nearly

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

gĕmĭno, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [id.].

Act., to double (class.; syn. duplico).

Lit.:

favos,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 32: ructuosus spiritus, Cael. ap. Quint. 4, 2, 123:

victoriae laetitiam,

Liv. 45, 13:

semivocales,

Quint. 1, 7, 14:

verba,

id. 9, 3, 28:

decem vitae frater geminaverat annos,

i. e. had completed his twentieth year, Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 31:

labor geminaverat aestum,

id. M. 5, 586:

pericula,

Tib. 2, 3, 39:

facinus,

to repeat, Ov. M. 10, 471.— Absol.:

geminabit (sc. pugnum s. plagam) nisi caves,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 19.—In part. perf.:

tum sole geminato, quod Tuditano et Aquillio consulibus evenerat, ctc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 5, 14:

verba,

id. Part. 6, 21; cf.

littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 29; 1, 4, 11:

victoria,

Liv. 1, 25, 11:

luctus,

id. 40, 55:

urbs,

id. 1, 13:

onus,

Quint. 2, 3, 2:

vulnus,

Ov. M. 12, 257:

plausus,

Verg. G. 2, 509:

consulatus,

repeated, Tac. A. 1, 3:

invidiam fieri geminati honoris,

Liv. 39, 39, 9:

honor,

augmented, Plin. Pan. 92, 1.— [p. 805] Poet.:

quae postquam aspexit geminatus gaudia ductor Sidonius,

i. e. feeling double joy, Sil. 10, 514.—

Transf., to pair, join, or unite two things together:

non ut Serpentes avibus geminentur, tigribus agni,

Hor. A. P. 13:

geminari legionum castra prohibuit,

the encamping of two legions together, Suet. Dom. 7; Stat. S. 1, 2, 239:

non acuta Sic geminant Corybantes aera,

i. e. strike together, Hor. C. 1, 16, 8.—In part. perf.:

prope geminata cacumina montium,

nearly of the same height, Liv. 36, 24, 9.—

Neutr., to be double, Lucr. 4, 451.

grātĭa, ae, f. [gratus; lit., favor, both that in which one stands with others and that which one shows to others].

(Acc. to gratus, I.) Favor which one finds with others, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship (syn. favor):

pluris pauciorum gratiam faciunt pars hominum quam id quod prosint pluribus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 12:

perspicio nihili meam vos facere gratiam,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 68:

ut majores ejus (Plancii) summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenuerint et dignitatis et gratiae,

Cic. Planc. 13, 32; cf.:

Sex. Roscius gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

deinde si maxime talis est deus, ut nulla gratia, nulla hominum caritate teneatur, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 124:

neque quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 24, 70; cf.:

aliquem restituere in gratiam,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23:

aliquem restituere in ejus veterem gratiam,

id. Att. 1, 3, 3:

in gratiam reducere,

id. Rab. Post. 8, 19; cf.

also: cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

to reconcile one's self with one, id. Att. 1, 14, 7; Nep. Alcib. 5, 1; id. Thras. 3 fin.; id. Dat. 8, 5 al.:

alicujus gratiam sequi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3; cf.:

si suam gratiam Romani velint, posse eis utiles esse amicos,

id. B. G. 4, 7, 4:

ab aliquo inire gratiam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 113:

a bonis omnibus summam inire gratiam,

id. Att. 7, 9, 3:

magnam inire gratiam,

id. Fin. 4, 12, 31:

quantam eo facto ad plebem inierat gratiam,

Liv. 33, 46, 7:

apud regem gratiam initam volebant,

id. 36, 5, 3:

at te apud eum, dii boni, quanta in gratia posui!

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 4; cf. id. ib. 5, 11, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6 fin.;

with a different construction: apud Lentulum ponam te in gratiam (Ern. conj. in gratia),

Cic. Att. 5, 3, 3:

cum aliquo in laude et in gratia esse,

id. Verr. 1, 17, 51; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

inter vos sic haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17 Ruhnk.:

plerique (in divortio) cum bona gratia discedunt,

Dig. 24, 1, 32, § 10;

without bona: cum istuc quod postulo impetro cum gratia,

with a good grace, Ter. And. 2, 5, 11:

omnia quae potui in hac summa tua gratia ac potentia a te impetrare,

credit, influence, Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; cf.:

Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 4; 1, 43, 8:

gratiā plurimum posse,

id. ib. 1, 9, 3; 1, 20, 2; cf.:

quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent,

id. ib. 7, 63, 1:

gratiā valere,

id. B. C. 2, 44, 1:

inproba quamvis Gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna,

Juv. 13, 4:

quem triumphum magis gratiae quam rerum gestarum magnitudini datum constabat,

Liv. 40, 59, 1.—In plur.:

L. Murenae provincia multas bonas gratias cum optima existimatione attulit,

tokens of favor, Cic. Mur. 20, 42:

cum haec res plurimas gratias, firmissimas amicitias pariat,

id. ib. 11, 24:

non hominum potentium studio, non excellentibus gratiis paucorum, sed universi populi Romani judicio consulem factum,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 7.—

Transf., objectively, like the Gr. charis, agreeableness, pleasantness, charm, beauty, loveliness, grace (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose;

esp. freq. in Quint.): gratia formae,

Ov. M. 7, 44; Suet. Tit. 3:

corporis,

id. Vit. 3; id. Vit. Ter. 1; Plin. 28, 19, 79, § 260:

quid ille gratiae in vultu ostenderit,

Quint. 6 prooem. § 7; cf. id. 6, 3, 26:

unica nec desit jocundis gratia verbis,

charm, Prop. 1, 2, 29; cf.: neque abest facundis gratia dictis, Ov. M. 13, 127:

plenus est jucunditatis et gratiae (Horatius),

Quint. 10, 1, 96:

sermonis Attici,

id. ib. 65;

12, 10, 35: dicendi,

id. 9, 3, 74:

brevitatis novitatisque,

id. ib. 58:

omnis bene scriptorum,

id. 11, 2, 46 et saep.; Cels. 4, 29 med.:

uvis et vinis gratiam affert fumus fabrilis,

Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 16; id. 17, 9, 6, § 53. —Hence,

As a nom. propr.: Grātiae, ārum, f., a transl. of the Gr. Charites, the goddesses of favor, loveliness, grace, etc., the three Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, Sen. Ben. 1, 3, 3; Serv. Verg. A. 1, 720; Hor. C. 1, 4, 6; 1, 30, 6; 3, 19, 16; 3, 21, 22; Quint. 10, 1, 82.—In sing.: Grātia, ae, collect., Ov. M. 6, 429.

Favor which one shows to another, mark of favor, kindness, courtesy, service, obligation.

In gen. (rare): ita mihi Telamonis patris, avi Aeaci et proavi Jovis grata est gratia, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 23 (Trag. v. 367 Vahl.):

ergo ab eo petito gratiam istam,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 63; cf.:

gratiam a patre si petimus, spero ab eo impetrassere,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 23:

petivit in beneficii loco et gratiae, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 189; cf.:

quod beneficii gratiaeque causa concessit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 48 fin.:

hanc gratiam ut sibi des,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 30:

juris jurandi volo gratiam facias,

excuse, release, Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 59; cf.:

alicui delicti gratiam facere,

to grant pardon, forgive, Sall. J. 104 fin. Kritz.:

qui mihi atque animo meo nullius umquam delicti gratiam fecissem,

id. Cat. 52, 8; cf.

also: quibus senatus belli Lepidani gratiam fecerat,

id. Fragm. 3, 34 Gerl.:

alii ipsi professi se pugnaturos in gratiam ducis,

to please, for the sake of, Liv. 28, 21, 4; cf.:

deletam urbem cernimus eorum, quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 12 Drak.:

in gratiam alicujus,

id. 35, 2, 6; 39, 26, 12; Vell. 2, 41, 2; Suet. Tib. 49 al.; cf.

also: data visceratio in praeteritam judicii gratiam,

for the favor shown him on the trial, Liv. 8, 22, 4:

nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla umbrarum,

Juv. 8, 64.—

In partic., a mark of favor shown for a service rendered, thanks (by word or deed), thankfulness, gratitude; acknowledgment, return, requital (the form with agere of returning thanks is the plur., but with habere, referre, debere, nearly always in sing.; but when thanks are due to or rendered by more than one person, the form gratias referre, etc., may be used; v. infra., and cf. Krebs. Antibarb. p. 505):

quae (gratia) in memoria et remuneratione officiorum et honoris et amicitiarum observantiam teneat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66; cf.:

gratia est, in qua amicitiarum et officiorum alterius memoria et remunerandi voluntas continetur,

id. ib. 2, 53, 161:

immortales ago tibi gratias agamque dum vivam: nam relaturum me affirmare non possum,

id. Fam. 10, 11, 1; cf.:

renuntiate, gratias regi me agere: referre gratiam aliam nunc non posse, quam ut suadeam, ne, etc.,

Liv. 37, 37, 8 (v. ago):

dīs gratias agere... si referre studeant gratias,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 26 sq.:

L. Lucceius meus, homo omnium gratissimus, mirificas tibi apud me gratias egit, cum diceret, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 42, 1:

eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias egimus,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 3:

Lentulo nostro egi per litteras tuo nomine gratias diligenter,

id. Fam. 1, 10:

justissimas gratias agere,

id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

quamquam gratiarum actionem a te non desiderabam, etc.,

id. Fam. 10, 19, 1:

nunc tecum sic agam, tulisse ut potius injuriam, quam retulisse gratiam videar,

to have made a return, requital, recompense, id. Sull. 16, 47 fin.:

magno meo beneficio affecti cumulatissime mihi gratiam retulerunt,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 1:

praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

ut pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores eis habeantur gratiaeque referantur,

id. Phil. 3, 15, 39; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 25:

me omnibus, si minus referenda gratia satisfacere potuerim, at praedicanda et habenda certe satis esse facturum,

if I cannot requite... I can extol, id. Balb. 1, 2; cf.: nimirum inops ille, si bonus est vir, etiam si referre gratiam non potest, habere certe potest. Commode autem quicumque dixit, pecuniam qui habeat, non reddidisse; qui reddiderit, non habere: gratiam autem et qui retulerit, habere et qui habeat retulisse, id. Off. 2, 20, 69; id. Planc. 28, 68; cf. id. ib. 42, 101; id. Fam. 5, 11, 1:

gratias habere,

Liv. 24, 37, 7:

alicui summas gratias habere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 33:

alicui maximas infinitasque agere atque habere gratias, quod, etc.,

Vitr. 6 praef. 4:

merito vestro maximas vobis gratias omnes et agere et habere debemus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 10, 25:

meritam dīs immortalibus gratiam justis honoribus et memori mente persolvere,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

pro beneficio gratiam repetere,

Liv. 1, 47, 7:

gratias ob hoc agere, quod, etc.,

Liv. 54, 50, 4; so with ob, Plin. Ep. 9, 31, 21; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10, 9:

pro tuo summo beneficio gratias agere,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, 16; Liv. 23, 11, 12; Plin, Pan. 25, 1; cf. Gell. 9, 3, 5:

dum carmine nostro Redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus,

Tib. 2, 1, 36; cf.:

hoc certe justitiae convenit suum cuique reddere, beneficio gratiam, injuriae talionem aut certe malam gratiam,

Sen. Ep. 81 med.;

rarely: in gratiam habere (=ita accipere, ut ad gratiam comparandam valere putet),

to accept as thankworthy, Sall. J. 111, 1:

unum vis curem: curo. Et est dīs gratia, Cum ita, ut volo, est,

I thank, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 58; cf.: Er. Eamus intro, ut prandeamus. Me. Bene vocas: tam gratia est, no, I'm much obliged to you (the negative being omitted, as in the Fr. je vous remercie, and the Germ. ich danke sehr), Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36.—Ellipt.: fores effregit? restituentur;

discidit Vestem? resarcietur: est, dīs gratia, Et unde haec fiant, et adhuc non molesta sunt,

thank Heaven, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 41.—With acc. and inf. (anteclass. and post-Aug.):

dīs gratias agebat, tempus sibi dari, etc.,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 6; Tac. H. 4, 64; cf. Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 4; id. And. 1, 1, 15.—Hence, as adverbs:

grātĭā (acc. to II. A.), lit., in favor of, on account of, for the sake of; hence, in gen., on account of (usually placed after the gen., in Quint. a few times before it; cf.: causa, ergo).

With gen.:

sed neque longioribus quam oportet hyperbatis compositioni serviamus, ne quae ejus gratia fecerimus, propter eam fecisse videamur,

lest what we have done to embellish the style we should seem to have done merely on account of the construction we had chosen, Quint. 9, 4, 144:

tantum abest, ut haec bestiarum etiam causa parata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158: tu me amoris magis quam honoris servavisti gratia, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69 (Trag. v. 316 Vahl.); cf.:

honoris gratia nomino,

Cic. Quint. 7, 28:

nuptiarum gratia haec sunt ficta atque incepta omnia,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 17:

simulabat sese negotii gratia properare,

Sall. J. 76, 1: hominem occisum esse constat;

non praedae gratia: quia inspoliatus est,

Quint. 7, 1, 33; cf.:

hereditatis gratia,

id. 5, 12, 5:

quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant,

Sall. C. 23, 1:

profectus gratia dicere,

Quint. 2, 10, 9:

brevitatis gratia,

id. 4, 2, 43:

decoris gratia,

id. 8, 6, 65:

difficultatis gratia,

id. 9, 2, 77:

aut invidiae gratia... aut miserationis,

id. 9, 2, 8:

praesentis gratia litis,

id. 2, 7, 4 al. —With gerund.: duxit me uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

ut aut voluptates omittantur majorum voluptatum adipiscendarum causa, aut dolores suscipiantur majorum dolorum effugiendorum gratia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 36; cf. Caes. B. G. 7, 43, 2:

tentandi gratia,

Sall. J. 47, 2:

hiemandi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 3:

colloquendi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 4:

placandi gratia,

id. ib. 71, 5:

simulandi gratia,

id. ib. 37, 4:

sui exposcendi gratia,

Nep. Hann. 7, 6:

amplificandi gratia... vel miserandi,

Quint. 9, 3, 28:

elevandae invidiae gratia,

id. 5, 13, 40:

recuperandae dignitatis gratia,

id. 11, 1, 79:

vitandae similitudinis gratia,

id. 9, 1, 11 al. —Ellipt.: ejus generis hae sunt quaestiones. Si, exempli gratia, vir bonus Alexandria Rhodum magnum frumenti numerum advexerit, etc., for example, for instance (for the usual exempli causa; so,

verbi gratia, for verbi causa, infra),

Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50; so,

exempli gratia,

Plin. 2, 41, 41, § 110;

for which in full: pauca tamen exempli gratia ponam,

Quint. 6, 5, 6:

eorum unam discordiam ponemus exempli gratia,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 213:

propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratia propter voluptatem,

for instance, Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 30.—Placed before the [p. 826] gen.:

gratiā decoris,

Quint. 8 praef. §

18: compositionis,

id. 9, 4, 58:

lenitatis,

id. 9, 4, 144:

significationis,

id. 8, 6, 2.—

With pron. (mostly ante-class.):

meā gratiā,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 64; id. Ps. 5, 2, 3:

qui nihil ocius venit tamen hac gratia,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 5; cf.:

abire istac gratia,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 138: (Medea) per agros passim dispergit corpus: id eā gratiā, Ut, etc., Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 67; so,

eā gratiā,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 20; id. Hec. 4, 3, 11:

sed huc qua gratia te arcessi jussi, ausculta,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 79:

id ea gratia eveniebat, quod nemo ex fuga regem sequitur,

Sall. J. 54, 4:

id ea gratia facilius fuit, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 80, 4.—

grā-tĭīs (always as a trisyll. in ante-class. poets; Pompon. Com. Fragm. v. 110 Rib.; Plaut. As. prol. 5; id. Ep. 3, 4, 38; Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Charis. p. 1806; so in Cic. Verr. 2, 4 and 5 Halm), and contr., grātīs (since the class. per.; acc. to II. A.), lit., out of favor or kindness; hence, pregn., without recompense or reward, for nothing, gratuitously, gratis, proika (cf.:

gratuito, nequidquam, frustra): quae (psaltria) quantum potest Aliquo abicienda est, si non pretio, at gratiis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 46:

si mihi dantur duo talenta argenti numerata in manum, Hanc tibi noctem honoris causa gratiis dono dabo,

id. As. 1, 3, 38 sq.:

quam introduxistis fidicinam, atque etiam fides, Ei quae accessere, tibi addam dono gratiis,

into the bargain, to boot, id. Ep. 3, 4, 38:

quae Romae magna cum infamia pretio accepto edixeras, ea sola te, ne gratis in provincia male audires, ex edicto Siciliensi sustulisse video,

Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 118:

hic primum questus est non leviter Saturius, communem factum esse gratis cum Roscio, qui pretio proprius fuisset Fanni,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 27:

gratis dare alicui (opp. pretium accipere ab aliquo),

Mart. 14, 175, 2:

id me scis antea gratis tibi esse pollicitum. Quid nunc putas, tanta mihi abs te mercede proposita?

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

gratis rei publicae servire,

id. Clu. 26, 71:

tantum gratis pagina nostra placet,

Mart. 5, 16, 10:

virtutes omnes per se ipsas gratis diligere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 83.—Opp. for payment:

is repente, ut Romam venit, gratis praetor factus est. Alia porro pecunia ne accusaretur data,

Cic. Verr. 1, 39, 101; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 19, §

48: habitent gratis in alieno?

id. Off. 2, 23, 83; so,

habitare in aedibus alienis,

Dig. 39, 5, 9:

habitationem cui dare,

free of cost, ib. 19, 2, 53, § 2; Mart. 10, 3, 11.

grātĭa, ae, f. [gratus; lit., favor, both that in which one stands with others and that which one shows to others].

(Acc. to gratus, I.) Favor which one finds with others, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship (syn. favor):

pluris pauciorum gratiam faciunt pars hominum quam id quod prosint pluribus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 12:

perspicio nihili meam vos facere gratiam,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 68:

ut majores ejus (Plancii) summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenuerint et dignitatis et gratiae,

Cic. Planc. 13, 32; cf.:

Sex. Roscius gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

deinde si maxime talis est deus, ut nulla gratia, nulla hominum caritate teneatur, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 124:

neque quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 24, 70; cf.:

aliquem restituere in gratiam,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23:

aliquem restituere in ejus veterem gratiam,

id. Att. 1, 3, 3:

in gratiam reducere,

id. Rab. Post. 8, 19; cf.

also: cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

to reconcile one's self with one, id. Att. 1, 14, 7; Nep. Alcib. 5, 1; id. Thras. 3 fin.; id. Dat. 8, 5 al.:

alicujus gratiam sequi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3; cf.:

si suam gratiam Romani velint, posse eis utiles esse amicos,

id. B. G. 4, 7, 4:

ab aliquo inire gratiam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 113:

a bonis omnibus summam inire gratiam,

id. Att. 7, 9, 3:

magnam inire gratiam,

id. Fin. 4, 12, 31:

quantam eo facto ad plebem inierat gratiam,

Liv. 33, 46, 7:

apud regem gratiam initam volebant,

id. 36, 5, 3:

at te apud eum, dii boni, quanta in gratia posui!

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 4; cf. id. ib. 5, 11, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6 fin.;

with a different construction: apud Lentulum ponam te in gratiam (Ern. conj. in gratia),

Cic. Att. 5, 3, 3:

cum aliquo in laude et in gratia esse,

id. Verr. 1, 17, 51; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

inter vos sic haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17 Ruhnk.:

plerique (in divortio) cum bona gratia discedunt,

Dig. 24, 1, 32, § 10;

without bona: cum istuc quod postulo impetro cum gratia,

with a good grace, Ter. And. 2, 5, 11:

omnia quae potui in hac summa tua gratia ac potentia a te impetrare,

credit, influence, Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; cf.:

Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 4; 1, 43, 8:

gratiā plurimum posse,

id. ib. 1, 9, 3; 1, 20, 2; cf.:

quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent,

id. ib. 7, 63, 1:

gratiā valere,

id. B. C. 2, 44, 1:

inproba quamvis Gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna,

Juv. 13, 4:

quem triumphum magis gratiae quam rerum gestarum magnitudini datum constabat,

Liv. 40, 59, 1.—In plur.:

L. Murenae provincia multas bonas gratias cum optima existimatione attulit,

tokens of favor, Cic. Mur. 20, 42:

cum haec res plurimas gratias, firmissimas amicitias pariat,

id. ib. 11, 24:

non hominum potentium studio, non excellentibus gratiis paucorum, sed universi populi Romani judicio consulem factum,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 7.—

Transf., objectively, like the Gr. charis, agreeableness, pleasantness, charm, beauty, loveliness, grace (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose;

esp. freq. in Quint.): gratia formae,

Ov. M. 7, 44; Suet. Tit. 3:

corporis,

id. Vit. 3; id. Vit. Ter. 1; Plin. 28, 19, 79, § 260:

quid ille gratiae in vultu ostenderit,

Quint. 6 prooem. § 7; cf. id. 6, 3, 26:

unica nec desit jocundis gratia verbis,

charm, Prop. 1, 2, 29; cf.: neque abest facundis gratia dictis, Ov. M. 13, 127:

plenus est jucunditatis et gratiae (Horatius),

Quint. 10, 1, 96:

sermonis Attici,

id. ib. 65;

12, 10, 35: dicendi,

id. 9, 3, 74:

brevitatis novitatisque,

id. ib. 58:

omnis bene scriptorum,

id. 11, 2, 46 et saep.; Cels. 4, 29 med.:

uvis et vinis gratiam affert fumus fabrilis,

Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 16; id. 17, 9, 6, § 53. —Hence,

As a nom. propr.: Grātiae, ārum, f., a transl. of the Gr. Charites, the goddesses of favor, loveliness, grace, etc., the three Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, Sen. Ben. 1, 3, 3; Serv. Verg. A. 1, 720; Hor. C. 1, 4, 6; 1, 30, 6; 3, 19, 16; 3, 21, 22; Quint. 10, 1, 82.—In sing.: Grātia, ae, collect., Ov. M. 6, 429.

Favor which one shows to another, mark of favor, kindness, courtesy, service, obligation.

In gen. (rare): ita mihi Telamonis patris, avi Aeaci et proavi Jovis grata est gratia, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 23 (Trag. v. 367 Vahl.):

ergo ab eo petito gratiam istam,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 63; cf.:

gratiam a patre si petimus, spero ab eo impetrassere,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 23:

petivit in beneficii loco et gratiae, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 189; cf.:

quod beneficii gratiaeque causa concessit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 48 fin.:

hanc gratiam ut sibi des,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 30:

juris jurandi volo gratiam facias,

excuse, release, Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 59; cf.:

alicui delicti gratiam facere,

to grant pardon, forgive, Sall. J. 104 fin. Kritz.:

qui mihi atque animo meo nullius umquam delicti gratiam fecissem,

id. Cat. 52, 8; cf.

also: quibus senatus belli Lepidani gratiam fecerat,

id. Fragm. 3, 34 Gerl.:

alii ipsi professi se pugnaturos in gratiam ducis,

to please, for the sake of, Liv. 28, 21, 4; cf.:

deletam urbem cernimus eorum, quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 12 Drak.:

in gratiam alicujus,

id. 35, 2, 6; 39, 26, 12; Vell. 2, 41, 2; Suet. Tib. 49 al.; cf.

also: data visceratio in praeteritam judicii gratiam,

for the favor shown him on the trial, Liv. 8, 22, 4:

nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla umbrarum,

Juv. 8, 64.—

In partic., a mark of favor shown for a service rendered, thanks (by word or deed), thankfulness, gratitude; acknowledgment, return, requital (the form with agere of returning thanks is the plur., but with habere, referre, debere, nearly always in sing.; but when thanks are due to or rendered by more than one person, the form gratias referre, etc., may be used; v. infra., and cf. Krebs. Antibarb. p. 505):

quae (gratia) in memoria et remuneratione officiorum et honoris et amicitiarum observantiam teneat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66; cf.:

gratia est, in qua amicitiarum et officiorum alterius memoria et remunerandi voluntas continetur,

id. ib. 2, 53, 161:

immortales ago tibi gratias agamque dum vivam: nam relaturum me affirmare non possum,

id. Fam. 10, 11, 1; cf.:

renuntiate, gratias regi me agere: referre gratiam aliam nunc non posse, quam ut suadeam, ne, etc.,

Liv. 37, 37, 8 (v. ago):

dīs gratias agere... si referre studeant gratias,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 26 sq.:

L. Lucceius meus, homo omnium gratissimus, mirificas tibi apud me gratias egit, cum diceret, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 42, 1:

eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias egimus,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 3:

Lentulo nostro egi per litteras tuo nomine gratias diligenter,

id. Fam. 1, 10:

justissimas gratias agere,

id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

quamquam gratiarum actionem a te non desiderabam, etc.,

id. Fam. 10, 19, 1:

nunc tecum sic agam, tulisse ut potius injuriam, quam retulisse gratiam videar,

to have made a return, requital, recompense, id. Sull. 16, 47 fin.:

magno meo beneficio affecti cumulatissime mihi gratiam retulerunt,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 1:

praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

ut pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores eis habeantur gratiaeque referantur,

id. Phil. 3, 15, 39; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 25:

me omnibus, si minus referenda gratia satisfacere potuerim, at praedicanda et habenda certe satis esse facturum,

if I cannot requite... I can extol, id. Balb. 1, 2; cf.: nimirum inops ille, si bonus est vir, etiam si referre gratiam non potest, habere certe potest. Commode autem quicumque dixit, pecuniam qui habeat, non reddidisse; qui reddiderit, non habere: gratiam autem et qui retulerit, habere et qui habeat retulisse, id. Off. 2, 20, 69; id. Planc. 28, 68; cf. id. ib. 42, 101; id. Fam. 5, 11, 1:

gratias habere,

Liv. 24, 37, 7:

alicui summas gratias habere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 33:

alicui maximas infinitasque agere atque habere gratias, quod, etc.,

Vitr. 6 praef. 4:

merito vestro maximas vobis gratias omnes et agere et habere debemus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 10, 25:

meritam dīs immortalibus gratiam justis honoribus et memori mente persolvere,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

pro beneficio gratiam repetere,

Liv. 1, 47, 7:

gratias ob hoc agere, quod, etc.,

Liv. 54, 50, 4; so with ob, Plin. Ep. 9, 31, 21; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10, 9:

pro tuo summo beneficio gratias agere,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, 16; Liv. 23, 11, 12; Plin, Pan. 25, 1; cf. Gell. 9, 3, 5:

dum carmine nostro Redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus,

Tib. 2, 1, 36; cf.:

hoc certe justitiae convenit suum cuique reddere, beneficio gratiam, injuriae talionem aut certe malam gratiam,

Sen. Ep. 81 med.;

rarely: in gratiam habere (=ita accipere, ut ad gratiam comparandam valere putet),

to accept as thankworthy, Sall. J. 111, 1:

unum vis curem: curo. Et est dīs gratia, Cum ita, ut volo, est,

I thank, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 58; cf.: Er. Eamus intro, ut prandeamus. Me. Bene vocas: tam gratia est, no, I'm much obliged to you (the negative being omitted, as in the Fr. je vous remercie, and the Germ. ich danke sehr), Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36.—Ellipt.: fores effregit? restituentur;

discidit Vestem? resarcietur: est, dīs gratia, Et unde haec fiant, et adhuc non molesta sunt,

thank Heaven, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 41.—With acc. and inf. (anteclass. and post-Aug.):

dīs gratias agebat, tempus sibi dari, etc.,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 6; Tac. H. 4, 64; cf. Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 4; id. And. 1, 1, 15.—Hence, as adverbs:

grātĭā (acc. to II. A.), lit., in favor of, on account of, for the sake of; hence, in gen., on account of (usually placed after the gen., in Quint. a few times before it; cf.: causa, ergo).

With gen.:

sed neque longioribus quam oportet hyperbatis compositioni serviamus, ne quae ejus gratia fecerimus, propter eam fecisse videamur,

lest what we have done to embellish the style we should seem to have done merely on account of the construction we had chosen, Quint. 9, 4, 144:

tantum abest, ut haec bestiarum etiam causa parata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158: tu me amoris magis quam honoris servavisti gratia, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69 (Trag. v. 316 Vahl.); cf.:

honoris gratia nomino,

Cic. Quint. 7, 28:

nuptiarum gratia haec sunt ficta atque incepta omnia,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 17:

simulabat sese negotii gratia properare,

Sall. J. 76, 1: hominem occisum esse constat;

non praedae gratia: quia inspoliatus est,

Quint. 7, 1, 33; cf.:

hereditatis gratia,

id. 5, 12, 5:

quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant,

Sall. C. 23, 1:

profectus gratia dicere,

Quint. 2, 10, 9:

brevitatis gratia,

id. 4, 2, 43:

decoris gratia,

id. 8, 6, 65:

difficultatis gratia,

id. 9, 2, 77:

aut invidiae gratia... aut miserationis,

id. 9, 2, 8:

praesentis gratia litis,

id. 2, 7, 4 al. —With gerund.: duxit me uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

ut aut voluptates omittantur majorum voluptatum adipiscendarum causa, aut dolores suscipiantur majorum dolorum effugiendorum gratia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 36; cf. Caes. B. G. 7, 43, 2:

tentandi gratia,

Sall. J. 47, 2:

hiemandi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 3:

colloquendi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 4:

placandi gratia,

id. ib. 71, 5:

simulandi gratia,

id. ib. 37, 4:

sui exposcendi gratia,

Nep. Hann. 7, 6:

amplificandi gratia... vel miserandi,

Quint. 9, 3, 28:

elevandae invidiae gratia,

id. 5, 13, 40:

recuperandae dignitatis gratia,

id. 11, 1, 79:

vitandae similitudinis gratia,

id. 9, 1, 11 al. —Ellipt.: ejus generis hae sunt quaestiones. Si, exempli gratia, vir bonus Alexandria Rhodum magnum frumenti numerum advexerit, etc., for example, for instance (for the usual exempli causa; so,

verbi gratia, for verbi causa, infra),

Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50; so,

exempli gratia,

Plin. 2, 41, 41, § 110;

for which in full: pauca tamen exempli gratia ponam,

Quint. 6, 5, 6:

eorum unam discordiam ponemus exempli gratia,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 213:

propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratia propter voluptatem,

for instance, Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 30.—Placed before the [p. 826] gen.:

gratiā decoris,

Quint. 8 praef. §

18: compositionis,

id. 9, 4, 58:

lenitatis,

id. 9, 4, 144:

significationis,

id. 8, 6, 2.—

With pron. (mostly ante-class.):

meā gratiā,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 64; id. Ps. 5, 2, 3:

qui nihil ocius venit tamen hac gratia,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 5; cf.:

abire istac gratia,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 138: (Medea) per agros passim dispergit corpus: id eā gratiā, Ut, etc., Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 67; so,

eā gratiā,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 20; id. Hec. 4, 3, 11:

sed huc qua gratia te arcessi jussi, ausculta,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 79:

id ea gratia eveniebat, quod nemo ex fuga regem sequitur,

Sall. J. 54, 4:

id ea gratia facilius fuit, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 80, 4.—

grā-tĭīs (always as a trisyll. in ante-class. poets; Pompon. Com. Fragm. v. 110 Rib.; Plaut. As. prol. 5; id. Ep. 3, 4, 38; Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Charis. p. 1806; so in Cic. Verr. 2, 4 and 5 Halm), and contr., grātīs (since the class. per.; acc. to II. A.), lit., out of favor or kindness; hence, pregn., without recompense or reward, for nothing, gratuitously, gratis, proika (cf.:

gratuito, nequidquam, frustra): quae (psaltria) quantum potest Aliquo abicienda est, si non pretio, at gratiis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 46:

si mihi dantur duo talenta argenti numerata in manum, Hanc tibi noctem honoris causa gratiis dono dabo,

id. As. 1, 3, 38 sq.:

quam introduxistis fidicinam, atque etiam fides, Ei quae accessere, tibi addam dono gratiis,

into the bargain, to boot, id. Ep. 3, 4, 38:

quae Romae magna cum infamia pretio accepto edixeras, ea sola te, ne gratis in provincia male audires, ex edicto Siciliensi sustulisse video,

Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 118:

hic primum questus est non leviter Saturius, communem factum esse gratis cum Roscio, qui pretio proprius fuisset Fanni,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 27:

gratis dare alicui (opp. pretium accipere ab aliquo),

Mart. 14, 175, 2:

id me scis antea gratis tibi esse pollicitum. Quid nunc putas, tanta mihi abs te mercede proposita?

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

gratis rei publicae servire,

id. Clu. 26, 71:

tantum gratis pagina nostra placet,

Mart. 5, 16, 10:

virtutes omnes per se ipsas gratis diligere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 83.—Opp. for payment:

is repente, ut Romam venit, gratis praetor factus est. Alia porro pecunia ne accusaretur data,

Cic. Verr. 1, 39, 101; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 19, §

48: habitent gratis in alieno?

id. Off. 2, 23, 83; so,

habitare in aedibus alienis,

Dig. 39, 5, 9:

habitationem cui dare,

free of cost, ib. 19, 2, 53, § 2; Mart. 10, 3, 11.

ĭn-ĭbi, adv., therein, there.

Lit., of place, in that place, there:

superbia nata inibi (Capuae) esse videtur,

Cic. Agr. 1, 7, 20:

marsupium habeat, inibi paulum praesidii,

in that matter, Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 45; Cato, R. R. 18, 2; Cels. 5, 26, 23:

inibi (i. e. in eodem libro) iisdem laudibus non invenuste lusit,

Gell. 17, 12, 13; cf. id. 17, 8, 2. —

Transf.

Of time, nearly, almost, on the point of:

in vitae postremo, cum jam inibi mors occuparet,

when he was on the point of dying, Gell. 1, 3 init. —

Inibi est, for in eo est, it is near at hand, about to happen, will soon take place:

quod sperare debemus aut inibi esse, aut jam esse confectum,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 5: profecto aut inibi est aut jam potiuntur Frugum, Pac. ap. Non. 124, 25 (Trag. Rel. v. 205 Rib.): liberne es? non sum: verum inibi est, Caecil. ap. Non. 124, 23 (Com. Fragm. v. 189 Rib.)

in-vādo, vāsi, vāsum (invasse, Lucil. Sat. 2, 4), 3, v. n. and a., to go, come, or get into, to enter upon.

Lit.:

ignis quocumque invasit, cuncta disturbat ac dissipat,

Cic. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

consul exercitusque Romanus sine certamine urbem invasere,

Liv. 10, 10, 4; 24, 33 al.:

forum,

Tac. H. 1, 33:

oppidum,

Front. Strat. 3, 10, 2.—

Transf.

To get into, fall into: ut profugiens hostem, inimici invadam manus, Att. ap. Non. 234, 1.—

In gen., to go, make, accomplish a distance:

biduo tria milia stadiorum invasit,

Tac. A. 11, 8.—

To enter upon, set foot upon:

tuque invade viam,

Verg. A. 6, 260:

lutum minis frigidum,

App. M. 9, p. 232, 11. —

To enter violently, move against, rush upon, fall upon, assail, assault, attack, invade (syn. oppugno); constr with in and acc., or simple acc.

With in and acc. (so nearly always in Cic.; cf. II. B. g infra):

in oppidum antiquum et vetus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 60:

in transversa latera invaserant cohortes,

Liv. 27, 42:

globus juvenum in ipsum consulem invadit,

id. 2, 47:

in collum (mulieris) invasit,

fell upon her neck, Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

alicujus pectus amplexibus,

to embrace, Petr. 91:

aliquem basiolis,

id. 85;

with osculari,

id. 74:

in Galliam,

Cic. Phil. 11, 2:

si in eas (urbes) vi cum exercitu invasisses,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 20:

cum ferro in aliquem,

id. Caecin. 9, 25.— Impers.:

in oculos invadi nunc est optimum,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 58.—

With simple acc.:

aciem hastati invadunt,

Liv. 9, 35:

stationem hostium,

id. 37, 20:

validissimas Pompeii copias,

Nep. Dat. 6, 7:

vicinos portus,

Verg. A. 3, 382:

urbem,

id. ib. 2, 265:

jam tandem invasit medios,

id. ib. 12, 497:

eam (Europam),

Nep. Them. 2:

regem,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 3:

in lecto cubantem,

Nep. Dion, 9, 4:

greges,

Ov. F. 2, 210:

madida cum veste gravatum,

Verg. A. 6, 361:

ventus invasit nubem,

Lucr. 6, 174:

canes appropinquantem invadunt,

Col. 7, 12, 7:

castra,

Liv. 10, 35; cf.:

quem semel invasit senectus,

Col. 2, 1, 4.— Pass.:

sperans, mox effusos hostes invadi posse,

Sall. J. 87 fin. — Pass. impers.:

signo dato, undique simul ex insidiis invaditur,

Sall. J. 113.—

To rush into, enter hurriedly into a struggle, fight, etc. ( poet.):

Martem,

Verg. A. 12, 712:

proelia,

Mart. 9, 57, 6:

certamina,

Sil. 17, 473:

bella,

id. 9, 12:

pugnam,

id. 12, 199 al.; cf.: in pugnas, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 323, 32; and:

aut pugnam aut aliquid jam dudum invadere magnum mens agitat mihi,

to attempt, enter hurriedly upon, Verg. A. 9, 186. —

To make an attack on, seize, grasp:

Jubae barbam,

Suet. Caes. 71:

cibum avidius,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 20, 9:

pallium,

Petr. 5, 15:

capillos,

Prop. 3, 8 (4, 7), 5:

virgineos artus,

Ov. M. 11, 200; cf. Suet. Ner. 29. —

Trop.

To fall upon, seize, take possession of, usurp; constr. with in and acc., or simple acc.

With in and acc.:

in multas pecunias,

Cic. Phil. 2, 16:

in quod ipsa invaderet,

id. N. D. 2, 49, 124:

in fortunas alicujus,

id. Phil. 2, 26, 65; id. Rosc. Am. 5:

in praedia alicujus,

id. ib. 8:

in nomen Marii,

id. Phil. 1, 1:

in arcem illius causae,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 8. —

With simple acc.:

dictaturam,

Suet. Caes. 9:

consulatum,

id. Aug. 26:

rempublicam,

Just. 5, 8, 12:

imperium,

Sall. J. 38.—

To make an attack on, seize, lay hold of, attack, befall a person or thing; with simple acc., or in and acc., or dat.

With simple acc.:

cum gravis morbus invasit,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 40:

ne reliquos populares metus invaderet,

Sall. J. 35 fin.:

cupido Marium,

id. ib. 89, 6; id. C. 31, 1 al.:

tantus repente terror invasit, ut,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14.—

With in and acc.:

dolor in oculos,

Lucr. 6, 659:

pestis in vitam invasit,

Cic. Off. 3, 7:

in philosophiam,

id. Tusc. 2, 1, 4:

in nomen Marii,

id. Phil. 1, 2, 5:

vis avaritiae in animos eorum invasit,

Sall. J. 32, 4:

vis morbi in corpus meum,

Liv. 28, 29; cf.:

lassitudine invaserunt misero (mihi) in genua flemina,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 5. [p. 993] —

Rarely with dat.:

furor invaserat improbis,

Cic. Fam. 16, 12, 2; Gell. 19, 4. —

Absol.:

ubi pro continentiā et aequitate lubido atque superbia invasere,

Sall. C. 2, 5:

ubi contagio quasi pestilentia invasit,

id. ib. 10, 6:

cum potentiā avaritia sine modo... invasere,

id. J. 41, 9.—

To assail with words, accost ( poet.):

continuo invadit,

Verg. A. 4, 265:

Agrippa consules anni prioris invasit, cur silerent,

Tac. A. 6, 4:

Vinnium Laco minaciter invasit,

id. H. 1, 33.—Hence, invāsus, a, um, P. a., ingrafted:

comae, i. e. rami,

Pall. Insit. 120.

jam, adv. [for diam, collat. form of diem, cf. pri-dem, du-dum, Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 213; II. p. 850; but acc. to Curt. Gr. Etym. 398, 620; locat. form from pronom. stem ja].

Of time, denoting a point or moment of time as coinciding with that of the action, etc., described.

Of present time.

As opp. to past or future, at this time, now, just now, at present, i. e. while I speak or write this.

Jam alone:

jamne autem, ut soles, deludis?

Plaut. Aul. 5, 11:

jam satis credis sobrium esse me,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 36:

saltus reficit jam roscida luna,

Verg. G. 3, 337:

jam tenebris et sole cadente,

id. ib. 3, 401:

jamque dies, ni fallor, adest,

id. A. 5, 49:

jam advesperascit,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 2:

reddere qui voces jam scit puer,

Hor. A. P. 158: stabat modo consularis, modo septemvir epulonum;

jam neutrum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 12:

jam melior, jam, diva, precor,

Verg. A. 12, 179:

Hem, scio jam quod vis dicere,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 36:

in ea (consuetudine) quaedam sunt jura ipsa jam certa propter vetustatem,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 67:

jam tempus agi,

Verg. A. 5, 638:

surgere jam tempus,

Cat. 62, 3.—

Strengthened.

By repetition: jam jam, jam jamque (nearly = nunc), at this very time, precisely now:

jam jam intellego, Crasse, quod dicas,

Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 90:

jam jam minime miror te otium perturbare,

id. Phil. 2, 34, 87:

jam jam dolet quod egi, jam jamque paenitet,

Cat. 63, 73:

jam jam linquo acies,

Verg. A. 12, 875:

jam jamque video bellum,

Cic. Att. 16, 9 fin.:

at illum ruere nuntiant et jam jamque adesse,

id. ib. 7, 20, 1; cf.:

jam mihi, jam possim contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25 (7).—

By nunc: jam nunc, just now, at this very time, as things now are:

jam nunc irata non es,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 65:

dux, jam nunc locatus in urbe,

Liv. 22, 38, 9; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 127:

quae cum cogito, jam nunc timeo quidnam, etc.,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 13, 42:

deliberationis ejus tempus ita jam nunc statui posse, etc.,

Liv. 31, 32, 3:

ipsa Venus laetos jam nunc migravit in agros,

Tib. 2, 3, 3:

nec jam nunc regina loquor,

Val. Fl. 8, 47; so,

nunc jam (nunciam): secede huc nunciam,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 23:

audi nunciam,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 29:

i nunciam,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 21: nunc jam sum expeditus, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 12, 5:

nunc jam nobis vobisque consulatus patet,

Liv. 7, 32, 14.—

By tum:

jam tum opifices funguntur munere,

Plin. 11, 21, 24, § 74; Verg. G. 2, 405; id. A. 1, 18.—

By pridem, v. jampridem.—

In contrast with the time at which something was expected.

Of that which occurs sooner, already, so soon:

quies (animos) aut jam exhaustos aut mox exhauriendos, renovavit,

Liv. 21, 21, 7:

gravitate valetudinis, qua tamen jam paululum videor levari,

Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1; 3, 8, 16:

jamne ibis,

are you going so soon, Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 86; id. Rud. 2, 7, 26.—

Of that which occurs later, at last, now, only now:

ohe jam desine deos uxor gratulando obtundere,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 8:

postulo, Dave, ut redeat jam in viam,

id. And. 1, 2, 19:

jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem faciendis castris,

Tac. A. 2, 21:

jam sanguinis alti vis sibi fecit iter,

Luc. 2, 214.—Tandem or aliquando is often added:

jam tandem ades ilico,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 39:

putamus enim utile esse te aliquando jam rem transigere,

Cic. Att. 1, 4, 1:

jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras,

Verg. A. 6, 61; Liv. 22, 12, 10.—

As continued from the past, already, by this time, ere now, till now, hitherto:

et apud Graecos quidem jam anni prope quadrigenti sunt, etc.,

Cic. Or. 51, 171:

obsolevit jam ista oratio,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52:

nondum feminam aequavimus gloriā, et jam nos laudis satietas cepit?

Curt. 9, 6, 23.—With numerals and words specifying time:

jam biennium est, cum mecum coepit rem gerere,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 35; so,

plus jam anno,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 14:

sunt duo menses jam,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 8:

qui septingentos jam annos vivunt, etc.,

id. Fl. 26, 63:

annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; id. Fin. 2, 29, 94.—

With imperatives, to express haste or impatience, like Engl. now, now, straightway, at once:

quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? Jam parce sepulto,

Verg. A. 3, 41:

sed jam age, carpe viam,

id. ib. 6, 629:

et jam tu... illum adspice contra,

id. ib. 11, 373.—So in impetuous or passionate questions (freq. in Plaut.):

Jam tu autem nobis praeturam geris?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 23; cf. id. Aul. 5, 11; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 25.—

Jam... jam, at one time... at another, now... now, at this time... at that:

jamque eadem digitis jam pectine pulsat eburno,

Verg. A. 647:

jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

id. ib. 4, 157:

qui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 20:

jam vino quaerens, jam somno fallere curas,

id. ib. 2, 7, 114:

jam secundae, jam adversae res, ita erudierant, etc.,

Liv. 30, 30; Tib. 1, 2, 49; Ov. M. 1, 111.—

Of past time.

In the time just past, but now, a moment ago, a little while ago, just:

videamus nunc quam sint praeclare illa his, quae jam posui, consequentia,

Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26:

Arsinoë et jam dicta Memphis,

Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61:

insulae praeter jam dictas,

id. 3, 26, 30, § 151:

hiems jam praecipitaverat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25, 1:

domum quam tu jam exaedificatam habebas,

Cic. Att. 1, 6, 1.—

Like English now, by this time, already.

Alone:

jam advesperascebat,

Liv. 39, 50:

Hannibalem movisse ex hibernis, et jam Alpes transire,

id. 27, 39:

et jam fama volans... domos et moenia complet,

Verg. A. 11, 139; 12, 582; Caes. B. G. 1, 11; 6, 6:

jamque rubescebat Aurora,

Verg. A. 3, 521; 10, 260:

ut semel inclinavit pugna, jam intolerabilis Romana vis erat,

Liv. 6, 32:

cum decimum jam diem graviter ex intestinis laborarem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 1.—

Strengthened.

Jam jamque, Verg. A. 8, 708.—

By tum, as early as that:

se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 1; Verg. 7, 738; Tac. Agr. 45.—

By tunc (post-Aug.;

once in Cic.),

Suet. Aug. 89; id. Ner. 7; Tac. H. 4, 50; Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3 dub.—

Of a time succeeding another time referred to, from that time, thenceforth, thereafter (esp. with a or ab, when it is often = Eng. even, very):

qui aequom esse censent nos jam a pueris nasci senes,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2:

quae me maxime sicuti jam a prima adolescentia delectarunt,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 67:

benevolentia quae mihi jam a pueritia tua cognita est,

id. ib. 4, 7, 1:

dederas enim jam ab adolescentia documenta,

id. Mil. 8, 22: jam ab illo tempore, cum, etc., from the very time when, etc., id. Fam. 2, 16, 9; cf.:

urgerent philosophorum greges jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,

id. de Or. 1, 10, 42. —So with ex:

jam ex quo ipse accepisset regnum,

ever since, Liv. 42, 11, 8.—

Of future time.

In the time immediately approaching, forthwith, straightway, directly, presently:

occlude sis fores ambobus pessulis: jam ego hic ero,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 25:

ille jam hic aderit,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 72: omitte;

jam adero,

Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 26; cf. id. ib. 4, 6, 1; id. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 4, 38: bono animo es;

jam argentum ad eam deferes, quod ei es pollicitus,

id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18:

facere id ut paratum jam sit,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 76:

jam fuerit, neque post unquam revocare licebit,

Lucr. 3, 927:

jam faciam quod voltis,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 16:

jam enim aderunt consules ad suas Nonas,

Cic. Att. 7, 20, 2.—

In the time immediately succeeding another time referred to, forthwith, at once, straightway, then:

nunc ubi me illic non videbit, jam huc recurret,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 10:

accede ad ignem... jam calesces,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 5:

nisi puerum tollis, jam ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam,

id. And. 4, 4, 38:

de quibus jam dicendi locus erit, cum de senioribus pauca dixero,

Cic. Brut. 25, 96:

agedum, dictatorem creemus. Jam hic centicescet furor,

Liv. 2, 29, 11:

aperi, inquit, jam scies,

Petr. 16, 2; cf. Verg. A. 1, 272.—

Representing as present an impending event, now, already, presently (mostly poet.):

jam te premet nox,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 16:

jam veniet mors, jam subrepet iners aetas,

Tib. 1, 1, 70:

jam mare turbari trabibus videbis, jam fervere litora flammis,

Verg. A. 4, 566; 6, 676:

alius Latio jam partus Achilles,

id. ib. 6, 89:

hic magnae jam locus urbis erit,

Tib. 2, 5, 55.—

With negatives, denoting cessation of previous condition: jam non, no more, no longer:

quem odisse jam non potestis,

Cic. Clu. 10, 29; Ov. M. 4, 382:

non jam,

not any more, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:

nihil jam,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21.—

With comparatives:

ad mitiora jam ingenia,

which had become milder, Liv. 27. 39:

ad ferociores jam gentes,

which then were less civilized, id. 21, 60:

una jam potior sententia,

Stat. Th. 2, 368.

In other relations.

To denote that something will certainly, properly, or easily occur, under certain circumstances.

In a conclusion, to emphasize its relation to the condition, then surely, then:

si cogites, remittas jam me onerare injuriis,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 6: si quis voluerit animi sui [p. 1012] notionem evolvere, jam se ipse doceat, eum virum bonum esse, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 76:

si hoc dixissem, jam mihi consuli jure optimo senatus vim intulisset,

id. Cat. 1, 8, 21; id. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Brut. 17, 68:

si jubeat eo dirigi, jam in portu fore omnem classem,

Liv. 29, 27, 8.—

In a consequence, to show that it is conceived as immediate, now, then, therefore: satis est tibi in te, satis in legibus;

jam contemni non poteris,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 84:

jam hoc non potest in te non honorifice esse dictum,

id. Fam. 5, 2, 2; id. Leg. 2, 24, 60; id. Clu. 16, 46:

nec hanc solam Romani meretricem colunt... Jam quanta ista immortalitas putanda est,

Lact. 1, 20, 5:

Quae cum ita sint, ego jam hinc praedico,

Liv. 40, 36, 14: conspecta et ex muris ea multitudo erat;

jamque etiam legionariae cohortes sequebantur,

id. 10, 43, 1.—

In transitions.

To a new subject, now, moreover, again, once more then:

jam de artificiis et quaestibus... haec fere accepimus,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150; Verg. G. 2, 57:

jam jura legitima ex legibus cognosci oportebit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 68:

jam illud senatus consultum, quod eo die factum est, etc.,

id. Fam. 5, 2, 4:

jam Saliare Numae carmen qui laudat,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 86. —So with vero:

jam vero motus animi, sollicitudines aegritudinesque oblivione leniuntur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 38, 110:

jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest par oratio inveniri?

id. de Imp. Pomp. 11, 29; 14, 41; id. Off. 3, 13 init. —With at enim:

at enim jam dicetis virtutem non posse constitui, si ea, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 40 init. —

In enumerations:

et aures... itemque nares... jam gustatus... tactus autem,

Cic. N. D. 2, 56, 141.—So sometimes repeatedly, at one time... at another... at another, jam... jam... jam:

jam medici, jam apparatus cibi, jam in hoc solum importatum instrumentum balinei nullius non succurrit valetudini,

Vell. 2, 114, 2; cf. Flor. 2, 17, 8, and I. A. 5. supra.—

For emphasis.

After non modo... sed ( = adeo), now, even, I may say:

non cum senatu modo, sed jam cum diis bellum gerere,

Liv. 21, 63, 6.—

Pressing the strict sense of a word or clause, now, precisely, indeed:

(Hieronymum) quem jam cur Peripateticum appellem, nescio,

Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14:

hoc quidem haud molestum est jam, quod collus collari caret,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 107:

loquor enim jam non de sapientium, sed de communibus amicitiis,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

te quoque jam, Thais, ita me di bene ament, amo,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 43:

imitatio morum alienorum... jam inter leniores affectus numerari potest,

Quint. 9, 2, 58:

reliqua jam aequitatis sunt,

id. 7, 1, 62:

cetera jam fabulosa,

Tac. G. 46:

desine: jam venio moriturus,

Verg. A. 10, 881.—So esp. with et: et jam (cf. etiam), and indeed, and in fact, et lenitas illa Graecorum et verborum comprehensio, et jam artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus, Cic. Brut. 25, 96:

pulchriora etiam Polycleti et jam plane perfecta,

id. ib. 18, 70:

Pompeium et hortari et orare et jam liberius accusare non desistimus,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 3; Quint. Decl. 5, 3; Luc. 8, 659; cf.

jamque,

Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 9; so,

jam et: nec deerat Ptolemaeus, jam et sceleris instinctor,

Tac. H. 1, 23; 1, 22;

and, ac jam: ac jam, ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9: jam ergo, in very fact:

jam ergo aliquis condemnavit,

Cic. Clu. 41, 113.—

In climax, even, indeed, really:

opus Paniceis, opus Placentinis quoque... jam maritumi omnes milites opus sunt mihi,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 59:

jam illa quae natura, non litteris, assecuti sunt, neque cum Graecia neque ulla cum gente sunt conferenda,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:

jam in opere quis par Romano miles?

Liv. 9, 19, 8; Quint. 12, 1, 45; Cic. Rep. 1, 5; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.

lippus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. lip, to smear; Gr. lipa, lipos, fat; aleipha, salve; whence adeps], blear-eyed, bleared, inflamed.

Lit.:

num tibi lippus videor,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 21:

(matrem) cubare in navi lippam atque oculis turgidis,

id. ib. 4, 3, 15 lippi illic oculi seruos est simillimus, id. Bacch. 4, 8, 72; id. Pers. 1, 1, 11; Vitr. 8, 4, 4:

non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 29; cf.:

lippus Illinere,

id. S. 1, 5, 30.—Prov.:

omnibus et lippis notum et tonsoribus,

i. e. to everybody, Hor. S. 1, 7, 3.—

Transf.

Dim-sighted, nearly blind, half-blind, purblind:

fuligine lippus,

Juv. 10, 130:

patres,

Pers. 1, 79.—

Dropping, running:

lippa sub attrita fronte lacuna putet, of an empty eye-socket,

Mart. 8, 59, 2:

ficus,

an over-ripe fig, dropping with juice, id. 7, 20, 12.—

Trop., blind to one's own faults:

vappa et lippus,

Pers. 5, 76; cf. Hor. S. 1, 3, 25.

mĕdĭus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. madhya, the same; Gr. mesos; Angl. - Sax. midd; Germ. Mitte; cf. dimidius, meridies (medi-), etc.], that is in the middle or midst, mid, middle (class.).

Adj.

Lit.:

terra complexa medium mundi locum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf. id. ib. 6, 17, 17:

medium mundi locum petere,

id. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

versus aeque prima, et media, et extrema pars attenditur,

id. de Or. 3, 50, 192:

ultimum, proximum, medium tempus,

id. Prov. Cons. 18, 43:

in foro medio,

in the midst of the forum, Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 6; cf.:

medio foro,

in the open forum, Suet. Claud. 18 al.:

in solio medius consedit,

sat in the middle, Ov. F. 3, 359; Verg. A. 7, 169:

considit scopulo medius,

id. G. 4, 436:

concilio medius sedebat,

Ov. M. 10, 144:

ignes,

Verg. A. 12, 201:

medio tempore,

in the meantime, meanwhile, Suet. Caes. 76: vinum novum, vetus, medium, i. e. neither old nor new, Varr. ap. Gell. 13, 31, 14:

cum plenus fluctu medius foret alveus,

full to the middle, Juv. 12, 30.—With dat.:

Peloponnesii Megaram, mediam Corintho Athenisque urbem, condidere,

midway between Corinth and Athens, Vell. 1, 2, 4.—With abl.:

si medius Polluce et Castore ponar,

between, Ov. Am. 2, 16, 13.—With inter:

cum inter bellum et pacem medium nihil sit,

there is no medium, no middle course between, Cic. Phil. 8, 1, 4:

inter quos numeros duo medii inveniuntur (sc. numeri),

Mart. Cap. 7, § 737.—With gen.:

locus medius regionum earum,

half-way between, Caes. B. G. 4, 19:

locus medius juguli summique lacerti,

between, Ov. M. 6, 409; 5, 564:

et medius juvenum ibat,

id. F. 5, 67:

medius silentūm,

Stat. Th. 4, 683.—With ex:

medius ex tribus,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

medium arripere aliquem,

to seize one by the middle, around the body, Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 18:

juvenem medium complectitur,

Liv. 23, 9, 9:

Alcides medium tenuit,

held him fast by the middle, Luc. 4, 652:

medium ostendere unguem,

to point with the middle finger, Juv. 10, 53.—

Transf., half (ante- and postclass.):

hieme demunt cibum medium,

half their food, Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 9:

scrupulum croci,

Pall. Jan. 18: aurum... Italicis totum, medium provincialibus reddidit, Capitol. Anton. Pius, 4 fin. —

Trop., of the middle, not very great or small, middling, medial, moderate.

Of age:

aetatis mediae vir,

of middle age, Phaedr. 2, 2, 3.—

Of plans, purposes, etc.:

nihil medium, nec spem nec curam, sed immensa omnia volventes animo,

Liv. 2, 49, 5:

medium quiddam tenere,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 9.—

Of intellect:

eloquentiā medius,

middling, tolerable, Vell. 2, 29, 2:

ingenium,

moderate, Tac. H. 1, 49.—

Undetermined, undecided:

medios esse,

i. e. neutral, Cic. Att. 10, 8, 4:

medium se gerere,

Liv. 2, 27:

se dubium mediumque partibus praestitit,

Vell. 2, 21, 1; cf.:

responsum,

indefinite, ambiguous, Liv. 39, 39: vocabula, that can be taken in a good or bad sense, ambiguous, Gell. 12, 9, 1. —

Indifferent, not imperative: officium, a duty which is not distinctly enjoined by the moral law, but is sustained by preponderant reasoning:

medium officium id esse dicunt (Graeci) quod cur factum sit, ratio probabilis reddi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 8; cf.:

ex quo intellegitur, officium medium quiddam esse, quod neque in bonis ponatur neque in contrariis,

id. Fin. 3, 17, 58; cf.

sqq. and Madv. ad loc.: artes,

which in themselves are neither good nor bad, indifferent, Quint. 2, 20, 1.—

Intermediate:

medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numae et Romuli memor,

of a middle kind, resembling each in some degree, Liv. 1, 32, 4:

nihil habet ista res (actoris) medium, sed aut lacrimas meretur aut risum,

Quint. 6, 1, 45:

ille jam paene medius adfectus est ex amoribus et desideriis amicorum,

Quint. 6, 2, 17.—Hence, as subst.: mĕdĭus, i, m., one who stands or comes between, a mediator:

medium sese offert,

as a mediator, Verg. A. 7, 536:

pacator mediusque Syphax,

Sil. 16, 222:

pacis eras mediusque belli,

arbiter, Hor. C. 2, 19, 28; cf.:

nunc mediis subeant irrita verba deis,

oaths in which the gods were called upon to be mediators, Ov. R. Am. 678.—

Central, with ex or in:

ex factione media consul,

fully committed to it, Sall. H. 3, 61, 8;

so (nearly = intimus), viros fortīs et magnanimos eosdem bonos et simplicīs... esse volumus: quae sunt ex media laude justititiae,

these qualities are clearly among those which make uprightness praiseworthy, Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63:

partitiones oratoriae, quae e media illa nostra Academia effloruerunt,

id. Part. Or. 40, 139:

ingressio e media philosophia repetita est,

id. Or. 3, 11; id. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

in medio maerore et dolore,

id. Tusc. 4, 29, 63; id. Q. Fr. 2, 15, 1:

in media dimicatione,

the hottest of the fight, Suet. Aug. 10; cf.:

in medio ardore certaminis,

Curt. 8, 4, 27:

in media solitudine,

the most profound, Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 2:

in mediis divitiis,

in abundant wealth, id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1:

in medio robore virium,

Liv. 28, 35, 6:

in medio ardore belli,

id. 24, 45, 4:

in media reipublicae luce,

the full blaze of public life, Quint. 1, 2, 18:

media inter pocula,

Juv. 8, 217.—Hence,

Subst.: mĕdĭum, ii, n., the middle, midst.

Lit.

Of space (very rare in Cic.):

in medio aedium sedens,

Liv. 1, 57, 9:

maris,

id. 31, 45, 11; for which, without in, medio aedium eburneis sellis sedere, id. 5, 41, 2:

medio viae ponere,

id. 37, 13, 10:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse,

Sall. J. 45, 2; for which, without in, medio sextam legionem constituit, Tac. A. 13, 38:

medio montium porrigitur planities,

id. ib. 1, 64:

medio stans hostia ad aras,

Verg. G. 3, 486:

medio tutissimus ibis,

Ov. M. 2, 137:

in medium geminos immani pondere caestus Projecit,

Verg. A. 5, 401:

in medium sarcinas coniciunt,

Liv. 10, 36, 1; 13:

equitatus consulem in medium acceptum, armis protegens, in castra reduxit,

id. 21, 46, 9.— Trop.:

tamquam arbiter honorarius medium ferire voluisse,

to cut through the middle, Cic. Fat. 17, 39:

intacta invidiā media sunt, ad summa ferme tendit,

Liv. 45, 35.—

Of time:

diei,

Liv. 27, 48:

medio temporis,

in the meantime, meanwhile, Tac. A. 13, 28; cf.:

nec longum in medio tempus, cum,

the interval, Verg. A. 9, 395; Ov. M. 4, 167; Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13.—

Transf.

The midst of all, the presence of all, the public, the community (class.):

in medio omnibus palma est posita, qui artem tractant musicam,

lies open to all, Ter. Phorm. prol. 16:

tabulae sunt in medio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 104:

rem totam in medio ponere,

publicly, id. ib. 2, 1, 11, §

29: ponam in medio sententias philosophorum,

id. N. D. 1, 6, 13:

dicendi ratio in medio posita,

lies open to all, id. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

rem in medium proferre,

to publish, make known, id. Fam. 15, 27, 6: vocare in medium, before the public, before a public tribunal:

rem in medium vocare coeperunt,

id. Clu. 28, 77:

in medio relinquere,

to leave it to the public, leave it undecided, id. Cael. 20, 48; Sall. C. 19, 16: pellere e medio, to expel, reject, Enn. ap. Cic. Mur. 14, 30 (Ann. v. 272 Vahl.); Cic. Off. 3, 8, 37:

cum jacentia verba sustulimus e medio,

adopt words from the people, common words, id. de Or. 3, 45, 177; cf.: munda sed e medio consuetaque verba puellae Scribite, Ov. A. A. 3, 479: tollere de medio, to do away with, abolish:

litteras,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 71, § 176: tollere de medio, to put out of the way, cut off, destroy:

hominem,

id. Rosc. Am. 7, 20:

de medio removere,

to put out of sight, id. ib. 8, 23: e medio excedere or abire, to leave the world, to die:

e medio excessit,

she is dead, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 74:

ea mortem obiit, e medio abiit,

id. ib. 5, 8, 30:

tollite lumen e medio,

Juv. 9, 106: recedere de medio, to go away, retire, withdraw:

cur te mihi offers? recede de medio,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 112:

in medio esse,

to be present, Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 32:

in medium venire or procedere,

to appear, come forward, show one's self in public, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 71, § 175: in medium, before the public, for the public, for the community:

communes utilitates in medium afferre,

id. Off. 1, 7, 22:

consulere in medium,

to care for the public good, for the good of all, Verg. A. 11, 335;

so opp. separantem suas res a publicis,

Liv. 24, 22, 14 sq.; 26, 12, 7:

quaerere,

to make acquisitions for the use of all, Verg. G. 1, 127: cedere, to fall or devolve to the community, Tac. H. 4, 64:

conferre laudem,

i. e. so that all may have a share of it, Liv. 6, 6:

dare,

to communicate for the use of all, Ov. M. 15, 66:

in medium conferre, in gaming,

to put down, put in the pool, Suet. Aug. 71: in medio, for sub dio, in the open air:

scorpios fugari posse, si aliqui ex eis urantur in medio,

Pall. 1, 35, 12.—

A half (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

scillae medium conterunt cum aqua,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7:

scrobem ad medium completo,

Col. Arb. 4, 5.—Hence,

Adv.: mĕdĭē, in the middle, in a middling degree, moderately, tolerably (except once in Tac. only post-class.):

qui noluerant medie,

kept quiet, remained neutral, Tac. H. 1, 19:

nec plane optimi, nec oppido deterrimi sunt, sed quasi medie morati,

App. Dogm. Plat. 2, p. 22, 23; Eutr. 7, 13; Lact. 6, 15 fin.:

ortus medie humilis,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 20.—

Indefinitely, Ambros. in Luc. 8, 17, 34.

mŏdŏ (scanned mŏdō, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 23; Lucr. 2, 11, 35; Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 107; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, p. 480; Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, p. 140), adv. [orig. abl. of modus, q. v.].

Qs., by measure, expressing, like tantum, a restriction of the idea, only, merely, but.

In gen.

Affirmatively: ter sub armis malim vitam cernere, Quam semel modo parere, even once, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 81 Müll. (Trag. v. 298 Vahl.):

semel modo,

only once, Plaut. Poen. 1, 3, 30:

uni modo gessi morem,

id. Most. 1, 3, 43:

hoc autem si ita sit, ut unum modo sensibus falsum videatur, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 101; cf.:

quorum genera plura sunt: hi unum modo quale sit suspicantur,

id. Or. 9, 28:

nec audiendi quidam, qui tres modo primas esse partes volunt,

Quint. 3, 3, 4:

paulum modo,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2; Varr. ap. Gell. 13, 15:

perpauxillum modo,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 74; cf.:

manus erat nulla, quae parvam modo causam timoris afferret,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 3:

quae pacisci modo scis, sed quod pacta es, non scis solvere,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 88:

ad ornandam modo, non augendam orationem assumuntur,

Quint. 8, 6, 39; cf. Cic. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

solere modo non etiam oportere,

id. Off. 3, 4, 18:

doctrina ac litterae secundis rebus delectationem modo habere videbantur, nunc vero etiam salutem,

id. Fam. 6, 12, 5:

circi modo spectaculum fuerat,

Liv. 7, 2: modo facito ut illam serves, only see that, etc., Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 59:

modo fac, ne quid aliud cures, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 1:

aetatem velim servire, Libanum ut conveniam modo,

if I can only, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 8:

modo ut tacere possis,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 9; cf.:

concede, ut impune emerit, modo ut bonā ratione emerit,

if but. provided that, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 5, § 10:

modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat,

id. Fam. 14, 14, 1.— For the expressions dummodo, solummodo, and tantummodo, v. dum, solum, and tantum.—

Negatively: non modo... sed (verum) etiam (et, or simply sed), not only... but also:

ut non modo secunda sperare debeas, sed etiam adversa fortissimo animo ferre,

Cic. Fam. 6, 13, 5:

non modo agendo, verum etiam cogitando,

id. Cael. 19, 45:

illum non modo favisse, sed et, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 9, 2:

non modo falsum id esse, sed hoc verissimum,

id. Rep. 2, 44, 71.— As to these expressions, and also respecting the omission of a second non in the latter clause, v. under sed and non.—

In partic., in restrictive clauses, for ullo or aliquo modo, in any way or degree, at all, only, even:

servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili conditione sit servitutis, qui, etc.,

who is in any tolerable condition, Cic. Cat. 4, 8, 16; cf.:

quamquam quis ignorat, qui modo umquam mediocriter res istas scire curavit, quin, etc.,

id. Fl. 27, 64; and:

quis est omnium, qui modo cum Musis habeat aliquod commercium, qui? etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

nemo aliter philosophus sensit, in quo modo esset auctoritas,

id. Div. 1, 39, 86; cf.: servitus, honorifica modo, Brut. ap. Cic. ad Brut. 1, 17, 4:

tum quam plurimis modo dignis, se utilem praebent,

be they but worthy, Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92:

bonis viris... faciendum est, modo pro facultatibus,

id. ib. 2, 17, 58:

decerne, modo recte,

id. Rosc. Am. 48, 138:

itaque veniam, quo vocas, modo adjutore te,

id. Att. 16, 13, a, 1:

atque utinam posset aliquā ratione hoc crimen quamvis falsa, modo humana atque usitata defendere,

if only, id. Verr. 2, 3, 97, § 224.—

Si modo, if only (freq.):

tu si modo es Romae: vix enim puto, sin es, hoc vehementer animadvertas velim,

Cic. Att. 5, 8, 2:

tute scis (si modo meministi) me tibi tum dixisse, etc.,

id. ib. 12, 18, 2:

fortasse vici, si modo permansero,

id. ib. 12, 44, 3.— Poet. with subj.:

si modo sola queant saxa tenere fidem,

Prop. 1, 18, 4.—

Poet. and in jurid. Latin, modo si, for dummodo, if only, provided that:

persequar inferius, modo si licet ordine ferri,

Ov. Tr. 2, 263:

modo si ejus nomine opus fiat,

Dig. 39, 1, 18; 26, 2, 28; 19, 2, 19, § 10.—

As a conjunction with subj., for dummodo, if only, provided that (freq. and class.):

quos valetudo modo bona sit, tenuitas ipsa delectat,

Cic. Brut. 16, 64; id. Or. 9, 28:

manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria,

id. Sen. 7, 22; Quint. 10, 1, 131:

modo Juppiter adsit, Tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris,

Verg. A. 3, 116.—So, modo ne for dummodo ne, if only not, provided that not:

quae de Sicinio audīsti, ea mihi probantur: modo ne illa exceptio in aliquem incurrat bene de nobis meritum,

Cic. Att. 5, 4, 3:

si quis est paulo ad voluptates propensior, modo ne sit ex pecudum genere, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 30, 105; id. Ac. 2, 43, 132.—

Modo non, like the Gr. monon ouchi, all but, almost, nearly, = propemodum (ante- and post-class.):

modo non montes auri pollicens,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 17 Don.:

favet Fabi gloriae, quae modo non suā contumeliā splendeat,

Liv. 10, 24, 11:

pictor equum venientem, modo non vivum, comprehenderat,

Val. Max. 8, 11, ext. 7:

modo non reclamante publico vigore,

Amm. 14, 7, 1; 16, 12, 16; 21, 14, 1; 22, 6, 2 al.—

In colloq. lang. with imperatives, just, now, only:

sequere hac modo,

Plaut. Men. 4, 1, 4:

sedete hic modo,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 29:

propera modo,

id. Men. 1, 4, 32:

vide modo,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 14, 46:

ignem scrutare modo, inquam,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 276.—Indignantly:

quin tu i modo,

begone now, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 182; so,

i modo,

id. Stich. 3, 2, 23:

tace modo,

be still now, id. As. 5, 2, 19.—With tu or vos ( poet. and post-class.):

tu modo, dum licet, hunc fructum ne desere vitae,

Prop. 2, 15, 49; Verg. G. 3, 73:

tu modo posce deos veniam,

id. A. 4, 50:

vos modo, inquit, parcite,

Phaedr. 2, 8, 8; Curt. 9, 6, 24; 9, 2, 25.

With specifications of time, like Gr. arti (reaching to the full measure of the time, fully).

In gen.

Of the pressent time, just now, just (ante-class. and poet.):

quid? ego modo huic frater factus, dum intro eo atque exeo?

just now? Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 43:

modo dolores, meatu, occipiunt,

Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 2 (evidenter hic modo temporis praesentis adverbium est, Don.):

advenis modo,

id. Hec. 3, 5, 8 Don.:

devoravi nomen imprudens modo,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 63:

jam modo nunc possum contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25; cf.:

peccare fuisset Ante satis, penitus modo nunc genus omne perosos Femineum,

Verg. A. 9, 141.—

Of time just passed, just now, but this moment, a little while ago, lately (class.):

nuper homines nobiles hujusmodi, judices, et quid dico nuper? immo vero modo ac plane paulo ante vidimus, qui, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 7: Al. Ita uti dudum dixeras? Am. Dudum? quam dudum istuc factum est? Al. Temptas:

jam dudum, pridem, modo,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 60: Ph. Quando? Do. Hodie. Ph. Quamdudum? Do. Modo, Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 30:

sum illi villae amicior modo factus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 2, 4:

quaeras putemne talem esse deorum naturam, qualis modo a te sit exposita,

id. N. D. 1, 21, 57:

declaravit id modo temeritas C. Caesaris,

id. Off. 1, 8, 26:

modo hoc malum in rem publicam invasit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 75:

si hodie bella sint, quale Gallicum modo (i. e. twenty-two years earlier),

Liv. 6, 40, 17; cf. id. 22, 14, 13; Cic. Div. 1, 44, 99.—Opp. to nunc: qui nunc primum te advenisse dicas, [p. 1156] modo qui hinc abieris, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 63:

in quā urbe modo gratiā, auctoritate, gloriā floruimus, in eā nunc iis quidem omnibus caremus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 13, 2; id. Mur. 40, 86; 41, 88; Prop. 1, 18, 7.—With tunc, Tac. A. 2, 75.—

Of time just to come, immediately, directly, in a moment (rare, and perh. not in Cic.):

domum modo ibo,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 15; Liv. 26, 15:

Artabanus tardari metu, modo cupidine vindictae inardescere,

Tac. A. 6, 32; 4, 50.—

In partic.

Modo... modo, now... now, at one moment... at another, sometimes... sometimes (class.):

modo ait, modo negat,

sometimes he says Yes, and sometimes No, Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 46:

Cotta meus modo hoc, modo illud,

Cic. N. D. 1, 18, 47; id. Div. 2, 44, 93:

modo his, modo illis ex partibus,

id. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

o Academiam volaticam et sui similem, modo huc, modo illuc!

id. Att. 13, 25, 3:

citus modo, modo tardus incessus,

Sall. C. 15, 5:

laetos modo, modo pavidos animadverteres,

id. J. 60, 4:

nebulonem modo, modo nugatorem appellat,

Liv. 38, 56.—Instead of modo... modo, we sometimes find:

nunc... modo: nunc quereretur eundem accusatorem ac judicem esse, modo vitam sibi eripi, etc.,

Liv. 8, 32, 9.—Again, instead of the second modo (esp. in poets and in post-Aug. prose writers), we find:

nunc aliquando, interdum, nonnumquam, saepe, rursus.—So, modo... nunc,

Ov. M. 13, 922; id. F. 4, 643; id. Tr. 1, 2, 27:

modo ut reciperet imperium, nunc ut legatione fungeretur,

Tac. H. 2, 51:

modo... aliquando,

id. A. 1, 81; 6, 35; 11, 34; 16, 10; id. H. 2, 74:

modo... interdum,

Sall. J. 42, 1; 55, 9; 62, 9 Kritz.; 74, 1; Hor. S. 1, 9, 9 et saep.:

modo... nonnumquam,

Suet. Tib. 66; id. Claud. 15; id. Calig. 52:

modo... saepe,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 11:

modo... modo... saepe,

Sall. J. 45, 2; Tac. H. 4, 84:

modo... rursus,

Prop. 1, 3, 41.—

Modo... tum (deinde, postea, etc.), at first... then, at one time... at another:

sol modo accedens, tum autem recedens,

Cic. N. D. 2, 40, 102:

(Xenophon) facit Socratem disputantem... et modo unum, tum autem plures deos,

id. ib. 1, 12, 31:

et modo mundum, tum mentem divinam esse putat,

id. ib. 1, 13, 34; cf.:

modo (Theophrastus) menti divinum tribuit principatum, modo caelo, tum autem signis sideribusque caelestibus,

id. ib. 1, 13, 35:

et forte in eo loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, deinde flexa, etc.,

Sall. J. 93, 4:

modo... paulo post,

Val. Max. 7, 4, 5:

modo... modo... postremum,

Tac. H. 4, 46:

quid agerent, modo timentes, vicissim contemnentes religiones,

Cic. Leg. 2, 17, 43.

parvus, a, um, adj. (usual, irreg. comp. and sup.: mĭnor, mĭnĭmus.— Comp.:

volantum parviores,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 1, 26.— Sup.: rictus parvissimus, Varr. ap. Non. 456, 10:

parvissima corpora,

Lucr. 1, 615; 621; 3, 199: minerrimus pro minimo dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 122 Müll.:

minimissimus,

Arn. 5, n. 8) [kindr. with paucus and Gr. pauros; cf., also, parum, parcus], little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable (cf.: exiguus, minutus, brevis; in class. prose parvus is not used, like brevis, of stature, v. Auct. Her. 4, 33, 45).

Posit.:

in parvis aut mediocribus rebus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

quam parva sit terra, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 26; cf. id. ib. 6, 16, 16:

commoda parva ac mediocria,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1:

in parvum quendam et angustum locum concludi,

id. Leg. 1, 5, 17:

beneficium non parvum,

id. Caecin. 10, 26:

parvi pisciculi,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 123:

haec parva et infirma sunt,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

si parva licet componere magnis,

Verg. G. 4, 176:

merces,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 86:

sucus,

Plin. 21, 31, 105, § 178 et saep.:

liberi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 21, 37;

so of children: salutaria appetant parvi,

the little ones, id. Fin. 3, 5, 16:

parva soror,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 15; cf.:

memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbilium dictare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 70:

operosa parvus Carmina fingo,

a little man, id. C. 4, 2, 31; Suet. Aug. 48:

a parvis didicimus: si in jus vocat, etc.,

when little, in childhood, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

puer in domo a parvo eductus,

from infancy, Liv. 1, 39 fin. —Of time, little, short, brief:

parvae consuetudinis Causa,

slight, short, Ter. And. 1, 1, 83; cf.:

in parvo tempore,

Lucr. 5, 106:

nox,

Luc. 4, 476:

vita,

id. 6, 806:

parvam fidem habere alicui,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 117:

hic onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 39:

homo parvo ingenio,

Plin. Ep. 6, 29:

parvum carmen,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 257:

hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli,

both small and great, id. ib. 1, 3, 28.—With ref. to value or consequence, little, small, low, mean, etc.:

meam erus esse operam deputat parvi pretii,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1:

nil parvom aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17:

et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te,

id. S. 1, 3, 122:

pretio parvo vendere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 134:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi,

of little value, id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

parvi refert abs te jus dici diligenter, nisi, etc.,

it matters little, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7, § 20.—Hence, parvi facere, aestimare, ducere, pendere, etc., to esteem lightly, care little for:

parvi ego illos facio,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 41:

parvi aestimo, si ego hic peribo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24:

quia parvi id duceret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24: nequam hominis ego parvi pendo gratiam, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 29.—So, in abl.:

signa abs te diligenter parvoque curata sunt,

Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2; so,

quanti emptus? parvo,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 156:

parvo stat magna potentia nobis,

Ov. M. 14, 493:

parvo contentus esse possum,

with little, Cic. Att. 12, 19, 1; cf.:

vivitur parvo bene,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 13:

possim contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25:

agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

necessarium est parvo assuescere,

Sen. Ep. 123, 3: parvo, as an abl. of measure, with comp. (rarely;

perh. not ante-Aug.): ita ut parvo admodum plures caperentur,

a very little more, Liv. 10, 45, 11:

parvo brevius,

Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

haud parvo junior,

Gell. 13, 2, 2.—So in designating time:

parvo post,

Plin. 16, 25, 42, § 103:

parvo post tempore,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 1.—Of stature (late Lat. for brevis):

Zacchaeus staturā parvus erat,

Aug. Serm. 113, 3; id. in Psa. 143, 1.

Comp.: mĭnor, us [cf. Gr. minus, minuthô], less, lesser, smaller, inferior:

quod in re majore valet, valeat in minore,

Cic. Top. 4, 23:

si ea pecunia non minor esset facta,

id. Leg. 2, 20, 51:

Hibernia dimidio minor quam Britannia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13:

minus praedae quam speraverant fuit,

a smaller quantity, less, Liv. 4, 51:

sociis dimidio minus quam civibus datum,

id. 41, 13 fin.:

calceus... si minor (pede), uret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 43:

neve minor, neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula,

less than five acts, id. A. P. 189:

genibus minor,

i. e. down upon his knees, on his bended knees, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; cf.:

minor in certamine longo,

worsted, id. ib. 1, 10, 35:

numero plures, virtute et honore minores,

inferior, id. ib. 2, 1, 183.— Absol.: minor, inferior in rank:

praevalidi ad injurias minorum elati,

Tac. A. 15, 20; Ov. P. 4, 7, 49; cf.:

sapiens uno minor est Jove,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106:

minor capitis, i. e. capiti deminutus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 42: et sunt notitiā multa minora tuā, too trivial, = leviora, Ov. Tr. 2, 214:

dies sermone minor fuit,

too short for, id. P. 2, 10, 37:

infans Et minor igne rogi,

too young for, Juv. 15, 140.—With abl. of measure, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 117:

ut uno minus teste haberet?

id. ib. 2, 1, 57, §

149: bis sex Herculeis ceciderunt, me minus uno, Viribus,

i. e. eleven, Ov. M. 12, 554.—Of age:

qui minor est natu,

younger, Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

aliquot annis minor natu,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

aetate minor,

Ov. M. 7, 499:

minor uno mense,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 40:

filia minor Ptolemaei regis,

the younger daughter, Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

minor viginti annis,

less than twenty years old, under twenty years of age, Dig. 30, 99, 1.— With gen.:

minor quam viginti quinque annorum natu, Praetor,

Dig. 4, 4, 1; id. ib. 50, 2, 6:

si pupilla minor quam viripotens nupserit,

id. ib. 36, 2, 30.—So, absol.: minor, a person under age (under five-and-twenty), a minor:

De minoribus,

Dig. 4, tit. 4:

si minor negotiis majoris intervenerit,

ib. 4, 4, 24:

si minor praetor vel consul jus dixerit, valebit,

ib. 42, 1, 57.— Poet., children, Sil. 2, 491.—Also, descendants, posterity, = posteri:

nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 532; so id. ib. 733; Prop. 2, 15, 47; Sil. 16, 44:

minorum gentium, v. gens.—In specifications of value: vendo meum non pluris quam ceteri, fortasse etiam minoris,

cheaper, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

minoris pallium addicere placuit,

Petr. 14: omnia minoris aestimare, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

(fidem suam) non minoris quam publicam ducebat,

Sall. J. 32, 5.—

Poet., with acc. respect.:

frontemque minor truncam amnis Acarnan,

Sil. 3, 42; Val. Fl. 1, 582.—

Poet., with inf.:

tanto certare minor,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 313:

heu Fatis Superi certare minores!

Sil. 5, 76.

Sup.: mĭnĭmus, a, um (whence a new sup.:

minimissimus digitorum,

Arn. 5, 160; 166; cf., in the Gr., elachistotatos, from elachistos), very small, very little; least, smallest, etc.:

cum sit nihil omnino in rerum naturā minimum, quod dividi nequeat,

Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 27:

minimae tenuissimaeque res,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 169:

minima pars temporis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70:

quā minima altitudo fluminis erat,

id. B. G. 1, 8:

in maximā fortunā minima licentia est,

Sall. C. 51, 13:

vitia,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69:

minimus digitulus,

the little finger, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 15; so,

minimus digitus,

Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 251.—Of age: minimus natu horum omnium, the youngest, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58:

ex his omnibus natu minimus,

id. Clu. 38, 107:

Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

minimus filius,

Just. 42, 5, 6.—In specifications of value:

deos minimi facit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 35: Pe. Quanti emi potest minimo? Ep. Ad quadraginta fortasse eam posse emi minimo minis, id. Ep. 2, 2, 110: Crispinus minimo me provocat, for a trifle (in a wager), Hor. S. 1, 4, 14 (minimo provocare dicuntur hi qui in responsione plus ipsi promittunt quam exigunt ab adversario, Schol.).—Prov.:

minima de malis,

of evils choose the least, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 105.—

With a negation emphatically: non minimo discrimine, i. e. maximo,

Suet. Aug. 25:

res non minimi periculi,

id. ib. 67:

ut nihil, ne pro minimis quidem, debeant,

Liv. 6, 41. —With gen.:

minimum firmitatis minimumque virium,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46:

minimum pedibus itineris confectum,

Liv. 44, 5:

unde minimum periculi erat,

id. 27, 15.— As adv. absol.:

praemia apud me minimum valent,

very little, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 11; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 56:

minimum distantia miror,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 72:

dormiebat minimum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

medica secatur sexies per annos: cum minimum, quater,

at least, Plin. 18, 16, 43, § 146:

quam minimum credula postero (diei),

as little as possible, Hor. C. 1, 11, 8:

ita fiunt omnes partes minimum octoginta et una,

at least, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 12:

quae (comprehensio) ex tribus minimum partibus constat,

Quint. 5, 10, 5:

in quo non minimum Aetolorum operā regii fugati atque in castra compulsi sunt,

chiefly, particularly, Liv. 33, 6, 6:

eae omnia novella sata corrumpunt, non minimum vites,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 18.—Hence, adv.

Posit.: parvē, a little, slightly (very rare), Vitr. 9, 6.—

Comp.: mĭnus, less:

aut ne quid faciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse satius sit,

too little... too much, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 4:

ne quid plus minusve faxit,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 21 (v. plus, under multus):

cum habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 93:

ne mea oratio, si minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata: si satis de omnibus, infinita esse videatur,

Cic. Sest. 50, 108:

metus ipsi per se minus valerent, nisi, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 72, 150:

minus multi,

not so many, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 138:

minus multum et minus bonum vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

less good, not so good, Sall. C. 2, 6:

quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi,

Sall. J. 18, 12:

minus diu vivunt,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141.—Rarely with comp.:

minus admirabilior,

Flor. 4, 2, 46 Duker: quare milites Metelli sauciabantur multo minus, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 1; cf. Ov. M. 12, 554:

civilem admodum inter initia ac paulo minus quam privatum egit,

little less so than, nearly as much so as, Suet. Tib. 26:

dimidio minus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3.—With quam:

nec illa minus aut plus quam tu sapiat,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 28:

minus quam aequom erat feci,

id. Aul. 3, 2, 10:

respondebo tibi minus fortasse vehementer, quam abs te sum provocatus,

Cic. Planc. 30, 72.—With atque:

qui peccas minus atque ego?

Hor. S. 2, 7, 96.—And elliptically, without a particle of comparison:

minus quindecim dies sunt, quod, etc.,

less than fifteen days, not yet fifteen days, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 1:

madefactum iri minus XXX. diebus Graeciam sanguine,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68:

minus quinquennium est, quod prodiere,

Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 104:

cecidere duo milia haud minus peditum,

Liv. 42, 6:

cum centum et quinquaginta non minus adessent,

id. 42, 28; Varr. R. R. 2, 2 fin.:

ut ex suā cujusque parte ne minus dimidium ad Trebonium perveniret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 123:

ut antequam baccae legantur, ne minus triduum serenum fuerit,

Col. 12, 38, 6.—

In partic.

Non (haud) minus quam (atque), not less than, no less than, quite as:

exanimatus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo atque vultu, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 12, 28:

existumans non minus me tibi quam liberos carum fore,

Sall. J. 10, 1:

non minus nobis jucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur quam illi quibus nascimur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Quint. 2, 4, 8; 3, 7, 20:

laudibus haud minus quam praemio gaudent militum animi,

Liv. 2, 60:

haud minus ac jussi faciunt,

Verg. A. 3, 561.—

Non (neque) minus, equally, and as well, also: haec res [p. 1311] non minus me male habet quam te, Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 30: quae hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Ov. H. 19, 86:

neque minus assiduis fessa choreis,

also, Prop. 1, 3, 3.—

Nihil minus, in replies, as a strong negation, by no means, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 45: Py. At tu apud nos hic mane, Dum redeat ipsa. Ch. Nihil minus, id. ib. 3, 3, 29:

nihil profecto minus,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.: quid? a Tranione servo? Si. Multo id minus, Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 20.—

Minus minusque, minus et (ac) minus, less and less: mihi jam minus minusque obtemperat. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 33:

jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum,

Verg. A. 12, 616; Hor. C. 1, 25, 6:

minus et minus,

Ov. P. 2, 8, 73; id. H. 2, 129:

minus ac minus,

Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 26.—

Transf., in a softened negation, not at all, by no means, not:

quod intellexi minus,

Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 11:

nonnumquam ea quae praedicta sunt, minus eveniunt,

Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24.—Esp.:

si minus: monebo, si quem meministi minus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 19:

Syracusis, si minus supplicio affici, at custodiri oportebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69:

quod si assecutus sum, gaudeo: sin minus, hoc me tamen consolor quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 6 et saep.; so,

minus formido ne exedat,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 45. —

Quo minus, also written as one word, quominus, that not, from, after verbs of hindering, preventing, as impedio, recuso, deterreo, etc., Ter. And. 1, 2, 26:

si te infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quo minus ad ludos venires,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 1; 7, 1, 6:

hiemem credo prohibuisse, quo minus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres,

id. Fam. 12, 5, 1:

deterrere aliquem, quo minus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

stetisse per Trebonium, quo minus oppido potirentur, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 13 fin.; Quint. 12, 1, 16;

v. also quo. —Ante-class. also in the reverse order, minus quo: ne vereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8.—

Sup., in two forms, parvissime (post-class.), and minime (class.), least, very little.

par-vissĭmē:

memorare aliquid,

very briefly, with very few words, Cael. Aur. Acut. 2, 38. —

mĭnĭmē, least of all, in the smallest degree, least, very little:

cum minime vellem, minimeque opus fuit,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 42:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Or. 66, 222:

mihi placebat Pomponius maxime, vel dicam minime displicebat,

id. Brut. 57, 207:

quod in miserrimis rebus minime miserum putabis, id facies,

id. Fam. 14, 13:

quod minime ad eos mercatores saepe commeant,

very rarely, Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 3; Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 322.—Strengthened by quam:

si non decore, at quam minime dedecore facere possimus,

as little as possible, Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114; by omnium and gentium:

ad te minime omnium pertinebat,

id. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:

minime gentium,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 77:

heus, inquit, puer, arcesse Pamphilam,... illa exclamat, Minime gentium,

not for any thing in the world, Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 11; id. Ad. 3, 2, 44.—

In partic.

For minimum, saltem, at least:

is morbus erit longissimus minimeque annuus,

Cels. 2, 8 fin. Targ.:

pedes decem vel minime novem,

Col. 1, 6, 6:

sed id minime bis anno arari debet,

id. 5, 9, 12; id. Arb. 16, 3.—

In replies, as an emphatic negative, by no means, not at all, not in the least, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 50: Ba. Sed cessas? Pa. Minime equidem:

nam hodie, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 16: M. An tu haec non credis? A. Minime vero, Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: num igitur peccamus? Minime vos quidem. id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; so in discourse: minime multi (= quam paucissimi). Ter. Eun. prol. 2: minume irasci decet. Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 27; Sall. C. 51, 13.—Strengthened by gentium (cf.supra): Nau. Meriton' hoc meo videtur factum? De. Minime gentium, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 44.

parvus, a, um, adj. (usual, irreg. comp. and sup.: mĭnor, mĭnĭmus.— Comp.:

volantum parviores,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 1, 26.— Sup.: rictus parvissimus, Varr. ap. Non. 456, 10:

parvissima corpora,

Lucr. 1, 615; 621; 3, 199: minerrimus pro minimo dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 122 Müll.:

minimissimus,

Arn. 5, n. 8) [kindr. with paucus and Gr. pauros; cf., also, parum, parcus], little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable (cf.: exiguus, minutus, brevis; in class. prose parvus is not used, like brevis, of stature, v. Auct. Her. 4, 33, 45).

Posit.:

in parvis aut mediocribus rebus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

quam parva sit terra, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 26; cf. id. ib. 6, 16, 16:

commoda parva ac mediocria,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1:

in parvum quendam et angustum locum concludi,

id. Leg. 1, 5, 17:

beneficium non parvum,

id. Caecin. 10, 26:

parvi pisciculi,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 123:

haec parva et infirma sunt,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

si parva licet componere magnis,

Verg. G. 4, 176:

merces,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 86:

sucus,

Plin. 21, 31, 105, § 178 et saep.:

liberi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 21, 37;

so of children: salutaria appetant parvi,

the little ones, id. Fin. 3, 5, 16:

parva soror,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 15; cf.:

memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbilium dictare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 70:

operosa parvus Carmina fingo,

a little man, id. C. 4, 2, 31; Suet. Aug. 48:

a parvis didicimus: si in jus vocat, etc.,

when little, in childhood, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

puer in domo a parvo eductus,

from infancy, Liv. 1, 39 fin. —Of time, little, short, brief:

parvae consuetudinis Causa,

slight, short, Ter. And. 1, 1, 83; cf.:

in parvo tempore,

Lucr. 5, 106:

nox,

Luc. 4, 476:

vita,

id. 6, 806:

parvam fidem habere alicui,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 117:

hic onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 39:

homo parvo ingenio,

Plin. Ep. 6, 29:

parvum carmen,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 257:

hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli,

both small and great, id. ib. 1, 3, 28.—With ref. to value or consequence, little, small, low, mean, etc.:

meam erus esse operam deputat parvi pretii,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1:

nil parvom aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17:

et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te,

id. S. 1, 3, 122:

pretio parvo vendere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 134:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi,

of little value, id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

parvi refert abs te jus dici diligenter, nisi, etc.,

it matters little, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7, § 20.—Hence, parvi facere, aestimare, ducere, pendere, etc., to esteem lightly, care little for:

parvi ego illos facio,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 41:

parvi aestimo, si ego hic peribo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24:

quia parvi id duceret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24: nequam hominis ego parvi pendo gratiam, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 29.—So, in abl.:

signa abs te diligenter parvoque curata sunt,

Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2; so,

quanti emptus? parvo,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 156:

parvo stat magna potentia nobis,

Ov. M. 14, 493:

parvo contentus esse possum,

with little, Cic. Att. 12, 19, 1; cf.:

vivitur parvo bene,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 13:

possim contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25:

agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

necessarium est parvo assuescere,

Sen. Ep. 123, 3: parvo, as an abl. of measure, with comp. (rarely;

perh. not ante-Aug.): ita ut parvo admodum plures caperentur,

a very little more, Liv. 10, 45, 11:

parvo brevius,

Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

haud parvo junior,

Gell. 13, 2, 2.—So in designating time:

parvo post,

Plin. 16, 25, 42, § 103:

parvo post tempore,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 1.—Of stature (late Lat. for brevis):

Zacchaeus staturā parvus erat,

Aug. Serm. 113, 3; id. in Psa. 143, 1.

Comp.: mĭnor, us [cf. Gr. minus, minuthô], less, lesser, smaller, inferior:

quod in re majore valet, valeat in minore,

Cic. Top. 4, 23:

si ea pecunia non minor esset facta,

id. Leg. 2, 20, 51:

Hibernia dimidio minor quam Britannia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13:

minus praedae quam speraverant fuit,

a smaller quantity, less, Liv. 4, 51:

sociis dimidio minus quam civibus datum,

id. 41, 13 fin.:

calceus... si minor (pede), uret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 43:

neve minor, neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula,

less than five acts, id. A. P. 189:

genibus minor,

i. e. down upon his knees, on his bended knees, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; cf.:

minor in certamine longo,

worsted, id. ib. 1, 10, 35:

numero plures, virtute et honore minores,

inferior, id. ib. 2, 1, 183.— Absol.: minor, inferior in rank:

praevalidi ad injurias minorum elati,

Tac. A. 15, 20; Ov. P. 4, 7, 49; cf.:

sapiens uno minor est Jove,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106:

minor capitis, i. e. capiti deminutus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 42: et sunt notitiā multa minora tuā, too trivial, = leviora, Ov. Tr. 2, 214:

dies sermone minor fuit,

too short for, id. P. 2, 10, 37:

infans Et minor igne rogi,

too young for, Juv. 15, 140.—With abl. of measure, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 117:

ut uno minus teste haberet?

id. ib. 2, 1, 57, §

149: bis sex Herculeis ceciderunt, me minus uno, Viribus,

i. e. eleven, Ov. M. 12, 554.—Of age:

qui minor est natu,

younger, Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

aliquot annis minor natu,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

aetate minor,

Ov. M. 7, 499:

minor uno mense,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 40:

filia minor Ptolemaei regis,

the younger daughter, Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

minor viginti annis,

less than twenty years old, under twenty years of age, Dig. 30, 99, 1.— With gen.:

minor quam viginti quinque annorum natu, Praetor,

Dig. 4, 4, 1; id. ib. 50, 2, 6:

si pupilla minor quam viripotens nupserit,

id. ib. 36, 2, 30.—So, absol.: minor, a person under age (under five-and-twenty), a minor:

De minoribus,

Dig. 4, tit. 4:

si minor negotiis majoris intervenerit,

ib. 4, 4, 24:

si minor praetor vel consul jus dixerit, valebit,

ib. 42, 1, 57.— Poet., children, Sil. 2, 491.—Also, descendants, posterity, = posteri:

nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 532; so id. ib. 733; Prop. 2, 15, 47; Sil. 16, 44:

minorum gentium, v. gens.—In specifications of value: vendo meum non pluris quam ceteri, fortasse etiam minoris,

cheaper, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

minoris pallium addicere placuit,

Petr. 14: omnia minoris aestimare, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

(fidem suam) non minoris quam publicam ducebat,

Sall. J. 32, 5.—

Poet., with acc. respect.:

frontemque minor truncam amnis Acarnan,

Sil. 3, 42; Val. Fl. 1, 582.—

Poet., with inf.:

tanto certare minor,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 313:

heu Fatis Superi certare minores!

Sil. 5, 76.

Sup.: mĭnĭmus, a, um (whence a new sup.:

minimissimus digitorum,

Arn. 5, 160; 166; cf., in the Gr., elachistotatos, from elachistos), very small, very little; least, smallest, etc.:

cum sit nihil omnino in rerum naturā minimum, quod dividi nequeat,

Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 27:

minimae tenuissimaeque res,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 169:

minima pars temporis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70:

quā minima altitudo fluminis erat,

id. B. G. 1, 8:

in maximā fortunā minima licentia est,

Sall. C. 51, 13:

vitia,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69:

minimus digitulus,

the little finger, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 15; so,

minimus digitus,

Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 251.—Of age: minimus natu horum omnium, the youngest, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58:

ex his omnibus natu minimus,

id. Clu. 38, 107:

Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

minimus filius,

Just. 42, 5, 6.—In specifications of value:

deos minimi facit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 35: Pe. Quanti emi potest minimo? Ep. Ad quadraginta fortasse eam posse emi minimo minis, id. Ep. 2, 2, 110: Crispinus minimo me provocat, for a trifle (in a wager), Hor. S. 1, 4, 14 (minimo provocare dicuntur hi qui in responsione plus ipsi promittunt quam exigunt ab adversario, Schol.).—Prov.:

minima de malis,

of evils choose the least, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 105.—

With a negation emphatically: non minimo discrimine, i. e. maximo,

Suet. Aug. 25:

res non minimi periculi,

id. ib. 67:

ut nihil, ne pro minimis quidem, debeant,

Liv. 6, 41. —With gen.:

minimum firmitatis minimumque virium,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46:

minimum pedibus itineris confectum,

Liv. 44, 5:

unde minimum periculi erat,

id. 27, 15.— As adv. absol.:

praemia apud me minimum valent,

very little, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 11; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 56:

minimum distantia miror,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 72:

dormiebat minimum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

medica secatur sexies per annos: cum minimum, quater,

at least, Plin. 18, 16, 43, § 146:

quam minimum credula postero (diei),

as little as possible, Hor. C. 1, 11, 8:

ita fiunt omnes partes minimum octoginta et una,

at least, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 12:

quae (comprehensio) ex tribus minimum partibus constat,

Quint. 5, 10, 5:

in quo non minimum Aetolorum operā regii fugati atque in castra compulsi sunt,

chiefly, particularly, Liv. 33, 6, 6:

eae omnia novella sata corrumpunt, non minimum vites,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 18.—Hence, adv.

Posit.: parvē, a little, slightly (very rare), Vitr. 9, 6.—

Comp.: mĭnus, less:

aut ne quid faciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse satius sit,

too little... too much, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 4:

ne quid plus minusve faxit,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 21 (v. plus, under multus):

cum habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 93:

ne mea oratio, si minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata: si satis de omnibus, infinita esse videatur,

Cic. Sest. 50, 108:

metus ipsi per se minus valerent, nisi, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 72, 150:

minus multi,

not so many, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 138:

minus multum et minus bonum vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

less good, not so good, Sall. C. 2, 6:

quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi,

Sall. J. 18, 12:

minus diu vivunt,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141.—Rarely with comp.:

minus admirabilior,

Flor. 4, 2, 46 Duker: quare milites Metelli sauciabantur multo minus, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 1; cf. Ov. M. 12, 554:

civilem admodum inter initia ac paulo minus quam privatum egit,

little less so than, nearly as much so as, Suet. Tib. 26:

dimidio minus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3.—With quam:

nec illa minus aut plus quam tu sapiat,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 28:

minus quam aequom erat feci,

id. Aul. 3, 2, 10:

respondebo tibi minus fortasse vehementer, quam abs te sum provocatus,

Cic. Planc. 30, 72.—With atque:

qui peccas minus atque ego?

Hor. S. 2, 7, 96.—And elliptically, without a particle of comparison:

minus quindecim dies sunt, quod, etc.,

less than fifteen days, not yet fifteen days, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 1:

madefactum iri minus XXX. diebus Graeciam sanguine,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68:

minus quinquennium est, quod prodiere,

Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 104:

cecidere duo milia haud minus peditum,

Liv. 42, 6:

cum centum et quinquaginta non minus adessent,

id. 42, 28; Varr. R. R. 2, 2 fin.:

ut ex suā cujusque parte ne minus dimidium ad Trebonium perveniret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 123:

ut antequam baccae legantur, ne minus triduum serenum fuerit,

Col. 12, 38, 6.—

In partic.

Non (haud) minus quam (atque), not less than, no less than, quite as:

exanimatus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo atque vultu, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 12, 28:

existumans non minus me tibi quam liberos carum fore,

Sall. J. 10, 1:

non minus nobis jucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur quam illi quibus nascimur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Quint. 2, 4, 8; 3, 7, 20:

laudibus haud minus quam praemio gaudent militum animi,

Liv. 2, 60:

haud minus ac jussi faciunt,

Verg. A. 3, 561.—

Non (neque) minus, equally, and as well, also: haec res [p. 1311] non minus me male habet quam te, Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 30: quae hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Ov. H. 19, 86:

neque minus assiduis fessa choreis,

also, Prop. 1, 3, 3.—

Nihil minus, in replies, as a strong negation, by no means, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 45: Py. At tu apud nos hic mane, Dum redeat ipsa. Ch. Nihil minus, id. ib. 3, 3, 29:

nihil profecto minus,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.: quid? a Tranione servo? Si. Multo id minus, Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 20.—

Minus minusque, minus et (ac) minus, less and less: mihi jam minus minusque obtemperat. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 33:

jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum,

Verg. A. 12, 616; Hor. C. 1, 25, 6:

minus et minus,

Ov. P. 2, 8, 73; id. H. 2, 129:

minus ac minus,

Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 26.—

Transf., in a softened negation, not at all, by no means, not:

quod intellexi minus,

Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 11:

nonnumquam ea quae praedicta sunt, minus eveniunt,

Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24.—Esp.:

si minus: monebo, si quem meministi minus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 19:

Syracusis, si minus supplicio affici, at custodiri oportebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69:

quod si assecutus sum, gaudeo: sin minus, hoc me tamen consolor quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 6 et saep.; so,

minus formido ne exedat,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 45. —

Quo minus, also written as one word, quominus, that not, from, after verbs of hindering, preventing, as impedio, recuso, deterreo, etc., Ter. And. 1, 2, 26:

si te infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quo minus ad ludos venires,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 1; 7, 1, 6:

hiemem credo prohibuisse, quo minus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres,

id. Fam. 12, 5, 1:

deterrere aliquem, quo minus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

stetisse per Trebonium, quo minus oppido potirentur, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 13 fin.; Quint. 12, 1, 16;

v. also quo. —Ante-class. also in the reverse order, minus quo: ne vereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8.—

Sup., in two forms, parvissime (post-class.), and minime (class.), least, very little.

par-vissĭmē:

memorare aliquid,

very briefly, with very few words, Cael. Aur. Acut. 2, 38. —

mĭnĭmē, least of all, in the smallest degree, least, very little:

cum minime vellem, minimeque opus fuit,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 42:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Or. 66, 222:

mihi placebat Pomponius maxime, vel dicam minime displicebat,

id. Brut. 57, 207:

quod in miserrimis rebus minime miserum putabis, id facies,

id. Fam. 14, 13:

quod minime ad eos mercatores saepe commeant,

very rarely, Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 3; Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 322.—Strengthened by quam:

si non decore, at quam minime dedecore facere possimus,

as little as possible, Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114; by omnium and gentium:

ad te minime omnium pertinebat,

id. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:

minime gentium,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 77:

heus, inquit, puer, arcesse Pamphilam,... illa exclamat, Minime gentium,

not for any thing in the world, Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 11; id. Ad. 3, 2, 44.—

In partic.

For minimum, saltem, at least:

is morbus erit longissimus minimeque annuus,

Cels. 2, 8 fin. Targ.:

pedes decem vel minime novem,

Col. 1, 6, 6:

sed id minime bis anno arari debet,

id. 5, 9, 12; id. Arb. 16, 3.—

In replies, as an emphatic negative, by no means, not at all, not in the least, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 50: Ba. Sed cessas? Pa. Minime equidem:

nam hodie, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 16: M. An tu haec non credis? A. Minime vero, Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: num igitur peccamus? Minime vos quidem. id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; so in discourse: minime multi (= quam paucissimi). Ter. Eun. prol. 2: minume irasci decet. Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 27; Sall. C. 51, 13.—Strengthened by gentium (cf.supra): Nau. Meriton' hoc meo videtur factum? De. Minime gentium, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 44.

passim. adv. [passus, from pando] (lit., spread or scattered about; hence), at or to different places, hither and thither, in every direction, at random.

Lit. (class.): ille iit passim, ego ordinatim, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 2: sive pilatim sive passim iter facere volebat, Asellio ap. Serv. Verg. A. 12, 121:

Numidae quādam barbarā consuetudine nullis ordinibus passim consederant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 38:

Tyrii comites passim... diversa per agros Tecta metu petiere,

Verg. A. 4, 162:

plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim Corpora,

id. ib. 2, 364;

3, 510: volucres passim ac libere solutas opere volitare,

Cic. de Or 2, 6, 23; cf.:

volucres huc et illuc passim vagantes,

id. Div. 2, 38, 80:

passim per forum volitat,

id. Rosc. Am. 46, 135; id. Sull. 15, 42:

passim carpere, colligere undique,

id. de Or. 1, 42, 91: sparsi enim toto passim campo se diffuderunt, Liv 40, 33, 7;

41, 3, 7: quin etiam passim nostris in versibus ipsis Multa elementa vides, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 823; 2, 688; 6, 29.—

Transf.

Far and wide, everywhere, nearly = ubique (not ante-Aug.):

passim omnes clamoribus agunt,

Liv. 2, 45, 11:

pabula et ligna nec pauci petebant, nec passim,

id. 22, 12, 8:

non tamen haec. quia possunt bene aliquando fieri, passim facienda sunt,

Quint. 4, 1, 70; 6, 3, 4; 12, 10, 13:

passim et in quācumque parte nascuntur qui furunculi vocantur,

Plin. 26, 12, 77, § 125.—

Without order, promiscuously, indiscriminately:

scribimus indocti doctique poëmata passim,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 117:

veteres passim semper amarunt,

Tib. 2, 3, 69 Dissen.: ut Saturnalibus exaequato omnium jure passim in conviviis servi cum dominis recumbant. Just. 43, 1, 4:

hunc puto effudisse hoc passim,

without discrimination, heedlessly, Lact. 3, 9, 5: atomi passim cohaerentes, without a plan, at random, id. de Ira, 10, 27.