:9 (v.l. ἐξιστῶν fr. ἐξιστάω) fut. ἐκστησώ LXX; 1 aor. ἐξέστησα; 2 aor. ἐξέστην; pf. ἐξέστακα, ptc. [intr.] ἐξεστώς (Judg 4:21 B) and ἐξεστηκυῖα 1 Km 4:13; plpf. 2 sg. ἐξεστηκεῖς (TestJob 39:13). Mid.: impf. ἐξιστάμην; pf. ἐξίσταμαι. Pass.: aor. 3 sg. ἐξεστάθη (Judg 5:4 A). In both trans. and intr. usage the main idea is involvement in a state or condition of consternation.① trans.: primary sense ‘change, displace’ (Aristot. et al.; Just., D. 67, 3 οὐκ ἐκστήσετε με τῶν προκειμένων ‘you won’t budge me from my position on these matters’) then to cause to be in a state in which things seem to make little or no sense, confuse, amaze, astound (so oft. w. added words τινὰ φρενῶν Eur., Bacch. 850; τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν X., Mem. 1, 3, 12; τινὰ ταῖς διανοίαις Polyb. 11, 27, 7, but also w. simple acc., as in the foll.) τινά someone (Musonius p. 35, 12 τὰ ἐξιστάντα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους; Lucian, Dom. 19; Stob., Ecl. III 517, 15 οἶνος ἐξέστησέ με; Josh 10:10; Judg 4:15; 2 Km 22:15 al.; Jos., Bell. 3, 74; TestBenj 3:3 v.l.; Hippol., Ref. 6, 40, 2; 9, 11, 1) Lk 24:22. Of a sorcerer τὸ ἔθνος τῆς Σαμαρείας Ac 8:9, 11.② intr. (2 aor. and pf. act.; all of the mid.). Out of the sense ‘to become separated from someth. or lose someth.’ (Empedocles et al.) emerges the psychological sense (the only sense of the intr. in our lit.; for physical disturbance s. TestZeb 2:5; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 70, 20) be out of one’s normal state of mind.ⓐ of inability to reason normally lose one’s mind, be out of one’s senses (so Eur. [e.g. Bacch. 359 al. in the sense ‘step out of one’s mind’ VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 111], Isocr. et al., mostly [as Jos., Ant. 10, 114] w. τῶν φρενῶν, τοῦ φρονεῖν, or sim. addition. Without such addition e.g. Aristot., HA 6, 22 p. 577a, 12 ἐξίσταται καὶ μαίνεται; Menand., Sam. 279 S. [64 Kö.] ἐξέστηχʼ ὅλως; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 6; Is 28:7; TestJob 35f and 39; Philo, Ebr. 146; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 4, 14 [of the Pythia]; Did., Gen. 230, 14) ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐξέστη they said, ‘He has lost his senses’ Mk 3:21 (cp. Irish Eccl. Record 64, ’44, 289–312; 65, ’45, 1–5; 6–15; JSteinmueller, CBQ 4, ’42, 355–59; HWansbrough, NTS 18, ’71/72, 233–35; lit. also on παρά A 3b end). Prob. ironical εἴτε ἐξέστημεν… εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν if we were out of our senses …; if we are in our right mind 2 Cor 5:13 (CBruston, RTQR 18, 1908, 344ff). But more freq. in our lit. is the weakened senseⓑ be amazed, be astonished, of the feeling of astonishment mingled w. fear, caused by events which are miraculous, extraordinary, or difficult to understand (Philippides Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 27 K. ἐγὼ ἐξέστην ἰδών=I was astounded when I saw [the costly vessels]; Gen 43:33; Ruth 3:8; 1 Km 14:15 al.; ApcSed 10:6; cp. Iren. 1, 2, 3 [Harv. I 17, 11]) MPol 12:1. ἐξίσταντο πάντες οἱ ὄχλοι (cp. Ex 19:18; Lev 9:24) Mt 12:23; cp. Mk 2:12. ἐξέστησαν ἐκστάσει μεγάλῃ (cp. Gen 27:33) they were utterly astonished 5:42. λίαν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἐξίσταντο they were utterly astounded within them 6:51.—Lk 8:56; Ac 2:7 (w. θαυμάζω), 12 (w. διαποροῦμαι); 8:13; 9:21; 10:45 (w. ὅτι foll.); 12:16. ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligence Lk 2:47 (ἐπί τινι as Wsd 5:2; Hos 3:5). Of heaven B 11:2 (Jer 2:12). (S. ἴστημι).—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. -
103 ἐπέχω
ἐπέχω impf. ἐπεῖχον; fut. 3 sg. ἐφέξει Sir 15:4; 2 aor. ἐπέσχον; pf. 3 sg. ἐπέσχηκεν J 1:13 v.l.; pf. pass. ptc. ἐπεσχημένας (Just., D. 93, 1) (s. ἔχω; Hom.+).① to maintain a grasp on someone or someth., hold fast τινά someone (TestJos 15:3 ἐπέσχον ἐμαυτόν, ἵνα μή …) Lk 4:42 D. τὶ someth. (Diod S 12, 27, 3 ταραχὴ τ. πόλιν ἐπεῖχε; Plut., Otho 1074 [17, 6] τ. πόλιν ἐπεῖχε κλαυθμός; Jos., Bell. 1, 230; SibOr 3, 340; Ath. 8:2 τὸν κόσμον al.) λόγον ζωῆς Phil 2:16.② to be mindful or especially observant, hold toward, aim at, intr., fig. of mental processes (Hdt., Thu.) τινί someone (PFay 112, 11 [99 A.D.] ἐπέχον τῷ δακτυλιστῇ. W. dat. of thing Polyb. 3, 43, 2; BGU 827, 21; Sir 34:2; 2 Macc 9:25) ἐπεῖχεν αὐτοῖς he fixed his attention on them Ac 3:5. ἔπεχε σεαυτῷ take pains with yourself 1 Ti 4:16. W. indir. quest. foll. ἐπέχων πῶς … ἐξελέγοντο he noticed how … they sought out Lk 14:7.③ to remain at a place for a period of time, stop, stay, intr. (Soph. et. al.; PTebt 12, 8; Gen 8:10; Philo, De Jos. 96 ἐ. ταύτας [=three days]; Jos., Bell. 6, 354; Just., D. 142, 1) ἐπέσχεν χρόνον εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν he stayed for a while in Asia Ac 19:22.—M-M. TW. -
104 ὑποδείκνυμι
ὑποδείκνυμι or ύω fut. ὑποδείξω; 1 aor. ὑπέδειξα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ὑποδειχθήσεται Sir 14:12 v.l.; aor. 3 sg. ὑπεδείχθη Sir 3:23; 14:12; pf. ptc. n. pl. ὑποδεδειγμένα Esth 2:9 v.l. (Hdt., Thu.+) ‘show, indicate’.① to direct someone’s attention to someth., indicate, point out, lit. τινί to someone ὑποδεικνύουσα αὐτοῖς ἐναλλάξ as she pointed in the wrong direction 1 Cl 12:4. Also of visions granted martyrs to whom the Lord has shown the eternal blessings that no earthly eye can behold, pass. MPol 2:3.② to give instruction or moral direction, show, give direction, prove, set forth, fig. ext. of 1, τὶ someth. (TestJob 4:1; GrBar 1:8; Jos., Ant. 2, 21) B 1:8. Otherw. always w. dat. of pers. τινί (to) someone: foll. by a rel. clause (TestJob 1:4; Ath., R. 23 p. 77, 8) Ac 9:16; foll. by an inf. warn Mt 3:7; Lk 3:7; foll. by ὅτι (TestNapht 8:1; ApcMos 23; s. B-D-F §397, 4) Ac 20:35 (πάντα=‘at every opportunity’); foll. by indirect question (TestJob 3:2) Lk 6:47; 12:5.—M-M. -
105 ὑποτίθημι
ὑποτίθημι fut. 2 sg. ὑποθήσεις Ex 26:12; 27:5; 1 aor. ὑπέθηκα; 2 aor. inf. ὑποθεῖναι; 2 aor. mid. impv. ὑπόθου (TestJob 23:7) (Hom. +).① act. to lay someth. down as expression of service, lay down τὶ someth.ⓐ in idiom lay down, risk τὸν τράχηλον (Lucian, Dem. 41 ὑπ. τὴν ψυχὴν ταῖς τῆς πατρίδος τύχαις; cp. Seneca, Ep. 47, 4; POxy 2722, 35 [commercial]) τὸν ἑαυτῶν τράχηλον ὕπεθηκαν they put their own necks at risk (in my behalf) or, in view of Paul’s penchant for commercial imagery: mortgaged their own necks Ro 16:4.ⓑ differently (somewhat as TestIss 5:3 ὑπ. τὸν νῶτον) bow in submission 1 Cl 63:1 (see s.v. τράχηλος for this pass. and Ro 16:4).② mid. (Hom. et al.) aor. ὑπεθέμην (LXX) τινί τι to provide instruction, make known, teach someth. to someone (Pla., Hipp. Maj. 286b) ταῦτα ὑποτιθέμενος τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 Ti 4:6. This sense appears to fit the context better than suggest or point out someth. to someone (Hom.; Hdt. 1, 90; Pla., Charm. 155d; pap) or enjoin, order someone (to do) someth. (Hdt. 4, 134; Philo, Poster. Cai. 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 137, Ant. 1, 76).—M-M. -
106 ἀποδίδωμι
ἀποδίδωμι ptc. ἀποδιδοῦν (for-δόν) Rv 22:2 (B-D-F §94, 1; Rob. 312); impf. ἀπεδίδουν Ac 4:33, H 67:5; fut. ἀποδώσω; 1 aor. ἀπέδωκα; 2 aor. subj. 2 sg. ἀποδῷς, 3 sg. ἀποδῷ, ἀποδοῖ Hv 1, 3, 4, impv. ἀπόδος, ἀπόδοτε; 2 aor. mid. ἀπεδόμην, 3 sg. ἀπέδετο Hb 12:16 (-δοτο v.l.). Pass.: fut. ἀποδοθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἀπεδόθην, inf. ἀποδοθῆναι (the ms. tradition varies in the aor. subj. act., s. B-D-F §95, 2); pf. ptc. ἀποδεδομένος Num 8:16 (s. δίδωμι; Hom.+) gener. ‘give out’ something.① to give out, give, give up, yield, τὸ σῶμα Mt 27:58 (for the syntax cp. Diod S 14, 84, 2 τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀπέδωκαν). Of divine generosity τινί τι 1 Cl 23:1 (τὰς χάριτας). Of plants καρπόν yield fruit (POxy 53, 11 καρποὺς ἀ.; Lev 26:4) Rv 22:2; Hs 2:8; fig., Hb 12:11. στέφανον ἀ. award a crown 2 Ti 4:8.② to meet a contractual or other obligation, pay, pay out, fulfillⓐ of wages or produce τὸν μισθόν (X., An. 1, 2, 12; Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 12; SIG 127, 27; Sb 3924, 20 [19 A.D.]; Tob 2:12; Jer 22:13; Philo, Virt. 88) pay out wages Mt 20:8; 2 Cl 20:4; B 11:8. τὴν ἀντιμισθίαν τινὶ ἀ. 2 Cl 11:6; 15:2. Of proceeds, give Mt 21:41. μαρτύριον ἀ. (4 Macc 6:32) give testimony Ac 4:33.ⓑ of taxes, pay (Philo, Op. M. 85) Mt 22:21; Mk 12:17; Lk 20:25 (cp. Sextus 20).ⓒ of fulfilling various responsibilities ἀ. τῷ ὑψίστῳ τὰς εὐχάς pay vows to the Highest 1 Cl 52:3 (Ps 49:14; cp. Dt 23:22; Jos., Ant. 11, 9 τ. εὐχὰς ἀπεδίδοσαν τ. θεῷ; X., Mem. 2, 2, 10 τ. θεοῖς εὐχὰς ἀ.; Diod S 4, 48, 7; 4, 49, 2; 8 τὰς εὐχὰς ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς θεοῖς; 14, 13, 5 Ἄμμωνι; PGiss 27, 9f [II A.D.] ἵνα τ. θεοῖς τ. ὀφειλομένας σπονδὰς ἀποδῶ). τὴν ὀφειλήν τινι ἀ. fulfill one’s duty to someone 1 Cor 7:3; pl. Ro 13:7. τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν keep the promise=give that which we promised GJs 7:1; sim. of God B 5:7; Hv 1, 3, 4. τοὺς ὅρκους ἀ. keep oaths Mt 5:33 (cp. POxy 1026, 6). λόγον ἀ. give account (s. λόγος 2a) Mt 12:36; Lk 16:2; Ac 19:40; Ro 14:12 v.l.; Hb 13:17; 1 Pt 4:5; Hv 3, 9, 10; m 2:5.③ to restore to an original possessor, give back, returnⓐ of things τὶ (Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 67; Jos., Vi. 335; Just., D. 105, 5 τὸ πνεῦμα) Hm 3:2; Hs 8, 6, 3. τινί τι (X., Hell. 2, 2, 9 et al.) Lk 9:42; Hs 2:7. τινί v 2, 1, 3. τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ Lk 4:20. Pay back a debt Mt 5:26; 18:25ff, 34; Lk 7:42; 12:59; D 1:5; repay an advance Lk 10:35; give back taxes unjustly collected 19:8 (cp. Num 5:7f). Mid. τὰς ῥάβδους Hs 8, 1, 5.ⓑ of persons τὴν παρθένον GJs 16:1; Salome prays ἀπόδος με τοῖς πένησιν return me to the poor 20:2 (not pap). ἵνα αὐτὸν ἐγείρας ἀποδῷ σοι so that (Peter) might raise him (your son) and return him to you AcPt Ox 849.④ to recompense, whether in a good or bad sense, render, reward, recompense, cp. ἀνταποδίδωμι, of God Mt 6:4, 6, 18. ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ Ro 2:6 (Ps 61:13; Pr 24:12; PsSol 2:16); cp. 2 Ti 4:14; Rv 22:12; 1 Cl 34:3. ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τ. πρᾶξιν αὐτοῦ Mt 16:27 (Sir 35:22). τινί τι 1 Cl 18:12 (Ps 50:14; Just. D. 121, 3). κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ (cp. Pr 17:13; ApcSed 7:7) evil with evil Ro 12:17 (cp. 1QS 10:17); 1 Th 5:15; 1 Pt 3:9; Pol 2:2. ἀμοιβὰς ἀ. (Dionys. Hal. 6, 73; POxy 705, 61 ἀποδιδοὺς ἀμοιβήν; Ps 27:4 Aq.; Just. A I, 43, 2) make a return 1 Ti 5:4. Abs. ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν render to her as she herself has rendered to others Rv 18:6 (cp. Ps 136:8).—IBroer, Das Ius Talionis im NT: NTS 40, ’94, 1–21.⑤ mid. to make an exchangeⓐ sell, trade (Hdt. 1, 70 et al.; ins, pap) τὸν Ἰωσήφ Ac 7:9 (Gen 37:28; 45:4; Philo, De Jos. 15; 238). τί τινος someth. for someth. (Pla., Phd. 98b; X., Hell. 2, 3, 48) τοσούτου τὸ χωρίον sell the piece of ground for so much Ac 5:8 (ἀ. τὸ χ. as Jos., Ant. 3, 283). τὶ ἀντί τινος (as TestIss 2:2) trade Hb 12:16.ⓑ τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν λύτρον (God’s) own son as a ransom Dg 9:2.—EDNT. M-M. TW. -
107 δοῦλος
1δοῦλος, η, ον (s. next entry; Soph. et al.; PGiss 3, 5 ᾧ πάντα δοῦλα; Ps 118:91; Wsd 15:7; Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 156; Ar. [Milne, 76, 49]; SibOr 3, 567) pert. to being under someone’s total control, slavish, servile, subject τὰ μέλη δ. τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ the members enslaved to impurity Ro 6:19; τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ibid.—Subst. τὰ δοῦλα things subservient PtK 2 (s. ὕπαρξις 1).—DELG. TW.2δοῦλος, ου, ὁ (Trag., Hdt.et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr)① male slave as an entity in a socioeconomic context, slave (‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times [s. OED s.v. servant, 3a and b]; in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished [Goodsp., Probs., 77–79]). Opp. ἐλεύθερος 1 Cor 7:21. Lit., in contrastⓐ to a master (Did., Gen. 66, 25): Mt 8:9; 10:24f; cp. J 13:16; 15:20.—Mt 13:27f; 21:34ff; 24:45f, 48, 50; 25:14, 19, 21, 23, 26, 30; cp. Lk 19:13, 15, 17, 22.—Mt 26:51; cp. Mk 14:47; Lk 22:50; J 18:10, 26 (on δοῦλος of the ἀρχιερεύς s. Jos., Ant. 20, 181).—Mk 12:2, 4; 13:34; Lk 7:2f, 8, 10; 12:37, 43, 45ff; 17:7, 9f; J 4:51; Col 4:1 (Billerb. IV 698–744: D. altjüd. Sklavenwesen; SZucrow, Women, Slaves, etc. in Rabb. Lit. ’32; JJeremias, Jerusalem IIb ’37, 184–88; 217–24).—οἱ δ. και οἱ ὑπηρέται J 18:18.—Of slaves sent out with invitations Mt 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; par. Lk 14:17, 21ff; of one who could not pay his debt Mt 18:23, 26ff (but s. 2bα on these pass. fr. Mt). Opp. δεσπότης (as Diod S 15, 8, 2f ὡς δοῦλος δεσπότῃ; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 5) 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:9; οἱ δ. in direct address Eph 6:5; Col 3:22.—For lit. on Christianity and slavery (Ath. 35, 1 δ. εἰσιν ἡμῖν ‘we have slaves’ [who can attest our innocence of the charges]) s. on χράομαι la.—Christ, the heavenly κύριος, appears on earth in μορφὴ δούλου the form of a slave (anticipating vs. 8 w. its ref. to crucifixion, a fate reserved for condemned slaves; for the contrast cp. Lucian, Catapl. 13 δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ πάλαι βασιλέως) Phil 2:7 (lit. on κενόω 1b); cp. Hs 5, 2ff (on this MDibelius, Hdb. 564f).—On Ac 2:18 s. under 2bβ.ⓑ to a free pers. (opp. ἐλεύθερος: Pla., Gorg. 57 p. 502d; Dio Chrys. 9 [10], 4; SIG 521, 7 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 16, 126; Just., D. 139, 5) 1 Cor 7:21f (cp. the trimeter: Trag. Fgm. Adesp. 304 N., quot. fr. M. Ant. 11, 30 and Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 48, δοῦλος πέφυκας, οὐ μέτεστί σοι λόγου=you are a slave, with no share in discussions); 12:13; Gal 3:28; 4:1; Eph 6:8; Col 3:11; Rv 6:15; 13:16; 19:18; IRo 4:3. W. παιδίσκη D 4:10.—House slave in contrast to a son J 8:35; Gal 4:7.ⓒ in contrast to being a fellow Christian οὐκέτι ὡς δοῦλον, ἀλλὰ ὑπὲρ δοῦλον, ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν Phlm 16.② one who is solely committed to another, slave, subject; ext. of mng. 1. Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13 express the ancient perspective out of which such extended usage develops: slaves are duty-bound only to their owners or masters, or those to whom total allegiance is pledged.ⓐ in a pejorative sense δ. ἀνθρώπων slaves to humans 1 Cor 7:23. παριστάναι ἑαυτόν τινι δοῦλον Ro 6:16. δ. τῆς ἁμαρτίας slave of sin J 8:34; Ro 6:17, 20. τῆς φθορᾶς of destruction 2 Pt 2:19 (cp. Eur., Hec. 865 and Plut., Pelop. 279 [3, 1] χρημάτων; Thu. 3, 38, 5; Dio Chrys. 4, 60 τ. δόξης; Athen. 12, 531c τῶν ἡδονῶν; 542d; Aelian, VH 2, 41 τοῦ πίνειν; Achilles Tat. 6, 19, 4 τ. ἐπιθυμίας).ⓑ in a positive senseα. in relation to a superior human being (here the perspective is Oriental and not Hellenic). Of humble service (opp. πρῶτος) Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44. According to oriental usage, of a king’s officials (cp. SIG 22, 4; IMagnMai 115, 4; 1 Km 29:3; 4 Km 5:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 70) ministers Mt 18:23, 26ff (s. Spicq, I 383, n. 14 [Lexique 394, n. 4]); cp. the slaves sent out with invitations 22:3f, 6, 8, 10; Lk 14:17, 21ff (but s. 1a above).β. esp. of the relationship of humans to God (with roots in both OT and Hellenic thought; s. δουλεύω 2aβ) δ. τοῦ θεοῦ slave of God=subject to God, owned body and soul (Eur., Ion 309 τοῦ θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; Cass. Dio 63, 5, 2; CFossey, Inscr. de Syrie: BCH 21, 1897, p. 60 [Lucius calls himself the δοῦλος of the θεὰ Συρία]; PGM 12, 71 δ. τοῦ ὑψ. θεοῦ; 13, 637ff δοῦλός εἰμι σὸς … Σάραπι; 59, 2; 4; LXX; ParJer 6:17 [Baruch]; ApcSed 16:7 p. 137, 15; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 7 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 90; 101): of Moses (4 Km 18:12; 2 Esdr 19:14; Ps 104:26; Jos., Ant. 5, 39) Rv 15:3. Of recipients of gifts from God’s spirit Ac 2:18 (Jo 3:2). Of Christian prophets Rv 10:7; 11:18 (prophets are also called slaves of God in the OT Jer 25:4; Am 3:7; Da 9:6, 10 Theod.). Of the apostles Ac 4:29; 16:17 (δ. τοῦ θεοῦ τ. ὑψίστου as Da 3:93 Theod.); Tit 1:1; AcPl Ha 6, 35; Christ as master (cp. oriental usage, of a king’s official minister, and the interpretation of δ. in such sense [s. 2bα]) puts his slaves, the apostles, at the disposal of the Corinthians 2 Cor 4:5. Of God-fearing people gener. (Ps 33:23; 68:37 al.) Rv 1:1; Lk 2:29; 1 Pt 2:16; Rv 2:20; 7:3; 19:2, 5; 22:3, 6; 1 Cl 60:2; 2 Cl 20:1; Hv 1, 2, 4; 4, 1, 3; m 3:4 al. The one who is praying refers to himself as your (God’s) slave (cp. Ps 26:9; Ch 6:23; Da 3:33, 44) Lk 2:29; Ac 4:29 (FDölger, ΙΧΘΥΣ I 1910, 195ff).—In the same vein, of one’s relation to Christ δ. Χριστοῦ, self-designation of Paul (on the imagery s. Straub 37; DMartin, Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity ’90) Ro 1:1; Gal 1:10; Phil 1:1; cp. Col 4:12; 2 Ti 2:24; Js 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1; Jd 1; Rv 1:1; 22:3; 1 Cor 7:22; Eph 6:6.—On δοῦλοι and φίλοι of Christ (for this contrast s. Philo, Migr. Abr. 45, Sobr. 55; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 85ff) J 15:15, s. φίλος 2aα.—Dssm., LO 271ff [LAE 323ff]; GSass, δ. bei Pls: ZNW 40, ’41, 24–32; LReilly, Slaves in Ancient Greece (manumission ins) ’78; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, s. 11–67 on ancient slavery; KBradley, Slavery and Society at Rome ’94; also lit. on χράομαι 1a.—JVogt/HBellen, eds., Bibliographie zur antiken Sklaverei, rev. ed. EHermann/NBrockmeyer ’83 (lists over 5000 books and articles); JCMiller, Slavery and Slaving in World History, A Bibliography 1990–91 ’93 (lit. p. 196–225).—B. 1332. Schmidt, Syn. IV 124–29 s. δεσπότη. New Docs 2, 52–54. DELG. SEG XLII, 1837 (ins reff.). M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
108 μέγας
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (Hom.+) comp. μείζων and beside it, because of the gradual disappearance of feeling for its comp. sense, μειζότερος 3J 4 (APF 3, 1906, 173; POxy 131, 25; BGU 368, 9; ApcSed 1:5 [cp. J 15:13]; s. B-D-F §61, 2; W-S. §11, 4; Mlt-H. 166; Gignac II 158). Superl. μέγιστος (2 Pt 1:4).① pert. to exceeding a standard involving related objects, large, greatⓐ of any extension in space in all directions λίθος Mt 27:60; Mk 16:4. δένδρον Lk 13:19 v.l. (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]). κλάδοι Mk 4:32. Buildings 13:2. Fish J 21:11. A mountain (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 4, 8 D.2; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 138; Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 78 Jac.) Rv 8:8. A star vs. 10. A furnace 9:2 (ParJer 6:23). A dragon (Esth 1:1e; Bel 23 Theod.) 12:3, 9. ἀετός (Ezk 17:3; ParJer 7:18 [RHarris; om. Kraft-Purintun]) vs. 14. μάχαιρα a long sword 6:4. ἅλυσις a long chain 20:1. πέλαγος AcPl Ha 7, 23 (first hand).ⓑ with suggestion of spaciousness ἀνάγαιον a spacious room upstairs Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12. θύρα a wide door 1 Cor 16:9. A winepress Rv 14:19 (ληνός μ. ‘trough’ JosAs 2:20); χάσμα a broad chasm (2 Km 18:17) Lk 16:26. οἰκία (Jer 52:13) 2 Ti 2:20.ⓒ with words that include the idea of number ἀγέλη μ. a large herd Mk 5:11. δεῖπνον a great banquet, w. many invited guests (Da 5:1 Theod.; JosAs 3:6) Lk 14:16. Also δοχὴ μ. (Gen 21:8) Lk 5:29; GJs 6:2.ⓓ of age (Jos., Ant. 12, 207 μικρὸς ἢ μέγας=‘young or old’); to include all concerned μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι small and great (PGM 15, 18) Rv 11:18; 13:16; 19:5, 18; 20:12. μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ Ac 26:22. ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου (Gen 19:11; 4 Km 23:2; 2 Ch 34:30; POxy 1350) 8:10; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34). μέγας γενόμενος when he was grown up 11:24 (Ex 2:11). ὁ μείζων the older (O. Wilck II, 144, 3 [128 A.D.]; 213, 3; 1199, 2; LXX; cp. Polyb. 18, 18, 9 Σκιπίων ὁ μέγας; 32, 12, 1) Ro 9:12; 13:2 (both Gen 25:23).② pert. to being above average in quantity, great πορισμός a great means of gain 1 Ti 6:6. μισθαποδοσία rich reward Hb 10:35.③ pert. to being above standard in intensity, great δύναμις Ac 4:33; 19:8 D. Esp. of sound: loud φωνή Mk 15:37; Lk 17:15; Rv 1:10; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (LXX; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; ApcMos 5:21) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; 23:23 (Φωναῖς μεγάλαις), 46; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 5:12; 6:10 al.; μεγ. φωνῇ (ParJer 5:32); Ac 14:10; 16:28; μεγ. τῇ φωνῇ (ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) 14:10 v.l.; 26:24; ἐν φωνῇ μ. Rv 5:2. μετὰ σάλπιγγος μεγάλης with a loud trumpet call Mt 24:31. κραυγή (Ex 11:6; 12:30) Lk 1:42; Ac 23:9; cp. μεῖζον κράζειν cry out all the more Mt 20:31. κοπετός (Gen 50:10) Ac 8:2.—Of natural phenomena: ἄνεμος μ. a strong wind J 6:18; Rv 6:13. λαῖλαψ μ. (Jer 32:32) Mk 4:37. βροντή (Sir 40:13) Rv 14:2. χάλαζα Rv 11:19; 16:21a. χάλαζα λίαν μ. σφόδρα AcPl Ha 5, 7. σεισμὸς μ. (Jer 10:22; Ezk 3:12; 38:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 225) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Lk 21:11a; Ac 16:26. γαλήνη μ. a deep calm Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; φῶς μ. a bright light (JosAs 6:3; ParJer 9:18 [16]; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine voice sounds forth from this light; Petosiris, Fgm. 7, ln. 39 τὸ ἱερὸν ἄστρον μέγα ποιοῦν φῶς) Mt 4:16a; GJs 19:2 (Is 9:1). καῦμα μ. intense heat Rv 16:9 (JosAs 3:3).—Of surprising or unpleasant events or phenomena of the most diverse kinds (ἀπώλεια Dt 7:23; θάνατος Ex 9:3; Jer 21:6; κακόν Philo, Agr. 47) σημεῖα (Dt 6:22; 29:2) Mt 24:24; Lk 21:11b; Ac 6:8. δυνάμεις 8:13. ἔργα μ. mighty deeds (cp. Judg 2:7) Rv 15:3. μείζω τούτων greater things than these J 1:50 (μείζονα v.l.); cp. 5:20; 14:12. διωγμὸς μ. a severe persecution Ac 8:1; θλῖψις μ. (a time of) great suffering (1 Macc 9:27) Mt 24:21; Ac 7:11; Rv 2:22; 7:14. πειρασμός AcPl Ha 8, 22. πληγή (Judg 15:8; 1 Km 4:10, 17 al.; TestReub 1:7; TestSim 8:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 134) 16:21b. θόρυβος GJs 21:1; AcPl Ha 1, 28f (restored, s. AcPlTh [Aa I 258, 6]) λιμὸς μ. (4 Km 6:25; 1 Macc 9:24) Lk 4:25; Ac 11:28; ἀνάγκη μ. Lk 21:23; πυρετὸς μ. a high fever (s. πυρετός) 4:38.—Of emotions: χαρά great joy (Jon 4:6; JosAs 3:4; 4:2 al.; Jos., Ant. 12, 91) Mt 2:10; 28:8; Lk 2:10; 24:52. φόβος great fear (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 10; Menand., Fgm. 388 Kö.; Jon 1:10, 16; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 18 [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1; GrBar 7:5) Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9; 8:37; Ac 5:5, 11; AcPl Ha 3, 33. θυμὸς μ. fierce anger (1 Macc 7:35) Rv 12:12. μείζων ἀγάπη greater love J 15:13. λύπη profound (Jon 4:1; 1 Macc 6:4, 9, 13; TestJob 7:8) Ro 9:2. σκυθρωπία AcPl Ha 7, 36. πίστις firm Mt 15:28. ἔκστασις (cp. Gen 27:33; ParJer 5:8, 12) Mk 5:42.④ pert. to being relatively superior in importance, greatⓐ of rational entities: of God and other deities θεός (SIG 985, 34 θεοὶ μεγάλοι [LBlock, Megaloi Theoi: Roscher II 2523–28, 2536–40; SCole, Theoi Megaloi, The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace ’84]; 1237, 5 ὀργὴ μεγάλη τ. μεγάλου Διός; OGI 50, 7; 168, 6; 716, 1; PStras 81, 14 [115 B.C.] Ἴσιδος μεγάλης μητρὸς θεῶν; POxy 886, 1; PTebt 409, 11; 22 ὁ θεὸς μ. Σάραπις, al.; PGM 4, 155; 482; 778 and oft.; 3052 μέγ. θεὸς Σαβαώθ; 5, 474; Dt 10:17 al. in LXX; En 103:4; 104:1; Philo, Cher. 29 al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 319; SibOr 3, 19; 71 al.—Thieme 36f) Tit 2:13 (Christ is meant). Ἄρτεμις (q.v.) Ac 19:27f, 34f (cp. Ael. Aristid. 48, 21 K.=24 p. 471 D. the outcry: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός); s. New Docs 1, 106 on this epithet in ref. to deities. Simon the magician is called ἡ δύναμις τ. θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη Ac 8:10b (s. δύναμις 5). The angel Michael Hs 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 4, 1.—Of people who stand in relation to the Divinity or are otherw. in high position: ἀρχιερεύς (s. ἀρχιερεύς 2a and ἱερεύς aβ.—ἀρχ. μέγ. is also the appellation of the priest-prince of Olba [s. PECS 641f] in Cilicia: MAMA III ’31 p. 67, ins 63; 64 [I B.C.]) Hb 4:14. προφήτης (Sir 48:22) Lk 7:16. ποιμήν Hb 13:20. Gener. of rulers: οἱ μεγάλοι the great ones, those in high position Mt 20:25; Mk 10:42. Of people prominent for any reason Mt 5:19; 20:26; Mk 10:43; Lk 1:15, 32; Ac 5:36 D; 8:9 (MSmith, HWolfson Festschr., ’65, 741: μ. here and Lk 1:32 may imply a messianic claim).—μέγας in the superl. sense (2 Km 7:9.—The positive also stands for the superl., e.g. Sallust. 4 p. 6, 14, where Paris calls Aphrodite καλή=the most beautiful. Diod S 17, 70, 1 πολεμία τῶν πόλεων=the most hostile [or especially hostile] among the cities) Lk 9:48 (opp. ὁ μικρότερος).—Comp. μείζων greater of God (Ael. Aristid. 27, 3 K.=16 p. 382 D.; PGM 13, 689 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, τὸν πάντων μείζονα) J 14:28; Hb 6:13; 1J 3:20; 4:4. More prominent or outstanding because of certain advantages Mt 11:11; Lk 7:28; 22:26f; J 4:12; 8:53; 13:16ab; 1 Cor 14:5. More closely defined: ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζων greater in power and might 2 Pt 2:11. μεῖζον τοῦ ἱεροῦ someth. greater than the temple Mt 12:6. μείζων with superl. mng. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 7, 8 Wagner: Ὀδυσσεὺς τρεῖς κριοὺς ὁμοῦ συνδέων … καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ μείζονι ὑποδύς; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 87 §366 ἐν παρασκευῇ μείζονι= in the greatest preparation; Vett. Val. 62, 24; TestJob 3:1 ἐν μείζονι φωτί) Mt 18:1, 4; 23:11; Mk 9:34; Lk 9:46; 22:24, 26.ⓑ of things: great, sublime, important μυστήριον (GrBar 1:6; 2:6; ApcMos 34; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 100 al.; Just., A I, 27, 4) Eph 5:32; 1 Ti 3:16. Of the sabbath day that begins a festival period J 19:31; MPol 8:1b. Esp. of the day of the divine judgment (LXX; En 22:4; ApcEsdr 3:3 p. 27, 7 Tdf.; Just., D. 49, 2 al.; cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]) Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Jd 6; Rv 6:17; 16:14. Of Paul’s superb instructional ability μ̣ε̣γάλῃ καθ̣[ηγήσει] AcPl Ha 6, 30f.—μέγας in the superl. sense (Plut., Mor. 35a w. πρῶτος; Himerius, Or. 14 [Ecl. 15], 3 μέγας=greatest, really great; B-D-F §245, 2; s. Rob. 669) ἐντολή Mt 22:36, 38. ἡμέρα ἡ μ. τῆς ἑορτῆς the great day of the festival J 7:37 (cp. Lucian, Pseudolog. 8 ἡ μεγάλη νουμηνία [at the beginning of the year]); Mel., P. 79, 579; 92, 694 ἐν τῇ μ. ἐορτῇ; GJs 1:2; 2:2 (s. deStrycker on 1:2). Of Mary’s day of parturition ὡς μεγάλη ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα what a great day this is GJs 19:2. μείζων as comp. (Chion, Ep. 16, 8 philosophy as νόμος μείζων=higher law; Sir 10:24) J 5:36; 1J 5:9. μ. ἁμαρτία J 19:11 (cp. schol. on Pla. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα; Ex 32:30f). τὰ χαρίσματα τὰ μείζονα the more important spiritual gifts (in the sense Paul gave the word) 1 Cor 12:31. As a superl. (Epict. 3, 24, 93; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ὕβλαι: the largest of three cities is ἡ μείζων [followed by ἡ ἐλάττων, and finally ἡ μικρά=the smallest]. The comparative also performs the function of the superlative, e.g. Diod S 20, 22, 2, where πρεσβύτερος is the oldest of 3 men) Mt 13:32; 1 Cor 13:13 (by means of the superl. μ. Paul singles out from the triad the one quality that interests him most in this connection, just as Ael. Aristid. 45, 16 K. by means of αὐτός at the end of the θεοί singles out Sarapis, the only one that affects him).—The superl. μέγιστος, at times used by contemporary authors, occurs only once in the NT, where it is used in the elative sense very great, extraordinary (Diod S 2, 32, 1) ἐπαγγέλματα 2 Pt 1:4.—On the adv. usage Ac 26:29 s. ὀλίγος 2bβ.—Neut. pl. μεγάλα ποιεῖν τινι do great things for someone Lk 1:49 (cp. Dt 10:21). λαλεῖν μεγάλα καὶ βλασφημίας utter proud words and blasphemies Rv 13:5 (Da 7:8; cp. En 101:3). ἐποίει μεγ̣[ά]λα καὶ [θα]υ̣[μά]σ̣ι̣α̣ (Just., A I, 62, 4) (Christ) proceeded to perform great and marvelous deeds AcPl Ha 8, 33/BMM verso 6.⑤ pert. to being unusual, surprising, neut. μέγα εἰ … θερίσομεν; is it an extraordinary thing (i.e. are we expecting too much = our colloquial ‘is it a big deal’) if we wish to reap? 1 Cor 9:11. οὐ μέγα οὖν, εἰ it is not surprising, then, if 2 Cor 11:15 (on this constr. cp. Pla., Menex. 235d; Plut., Mor. 215f; Gen 45:28; s. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 2, ’36, 46).—B. 878f; 1309. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
109 μετρέω
μετρέω fut. 2 sg. μετρήσεις Num 35:5; 1 aor. ἐμέτρησα. Pass.: 1 fut. μετρηθήσομαι; pf. 3 sg. μεμέτρηται Wsd 4:8 (fr. μέτρον; Hom.+) gener. ‘measure’.① to take the dimensions of, measureⓐ spatially w. acc. of thing: τὸν ναόν measure the temple Rv 11:1 (PKetter, Past. Bonus 52, ’41, 93–99). τὴν πόλιν measure the city 21:15. αὐλήν 11:2. τὸν οὐρανόν 16:2 (Is 40:12; ApcEsdr 7:5 p. 32, 16 Tdf.). W. the measuring instrument given in the dat. (Ex 16:18) τῷ καλάμῳ measure with the rod Rv 21:16; cp. 11:1. The measure arrived at is expressed by the gen. of quality ἐμέτρησεν τὸ τεῖχος ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν he measured the wall (and it was) 144 cubits Rv 21:17; also by ἐπί and the gen. vs. 16, where a v.l. has ἐπί and acc. (on the latter cp. Da 3:47).ⓑ non-spatially αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες they measure (i.e. evaluate) themselves by one another 2 Cor 10:12. ἐμαυτὸν μετρῶ I keep myself within bounds ITr 4:1 (Sotades Mar. [III B.C.] 10, 8 Diehl=Coll. Alex. no. 9, 8 p. 242 ἡ σωφροσύνη πάρεστιν, ἂν μετρῇς σεαυτόν; TestJos 10:6 ἐμέτρουν ἐμαυτόν).② to give out in measured amount, give out, deal out, apportion τινί τι someth. to someone (Eur.; Ps.-Demosth. 46, 20; PPetr III, 89, 2; PTebt 459, 4 [5 B.C.] ὸ̔ ἐὰν περισσὸν γένηται μέτρησον αὐτοῖς) in the proverbial expr. ἐν ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε, μετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν the measure you give will be the measure you get Mt 7:2; Mk 4:24. Likew., except without ἐν, Lk 6:38 v.l. (Maximus Tyr. 27, 7b has a play on words μετρεῖ…μετρεῖται.—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 229 μέτροις μεμέτρηται.—The pass.=‘receive as one’s portion’: Jos., Bell. 3, 185).—1 Cl 13:2 the saying reads ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε, ἐν αὐτῷ μετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν. The text of Lk 6:38 has ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε, ἀντιμετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν, which is repeated verbatim in Pol 2:3.—B. 877f. DELG s.v. μέτρον. M-M. TW. -
110 σκοπέω
σκοπέω (σκοπός; Hom.+; ins, pap; Esth 8:12g; 2 Macc 4:5; TestNapth 3:1 v.l.; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath. 10, 2, R. 2 p. 49, 25 al.—B-D-F §101, p. 48; Mlt.-H. 258) fut. ptc. σκόπησον (Just., D. 3, 2) to pay careful attention to, look (out) for, notice w. acc. of pers. or thing someone or someth. (Jos., Ant. 12, 30; Just., D. 2, 5) σκοπεῖτε τοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας notice those who conduct themselves thus, i.e. in order to imitate them Phil 3:17. σκοπεῖν τοὺς τὰς διχοστασίας ποιοῦντας look out for those who cause divisions, i.e. avoid them Ro 16:17.—σκ. τὰ βλεπόμενα keep one’s eyes on what can be seen 2 Cor 4:18.—τὰ ἑαυτῶν look out for one’s own interests (Pla., Phdr. 232d) Phil 2:4. Also τὸ καθʼ ἑαυτούς MPol 1:2. τὸ κοινὸν τῆς ἐλπίδος 1 Cl 51:1.—σκ. ἑαυτόν foll. by μή look to oneself, that … not Gal 6:1. σκόπει μὴ τὸ φῶς σκότος ἐστίν consider whether the light be darkness Lk 11:35 (μή interrog. = Lat. ‘num’ [cp. Zahn ad loc.; difft. Rob. 995] because of the indic.; cp. Epict. 4, 5, 18 ὅρα μὴ Νερωνιανὸν ἔχει χαρακτῆρα).—DELG s.v. σκέπτομαι. M-M. TW. -
111 ἀνίστημι
ἀνίστημι (α-priv., ἵστημι; Hom. +) fut. ἀναστήσω; 1 aor. ἀνέστησα; pf. 3 sg. ἀνέστακεν 1 Km 15:12; 2 aor. ἀνέστην, impv. ἀνάστηθι and ἀνάστα: Eph 5:14, Ac 9:11 v.l.; 11:7 v.l.; 12:7 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 2 [Stone p. 60] al.; ParJer 1:1 opp. vs. 10). Ptc. ἀναστάς, W-S. §14, 15, B-D-F §95, 3; fut. mid. ἀναστήσομαι; aor. pass. subj. 3 sg. ἀνασταθῇ 1 Esdr 2:18, n. ptc. ἀνασταθέντα 2 Macc 5:16. Trans. (1–5 below): fut. and 1 aor. act.; intr. (6–11 below): 2 aor. and all mid. forms.① to cause to stand or be erect, raise, erect, raise up trans.,ⓐ of images of deities (oft. of statues SIG 867, 68; 1073, 45; BGU 362 VI, 4 et al.). PtK 2 p. 14, 16 (Ath. 26, 2 [pass.])ⓑ of one lying down, esp. one sick (Artem. 2, 37 p. 139, 23 τοὺς νοσοῦντας ἀνίστησιν; Jos., Ant. 7, 193) δοὺς αὐτῇ χεῖρα ἀνέστησεν αὐτήν he gave her his hand and raised her up Ac 9:41.② to raise up by bringing back to life, raise, raise up, trans.—esp. of the dead raise up, bring to life (Ps.-X., Cyn. 1, 6; Paus. 2, 26, 5 [Asclepius] ἀνίστησι τεθνεῶτας; Ael. Aristid. 45, 29 K. = 8 p. 95 D.: [Sarapis] κειμένους ἀνέστησεν; Palaeph. p. 35, 8; Himerius, Or. [Ecl.] 5, 32; 2 Macc 7:9; Just., D. 46, 7 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 48, 20) J 6:39f, 44, 54; in full ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν Ac 13:34 (Herodas 1, 43 ἐκ νερτέρων ἀνίστημί τινα). Esp. of Jesus’ resurrection Ac 2:24, 30 v.l., 32; 3:26 (in wordplay w. ἀ. vs. 22); 13:33f; 17:31. Ign. says of Jesus ἀνέστησεν ἑαυτόν ISm 2 (cp. Theodore Prodr. 5, 88 H. ἂν … ἑαυτὸν αὐτὸς ἐξαναστήσῃ πάλιν).③ to cause to be born, raise up, trans., in the idiom ἀνιστάναι σπέρμα raise up seed=to beget, to procreate σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ children for his brother Mt 22:24 (Gen 38:8) w. ref. to levirate marriage. Of procreation in gener. σπέρμα ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἀνέστησαν the upright have left descendants in Is. GJs 1:3 (s. ἐξανίστημι 2).④ to cause to appear for a role or function, raise up, trans. (Plut., Marcell. 314 [27, 2]; Synes., Ep. 67 p. 210c; EpJer 52; PsSol 17:21; cp. Did., Gen. 139, 7) προφήτην ὑμῖν Ac 3:22 (after Dt 18:15 and in wordplay w. ἀ. Ac. 3:26, s. 2 above). Through election τίνα ἀναστήσουσιν εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ Ζαχαρίου GJs 24:4.⑤ to erect a structure, trans. (Jos., Ant. 19, 329 ναούς) Mk 14:58 D.⑥ to stand up from a recumbent or sitting position, stand up, rise to speak, intr. (X., An. 3, 2, 34 ἀναστὰς εἶπε) ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἶπεν Mt 26:62; cp. Mk 14:57, 60; Lk 17:12 v.l.; out of bed (2 Km 11:2; cp. of God Just., D. 127, 2 οὔτε καθεύδει οὔτε ἀνίσταται) 11:7, 8. Rise and come together for consultation (Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 83, 15f: ἀναστὰς εἰς συμβούλιον καὶ σκεψάμενος μετὰ τῶν …) Ac 26:30. Of one recovered from illness Mk 9:27 or come back to life (Proverbia Aesopi 101 P.) ἀνέστη τὸ κοράσιον Mk 5:42; cp. Lk 8:55. W. inf. foll. to show purpose ἀ. ἀναγνῶναι stand up to read (scripture) Lk 4:16; ἀ. παίζειν 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6); ἀ. ἄρχειν Ro 15:12; Is 11:10). Short for stand up and go (Sus 34) ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἰς μέσον he stood up and went before them Mk 14:60; ἀ. ἀπὸ τῆς συναγωγῆς Lk 4:38; ἀ. ἀπὸ τῆς προσευχῆς 22:45. ἀπὸ τοῦ σάκκου GJs 13:2; ἀπο τοῦ ὕπνου 14:2. Of a tree that is bent over and rises again B 12:1.⑦ to come back to life from the dead, rise up, come back from the dead, intr. (Il. 21, 56; Hdt. 3, 62, 4) J 11:23f; 1 Cor 15:51 D (PBrandhuber, D. sekund. LAA b. 1 Cor 15:51: Biblica 18, ’37, 303–33; 418–38); 1 Th 4:16; IRo 4:3; ISm 7:1; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5); 2 Cl 9:1; AcPl BMM verso 38; in full ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀ. (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 3, 3 Jac. ἀνέστη ὁ Βούπλαγος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν) Mk 9:10; 12:25; Qua (apolog.). Lk 16:30 v.l. w. ἀπό. Partic. of Jesus’ resurrection (cp. Hos 6:2 ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ ἀναστησόμεθα; -->cp. 1 Cor 15:4) Mt 17:9 v.l.; 20:19 v.l.; Mk 8:31; 9:9f, 31; 10:34; 16:9; Lk 18:33; 24:7, 46; J 20:9; Ac 17:3; Ro 14:9 v.l.; 1 Th 4:14; IRo 6:1; B 15:9. Intr. used for the pass. ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ ἀναστάντα raised by God (from the dead) Pol 9:2; περὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστάντων Papias (11:2). Fig., of a spiritual reawakening ἀνάστα ἐκ τ. νεκρῶν arise from the dead Eph 5:14 (cp. Cleopatra ln. 127f and Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 6; 135ff).—For lit. s. ἀνάστασις, end.⑧ to show oneself eager to help, arise, intr., to help the poor, of God 1 Cl 15:6 (Ps 11:6).⑨ to come/appear to carry out a function or role, rise up, arise, intr. (1 Macc 2:1; 14:41; Jdth 8:18; 1 Esdr 5:40) of a king Ac 7:18 (Ex 1:8). Of a priest Hb 7:11, 15. Of accusers in court Mt 12:41; Lk 11:32 (s. ἐγείρω 12); Mk 14:57 (cp. the use of קום ‘stand up’ in 11Q Temple 61, 7). Of a questioner who appears in a group of disciples Lk 10:25, cp. Ac 6:9 (s. 2 Ch 20:5). Of an enemy ἀ. ἐπί τινα (Gen 4:8; 2 Ch 20:23; Sus 61 Theod.; ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf. [for ἐπαναστήσονται Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12]) rise up or rebel against someone Mk 3:26.⑩ to initiate an action, intr., gener., w. weakened basic mng., to indicate the beginning of an action (usu. motion) expr. by another verb: rise, set out, get ready (X., Cyr. 5, 2, 14; Gen 13:17; 19:14; 1 Macc 16:5; Tob 8:10; 10:10; Sus 19 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 14, 452; Just., D. 9, 2) ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ he got ready and followed him Mt 9:9; Lk 5:28; Mk 2:14. ἀ. ἐξῆλθεν 1:35; ἀ. ἀπῆλθεν 7:24; ἀ. ἔρχεται 10:1; ἀ. ἔδραμεν Lk 24:12; ἀναστᾶσα ἐπορεύθη (cp. Gen 43:8) Lk 1:39, cp. 15:18. ἀναστάντες ἐξέβαλον 4:29; ἀναστᾶσα διηκόνει vs. 39; ἀ. ἔστη 6:8; ἀ. ἦλθεν 15:20; ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου get up and go! Ac 8:26, cp. 27. For this ἀναστὰς πορεύθητι (but v.l. ἀνάστα πορ.) 9:11. ἀνάστηθι καὶ εἴσελθε vs. 6. ἀνάστηθι καὶ στρῶσον vs. 34. ἀναστὰς κατάβηθι 10:20 al.⑪ to become a standing structure, rise, go up, intr. (Mel., P. 36 ἔργον) Mk 13:2 v.l.—Dalman, Worte 18f. B. 668. DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. TW. Sv. -
112 ἐκκλείω
ἐκκλείω 1 aor. ἐξέκλεισα, inf. ἐκκλεῖσαι; pass. ἐξεκλείσθην; 1 fut. ἐκκλεισθήσομαι (Eur., Hdt. et al.; pap; LXX rarely and as v.l.)① to exclude or withdraw from fellowship, shut out, exclude τινά someone (Hdt. 1, 144 et al.; PMagd 10, 6 [III B.C.] =PEnteux 53, 6) Gal 4:17 (s. MHitchcock, JTS 40, ’39, 149–51). Pass. ἐ. ἀπὸ πόλεως be excluded fr. one’s home city Hs 1:5. ἔξω τῆς θύρας τοῦ πύργου be shut outside the door of the tower v 3, 9, 6 (cp. Jos., Vi. 294).② to make no room for, exclude, shut out someth. = make it impossible, fig. ext. of 1 (Polyb. 17 [18], 8, 2; Diod S 3, 16, 6; 18, 3, 1 Lucian, Pseudolog. 11; PMagd 12, 4 [III B.C.]=PEnteux 54, 4) of boasting ἐξεκλείσθη it is excluded ( shut out Goodsp.) Ro 3:27.—DELG s.v. κλείς. M-M. -
113 ἐκπέμπω
ἐκπέμπω fut. 3 sg. ἐκπέμψει Eccl 17:11; 1 aor. ἐξέπεμψα. Pass.: 1 aor. pass. ἐξεπέμφθην, ptc. ἐκπεμφθείς (s. πέμπω; Hom.+) to cause someone to go away (for a purpose), send out (Jos., Ant. 2, 11) spies 1 Cl 12:2. ἐκπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος sent out by the Holy Spirit Ac 13:4. προφήτας ἐξέπεμψεν (God) sent out prophets AcPl Ha 8, 17 (s. καταπέμπω). Of Christ ἀπὸ τ. θεοῦ ἐξεπέμφθη 1 Cl 42:1; send away (Jos., Ant. 1, 216, Vi. 332 εἰς τὰ Ἱερ.) εἰς Βέροιαν Ac 17:10.—M-M. -
114 δείκνυμι
δείκνυμι (s. prec. two entries) fut. δείξω; 1 aor. ἔδειξα, impv. δεῖξον; pf. δέδειχα LXX; B 13:3. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. δειχθήσεται (Just., Tat., Ath.); 1 aor. 2 pl. ἐδείχθητε (Just., D. 93, 1), inf. δειχθῆναι LXX (Just., A I, 12, 10); ptc. δειχθείς Hb 8:5; Dg 11:2; pf. 3 sg. δέδεικται (Ath. 10:1), ptc. δεδειγμένον Ex 25:29; 26:30 (Hom.+. The alternate form δεικνύω, as old as Hdt., also Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6; B-D-F §92; Rob. 311) gener. to exhibit or make someth. known, show.① to exhibit someth. that can be apprehended by one or more of the senses, point out, show, make known (τύπον … τοῦ σταυροῦ Just., D. 111, 1) τινί τι or τινα someth. or someone to someone: kingdoms Mt 4:8; Lk 4:5. δεῖξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἱερεῖ (cp. Lev 13:49) Mt 8:4; Mk 1:44; Lk 5:14; mountains 1 Cl 10:7; trees Hs 3:1; an upper room Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12; denarius Lk 20:24; hands and feet Lk 24:40; hands J 20:20; good works 10:32; land Ac 7:3 (Gen 12:1); a pattern Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40). σημεῖον (EpJer 66; Jos., Bell. 2, 259, Ant. 18, 211; Just., A I, 55, 6; cp. TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 26 [Stone p. 14] θαυμάσια) J 2:18. ἃ δεῖ σε ἰδεῖν Hv 3, 1, 2.—Of apocalyptic visions (Zech 3:1) Rv 1:1; 4:1; 17:1; 21:9f; 22:1, 6, 8. The Father J 14:8f (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 3 p. 331, 13 Jac. ὁ Ἀρβάκης ἐδεήθη αὐτοῦ δεῖξαι οἱ τὸν βασιλέα. σφόδρα γὰρ ἐπιθυμεῖν τὸν δεσπότην ὅστις εἴη θεάσασθαι=A. asked him (the eunuch) to show him the king, for he was eager to see what the ruler was like). Of divine revelation (Hermes Fgm. XXIII, 5 [Stob. I 386, 22 W.=458, 20 Sc.; PGM 3, 599]) J 5:20. Of the future manifestation of Jesus Christ 1 Ti 6:15.—1 Cl 5:5; B 5:9.—By fig. ext., of direction to transcendent matters (1 Km 12:23; Mi 4:2) 1 Cor 12:31; the salvation of God 1 Cl 35:12 (Ps 49:23).② to prove or make clear by evidence or reasoning, explain, prove (Ps.-Callisth. 3, 22, 10 ἄρτι δέ σοι δείξω=I will soon prove to you; cp. Just., A I, 57, 1 ὡς δείκνυται al.; Did., Gen. 71, 6) τὶ (cp. Just., A I, 68, 10) someth. Js 2:18a; B 5:6. τινί τι 1 Cl 26:1. W. ὅτι foll. B 7:5 (cp. Just., D. 23, 5); τινί w. ὅτι foll. (3 Macc 6:15) Mt 16:21; τινί w. inf. foll. Ac 10:28. τὶ ἔκ τινος (Alex. Aphr., Quaest. 3, 3 II 2 p. 83, 10) Js 2:18b; 3:13. W. double acc. τὸν σωτῆρα δείξας δυνατόν he has revealed the Savior as powerful Dg 9:6; ἑαυτὸν τύπον ἔδειξε (Christ) displayed himself as exemplar (of the resurrection) AcPlCor 2:6 (cp. TestJob 26:6; Just., A I, 57, 3 ἑαυτοὺς … φαύλους δεικνύουσιν).—JGonda, Δείκνυμι 1929. B. 1045. Schmidt, Syn. III 401–15. DELG. M-M. TW. -
115 δικαιόω
δικαιόω fut. δικαιώσω; 1 aor. ἐδικαίωσα. Pass.: 1 fut. δικαιωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐδικαιώθην, subj. δικαιωθῶ, ptc. δικαιωθείς; pf. δεδικαίωμαι Ro 6:7; 1 Cor 4:4; ptc. δεδικαιωμένος Lk 18:14 (Soph., Hdt.; Aristot., EN 1136a; et al.; pap, LXX; En 102:10; TestAbr A 13 p. 93, 14 [Stone p. 34]; Test12Patr; ApcSed, 14:8 p. 136, 15 Ja.; Jos., Ant. 17, 206; Just.; Ath., R. 53, 1; 65, 14) to practice δικαιοσύνη.① to take up a legal cause, show justice, do justice, take up a cause τινά (Polyb. 3, 31, 9 ὑμᾶς δὲ αὐτοὺς … δικαιώσεσθε ‘you will (find it necessary to) take up your own cause’ = you will sit in judgment on yourselves; Cass. Dio 48, 46 ‘Antony was not taking Caesar’s side’ in the matter; 2 Km 15:4; Ps 81:3) δικαιῶσαι δίκαιον take up the cause of an upright pers. 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11); τινί χήρᾳ (χήραν v.l.) 8:4 (Is 1:17 ‘take up the cause of the widow’).② to render a favorable verdict, vindicate.ⓐ as activity of humans justify, vindicate, treat as just (Appian, Liby. 17 §70; Gen 44:16; Sir 10:29; 13:22; 23:11 al.) θέλων δ. ἑαυτόν wishing to justify himself Lk 10:29; δ. ἑαυτὸν ἐνώπιόν τινος j. oneself before someone=‘you try to make out a good case for yourselves before the public’ 16:15 (δ. ἐαυτόν as En 102:10; but s. JJeremias, ZNW 38, ’39, 117f [against him SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 1ff]). ὁ δικαιούμενός μοι the one who vindicates himself before (or against) me B 6:1 (cp. Is 50:8). τελῶναι ἐδικαίωσαν τὸν θεόν βαπτισθέντες tax-collectors affirmed God’s uprightness and got baptized i.e. by ruling in God’s favor they admitted that they were in the wrong and took a new direction (opp. τὴν βουλὴν τ. θεοῦ ἀθετεῖν) Lk 7:29 (cp. PsSol 2:15; 3:5; 8:7, 23; 9:2).ⓑ of experience or activity of transcendent figures, esp. in relation to humansα. of wisdom ἐδικαιώθη ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς is vindicated by her children (on δικ. ἀπό cp. Is 45:25. S. also Appian, Basil. 8: δικαιόω=consider someth. just or correct) Lk 7:35; also ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς Mt 11:19 (v.l. τέκνων). On this saying s. DVölter, NThT 8, 1919, 22–42; JBover, Biblica 6, 1925, 323–25; 463–65; M-JLagrange, ibid. 461–63. Of an angel Hm 5, 1, 7.β. of God be found in the right, be free of charges (cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 93, 14 [Stone p. 34] ‘be vindicated’ in a trial by fire) Mt 12:37 (opp. καταδικάζειν). δεδικαιωμένος Lk 18:14; GJs 5:1; δεδικαιωμένη (Salome) 20:4 (not pap). Ac 13:39 (but s. 3 below); Rv 22:11 v.l; Dg 5:14.—Paul, who has influenced later wr. (cp. Iren. 3, 18, 7 [Harv. II 102, 2f]), uses the word almost exclusively of God’s judgment. As affirmative verdict Ro 2:13. Esp. of pers. δικαιοῦσθαι be acquitted, be pronounced and treated as righteous and thereby become δίκαιος, receive the divine gift of δικαιοσύνη through faith in Christ Jesus and apart from νόμος as a basis for evaluation (MSeifrid, Justification by Faith—The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme ’92) 3:20 (Ps 142:2), 24, 28; 4:2; 5:1, 9; 1 Cor 4:4; Gal 2:16f (Ps 142:2); 3:11, 24; 5:4; Tit 3:7; Phil 3:12 v.l.; B 4:10; 15:7; IPhld 8:2; Dg 9:4; (w. ἁγιάζεσθαι) Hv 3, 9, 1. οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο δεδικαίωμαι I am not justified by this (after 1 Cor 4:4) IRo 5:1. ἵνα δικαιωθῇ σου ἡ σάρξ that your flesh (as the sinful part) may be acquitted Hs 5, 7, 1; δ. ἔργοις by (on the basis of) works, by what one does 1 Cl 30:3; cp. Js 2:21, 24f (ἔργον 1a and πίστις 2dδ); διʼ ἐαυτῶν δ. by oneself=as a result of one’s own accomplishments 1 Cl 32:4. (cp. κατὰ νόμον Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1).—Since Paul views God’s justifying action in close connection with the power of Christ’s resurrection, there is sometimes no clear distinction between the justifying action of acquittal and the gift of new life through the Holy Spirit as God’s activity in promoting uprightness in believers. Passages of this nature include Ro 3:26, 30; 4:5 (on δικαιοῦν τὸν ἀσεβῆ cp. the warning against accepting δῶρα to arrange acquittal Ex 23:7 and Is 5:23; δικαιούμενοι δωρεάν Ro 3:24 is therefore all the more pointed); 8:30, 33 (Is 50:8); Gal 3:8; Dg 9:5. For the view (held since Chrysostom) that δ. in these and other pass. means ‘make upright’ s. Goodsp., Probs. 143–46, JBL 73, ’54, 86–91.③ to cause someone to be released from personal or institutional claims that are no longer to be considered pertinent or valid, make free/pure (the act. Ps 72:13) in our lit. pass. δικαιοῦμαι be set free, made pure ἀπό from (Sir 26:29; TestSim 6:1, both δικ. ἀπὸ [τῆς] ἁμαρτίας) ἀπὸ πάντων ὧν οὐκ ἠδυνήθητε ἐν νόμω Μωϋσέως δικαιωθῆναι from everything fr. which you could not be freed by the law of Moses Ac 13:38; cp. vs. 39. ὁ ἀποθανὼν δεδικαίωται ἀπὸ τ. ἁμαρτίας the one who died is freed fr. sin Ro 6:7 (s. KKuhn, ZNW 30, ’31, 305–10; EKlaar, ibid. 59, ’68, 131–34). In the context of 1 Cor 6:11 ἐδικαιώθητε means you have become pure.—In the language of the mystery religions (Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 258ff) δικαιοῦσθαι refers to a radical inner change which the initiate experiences (Herm. Wr. 13, 9 χωρὶς γὰρ κρίσεως ἰδὲ πῶς τὴν ἀδικίαν ἐξήλασεν. ἐδικαιώθημεν, ὦ τέκνον, ἀδικίας ἀπούσης) and approaches the sense ‘become deified’. Some are inclined to find in 1 Ti 3:16 a similar use; but see under 4.④ to demonstrate to be morally right, prove to be right, pass. of God is proved to be right Ro 3:4; 1 Cl 18:4 (both Ps 50:6). Of Christ 1 Ti 3:16.—Lit. s. on δικαιοσύνη 3c.—HRosman, Iustificare (δικαιοῦν) est verbum causativum: Verbum Domini 21, ’41, 144–47; NWatson, Δικ. in the LXX, JBL 79, ’60, 255–66; CCosgrove, JBL 106, ’87, 653–70.—DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. -
116 εἰρήνη
εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ (s. εἰρηνεύω; Hom.+; εἰρ. and related terms are common in astr. texts, e.g. Cat. Cod. Astr. IX/2 p. 173, 21; 175, 10)① a state of concord, peace, harmonyⓐ between governments opp. πόλεμος IEph 13:2. ἐρωτᾷ τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην asks for terms of peace Lk 14:32 (cp. TestJud 9:7 αἰτοῦσιν ἡμᾶς τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην; Anna Comn., Alex. 8, 5 ed. R. II p. 12, 17 τὰ περὶ εἰρήνης ἐρωτῶντες.—It is also poss. to transl. inquires about his health like ἐρωτ. [τὰ] εἰς εἰρήνην=שָׁאַל לְשָׁלוֹם 2 Km 8:10; 11:7; s. HThackeray, JTS 14, 1913, 389–99; Helbing, Kasussyntax 40); ἐν εἰ. εἶναι (Aristot., Mirabilia 119, 842a 2) be in peace, out of danger Lk 11:21. λαμβάνειν τὴν εἰ. ἔκ τινος take peace away fr. someth.=plunge it into a state of war Rv 6:4.—Ac 24:2. Of those who are fighting αἰτεῖσθαι εἰ. ask for peace (Anonym. Alex.-gesch. [II B.C.]: 151 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.) Ac 12:20.ⓑ harmony in personal relationships peace, harmony w. ὁμόνοια (Chrysipp.: Stoic. II 1076; Diod S 16, 60, 3; Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 14; 22 [39], 2; SIG 685, 13 [139 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 4, 50) 1 Cl 60:4; 61:1; 63:2; w. πραΰτης 61:2; opp. ὀργή D 15:3; opp. μάχαιρα Mt 10:34, cp. Lk 12:51. συναλλάσσειν εἰς εἰ. pacify Ac 7:26; σύνδεσμος τῆς εἰ. Eph 4:3. βασιλεὺς εἰρήνης king of peace (as transl. of Salem; cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 79) Hb 7:2. Of the Christian community εἰ. ἔχειν have peace, rest (fr. persecution, as Ac 14:2 v.l.; for the phrase s. Diod S 11, 72, 1; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401) Ac 9:31; εἰ. βαθεῖα (Ath. 1, 3 [opp. διώκεσθαι]; s. βαθύς 3a) 1 Cl 2:2. ὁδὸς εἰρήνης the way of peace, that leads to peace Ro 3:17 (Ps 13:3; Is 59:8); Lk 1:79. μετʼ εἰρήνης peaceably (Diod S 3, 18, 7; Vi. Aesopi W 97 P. μετʼ εἰρήνης ζῆν; EpJer 2; 1 Esdr 5:2; 1 Macc 12:4, 52 al.; Jos., Ant. 1, 179; 8, 405) Hb 11:31; ποιεῖν εἰ. make peace (Hermocles [IV/III B.C.]: Anth. Lyr. II p. 250, 21 [p. 174, 21 Coll. Alex.=Athen. 6, 253e] πρῶτον μὲν εἰρήνην ποίησον, φίλτατε.—ἐπί τινα Iren. 4, 40, 1 [Harv. II 301, 9]) Ac 14:2 v.l.; Eph 2:15; οἱ ποιοῦντες εἰ. those who make peace Js 3:18. βούλεσθαι εἰ. (Pr 12:20) wish for peace 1 Cl 15:1. διώκειν strive toward peace (w. δικαιοσύνη, πίστις, ἀγάπη) 2 Ti 2:22; Gal 5:22; 1 Cl 22:5 (Ps 33:15). εἰ. διώκειν μετὰ πάντων strive to be at peace w. everyone Hb 12:14 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 24 εἰ. ἄγεις πρὸς πάντας). τὰ τῆς εἰ. διώκειν strive after peace Ro 14:19; ζητεῖν εἰ. 1 Pt 3:11 (Ps 33:15); cp. 2 Cl 10:2. τὰ πρὸς εἰ. what makes for peace Lk 19:42. W. ἀσφάλεια 1 Th 5:3; w. ἀγάπη B 21:9; 1 Cl 62:2. ἀπέστη ἡ εἰ. peace has disappeared 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. δαίμονας … τὴν εἰ. ταράσσοντας Orig., C. Cels. 8, 73, 29). πρόσωπον εἰρήνης ἔχειν maintain a facade of peace Hv 3, 6, 3; εἰ. ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς have peace within one’s group 3, 5, 1.ⓒ good order opp. ἀκαταστασία 1 Cor 14:33; cp. 7:15, and 1 Cl 20:1, 9ff.② a state of well-being, peaceⓐ corresp. to Hebr. שָׁלוֹם welfare, health (WCaspari, Vorstellung u. Wort ‘Friede’ im AT 1910, esp. p. 128ff) in a farewell greeting: ὑπάγειν ἐν εἰ. go in peace, approx. equiv. to ‘keep well’ Js 2:16; also πορεύεσθαι ἐν εἰ. (Judg 18:6 B; 2 Km 3:21) Ac 16:36; ὑπάγειν εἰς εἰρήνην Mk 5:34; πορεύεσθαι εἰς εἰ. (1 Km 1:17; 20:42; 29:7; Jdth 8:35) Lk 7:50; 8:48. προπέμπειν τινὰ ἐν εἰ. send someone on the way in peace 1 Cor 16:11 (cp. Vi. Aesopi I, 32 p. 297, 1 Eberh. ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἀπέστειλεν [αὐτόν]). ἐν εἰ. μετὰ χαρᾶς ἀναπέμψατε send back in peace w. joy 1 Cl 65:1. ἀπολύειν τινὰ μετὰ εἰρήνης send someone away w. a greeting of peace Ac 15:33 (cp. Gen 26:29; Jos., Ant. 1, 179). In the formula of greeting εἰ. ὑμῖν=שָׁלוֹם לָכֶם (cp. Judg 6:23; 19:20; Da 10:19 Theod.; Tob 12:17) Lk 24:36; J 20:19, 21, 26. εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ peace to this house Lk 10:5; cp. vs. 6 (WKlassen, NTS 27, ’81, 488–506); Mt 10:12 v.l., 13 (on εἰ. ἐπί w. acc. cp. Is 9:7; Ps 84:9). In epistolary closure καὶ ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη peace be w. you AcPlCor 2:40.—A new and characteristic development is the combination of the Greek epistolary greeting χαίρειν with a Hebrew expression in the Pauline and post-Pauline letters χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη (s. χάρις 2c) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4. (χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη) 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3. (χάρις καὶ εἰ.—or w. ἔλεος—πληθυνθείη, cp. Da 4:1; 4:37c LXX; 6:26 Theod.) 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; Jd 2; 1 Cl ins; Pol ins; MPol ins; cp. Gal 6:16; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 3:16; 1 Pt 5:14; 3J 15; ISm 12:2; B 1:1 (χαίρετε ἐν εἰ.); to a degree, mng. 2b also is implied in this expr.ⓑ Since, acc. to the prophets, peace will be an essential characteristic of the messianic kgdm. (εἰ. as summum bonum: Seneca, Ep. 66, 5), Christian thought also freq. regards εἰ. as nearly synonymous w. messianic salvation εὐαγγελίζεσθαι εἰ. proclaim peace, i.e. messianic salvation (Is 52:7) Ac 10:36; Ro 10:15 v.l.; Eph 2:17; τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς εἰ. 6:15. ἔχειν ἐν Χριστῷ εἰ. J 16:33; ἔχειν εἰ. πρὸς τὸν θεόν have peace w. God Ro 5:1 (on εἰ. πρός τινα cp. Pla., Rep. 5, 465b; X., Hiero 2, 11; Epict. 4, 5, 24; Jos., Ant. 8, 396). ἀφιέναι εἰ. leave peace τινί J 14:27a (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 8, 14, 20); same sense εἰ. διδόναι give or grant peace 14:27b; 2 Th 3:16b (so Is 26:12. Since Thu. 4, 19, 1; 21, 1 εἰ. διδόναι refers to granting of political peace). Hence εἰ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ the peace brought by Christ Col 3:15; εἰ. τοῦ θεοῦ Phil 4:7; ὁ θεὸς τῆς εἰ. (TestDan 5:2) Ro 15:33; 16:20; 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Th 5:23; Hb 13:20; ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰ. 2 Th 3:16a; αὐτός (i.e. ὁ Χριστός) ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν Eph 2:14 (cp. POxy 41, 27, where an official is called εἰρήνη πόλεως; sim. ἐπὶ τῆς εἰρήνης PAchm 7, 8; 104.—FCoggan, ET 53, ’42, 242 [peace-offering]; but s. NSnaith, ibid. 325f). ἐπαναδράμωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς εἰ. σκοπόν let us run toward the goal of peace 1 Cl 19:2.—2 Pt 3:14; (w. ζωή) Ro 8:6; (w. δόξα and τιμή) 2:10; (w. δικαιοσύνη and χαρά.—W. χαρά En 5:9; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 45) 14:17; 15:13; (πίστις, φόβος, ὑπομονή, μακροθυμία) 1 Cl 64:1. παιδεία εἰηρήνης ἡμῶν ἐπʼ αὐτόν 16:5 (Is 53:5). In prayer εἰς ἀγαθὰ ἐν εἰ. 60:3. Also Lk 2:29 and the angelic greeting ἐπὶ γῆς εἰ. peace on earth 2:14 are prob. to be classed here; cp. 19:38.—On peace as a gift of God cp. Epict. 3, 13, 12 εἰρήνη ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κεκηρυγμένη διὰ τοῦ λόγου (=philosophy); Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 26, 5: it is the task of deities to establish and to promote εἰρήνη and φιλία; cp. the boasts of Isis in related terms, IAndrosIsis, Kyme.—HFuchs, Augustin u. d. antike Friedensgedanke 1926, 39–43; 167–223; WNestle, D. Friedensgedanke in d. antiken Welt: Philol. Suppl. 31, ’38; WvanLeeuwen, Eirene in het NT ’40; FBammel, Die Religionen der Welt und der Friede auf Erden ’57; on the word’s history, KBrugmann and BKeil, Εἰρήνη: Ber. d. Sächs. Ges. d. Wiss. 68, 1916 nos. 3 and 4; GKöstner, Εἰρήνη in d. Briefen des hl. Apostels, diss. Rome ’58; WEisenbeis, D. Wurzel שׁלם im AT, Beih. ZAW 113, ’69; RAC VIII 434–505 (lit.).—B. 1376. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
117 εἰσπορεύομαι
εἰσπορεύομαι (s. πορεύομαι) impf. εἰσεπορευόμην; fut. 1 pl. εἰσεπορευσόμεθα Dt 1:22; aor. εἰσεπορεύθην LXX; pf. εἰσπεπόρευμαι LXX; in our lit. only mid. (as since X. Cyr. 2, 3, 21; ins, pap, LXX, En 7:1; PsSol 2:11) to enter into an area, go into, enter. W. εἴς τι into someth. foll. (Cebes 4, 2; Gen 23:10; Ex 1:1 al.) εἰς Καφαρναούμ come to Capernaum Mk 1:21; into villages 6:56; 11:2; the temple (cp. Ex 28:30; 30:20f) Ac 3:2; a house Lk 22:10; Ac 18:4 D; εἰς τ. βασιλείαν τ. θεοῦ Lk 18:24 (s. εἰσέρχομαι 2). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ᾗ εἰσπορευόμενοι εὑρήσετε in which, when you enter, you will find 19:30. W. the ‘place where’ expr. by a clause: εἰσπορεύεται ὅπου ἦν τὸ παιδίον he went in where the child was Mk 5:40. κατὰ τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος going into one house after the other Ac 8:3. W. πρός τινα foll. (Cebes 29, 3; SIG2 491, 17; POxy 717, 7 [I B.C.]; Gen 44:30; Esth 2:13f; Da 11:16 Theod.) come to someone 28:30. Abs. οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι (cp. Zech 8:10) those who enter Lk 8:16; 11:33. ἦν μετʼ αὐτῶν εἰσπορευόμενος καὶ ἐκπορευόμενος εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ he went in and out among them at Jerusalem Ac 9:28 (cp. Tob 5:18; PsSol 2:11). Of the devil, who enters a pers. and takes possession Hm 12, 5, 4. Of foods εἰ. εἰς τὸ στόμα go into the mouth Mt 15:17; into a person Mk 7:15, 18f.—In imagery come in, enter εἴς τινα someone: grief Hm 10, 2, 2f. Abs. of desires Mk 4:19.—M-M. TW.Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > εἰσπορεύομαι
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118 θάνατος
θάνατος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)① the termination of physical life, deathⓐ natural death J 11:4, 13; Hb 7:23; 9:15f; Rv 18:8 (s. also 1d); 1 Cl 9:3. Opp. ζωή (Mel., P. 49, 355; cp. 2a.) Ro 7:10; 8:38; 1 Cor 3:22; 2 Cor 1:9 (s. also 1bα); Phil 1:20. γεύεσθαι θανάτου taste death = die (γεύομαι 2) Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 8:52; Hb 2:9b. Also ἰδεῖν θάνατον (Astrampsychus p. 26 Dec. 48, 2. Also θεάομαι θ. p. 6 ln. 53) Lk 2:26; Hb 11:5; ζητεῖν τὸν θ. Rv 9:6 (where follows φεύγει ὁ θ. ἀπʼ αὐτῶν). θανάτου καταφρονεῖν despise death ISm 3:2; Dg 10:7a (Just., A II, 10, 8 al.; Tat. 11, 1 al.). περίλυπος ἕως θανάτου sorrowful even to the point of death (Jon 4:9 σφόδρα λελύπημαι ἕως θανάτου; Sir 37:2) Mt 26:38; Mk 14:34; ἄχρι θ. to the point of death of a devotion that does not shrink even fr. the sacrifice of one’s life Rv 2:10; 12:11 (TestJob 5:1; cp. Just., D. 30, 2 μέχρι θ. al.); διώκειν ἄχρι θανάτου persecute even to death Ac 22:4. Also διώκειν ἐν θανάτῳ B 5:11. διώκειν εἰς θ. AcPl Ha 11, 20 (opp. εἰς ζωήν). εἰς θ. πορεύεσθαι go to one’s death Lk 22:33. [ἀναβῆναι] εἰς τὸν τοῦ θανάτου [τόπον] AcPl Ha 6, 30. ἀσθενεῖν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ be nearly dead with illness Phil 2:27; ἐσφαγμένος εἰς θ. receive a fatal wound Rv 13:3a. ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου a fatal wound 13:3b, 12. φόβος θανάτου Hb 2:15.ⓑ of death as a penalty (Thu. et al.; Diod S 14, 66, 3: the tyrant is μυρίων θανάτων τυχεῖν δίκαιος=‘worthy of suffering countless deaths’; Just., A I, 45, 5 θανάτου ὁρισθέντος κατὰ … τῶν ὁμολογούντων τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Χριστοῦ al.).α. as inflicted by secular courts ἔνοχος θανάτου ἐστίν he deserves death (ἔνοχος 2bα) Mt 26:66; Mk 14:64; παραδιδόναι εἰς θ. betray, give over to death Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12 (ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf.). θανάτῳ τελευτᾶν die the death = be punished w. death Mt 15:4; Mk 7:10 (both Ex 21:17). ἄξιον θανάτου, deserving death (the entire clause οὐδὲν … αὐτῷ=he is not guilty of any capital crime; cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 144) Lk 23:15 (s. αἴτιος 2); Ac 23:29; 25:11, 25. αἴτιον θανάτου Lk 23:22 (s. αἴτιος 2). Also αἰτία θανάτου (Lucian, Tyrannic. 11) Ac 13:28; 28:18; κρίμα θ. sentence of death: παραδιδόναι εἰς κρίμα θ. sentence to death Lk 24:20; fig. ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θ. ἐσχήκαμεν 2 Cor 1:9. κατακρίνειν τινὰ θανάτῳ (εἰς θάνατον v.l.) condemn someone to death Mt 20:18.—Several of the pass. just quoted refer to the death sentence passed against Christ; sim., θάνατος is freq. usedβ. of the death of Christ gener. (Just., D. 52, 4 al.; ἀνθρώπου θ. ἀποθανεῖν Orig., C. Cels. 1, 61, 40): Ro 5:10; 6:3–5; 1 Cor 11:26; Phil 2:8a; 3:10; Col 1:22; Hb 2:14a; IEph 7:2; 19:1; IMg 9:1; ITr 2:1. τὸ πάθημα τ. θανάτου the suffering of death Hb 2:9. ἕως θανάτου καταντῆσαι even to meet death Pol 1:2.—GWiencke, Pls über Jesu Tod ’39.—The expr. ὠδῖνες τοῦ θανάτου, used Ac 2:24 in a passage referring to Christ, comes fr. the LXX, where in Ps 17:5 and 114:3 it renders חֶבְלֵי־מָוֶת (cp. 1QH 3, 7–12). This would lit. be ‘bonds of death’. But an interchange of חֶבֶל ‘bond’ and חֵבֶל ‘pain’, specif. ‘birth-pangs’, has made of it pangs of death (cp. a sim. interchange in 2 Km 22:6 al. LXX, and the expr. in Pol 1:2 λύσας τ. ὠδῖνας τοῦ ᾅδου after Ac 2:24 v.l.). This results in a remarkably complex metaphor (s. BGildersleeve, Pindar 1885, 355 on ‘telescoped’ metaphor) Ac 2:24, where death is regarded as being in labor, and unable to hold back its child, the Messiah (s. Beginn. IV ad loc.; Field, Notes 112).γ. of natural death as divine punishment (Did., Gen. 148, 25; 171, 9) Ro 5:12ab; 21; 1 Cor 15:21; B 12:2, 5.ⓒ of the danger of death (2 Ch 32:11) σῴζειν τινὰ ἐκ θανάτου save someone fr. death (PsSol 13:2 [ἀπὸ … θ.]; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 120 D.; Just., D. 98, 1 σωθῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ θ.) Hb 5:7. Also ῥύεσθαι ἐκ θ. 2 Cor 1:10 (Just., D. 111, 3). θάνατοι danger(s)/perils of death (Epict. 4, 6, 2; Ptolem., Apotel. 2, 9, 5; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 307 D.: ὥσπερ Ὀδυσσεὺς θ.; Maximus Tyr. 15, 8a; Philo, In Flacc. 175 προαποθνῄσκω πολλοὺς θανάτους) 11:23. μέχρι θανάτου ἐγγίζειν come close to dying Phil 2:30. 2 Cor 4:11, cp. vs. 12, is reminiscent of the constant danger of death which faced the apostle as he followed his calling.ⓓ of the manner of death (Artem. 1, 31 p. 33, 10; 4, 83 p. 251, 16 μυρίοι θ.=‘countless kinds of death’; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 25 [Stone p. 52] ἑβδομήκοντα δύο εἰσὶν θ.; ParJer 9:22; Ps.-Hecataeus: 264 Fgm. 21, 191 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 191]) ποίῳ θ. by what kind of death J 12:33; 18:32; 21:19. θ. σταυροῦ Phil 2:8b.ⓔ death as personified Ro 5:14, 17; 6:9; 1 Cor 15:26 (cp. Plut., Mor. 370c τέλος ἀπολεῖσθαι [for ἀπολείπεσθαι] τὸν Ἅιδην); vss. 54–56 (s. on κέντρον 1); Rv 1:18; 6:8a; 20:13f; 21:4; B 5:6; 16:9 (this concept among Jews [Hos 13:14; Sir 14:12; 4 Esdr 8, 53; SyrBar 21, 23; TestAbr A 16ff; Bousset, Rel.3 253, 2] and Greeks [ERohde, Psyche1903, II 241; 249; CRobert, Thanatos 1879].—JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 114ff; JUbbink, Paulus en de dood: NThSt 1, 1918, 3–10 and s. on ἁμαρτία 3a).② death viewed transcendently in contrast to a living relationship with God, death extension of mng. 1 (Philo)ⓐ of spiritual death, to which one is subject unless one lives out of the power of God’s grace. θάνατον οὐ μὴ θεωρήσῃ J 8:51. Opp. ζωή 5:24; 1J 3:14; Ro 7:10; 8:6. This death stands in the closest relation to sin: Ro 7:13b; Js 1:15; 5:20; 2 Cl 1:6; Hv 2, 3, 1; also to the flesh: Paul thinks of the earthly body as σῶμα τ. θανάτου Ro 7:24. In contrast to the gospel the law of Moses engraved on stone διακονία τοῦ θανάτου service that leads to death 2 Cor 3:7 (cp. Tat. 14, 1 θανάτου … ἐπιτηδεύματα). The νόμος, which is τὸ ἀγαθόν, proves to be θάνατος death = deadly or cause of death Ro 7:13a. The unredeemed are ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου Mt 4:16; cp. Lk 1:79 (both Is 9:2). ἐν σκοτίᾳ θανάτου AcPl Ha 8, 32 (=BMM verso 4). This mng. of θάνατος cannot always be clearly distinguished fr. the foll., since spiritual death merges intoⓑ eternal death. θαν. αἰώνιος B 20:1. This kind of death is meant Ro 1:32; 6:16, 21, 23; 7:5; 2 Cor 7:10; 2 Ti 1:10; Hb 2:14b; B 10:5; 2 Cl 16:4; Dg 10:7b; Hv 1, 1, 8; m 4, 1, 2. ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον 1J 5:16f (Polyaenus 8, 32 bravery πρὸς θ.=‘to the point of death’; s. ἁμαρτάνω e and TestIss 7:1 ἁμαρτία εἰς θάνατον). ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον a fragrance that comes from death and leads to death 2 Cor 2:16. In Rv this (final) death is called the second death (ὁ δεύτερος θ. also Plut., Mor. 942f) 2:11; 20:6, 14b; 21:8 (s. TZahn, comm. 604–8).—GQuell, Die Auffassung des Todes in Israel 1926; JLeipoldt, D. Tod bei Griechen u. Juden ’42; TBarrosse, Death and Sin in Ro: CBQ 15, ’53, 438–59; ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55 (lit.); SBrandon, The Personification of Death in Some Ancient Religions, BJRL 43, ’61, 317–35.③ a particular manner of death, fatal illness, pestilence and the like, as established by context (Job 27:15; Jer 15:2: θάνατος … μάχαιρα … λιμός) Rv 2:23. ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῥομφαίᾳ κ. ἐν λιμῷ κ. ἐν θανάτῳ 6:8b; 18:8 (cp. PsSol 13:2; 15:7; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 10).—JToynbee, Death and Burial in the Roman World ’71; SHumphreys, The Family, Women, and Death ’83.—B. 287. DELG. BHHW III 1999–2001. 1609–13. M-M. TW. Sv. -
119 καταβαίνω
καταβαίνω impf. κατέβαινον; fut. καταβήσομαι; 2 aor. κατέβην, impv. κατάβηθι and κατάβα (Diog. L. 2, 41) Mk 15:30 v.l.; pf. καταβέβηκα (Hom.+; gener. ‘go/come down’)① to move downward, come/go/climb down lit.ⓐ of pers.:α. w. indication of the place fr. which one comes or goes down: ἀπό τινος (Pind., N. 6, 51; X., Cyr. 5, 5, 6; Ael. Aristid. 51, 22 K.=27 p. 538 D.: ἀπὸ τ. ὄρους; Gen 38:1; Ex 32:15 ἀπὸ τ. ὄρους; 4 Km 1:16; Na 3:7 v.l.; Ezk 47:1; JosAs 5:11 ἀπὸ τ. ἅρματος; Jos., Ant. 6, 108) Mt 8:1; Mk 9:9 v.l.; ἀπὸ ὀρινῆς GJs 18:1 (pap; 19:1 codd.). Come down fr. a cross (Chariton 4, 3, 6 κατέβαινε τοῦ σταυροῦ, after the command κατάβηθι) Mt 27:40, 42; Mk 15:30, 32. Get out of a boat (cp. Ezk 27:29) Mt 14:29. W. ἔκ τινος: ἐκ τ. ὄρους (Il. 13, 17; X., An. 7, 4, 12; Ex 19:14; 32:1; Dt 9:15; 10:5; Josh 2:23) 17:9; Mk 9:9. ἐντεῦθεν 1 Cl 53:2 (Dt 9:12); GJs 4:2b. Abs., though it is clear fr. the context where the descent is from Mk 13:15 (s. δ); Lk 19:5f; J 5:7; Ac 20:10; 23:10; B 4:8; 14:3 (the two last Ex 32:7, where ἐντεῦθεν is added); MPol 7:2. Of someone on an elevation GJs 1:4; 4:3; 16:2. W. inf. foll. (Gen. 11:5; 43:20; Ex 3:8) Mt 24:17; Lk 17:31. καταβὰς ἔστη 6:17.—Go, return, go back κατέβησαν εὐφραινόμενοι GJs 6:3 they returned (home) with joy. Here the prep. functions as an auxiliary adv. (cp. Gen 43:13; Jer 43:14).β. as in LXX (for יָרַד 3 Km 22:2; 4 Km 8:29; 10:13 al.) of going away fr. Jerusalem or Palestine: ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων Mk 3:22; Lk 10:30 (cp. 1 Macc 16:14); Ac 25:7; cp. Lk 10:31; Ac 24:1, 22. Of the temple GJs 5:1 s. under δ. W. geograph. reff. in general (oft. LXX; TestSim 4:3 εἰς Αἴγυπτον; Jos., Vi. 68 εἰς Τιβεριάδα) εἰς Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:15 (also κ. ἐκεῖ Did., Gen. 227, 5). εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 18:22.—14:25; 16:8; 25:6; Lk 2:51; J 2:12. Abs. J 4:47, 49, 51; Ac 8:15; 10:20.γ. of coming down fr. heaven (Maximus Tyr. 11, 12e κ. ἐκ τ. θεοῦ μέχρι γῆς) ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (Diogenes, Ep. 38, 1; Da 4:13, 23 Theod.; Philo, Migr. Abr. 185; Ar. 15, 1) J 6:38; 1 Th 4:16. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ (Chariton 6, 3, 4 τὶς ἐξ οὐρ. καταβέβηκε. Of things Dt 28:24; 4 Km 1:10) Mt 28:2; J 3:13 (for the contrast ἀναβαίνω εἰς τ. οὐρ. … καταβαίνω cp. Pr 30:4; PGM 4, 546f; cp. Iren. 1, 9, 3 [Harv. I 84, 5]); 6:33, 41f, 50f, 58; Rv 10:1; 18:1; 20:1. Abs. (Aristob. in Eus., PE 8, 10, 13 [=Holladay p. 144 ln. 94]; PGM 4, 3024; 36, 299; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 3, 2; Did., Gen. 110, 17) Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:8); J 1:51; Eph 4:10.δ. w. indication of the place to which one goes or comes down εἰς τ. οἰκίαν Mk 13:15 v.l. (cp. α above). εἰς τὸν παράδεισον αὐτῆς in her garden GJs 2:4; εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον Ro 10:7. εἰς ᾅδου (Ar. 11, 3; Diod S 4, 25, 4 and Artem. 2, 55 with ἀναβαίνειν ἐξ ᾅδου) 1 Cl 51:4 (Num 16:30; Ps 54:16). εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς (s. κατώτερος) Eph 4:9. Esp. of baptism κ. εἰς (τὸ) ὕδωρ go down into the water Ac 8:38; B 11:8, 11; Hm 4, 3, 1; Hs 9, 16, 4 and 6a; cp. 6b. εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ (from the temple) home(ward) Lk 18:14; sim. ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ … καὶ ἥκει ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ GJs 5:1; cp. 8:1. ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν (X., Ages. 1, 18; cp. Gen 24:16, 45) J 6:16. ἐπὶ τὸν λιμένα AcPl Ha 5, 15; πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας (cp. 1 Km 10:8; 4 Km 1:15; 1 Macc 10:71) Ac 10:21; cp. 14:11 θεοὶ … κατέβησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς. ἄγγελος … κυρίου κατέβη πρὸς Ἰωακείμ GJs 4:2a. ἄγγελος κατέβαινεν ἐν τ. κολυμβήθρᾳ into the pool J 5:4 (cp. Judg 7:9f B κ. ἐν τ. παρεμβολῇ). Of the descent of the devil: πρός τινα Rv 12:12 (cp. Philo, Gig. 12 [ψυχαὶ] πρὸς σώματα κατέβησαν).ⓑ of things etc.: a sheet fr. heaven (cp. SibOr 2, 20) come down Ac 10:11; 11:5. Every good gift comes down ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν φώτων Js 1:17. Of the New Jerusalem κ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 3:12; 21:2, 10. Of the Holy Spirit at the baptism of Jesus: καταβ. εἰς αὐτόν come down and enter into him Mk 1:10. ἐπʼ αὐτόν upon him Mt 3:16; Lk 3:22; J 1:32f. Of rain (cp. Ps 71:6; Is 55:10; Jos., Ant. 2, 343) fall Mt 7:25, 27. Of a storm come down Lk 8:23. Of fire fall down ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 343) 9:54. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν Rv 13:13. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ (4 Km 1:10, 14; 2 Macc 2:10) 20:9. Of hail ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐπί τινα fall down fr. heaven upon someone 16:21. Of drops of blood ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 22:44 (cp. Sir 35:15 δάκρυα ἐπὶ σιαγόνα). Of a road lead away ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλήμ Ac 8:26.② to suffer humiliation, fig. extension of mng. 1 be brought down ἕως ᾅδου (cp. Is 14:11, 15. ἕως as Ps 106:26; ApcEsdr 4:32 p. 29, 9 Tdf.) Mt 11:23; Lk 10:15 (both w. καταβιβασθήσῃ as v.l.; s. καταβιβάζω).—M-M. TW. -
120 κρίσις
κρίσις, εως, ἡ (s. κρίνω; Aeschyl., Hdt.+).① legal process of judgment, judging, judgmentⓐ of the activity of God or the Messiah as judge, esp. on the Last Day (Bacchylides 3, 26 of judgment by Zeus).α. ἡ δικαία κ. τοῦ θεοῦ God’s righteous judgment 2 Th 1:5. ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν J 5:30 (cp. δικαία περὶ πάντων κ. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 9, 10). θεία κ. 2 Cl 20:4. κρίσιν ποιεῖν execute judgment, act as judge (Aristoph., Ran. 778; 785; X., Hell. 4, 2, 6; 8; Dt 10:18.—Likew. κ. ποιεῖσθαι: 1 Macc 6:22; Jos., Ant. 6, 34; Just., A I, 2, 3; D. 124, 1; Iren. 1, 10, 1 [Harv. I 91, 10]) J 5:27. τ. κρίσιν διδόναι τινί commit judgment or judging to someone vs. 22 (TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 10 [Stone p. 32]). ἡ ἡμέρα (τῆς) κρίσεως the Day of Judgment (Jdth 16:17; Is 34:8; Pr 6:34; PsSol 15:12; GrBar 1:7; ApcEsdr 2:27 p. 26, 21 Tdf. al.; ApcMos 12:26; Just.) Mt 10:15; 11:22, 24; 12:36; Mk 6:11 v.l.; 2 Pt 2:9; 3:7; 1J 4:17; 2 Cl 16:3; 17:6; B 19:10; 21:6.—ἡ κ. ἡ μέλλουσα the judgment to come 2 Cl 18:2; MPol 11:2. ἡ κ. ἡ ἐπερχομένη the approaching judgment Hv 3, 9, 5 (περὶ τῆς ἐσομένης κ. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 56, 7; cp. μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν καὶ κ. Theoph. Ant. 2, 26 [p. 164, 1]). Denial of the Last Judgment Pol 7:1. κ. μεγάλης ἡμέρας the judgment of the Great Day Jd 6. ἡ ὥρα τῆς κ. αὐτοῦ the hour when (God) is to judge Rv 14:7. οὐκ ἀναστήσονται οἱ ἀσεβεῖς ἐν κ. the wicked will not rise in the judgment (or on the J. Day) B 11:7 (Ps 1:5); cp. Mt 12:41f; Lk 10:14; 11:31f. δικαιοσύνη κρίσεως ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος righteousness (on the part of the judge) is the beginning and end of judging B 1:6. Divine judgment (cp. Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 8, 40 τῶν ἀθανάτων κ.; Hierocles 11, 441 and 442 al. θεία κρίσις) is also mentioned 1 Ti 5:24; Hb 9:27 (cp. Diog. L. 3, 79 after Plato: one must fulfill the δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ, ἵνα μὴ καὶ μετὰ τὸν θάνατον δίκας ὑπόσχοιεν οἱ κακοῦργοι=so that after death they might not as evil-doers be subject to penalties); 2 Pt 2:4, 9; 2 Cl 20:4; D 11:11.β. The word oft. means judgment that goes against a person, condemnation, and the sentence that follows (TestAbr A 14 p. 93, 24 [Stone p. 34]; ApcEsdr 1:24 p. 25, 19 Tdf.; SibOr 3, 670; Just., D. 56, 1; 60, 2 κ. τῶν Σοδόμων) GPt 7:25. δισσὴν ἕξουσιν τὴν κ. they will receive double punishment 2 Cl 10:5. ἡ κ. σου your judgment Rv 18:10. κἀκείνοις κ. ἐστίν judgment comes upon them, too ISm 6:1. φοβερά τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως a fearful prospect of judgment Hb 10:27 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 179 a reference to the κ. τῶν ψυχῶν serves to arouse φόβος τ. ἀδικίας). ἡ κ. αὐτοῦ ἤρθη his punishment was taken away Ac 8:33; 1 Cl 16:7 (both Is 53:8). ὑπὸ κρίσιν πίπτειν come under judgment Js 5:12; cp. 2:13ab. ἡ κ. τῆς γεέννης being punished in hell Mt 23:33 (gen. as Diod S 1, 82, 3 θανάτου κ.=punishment by death; πυρὸς κ. Hippol. Ref. 10, 34, 2; cp. 9, 10, 7). ἔνοχός ἐστιν αἰωνίου κ. liable for eternal punishment Mk 3:29 v.l. κ. κατά τινος upon, against someone (Aelian, VH 2, 6) ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ πάντων execute judgment upon all Jd 15 (En 1:9).—(Opp. ζωή) ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ εἰς κ. οὐκ ἔρχεται J 5:24 (cp. Philip [=Demosth. 12, 16] εἰς κ. ἐλθεῖν; ApcSed 11:16 [134, 36 Ja.] τὸ σῶμα … ἀπέρχεται εἰς κρίσιν). ἀνάστασις ζωῆς … ἀνάστασις κρίσεως vs. 29. κρίσις τοῦ κόσμου τούτου judgment of (or upon) this world 12:31; cp. 16:8, interpreted as a judgment on the prince of this world 16:11 (cp. 12:31b; 1QM 1, 5; but s. also LLutkemeyer, CBQ 8, ’46, 225f ‘good judgment’, and BNoack, Satanas u. Soteria ’48, 79; also s. δικαιοσύνη 3a end).—Some interpreters see in 3:19 a double sense for κ., containing in addition to the senses ‘judgment’ and ‘condemnation’ the clear connotation of ‘separation, division’ (Hecataeus [320 B.C.]: 264 Fgm. 6, 1 Jac. [in Diod S 40, 3, 2 Dind. w. the ms. trad.] κρίσις τῶν κακῶν=‘separation fr. the evils’. A double sense as in J is found in Artem. 5, 5 κριτής=‘judge’ and ‘divider’). The ‘judgment’, which is operative here and now, is said to consist in the fact that people divide themselves into two groups, those who accept Christ and those who reject him (Hdb.; Bultmann). But it is also prob. that κ. in this vs. simply refers to the judicial process, which includes a statement of rationale or basis for the adverse verdict, here expressed in the clause ὅτι … τὰ ἔργα.—Pl. judgments, punishments (Diod S 1, 75, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 96 §446 κρίσεις πικραί=severe punishments) ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι αἱ κρίσεις σου Rv 16:7; 19:2.—Bousset, Rel.3 257ff; LRuhl, De Mortuorum Judicio 1903; JBlank, Krisis (J), diss. Freiburg, ’64.α. of one human being toward another κ. δικαία B 20:2; D 5:2. κ. ἄδικος unjust judgment Pol 6:1; ἀπότομος ἐν κ. relentless in judgment ibid. τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν κρίνετε J 7:24 (κρίνω 2a). Cp. ἡ κ. ἡ ἐμὴ ἀληθινή ἐστιν 8:16.β. of archangel against the devil οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας he did not presume to pronounce a reviling judgment Jd 9. Cp. the corresp. pass. in 2 Pt 2:11 ἄγγελοι οὐ φέρουσιν κατʼ αὐτῶν παρὰ κυρίου βλάσφημον κρίσιν angels do not pronounce a reviling judgment against them from the Lord.② a board of judges, court, specif. a local court (s. Schürer II 187f; Diod S 17, 80, 2; Aesop, Fab. 190 H.=459 P.; Theod. Prodr. 1, 402 H.) ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κ. he will have to answer to a (local) court Mt 5:21f.—RGuelich, ZNW 64, ’73, 44ff.③ administration of what is right and fair, right in the sense of justice/ righteousness (Michel 542, 6 [II B.C.] πίστιν ἔχοντα καὶ κρίσιν ὑγιῆ; OGI 383, 207 [I B.C.]; LXX; cp. מִשְׁפָּט) ἀφήκατε τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὸ ἔλεος καὶ τὴν πίστιν Mt 23:23; cp. Lk 11:42. ἐκζητεῖν κ. seek out justice 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:17). κρίσιν τ. ἔθνεσιν ἀπαγγελεῖ he will proclaim justice for the gentiles Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1). ἕως ἃν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς νῖκος τ. κρίσιν until he leads justice to victory vs. 20 (cp. Is 42:3.—Other prob. renderings are legal action, trial, case [X., An. 1, 6, 5; Diod S 2, 42, 4 αἱ κρίσεις=legal suits, transactions; En 9:3 εἰσαγάγετε τὴν κρίσιν ἡμῶν πρὸς τὸν ὕψιστον], and, influenced by νῖκος, a [military] decision [Dionys. Hal. 9, 35; 2 Macc 14:18]). The rendering right, justice may also be valid for such passages as J 7:24; 12:31; 16:8, 11; Ac 8:33 [so NRSV] and perh. others.—GWetter, s.v. κρίμα 4b near end; HBraun, Gerichtsgedanke u. Rechtfertigungslehre b. Pls 1930; FFilson, St. Paul’s Conception of Recompense ’31.—For add. reff. to the theme of justice in antiquity s. PvanderHorst, The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides 78, 117–28.—DELG s.v. κρίνω. M-M. TW.
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