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  • 61 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 62 next

    nekst 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) neste, førstkommende
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) deretter
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) neste
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    neste
    I
    adj. \/nekst\/, foran konsonant ofte: \/neks\/
    1) neste, førstkommende, (nærmest) følgende
    du er nestemann, nå er det din tur
    2) nærmest
    3) tilstøtende, nabo-, ved siden av
    huset ved siden av, neste hus
    as well as the next man like godt som hvem som helst
    in the next place nærmest, først og fremst dernest
    the next but one\/two ( om rekkefølge) den andre\/tredje herfra
    next door ved siden av, vegg i vegg
    han bor rett ved siden av meg, han bor vegg i vegg med meg
    next door to ( overført) nesten, nære ved, så godt som
    next, please! vær så god neste!
    next to ved siden av nest etter nesten
    sammenlignet med
    II
    adv. \/nekst\/, foran konsonant ofte: \/neks\/
    1) deretter, derpå, dernest, så, siden
    • what are you going to do next?
    • what comes next?
    2) neste gang
    3) like, aldeles, umiddelbart, rett
    4) nest
    next to nærmest, (tett) inntil, (rett) ved siden av, rett etter
    nest etter
    nær ved, så godt som
    next to nothing nesten ingenting, knapt noe
    jeg fikk det nesten gratis, jeg fikk det for en slikk og ingenting
    what next? hva kommer så?, hva skjer etterpå?, etterpå, da? ( uttrykk for forbauselse) hva blir det neste?, hvor skal dette egentlig ende?
    III
    prep. \/nekst\/, foran konsonant ofte: \/neks\/
    1) nærmest
    2) ved siden av, inntil

    English-Norwegian dictionary > next

  • 63 JARL

    * * *
    (-s, -ar), m.
    1) poet. a highborn, noble man or warrior;
    2) earl (in dignity next to the king).
    * * *
    m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest.
    A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, ‘erl’ is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative ( warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl’s might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl’s delight = a man’s delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstinn, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, ‘earl’s-brides,’ ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla einbani, ‘earl-slayer’ = ανδροκτόνος, Em., Hkm.; karl-fólk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jörð, an earl’s estate, is opp. to konungs jörð, a king’s estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá allan ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmaðr is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q. v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-man; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v. l.; berg-jarl, poët. a ‘crag-earl’ = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a ‘back-earl,’ an enemy in one’s rear; of-jarl (q. v.), an ‘over-earl,’ an overbearing man.
    B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnáma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl’s name as a family dignity; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 281; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hálogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Háleygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the Mæra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy).
    II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way.
    III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A. D. 1268) in the Sturlunga.—For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6.
    IV. in eccl. translation the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e. g. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2.
    COMPDS: jarlakappi, jarlaskáld, Jarlasögur, jarlsefni, jarlsmaðr, jarlsníð, jarlsríki, jarlssæti.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > JARL

  • 64 next

    nekst
    1. прил.
    1) а) следующий in the next part ≈ в следующей части б) следующий (по времени) ;
    будущий, грядущий next year ≈ в будущем году
    2) ближайший;
    близлежащий, соседний next door to Syn: nearest ∙
    2. нареч.
    1) затем, после, потом What next? ≈ А что дальше?;
    Что еще может за этим последовать?
    2) в следующий раз, снова when I meet him next ≈ когда я его опять увижу
    3) усил. еще What next! ≈ Вот еще!
    3. предл. вблизи, возле, около, рядом the chair next the window ≈ стул около окна
    4. сущ. следующий/ближайший (человек или предмет) her next was a programmer ≈ ее следующий хахаль был программист. следующий - in the * chapter в следующей главе - by the * mail ближайшей почтой - the * person to arrive was N. следующим приехал N. - (take) the * turning to the right первый поворот направо - the * dress I buy shall be black первое платье, которое я себе куплю, будет черное - in the * place во-вторых;
    в следующую очередь;
    затем ближайший, соседний - my * neighbour мой ближайший сосед - * but one через один - the shop is in the * house but one магазин находится через дом от нас следующий (по времени) ;
    будущий - * day на следующий день, завтра - * year в будущем /в следующем/ году - * October в октябре этого года (если это говорится в январе-сентябре) ;
    в октябре будущего года (если это говорится в ноябре-декабре) - on Tuesday * во вторник на будущей неделе - not till * time до следующего раза;
    больше не буду (устаревшее) непосредственно предшествующий - the * day before Easter канун пасхи в грам. знач. сущ.: следующий, ближайший человек или предмет - * please! следующий (при вызове посетителя) ;
    какие еще есть вопросы?;
    давайте дальше - her * was a greengrocer потом она вышла замуж за зеленщика - her * was a girl ее следующим ребенком была девочка - we will tell you in our next мы сообщим вам в нашем следующем письме или в нашей следующей телеграмме - to be continued in our * продолжение в следующем номере - * of blood( устаревшее) ближайший родственник > the * man (американизм) кто угодно, любой > he knows it as well as the * man он знает это не хуже всякого другого > he is as good as the * man он никому не уступит > the * world тот свет( о загробной жизни) > * way (устаревшее) кратчайший путь > I speak the truth the * way (Shakespeare) я говорю только правду потом, затем, после - * we went to N.'s затем мы пошли к N. - who comes *? кто следующий? - what shall I do *? что мне после этого /потом/ делать? - the doctor spoke *, I spoke after him затем выступил доктор. Я говорил после него - he is poet first, scientist * он прежде всего поэт, а потом уже ученый - to come * следовать, последовать - this comes * за этим идет /следует/ вот это - what comes *? что дальше?, что за этим следует? непосредственно после;
    на втором месте - in the week * ensuing на ближайшей неделе - * most important /(амер) * important/ следующий по важности - my * oldest daughter вторая по старшинству из моих дочерей - * higher commander( военное) непосредственный начальник в следующий раз, снова - when * we meet при нашей следующей встрече, когда мы снова увидимся - when shall I meet you *? когда мы с вами снова встретимся? (эмоционально-усилительно) еще - what *! еще что!, этого еще не хватало!, дальше ехать некуда! - what will he be saying *? до чего он еще договорится? prep указывает на нахождение в непосредственной близости к кому-л., чему-л.: рядом с, около - a seat * the window место у окна - whom did you sit * at dinner? (рядом) с кем вы сидели за обедом? - the chair * the fire стул у камина - our hotel is * to post office наша гостиница( назходится) рядом с почтой - the carriage * the engine первый от паровоза вагон - I can't bear wool * my skin я не могу надевать шерстяные вещи на (голое) тело - the thing * my heart самое дорогое для меня to be concluded in our ~ окончание следует ~ prep рядом, около;
    the chair next the fire стул около камина;
    she loves him next her own child она любит его (почти) как своего ребенка ~ потом, затем, после;
    he next proceeded to write a letter затем он начал писать письмо;
    what next? а что дальше?;
    что еще может за этим последовать? next ближайший;
    соседний;
    the house next to ours соседний дом;
    my next neighbour мой ближайший сосед ~ следующий или ближайший (человек или предмет) ;
    next, please! следующий, пожалуйста!;
    I will tell you in my next я расскажу вам в следующем письме next ближайший;
    соседний;
    the house next to ours соседний дом;
    my next neighbour мой ближайший сосед next ближайший;
    соседний;
    the house next to ours соседний дом;
    my next neighbour мой ближайший сосед ~ в следующий раз, снова;
    when I see him next когда я его опять увижу ~ потом, затем, после;
    he next proceeded to write a letter затем он начал писать письмо;
    what next? а что дальше?;
    что еще может за этим последовать? ~ prep рядом, около;
    the chair next the fire стул около камина;
    she loves him next her own child она любит его (почти) как своего ребенка ~ следующий;
    будущий;
    next year в будущем году;
    not till next time шутл. больше не буду до следующего раза ~ следующий;
    next chapter следующая глава ~ следующий или ближайший (человек или предмет) ;
    next, please! следующий, пожалуйста!;
    I will tell you in my next я расскажу вам в следующем письме ~ следующий или ближайший (человек или предмет) ;
    next, please! следующий, пожалуйста!;
    I will tell you in my next я расскажу вам в следующем письме ~ следующий;
    next chapter следующая глава ~ to nothing почти ничего;
    the next man первый встречный;
    любой;
    всякий другой ~ to nothing почти ничего;
    the next man первый встречный;
    любой;
    всякий другой nothing: to have ~ (on smb., smth.) не иметь претензий (к кому-л.) ;
    next to nothing почти ничего;
    очень мало ~ to reading matter-position размещение рекламы по усмотрению редакции ~ следующий;
    будущий;
    next year в будущем году;
    not till next time шутл. больше не буду до следующего раза year: next ~ в будущем году ~ следующий;
    будущий;
    next year в будущем году;
    not till next time шутл. больше не буду до следующего раза ~ prep рядом, около;
    the chair next the fire стул около камина;
    she loves him next her own child она любит его (почти) как своего ребенка spot ~ bank. валютный своп с совершением сделки на следующий рабочий день ~ потом, затем, после;
    he next proceeded to write a letter затем он начал писать письмо;
    what next? а что дальше?;
    что еще может за этим последовать? well: ~, what next? ну, а что дальше?;
    well, now tell me all about it ну, теперь расскажите мне все об этом what: ~ kind of man is he? каков он?, что он собой представляет?;
    what next? ну, а дальше что? ~ в следующий раз, снова;
    when I see him next когда я его опять увижу

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > next

  • 65 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) seguinte
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) a seguir
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) seguinte
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    [nekst] n seguinte, próximo. • adj 1 seguinte, próximo. 2 contíguo. • adv logo, em seguida. • prep junto a, pegado. next but one segundo. next door ao lado (casa, apartamento), o mais perto. next door to vizinho, contíguo. next of kin parente mais próximo. next to nothing quase nada.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > next

  • 66 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) naslednji
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) zatem
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) naslednji
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    I [nekst]
    adjective
    naslednji, najbližji, sosednji (to); sledeči, prvi (za)
    next to — poleg, takoj za, skoraj (nemogoče)
    next door to — v sosednji hiši, čisto blizu; figuratively skoraj
    next but one — naslednji, drugi v vrsti
    what next? — kaj še (želiš)?
    II [nekst]
    adverb
    najbliže, zatem, takoj za; drugič, naslednjič
    III [nekst]
    preposition
    tik ob, takoj za
    IV [nekst]
    noun
    najbližji (sorodnik); naslednji (človek, otrok, pismo)
    the next to come — naslednji, ki je prišel

    English-Slovenian dictionary > next

  • 67 next

    1. [nekst] a
    1. следующий

    the next person to arrive was N. - следующим приехал N.

    the next dress I buy shall be black - первое платье, которое я себе куплю, будет чёрное

    in the next place - во-вторых; в следующую очередь; затем

    2. ближайший, соседний

    the shop is in the next house but one - магазин находится через дом от нас

    3. 1) следующий (по времени); будущий

    next day - на следующий день, завтра

    next year - в будущем /в следующем/ году

    not till next time - шутл. до следующего раза, больше не буду

    2) арх. непосредственно предшествующий
    4. в грам. знач. сущ. следующий, ближайший человек или предмет

    next please! - а) следующий ( при вызове посетителя); б) какие ещё есть вопросы?; в) давайте дальше

    next of blood - ист. ближайший родственник

    ♢ the next man - амер. кто угодно, любой

    he knows this as well as the next man - он знает это не хуже всякого другого

    next way - уст. кратчайший путь

    I speak the truth the next way ( Shakespeare) - я говорю только правду

    2. [nekst] adv
    1. 1) потом, затем, после

    next we went toN.'s - затем мы пошли к N.

    who comes next - кто следующий?

    what shall I do next? - что мне после этого /потом/ делать?

    the doctor spoke next, I spoke after him - затем выступил доктор. Я говорил после него

    he is poet first, scientist next - он прежде всего поэт, а потом уже учёный

    to come next - следовать, последовать

    this comes next - за этим идёт /следует/ вот это

    what comes next? - а что дальше?, что за этим следует? [ср. тж. 3]

    2) непосредственно после; на втором месте

    next most important /амер. next important/ - следующий по важности

    next higher commander - воен. непосредственный начальник

    2. в следующий раз, снова

    when next we meet - при нашей следующей встрече, когда мы снова увидимся

    when shall I meet you next? - когда мы с вами снова встретимся?

    3. эмоц.-усил. ещё

    what next! - ещё что!, этого ещё не хватало!, дальше ехать некуда! [ср. тж. 1]

    what will he be saying next? - до чего он ещё договорится?

    3. [nekst] prep
    указывает на нахождение в непосредственной близости к кому-л., чему-л. рядом с, около

    whom did you sit next at dinner? the chair next the fire - стул у камина

    our hotel is next the post office - наша гостиница (находится) рядом с почтой

    I can't bear wool next my skin - я не могу надевать шерстяные вещи на (голое) тело

    НБАРС > next

  • 68 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) næstur
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) næst
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) næst, næsti
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Icelandic dictionary > next

  • 69 next

    közvetlenül mellette, közvetlenül utána, következő
    * * *
    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) legközelebbi
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) azután, utána
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) következő (alkalommal)
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Hungarian dictionary > next

  • 70 next

    adj. sonraki, ertesi, bir dahaki, bitişik
    ————————
    adv. daha sonra, bir sonra, ardından
    ————————
    n. sonraki, bir sonraki, bir dahaki
    ————————
    prep. en yakın, yanında, yanına, yanısıra, neredeyse, hemen hemen
    * * *
    1. sonra (adv.) 2. sonraki (adj.) 3. sonraki
    * * *
    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) bir sonraki, yanı başındaki
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) ondan hemen sonra
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) (bir) sonraki
    - next best, biggest, oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Turkish dictionary > next

  • 71 next

    • tuleva
    • jälkeinen
    • tämän jälkeen
    • viereen
    • viereinen
    • ensi
    • sitten
    • välitön
    • seuraavan kerran
    • seuraavaksi
    • seuraava
    • lähin
    • lähinnä
    • läheinen
    * * *
    nekst 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) seuraava
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) seuraavaksi
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) seuraava
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Finnish dictionary > next

  • 72 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) nākošais
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) pēc tam
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) nākošais
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    nākošais; nākamais, nākošais; tuvākais, kaimiņu; pēc tam; atkal; pie, blakus

    English-Latvian dictionary > next

  • 73 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) kitas, gretimas, artimiausias, sekantis
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) po to, vėliau, toliau, kitą kartą
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) kitas
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > next

  • 74 next

    adj. nästa; närmast
    --------
    adv. därefter; nästa gång
    * * *
    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) nästa
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) därefter, härnäst
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) nästa
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Swedish dictionary > next

  • 75 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) další, příští, sousední
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) potom
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) další, příští
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    • potom
    • příští
    • následující
    • další

    English-Czech dictionary > next

  • 76 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) ďalší
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) potom
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) ďalší
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    • vedlajší
    • vedla
    • susedný
    • pri
    • ešte
    • druhý
    • hned po
    • blízko
    • budúci
    • dalej
    • další
    • po druhý krát
    • potom
    • na
    • nabudúce
    • najbližší
    • nasledujúci

    English-Slovak dictionary > next

  • 77 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) ur­mă­tor
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) (ime­diat) după aceea
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) următor
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Romanian dictionary > next

  • 78 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) επόμενος,κατοπινός,ερχόμενος,προσεχής,πλησιέστερος,γειτονικός
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) (αμέσως)μετά
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) επόμενος
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to

    English-Greek dictionary > next

  • 79 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) prochain, suivant, voisin
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) ensuite
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) le suivant, la suivante
    - biggest - oldest - next door - next to

    English-French dictionary > next

  • 80 next

    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) próximo, seguinte
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) em seguida
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) o seguinte
    - biggest - oldest - next door - next to

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > next

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