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  • 1 внутренние данные

    1) Information technology: native data (OLE-объекта)
    2) Astronautics: interdata
    3) SAP. internal control
    4) Sakhalin energy glossary: In-house data
    5) SAP.tech. internal data

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > внутренние данные

  • 2 собственные данные

    (в серверных приложениях OLE Automation - внутренний формат данных, используемый при редактировании вложенных объектов) native data

    Русско-английский словарь по вычислительной технике и программированию > собственные данные

  • 3 original

    adj.
    1 original (nuevo, primero).
    2 eccentric, different (raro).
    m.
    original.
    * * *
    1 (gen) original
    1 original
    \
    en el original in the original
    ser original de (procedente de, nacido en) from
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=inicial) [idea, documento, idioma] original; [edición] first
    pecado 1)
    2) (=novedoso) original
    3) (=raro) unusual, original; (=extravagante) eccentric

    él siempre tiene que ser tan original — iró he always has to be so different

    4) (=creativo) original
    5) (=procedente)

    ser original de — [planta, animal] to be native to

    2. SM
    1) (=modelo) original
    2) (Tip) (tb: original de imprenta) manuscript, original, copy
    * * *
    I
    1) (primero, no copiado) original
    2) <artista/enfoque> original

    tú siempre tan original! — (iró) you always have to be different!

    II
    masculino original

    un original de Dalí — a Dalí original, an original Dalí

    * * *
    = creative, manuscript, master, master copy, original, original document, master, raw, pristine, founding, unedited.
    Ex. His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.
    Ex. A manuscript is a writing made by hand (including musical scores), typescripts, and inscriptions on clay tablets, stone, etc.
    Ex. The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.
    Ex. Normally, before a manuscript is printed or duplicated in multiple copies the editor will be provided with printer's proofs or a master copy.
    Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex. An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex. The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.
    Ex. Vegetable fibres in their raw state contain the necessary strands of cellulose which can be converted into paper.
    Ex. Although national parks are perceived as pristine areas, many are dumping grounds for hazardous materials - everything from industrial toxins to unexploded munitions.
    Ex. The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.
    Ex. This bank of data represented a valuable source of unedited views about users' perceptions, thoughts and attitudes about libraries and electronic resources.
    ----
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * error del original = sic.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * original listo para reproducir = camera-ready copy.
    * pecado original, el = original sin, the.
    * poco original = unoriginal.
    * título original = original title.
    * * *
    I
    1) (primero, no copiado) original
    2) <artista/enfoque> original

    tú siempre tan original! — (iró) you always have to be different!

    II
    masculino original

    un original de Dalí — a Dalí original, an original Dalí

    * * *
    = creative, manuscript, master, master copy, original, original document, master, raw, pristine, founding, unedited.

    Ex: His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.

    Ex: A manuscript is a writing made by hand (including musical scores), typescripts, and inscriptions on clay tablets, stone, etc.
    Ex: The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.
    Ex: Normally, before a manuscript is printed or duplicated in multiple copies the editor will be provided with printer's proofs or a master copy.
    Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex: An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex: The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.
    Ex: Vegetable fibres in their raw state contain the necessary strands of cellulose which can be converted into paper.
    Ex: Although national parks are perceived as pristine areas, many are dumping grounds for hazardous materials - everything from industrial toxins to unexploded munitions.
    Ex: The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.
    Ex: This bank of data represented a valuable source of unedited views about users' perceptions, thoughts and attitudes about libraries and electronic resources.
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * error del original = sic.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * original listo para reproducir = camera-ready copy.
    * pecado original, el = original sin, the.
    * poco original = unoriginal.
    * título original = original title.

    * * *
    A
    1 (primero, inicial) ‹texto› original
    en su forma original in its original form
    2 (no copiado) original
    es un Hockney original it's an original Hockney
    B (novedoso) ‹artista/novela/enfoque› original
    ¡tú siempre tan original! ( iró); you always have to be different!
    C
    (de un país, una región): el maíz es original de América corn originated in o originally came from America, corn is native to America
    original
    un original de Dalí a Dalí original, an original Dalí
    mándale el original y archiva la copia send her the original and file the copy
    lo leyó en el original she read it in the original French ( o Spanish etc)
    Compuesto:
    original, manuscript
    * * *

     

    original adjetivo / noun masculine
    original
    original
    I adjetivo original
    II mf original: tengo que entregar el original a la imprenta, I have to give the original to the printer's
    ' original' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    m.s.
    - novedosa
    - novedoso
    - originaria
    - originario
    - pecado
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    - promotor
    - promotora
    - retornar
    - subtítulo
    - versión
    - vista
    - visto
    - VO
    - subtitular
    English:
    arrange
    - beat down
    - close
    - creative
    - derivative
    - first
    - individual
    - master
    - novel
    - original
    - originally
    - sell back
    - unconventional
    - unusual
    - different
    - line
    - secondary
    - stick
    - unoriginal
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [nuevo, primero] original;
    el texto original the original text;
    en versión original in the original version
    2. [no imitación] original;
    este es original y esta la copia this is original and this is the copy;
    un Velázquez original an original Velázquez
    3. [inusual] original;
    esa corbata es muy original that's a very original o unusual tie
    4. [raro] different, eccentric;
    tú siempre tan original you always have to be different
    5. [procedente]
    ser original de [persona] to be a native of;
    [animal, planta] to be native to
    ♦ nm
    1. [primera versión] original;
    hay que entregar tres copias y el original you have to give them the original and three copies;
    leer algo en el original to read sth in the original
    2. [manuscrito] manuscript
    * * *
    m/adj original
    * * *
    original adj & nm
    : original
    * * *
    original adj n original

    Spanish-English dictionary > original

  • 4 país

    m.
    country, nation, region.
    * * *
    1 country
    \
    del país local
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=nación) country

    los países miembros o participantes — the member countries

    país en desarrollo, país en vías de desarrollo — developing nation

    2) (=tierra) land, region
    3) (Arte) (=paisaje) landscape
    * * *
    a) ( unidad política) country
    b) ( ciudadanos) nation
    c) ( en ficción) land

    en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

    * * *
    = country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].
    Ex. It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.
    Ex. Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.
    Ex. Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.
    ----
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * código del país = country code.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * corazón de un país = heartland.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.
    * de un país desarrollado = first world.
    * división de país = country division.
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en nuestro país = at home.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.
    * nacido en el país = native-born.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].
    * país anfitrión = host country.
    * país capitalista = capitalist country.
    * país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.
    * país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.
    * país de adopción = adopted country.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * País de Gales = Wales.
    * país de las maravillas = wonderland.
    * país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.
    * país del tercer mundo = third world country.
    * país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.
    * país de procedencia = country of origin.
    * país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países ACP = ACP countries.
    * países árabes = Arab countries.
    * Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.
    * países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.
    * países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * países industrializados = industrially developed countries.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.
    * país exportador = exporting country.
    * país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.
    * país extraño = foreign country.
    * país firmante = signatory country.
    * país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * país multicultural = rainbow nation.
    * país natal = back home.
    * país productor de información científica = science producer.
    * país socialista = socialist country.
    * país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país subtropical = subtropical country.
    * país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país tropical = tropical country.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * * *
    a) ( unidad política) country
    b) ( ciudadanos) nation
    c) ( en ficción) land

    en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

    * * *
    = country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

    Ex: It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

    Ex: Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.
    Ex: Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.
    * a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].
    * código del país = country code.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * corazón de un país = heartland.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.
    * de un país desarrollado = first world.
    * división de país = country division.
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en nuestro país = at home.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.
    * nacido en el país = native-born.
    * natural del país = native-born.
    * OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].
    * país anfitrión = host country.
    * país capitalista = capitalist country.
    * país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.
    * país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.
    * país de adopción = adopted country.
    * país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.
    * País de Gales = Wales.
    * país de las maravillas = wonderland.
    * país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.
    * país del tercer mundo = third world country.
    * país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.
    * país de procedencia = country of origin.
    * país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.
    * país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.
    * países ACP = ACP countries.
    * países árabes = Arab countries.
    * Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.
    * países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.
    * países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.
    * países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.
    * países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.
    * países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.
    * países industrializados = industrially developed countries.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.
    * país exportador = exporting country.
    * país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.
    * país extraño = foreign country.
    * país firmante = signatory country.
    * país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * país multicultural = rainbow nation.
    * país natal = back home.
    * país productor de información científica = science producer.
    * país socialista = socialist country.
    * país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país subtropical = subtropical country.
    * país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.
    * país tropical = tropical country.
    * reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.
    * transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

    * * *
    El País (↑ país a1)
    A
    los países miembros the member countries
    2 (ciudadanos) nation
    se dirigió al país he addressed the nation
    el apoyo de todo el país the support of the whole nation o country
    el país de los sueños the land of Nod
    en un país lejano in a distant o faraway land
    ciego2 (↑ ciego (2))
    Compuestos:
    trading nation
    (de una persona) home country, native land; (de un producto) country of origin
    (UE) candidate countries
    (UE) Central and Eastern European Countries
    satellite, satellite nation
    B (de un abanico) covering
    * * *

     

    país sustantivo masculino



    ( de producto) country of origin;

    el Ppaís de Gales Wales;
    el Ppaís Vasco the Basque Country


    país sustantivo masculino country, land: recorrió países lejanos, he travelled around distant lands
    los países tropicales, the tropical countries
    País Valenciano, Valencia
    País Vasco, Basque Country
    Países Bajos, Netherlands pl
    ' país' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adelantada
    - adelantado
    - añorar
    - atrasada
    - atrasado
    - atraso
    - ciudad
    - Congo
    - contarse
    - damnificada
    - damnificado
    - desarraigar
    - desarrollada
    - desarrollado
    - descomposición
    - desmembrar
    - dominar
    - dominación
    - economía
    - económica
    - económico
    - ETA
    - exilio
    - fantasma
    - feudo
    - Gales
    - hambre
    - militarista
    - moneda
    - natal
    - percance
    - productor
    - productora
    - promover
    - punta
    - puntera
    - puntero
    - refugio
    - regir
    - representar
    - sacudir
    - salir
    - satélite
    - suelo
    - tierra
    - tiniebla
    - Túnez
    - vasca
    - vasco
    - abatir
    English:
    acclaim
    - acknowledge
    - acute
    - administer
    - administration
    - affair
    - alien
    - America
    - authority
    - backward
    - Basque Country
    - betray
    - brain
    - chapter
    - characteristic
    - conception
    - country
    - cripple
    - defect
    - develop
    - developing
    - distant
    - district
    - drain
    - earthquake
    - election
    - embargo
    - envisage
    - envision
    - equality
    - expatriate
    - flag
    - foreign
    - free
    - governor
    - home
    - homegrown
    - institute
    - land
    - mainland
    - map
    - mess
    - miss
    - nationwide
    - norm
    - open up
    - overcrowded
    - overrun
    - point
    - Postmaster General
    * * *
    país (pl países) nm
    1. [nación] country;
    el país votó “no” en el referéndum the country o nation voted “no” in the referendum;
    en el país de los ciegos, el tuerto es rey in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king
    los países no alineados the nonaligned countries;
    los Países Bajos the Netherlands;
    los países bálticos the Baltic States;
    países desarrollados developed countries;
    país natal native country, homeland;
    país neutral neutral country;
    país de origen country of origin;
    país de reciente industrialización newly industrialized country;
    país satélite satellite state;
    países subdesarrollados underdeveloped countries;
    el País Valenciano the autonomous region of Valencia;
    el País Vasco the Basque Country;
    países en vías de desarrollo developing countries
    2. [tierra] land;
    en un país muy lejano… in a distant o far-off land…;
    el país de nunca-jamás never-never land
    * * *
    m country;
    país en vías de desarrollo developing country;
    país productor producer country;
    país comunitario EU country;
    los Países Bajos the Netherlands
    * * *
    país nm
    1) nación: country, nation
    2) región: region, territory
    * * *
    país n country [pl. countries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > país

  • 5 americano

    adj.
    1 American, native of America, American-born.
    2 American, North American, native of North America.
    m.
    1 American, native of America.
    2 North American, American, native of North America.
    * * *
    1 American
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 American
    * * *
    (f. - americana)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    americano, -a
    ADJ SM / F (=del continente, de Norteamérica) American; (=de Hispanoamérica) Latin American, South American, Spanish American americana
    * * *
    - na adjetivo/masculino, femenino American
    * * *
    = American, US [U.S.].
    Ex. Under ' American Scholar' he found editions published beginning, I believe, in the 1880s.
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether there exist any biases which might adversely affect search results (for example, emphasis on US or European published material).
    ----
    * adiestrado por los americanos = U.S.-trained.
    * afroamericano = Afro-American, African-American.
    * águila americana = bald eagle.
    * ALA (Asociación Americana de Bibliotecarios) = ALA (American Library Association).
    * americano de origen asiático = Asian American.
    * americano de origen mejicano = Mexican American.
    * ánade silbón americano = American wigeon.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.
    * asiático americano = Asian American.
    * Asociación Americana de Editores = American Association of Publishers (AAP).
    * Asociación Americana de Productores Cinematográficos = Motion Picture Association of America.
    * Asociación de Archiveros Americanos (SAA) = Society of American Archivists (SAA).
    * blanco protestante anglosajón americano = WASP.
    * de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.
    * empresas americanas, las = corporate America.
    * fútbol americano = American football.
    * GPO (Imprenta del Gobierno Americano) = GPO (Government Printing Office).
    * indio nativo americano = American Indian, Native American.
    * Instituto Americano de Documentación (ADI) = American Documentation Institute (ADI).
    * japonés americano = Japanese-American.
    * jugador de fútbol americano = footballer, football player.
    * mejicano americano = Mexican American.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no americano = un-American.
    * norteamericano = North American.
    * oso negro americano = black bear.
    * poco americano = un-American.
    * silbón americano = American wigeon.
    * Sueño Americano, el = American Dream, the.
    * tántalo americano = wood stork.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo/masculino, femenino American
    * * *
    = American, US [U.S.].

    Ex: Under ' American Scholar' he found editions published beginning, I believe, in the 1880s.

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether there exist any biases which might adversely affect search results (for example, emphasis on US or European published material).
    * adiestrado por los americanos = U.S.-trained.
    * afroamericano = Afro-American, African-American.
    * águila americana = bald eagle.
    * ALA (Asociación Americana de Bibliotecarios) = ALA (American Library Association).
    * americano de origen asiático = Asian American.
    * americano de origen mejicano = Mexican American.
    * ánade silbón americano = American wigeon.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.
    * asiático americano = Asian American.
    * Asociación Americana de Editores = American Association of Publishers (AAP).
    * Asociación Americana de Productores Cinematográficos = Motion Picture Association of America.
    * Asociación de Archiveros Americanos (SAA) = Society of American Archivists (SAA).
    * blanco protestante anglosajón americano = WASP.
    * de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.
    * empresas americanas, las = corporate America.
    * fútbol americano = American football.
    * GPO (Imprenta del Gobierno Americano) = GPO (Government Printing Office).
    * indio nativo americano = American Indian, Native American.
    * Instituto Americano de Documentación (ADI) = American Documentation Institute (ADI).
    * japonés americano = Japanese-American.
    * jugador de fútbol americano = footballer, football player.
    * mejicano americano = Mexican American.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no americano = un-American.
    * norteamericano = North American.
    * oso negro americano = black bear.
    * poco americano = un-American.
    * silbón americano = American wigeon.
    * Sueño Americano, el = American Dream, the.
    * tántalo americano = wood stork.

    * * *
    americano1 -na
    americano2 -na
    masculine, feminine
    2 (estadounidense) American
    * * *

    americano
    ◊ -na adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino

    American
    americano,-a adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino American

    ' americano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    americana
    - billar
    - fútbol
    - anotación
    - anotador
    - baño
    - bomba
    - despejar
    - diagonal
    - final
    - golpear
    - juez
    - mariscal
    - periquito
    - placaje
    - placar
    - receptor
    - tanto
    - tener
    - whisky
    English:
    American
    - American Dream
    - AMEX
    - filter coffee
    - pool
    - punt
    - all
    - ball
    - filter
    - football
    - john
    - moose
    - native
    - -style
    - whiskey
    * * *
    americano, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [del continente] American
    2. [de Estados Unidos] American
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [del continente] American
    2. [de Estados Unidos] American
    * * *
    m/adj American
    * * *
    americano, -na adj & n
    : American
    * * *
    americano adj n American

    Spanish-English dictionary > americano

  • 6 provenir de

    v.
    1 to come from, to come down from, to be from, to arise from.
    El agua proviene de un manantial The water comes from a spring.
    Ella proviene del campo She comes from the farm.
    2 to come from, to flow from, to spring from, to be coming from.
    El agua proviene de un manantial The water comes from a spring.
    3 to be native of, to be from, to come from.
    Ella proviene de Chile She is native of Chile.
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    (v.) = emanate from, originate (from), come from
    Ex. Works with unknown or uncertain personal authorship, or works emanating from a body that lacks a name are to be entered under title.
    Ex. Funding for advice centres can originate from any one of four government departments: the Department of Trade, the Home Office, the Lord Chancellor's Office and the Department of the Environment.
    Ex. A modem is an electronic device which converts or modulates data coming from a computer into audio tunes which can be carried over normal phone lines and demodulates incoming tones from the phone line into data that can be used by the computer.
    * * *
    (v.) = emanate from, originate (from), come from

    Ex: Works with unknown or uncertain personal authorship, or works emanating from a body that lacks a name are to be entered under title.

    Ex: Funding for advice centres can originate from any one of four government departments: the Department of Trade, the Home Office, the Lord Chancellor's Office and the Department of the Environment.
    Ex: A modem is an electronic device which converts or modulates data coming from a computer into audio tunes which can be carried over normal phone lines and demodulates incoming tones from the phone line into data that can be used by the computer.

    Spanish-English dictionary > provenir de

  • 7 aceptar

    v.
    1 to accept.
    no aceptaron sus condiciones they didn't accept his conditions
    María acepta el libertinaje Mary accepts licentiousness.
    Pedro acepta su supremacía Peter accepts her supremacy.
    2 to agree to, to accept to.
    Ricardo aceptó ser el testaferro Richard agreed to be the figurehead.
    Ricardo aceptó Richard accepted.
    3 to welcome, to believe in, to embrace, to buy.
    María aceptó la ayuda Mary welcomed the aid.
    4 to receive, to take.
    La agencia aceptó la encomienda The agency received the parcel.
    5 to admit to.
    Ricardo aceptó conocer el paradero Richard admitted to knowing the whereabouts.
    6 to click OK, to OK.
    * * *
    1 to accept, receive
    2 (aprobar) to approve of
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ oferta, propuesta, dimisión] to accept; [+ cheque, moneda, tarjeta, trabajo] to accept, take; [+ condición] to accept, agree to
    2)

    por fin aceptaron que se publicara — they finally agreed for it to be published, they finally allowed it to be published

    no acepta que las mujeres trabajen — he doesn't accept o agree that women should work

    3)

    ¿aceptas a María por esposa? — do you take María to be your lawful wedded wife?

    * * *
    verbo transitivo <excusas/invitación/cargo> to accept; <términos/condiciones> to agree to

    ¿acepta a Luis como or por legítimo esposo? — (frml) do you take Luis to be your lawful wedded husband? (frml)

    aceptar + inf — to agree to + inf

    ¿por qué aceptas que te trate así? — why do you allow her to treat you like that?

    * * *
    = accept, acknowledge, fall in with, go along with, subscribe (to), take (in/into), welcome, give + acceptance, take up, come to + terms with, embrace, put to + bed, countenance, take on, be game, spring for, agree to, open + Posesivo + mind up to.
    Ex. Personal authorship has been accepted for some time, and indeed reflects the scholarly practice of the western world.
    Ex. In acknowledging these principles, Sears' is consistent with traditional ideas on the construction of alphabetical subject catalogues.
    Ex. Stanton fell in with the suggestion readily.
    Ex. The same thing happended in the case of the British refusal to go along with the American compromises in the last revision.
    Ex. As regards abbreviations, and the extent to which they are used, most citation standards subscribe to the use of abbreviations.
    Ex. For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.
    Ex. The decision to revert to standard spelling must have been widely welcomed in countries where DC is used but English is not the native language.
    Ex. Even in 1678 this usage of the word 'bibliography' was hardly given full acceptance.
    Ex. Wove paper, which was slightly more difficult to make than laid, was very slow to be taken up by the trade.
    Ex. Much of the conventional wisdom of librarianship is going to have to undergo what is so aptly described as an 'agonizing reappraisal' before we can come to terms with the new information age.
    Ex. The library community is now ready to embrace the most revolutionary technology for libraries -- CD-ROM.
    Ex. At the session on Sunday 15th, it was agreed to put to bed the non-controversial items.
    Ex. Unfortunately, in the field of reference work advocates of such professional independence of judgement must by implication be prepared to countenance differential service to the user.
    Ex. If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex. Many of our group are financially strapped, and that presents a problem but I'm game.
    Ex. If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.
    Ex. In this case, the librarian 'reluctantly agreed to change the heading to 'Sexual Orientation' in anticipation of Library Board disapproval' = En este caso, el bibliotecario " accedió de mala gana a cambiarlo a 'Orientación Sexual' preveyendo el rechazo por parte de la Comisión de la Biblioteca".
    Ex. Ellyse has slowly solidified her game by knocking the rough edges off and by opening her mind up to what's required and what's available.
    ----
    * aceptar Algo = take (+ Nombre) + on board (+ Nombre).
    * aceptar Algo sin protestar = take + Nombre + lying down.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar incondicionalmente = accept + whole-heartedly.
    * aceptar la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * aceptar las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * aceptar las condiciones = agree + terms.
    * aceptar la situación = accept + situation.
    * aceptar lo inevitable = accept + the inevitable.
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * aceptar tal cual = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.
    * aceptar tarjeta de crédito = honour + credit card.
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * aceptar una idea = accept + notion, deal with + concept.
    * aceptar una invitación = accept + invitation.
    * aceptar una tarea = take on + task.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * aceptar un desafío = throw down + the gauntlet.
    * aceptar un reto = throw down + the gauntlet, call + Posesivo + bluff.
    * creencia generalmente aceptada = conventional wisdom.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * negarse a aceptar = disavow.
    * no aceptar = disavow.
    * no aceptar un no por respuesta = not take + no for an answer.
    * opinión generalmente acepta = conventional wisdom.
    * resignarse y aceptar = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * ser aceptado = gain + acceptance.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente aceptado = it + be + widely agreed.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <excusas/invitación/cargo> to accept; <términos/condiciones> to agree to

    ¿acepta a Luis como or por legítimo esposo? — (frml) do you take Luis to be your lawful wedded husband? (frml)

    aceptar + inf — to agree to + inf

    ¿por qué aceptas que te trate así? — why do you allow her to treat you like that?

    * * *
    = accept, acknowledge, fall in with, go along with, subscribe (to), take (in/into), welcome, give + acceptance, take up, come to + terms with, embrace, put to + bed, countenance, take on, be game, spring for, agree to, open + Posesivo + mind up to.

    Ex: Personal authorship has been accepted for some time, and indeed reflects the scholarly practice of the western world.

    Ex: In acknowledging these principles, Sears' is consistent with traditional ideas on the construction of alphabetical subject catalogues.
    Ex: Stanton fell in with the suggestion readily.
    Ex: The same thing happended in the case of the British refusal to go along with the American compromises in the last revision.
    Ex: As regards abbreviations, and the extent to which they are used, most citation standards subscribe to the use of abbreviations.
    Ex: For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.
    Ex: The decision to revert to standard spelling must have been widely welcomed in countries where DC is used but English is not the native language.
    Ex: Even in 1678 this usage of the word 'bibliography' was hardly given full acceptance.
    Ex: Wove paper, which was slightly more difficult to make than laid, was very slow to be taken up by the trade.
    Ex: Much of the conventional wisdom of librarianship is going to have to undergo what is so aptly described as an 'agonizing reappraisal' before we can come to terms with the new information age.
    Ex: The library community is now ready to embrace the most revolutionary technology for libraries -- CD-ROM.
    Ex: At the session on Sunday 15th, it was agreed to put to bed the non-controversial items.
    Ex: Unfortunately, in the field of reference work advocates of such professional independence of judgement must by implication be prepared to countenance differential service to the user.
    Ex: If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex: Many of our group are financially strapped, and that presents a problem but I'm game.
    Ex: If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.
    Ex: In this case, the librarian 'reluctantly agreed to change the heading to 'Sexual Orientation' in anticipation of Library Board disapproval' = En este caso, el bibliotecario " accedió de mala gana a cambiarlo a 'Orientación Sexual' preveyendo el rechazo por parte de la Comisión de la Biblioteca".
    Ex: Ellyse has slowly solidified her game by knocking the rough edges off and by opening her mind up to what's required and what's available.
    * aceptar Algo = take (+ Nombre) + on board (+ Nombre).
    * aceptar Algo sin protestar = take + Nombre + lying down.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar incondicionalmente = accept + whole-heartedly.
    * aceptar la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * aceptar las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * aceptar las condiciones = agree + terms.
    * aceptar la situación = accept + situation.
    * aceptar lo inevitable = accept + the inevitable.
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * aceptar tal cual = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.
    * aceptar tarjeta de crédito = honour + credit card.
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * aceptar una idea = accept + notion, deal with + concept.
    * aceptar una invitación = accept + invitation.
    * aceptar una tarea = take on + task.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * aceptar un desafío = throw down + the gauntlet.
    * aceptar un reto = throw down + the gauntlet, call + Posesivo + bluff.
    * creencia generalmente aceptada = conventional wisdom.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * negarse a aceptar = disavow.
    * no aceptar = disavow.
    * no aceptar un no por respuesta = not take + no for an answer.
    * opinión generalmente acepta = conventional wisdom.
    * resignarse y aceptar = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * ser aceptado = gain + acceptance.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente aceptado = it + be + widely agreed.

    * * *
    aceptar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹excusas/invitación/cargo› to accept
    ¿acepta a Luis como or por legítimo esposo? ( frml); do you take Luis to be your lawful wedded husband? ( frml)
    aceptan cheques de viaje they take traveler's checks
    [ S ] no aceptamos devoluciones no refunds
    aceptar + INF to agree to + INF
    aceptó acompañarme he agreed to accompany me
    aceptar QUE + SUBJ:
    no acepto que me diga eso I can't accept him saying that to me
    * * *

     

    aceptar ( conjugate aceptar) verbo transitivo ‹excusas/invitación/cargo› to accept;
    ‹términos/condiciones› to agree to;

    aceptó venir she agreed to come;
    no acepto que me digas eso I won't have you saying that to me
    aceptar verbo transitivo to accept: no acepto excusas, I won't accept any excuses

    ' aceptar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    encajar
    - entrada
    - nariz
    - negarse
    - renunciar
    - venderse
    - admitir
    - asumir
    - coger
    - creer
    - modo
    - otro
    - vacilar
    English:
    accept
    - adopt
    - board
    - fall in with
    - job
    - joke
    - jump at
    - overbook
    - reject
    - seize on
    - seize upon
    - settle for
    - take
    - take up
    - agree
    - come
    - fact
    - go
    - grip
    - have
    - honor
    - refuse
    - rise
    - share
    - term
    - turn
    * * *
    1. [regalo] to accept
    2. [admitir] to accept;
    no aceptaron sus condiciones they didn't accept her conditions;
    ¿aceptas a Enrique como tu legítimo esposo? do you take Enrique to be your lawful wedded husband?;
    no aceptará un “no” por respuesta he won't take no for an answer;
    no se aceptan cheques [en letrero] we do not take cheques;
    se aceptan donativos [en letrero] donations welcome
    * * *
    v/t accept
    * * *
    1) : to accept
    2) : to approve
    * * *
    aceptar vb to accept

    Spanish-English dictionary > aceptar

  • 8 estadounidense

    adj.
    North American, American, US.
    f. & m.
    North American, native or inhabitant of the United States, native or inhabitant of the US.
    * * *
    1 American, from the United States
    1 American, person from the United States
    * * *
    noun mf. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ American, US antes de s, of/from the United States
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo American, US (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino American
    * * *
    = US [U.S.].
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether there exist any biases which might adversely affect search results (for example, emphasis on US or European published material).
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo American, US (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino American
    * * *
    = US [U.S.].

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether there exist any biases which might adversely affect search results (for example, emphasis on US or European published material).

    * * *
    American, US ( before n)
    American
    * * *

    estadounidense adjetivo
    American, US ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    American
    estadounidense
    I adjetivo United States, American
    II mf United States citizen, American
    ' estadounidense' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billón
    - norteamericano
    English:
    American
    - AP
    - ASPCA
    - GI
    - sophomore
    - USA
    * * *
    estadounidense, Méx estadunidense
    ♦ adj
    American;
    la política estadounidense American o US politics
    ♦ nmf
    American;
    los estadounidenses no necesitan visado Americans o US citizens don't need a visa
    * * *
    I adj American, US atr
    II m/f American
    * * *
    estadounidense adj & nmf
    americano, norteamericano: American
    * * *
    estadounidense adj n American

    Spanish-English dictionary > estadounidense

  • 9 haitiano

    adj.
    Haitian, pertaining to Haiti or the people of Haiti.
    m.
    Haitian, native or inhabitant of Haiti.
    * * *
    1 Haitian
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 Haitian
    * * *
    haitiano, -a
    1.
    ADJ of/from Haiti
    2.
    SM / F native/inhabitant of Haiti
    * * *
    - na adjetivo/masculino, femenino Haitian
    * * *
    Ex. To date, work has been completed on the Canadian, Haitian, Senegalese and Tunisian data = Hasta ahora, el trabajo se ha completado en lo referente a la información canadiense, haitiana, senegalesa y tunecí.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo/masculino, femenino Haitian
    * * *

    Ex: To date, work has been completed on the Canadian, Haitian, Senegalese and Tunisian data = Hasta ahora, el trabajo se ha completado en lo referente a la información canadiense, haitiana, senegalesa y tunecí.

    * * *
    adj/m,f
    Haitian
    * * *

    haitiano
    ◊ -na adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino

    Haitian

    ' haitiano' also found in these entries:
    English:
    Haitian
    * * *
    haitiano, -a
    ♦ adj
    Haitian
    ♦ nm,f
    Haitian
    * * *
    I adj Haitian
    II m, haitiana f Haitian
    * * *
    haitiano, -na adj & n
    : Haitian

    Spanish-English dictionary > haitiano

  • 10 impedimento

    m.
    1 obstacle.
    no hay ningún impedimento para hacerlo there's no reason why we shouldn't do it
    2 disablement, handicap.
    3 impediment, snag, difficulty, obstacle.
    4 delay.
    5 estoppel.
    * * *
    1 (gen) impediment; (obstáculo) hindrance, obstacle; (problema) hitch
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=dificultad) impediment, hindrance
    2) (Med) disability, handicap
    * * *
    masculino obstacle, impediment
    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impediment, limiting factor, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, hindrance, impairment, albatross.
    Ex. Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.
    Ex. A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex. Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex. In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.
    Ex. This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex. Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex. These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex. The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex. The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex. A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex. The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.
    ----
    * creación de impedimentos = fence building.
    * impedimento colateral por sentencia = collateral estoppel.
    * impedimento del habla = speech impediment.
    * impedimento legal = estoppel.
    * personas confinadas a permanecer en casa por cualquier impedimento, las = housebound, the.
    * sin impedimentos = unimpeded.
    * * *
    masculino obstacle, impediment
    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impediment, limiting factor, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, hindrance, impairment, albatross.

    Ex: Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.

    Ex: A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex: Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex: In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.
    Ex: This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex: Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex: These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex: The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex: The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex: A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex: The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.
    * creación de impedimentos = fence building.
    * impedimento colateral por sentencia = collateral estoppel.
    * impedimento del habla = speech impediment.
    * impedimento legal = estoppel.
    * personas confinadas a permanecer en casa por cualquier impedimento, las = housebound, the.
    * sin impedimentos = unimpeded.

    * * *
    1 (obstáculo) obstacle, impediment
    un importante impedimento para la expansión a major impediment o obstacle to expansion
    saldremos mañana si no surge ningún impedimento if there are no hitches o problems, we'll leave tomorrow
    2 ( Der) impediment
    Compuesto:
    physical handicaps
    * * *

    impedimento sustantivo masculino
    obstacle, impediment;

    impedimento físico physical handicap
    impedimento m (dificultad) hindrance, obstacle
    Jur impediment

    ' impedimento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    traba
    - remover
    English:
    bar
    - impediment
    - liability
    - obstacle
    - handicap
    * * *
    1. [obstáculo] obstacle;
    no hay ningún impedimento para hacerlo there's no reason why we shouldn't do it;
    no nos puso ningún impedimento para la celebración de la fiesta he didn't put any obstacles in the way of our having the party, he in no way tried to stop us having the party;
    si no surge ningún impedimento llegaremos a las ocho all being well, we'll be there at eight o'clock
    2. [para el matrimonio] impediment
    * * *
    m impediment
    * * *
    1) : impediment, obstacle
    2) : disability

    Spanish-English dictionary > impedimento

  • 11 lengua materna

    f.
    mother tongue, native tongue, first language, native language.
    * * *
    mother tongue
    * * *
    Ex. The problem is that on-line data base services, designed for people whose mother tongue is a rare language, tend to be unprofitable.
    * * *

    Ex: The problem is that on-line data base services, designed for people whose mother tongue is a rare language, tend to be unprofitable.

    * * *
    mother tongue

    Spanish-English dictionary > lengua materna

  • 12 materno

    adj.
    maternal.
    * * *
    1 (abuelo etc) maternal
    \
    por parte materna on my (his, her, etc) mother's side
    * * *
    (f. - materna)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [lengua] mother antes de s ; [amor, tono] motherly, maternal; [casa] mother's

    abuelo materno — maternal grandfather, grandfather on one's mother's side

    * * *
    - na adjetivo < amor> motherly; < abuelo> maternal; < lengua> mother
    * * *
    Ex. The data indicated that paternal grandmothers were more likely to maintain relationships with former daughters-in-law than were maternal grandmothers with former sons-in-law.
    ----
    * abuela materna = maternal grandmother.
    * abuelo materno = maternal grandfather.
    * figura materna = mother figure.
    * hospital maternoinfantil = maternity hospital.
    * índice de mortalidad materna = maternity mortality rate.
    * leche materna = breast milk.
    * lengua materna = mother tongue.
    * salud materno-infantil = mother and child health.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo < amor> motherly; < abuelo> maternal; < lengua> mother
    * * *

    Ex: The data indicated that paternal grandmothers were more likely to maintain relationships with former daughters-in-law than were maternal grandmothers with former sons-in-law.

    * abuela materna = maternal grandmother.
    * abuelo materno = maternal grandfather.
    * figura materna = mother figure.
    * hospital maternoinfantil = maternity hospital.
    * índice de mortalidad materna = maternity mortality rate.
    * leche materna = breast milk.
    * lengua materna = mother tongue.
    * salud materno-infantil = mother and child health.

    * * *
    materno -na
    el amor materno motherly love
    leche materna mother's milk
    mi abuelo materno my maternal grandfather
    * * *

    materno
    ◊ -na adjetivo ‹ amor› motherly;


    ‹ pariente› maternal;
    ‹ lengua› mother
    materno,-a adjetivo maternal
    familia materna, maternal relatives
    lengua materna, native o mother tongue
    ' materno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    materna
    English:
    maternal
    - native
    * * *
    materno, -a adj
    leche materna mother's milk;
    apellido materno = second surname;
    lengua materna mother tongue;
    mi abuela por parte materna my maternal grandmother, my grandmother on my mother's side
    * * *
    adj
    :
    por parte materna on one’s mother’s side, maternal
    * * *
    materno, -na adj
    : maternal

    Spanish-English dictionary > materno

  • 13 obras literarias

    f.pl.
    literary works, literary work, literature.
    * * *
    = literature, literary materials
    Ex. Hearing books read will then be the only way they can receive the great body of the best literature in their native tongue.
    Ex. As of this time, little literary materials for children are being included in automated data bases.
    * * *
    = literature, literary materials

    Ex: Hearing books read will then be the only way they can receive the great body of the best literature in their native tongue.

    Ex: As of this time, little literary materials for children are being included in automated data bases.

    Spanish-English dictionary > obras literarias

  • 14 obstáculo

    m.
    obstacle, drag, snag, balk.
    * * *
    1 (barrera) obstacle
    2 (inconveniente) objection
    3 (valla) fence, jump
    \
    salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    carrera de obstáculos (para niños) obstacle race 2 (de caballos, atletas) steeplechase
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [físico] obstacle
    carrera 2)
    2) (=dificultad) obstacle, hindrance

    poner obstáculos a algo/algn — to hinder sth/sb

    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.
    Ex. Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.
    Ex. A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex. Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex. A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex. In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex. While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex. A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex. The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex. Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex. This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex. Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex. These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex. The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex. Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.
    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.

    Ex: Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.

    Ex: A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex: Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex: A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex: In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex: While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex: A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex: The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex: Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex: This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex: Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex: These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex: The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex: Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.

    * * *
    obstacle
    quitaron los obstáculos del camino they cleared the obstacles from the road, they cleared the road of obstacles
    superar or salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    no fue obstáculo para que ganara it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning
    me puso muchos obstáculos he put many obstacles in my path
    el único obstáculo entre nosotros y la victoria the only obstacle between us and victory, the only thing that stands/stood between us and victory
    un obstáculo para el éxito del proyecto an obstacle to the success of the project
    * * *

    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    obstacle
    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    1 (dificultad) handicap: no hay ningún obstáculo para que estudies Derecho, there's nothing stopping you from studying Law
    2 (en un camino, etc) obstacle
    una carrera de obstáculos, an obstacle race
    ' obstáculo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escollo
    - esquivar
    - estorbo
    - franquear
    - insalvable
    - remover
    - salvar
    - sortear
    - vencer
    - allanar
    - apartar
    - brincar
    - chocar
    - eliminar
    - encontrar
    - saltar
    - subsanar
    English:
    bar
    - barrier
    - block
    - chief
    - clash
    - clear
    - get across
    - get over
    - get past
    - hazard
    - hurdle
    - impassable
    - impediment
    - jump
    - negotiate
    - obstacle
    - obstruction
    - pitfall
    * * *
    1. [impedimento] obstacle ( para to);
    poner obstáculos a algo/alguien to put obstacles in the way of sth/sb
    2. [en una carrera] hurdle
    * * *
    m obstacle;
    carrera de obstáculos obstacle race;
    ponerle obstáculos a alguien make things difficult for s.o.;
    ponerle obstáculos a algo make sth difficult
    * * *
    impedimento: obstacle
    * * *
    obstáculo n obstacle

    Spanish-English dictionary > obstáculo

  • 15 checo

    adj.
    Czech, Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian.
    f. & m.
    Czechoslovakian, Czech, Czechoslovak, native or inhabitant of Czechoslovakia.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: checar.
    * * *
    1 Czech
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (persona) Czech
    1 (idioma) Czech
    \
    República Checa Czech Republic
    ————————
    1 (idioma) Czech
    * * *
    (f. - checa)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    checo, -a
    1.
    ADJ SM / F Czech
    2.
    SM (Ling) Czech
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino Czech
    II
    masculino ( idioma) Czech
    * * *
    = Czech.
    Ex. REDAT is a data base of foreing and Czechoslovak data bases which are relevant to medicine and on their availability for Czech users.
    ----
    * República Checa, la = Czech Republic, the.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino Czech
    II
    masculino ( idioma) Czech
    * * *

    Ex: REDAT is a data base of foreing and Czechoslovak data bases which are relevant to medicine and on their availability for Czech users.

    * República Checa, la = Czech Republic, the.

    * * *
    checo1 -ca
    Czech
    checo2 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    1 (persona) Czech
    2
    * * *

    checo 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino

    Czech
    checo 2 sustantivo masculino ( idioma) Czech
    checo,-a
    I adjetivo Czech
    República Checa, The Czech Republic
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino (persona) Czech
    III sustantivo masculino (idioma) Czech

    ' checo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    checa
    English:
    Czech
    * * *
    checo, -a
    ♦ adj
    Czech
    ♦ nm,f
    [persona] Czech
    ♦ nm
    [lengua] Czech
    * * *
    I adj Czech
    II m idioma Czech
    III m, checa f Czech
    * * *
    checo, -ca adj & n
    : Czech
    checo nm
    : Czech (language)

    Spanish-English dictionary > checo

  • 16 checoslovaco

    adj.
    Czechoslovakian, Czech, Czecho-Slovakian, Czechoslovak.
    m.
    Czechoslovakian, native or inhabitant of Czechoslovakia, Czech, Czechoslovak.
    * * *
    1 Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian
    * * *
    checoslovaco, -a
    ADJ SM / F Czechoslovakian
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino (Hist) Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak
    * * *
    = Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian.
    Ex. REDAT is a data base of foreing and Czechoslovak data bases which are relevant to medicine and on their availability for Czech users.
    Ex. The author interviews the editor in chief of Atlantis, a publisher of underground Czechoslovakian literature.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino (Hist) Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak
    * * *
    = Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian.

    Ex: REDAT is a data base of foreing and Czechoslovak data bases which are relevant to medicine and on their availability for Czech users.

    Ex: The author interviews the editor in chief of Atlantis, a publisher of underground Czechoslovakian literature.

    * * *
    ( Hist) Czechoslovak, Czechoslovakian
    masculine, feminine
    ( Hist) Czechoslovakian
    * * *

    checoslovaco
    ◊ -ca adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino (Hist) Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak


    ' checoslovaco' also found in these entries:
    English:
    Czechoslovakian
    * * *
    checoslovaco, -a, checoeslovaco, -a Antes
    ♦ adj
    Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak
    ♦ nm,f
    Czechoslovakian, Czechoslovak
    * * *
    checoslovaco, -ca adj & n
    : Czechoslovakian

    Spanish-English dictionary > checoslovaco

  • 17 recoger

    v.
    1 to pick up.
    recogí los papeles del suelo I picked the papers up off the ground
    Ella recoge la ropa She picks up the clothes.
    María recoge a su hijo Mary picks up her son.
    2 to collect, to gather.
    Ellos recogen manzanas They gather apples.
    3 to clear (ordenar, limpiar) (mesa).
    4 to pick up, to fetch.
    iré a recoger a los niños a la escuela I'll pick the children up from school
    5 to take in (acoger) (mendigo, huérfano, animal).
    6 to gather, to harvest.
    7 to take up, to shorten (acortar) (item of clothing).
    8 to show (mostrar) (sujeto: foto, película).
    la exposición recoge su obra más reciente the exhibition brings together his latest works
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PROTEGER], like link=proteger proteger
    1 (volver a coger) to take again, take back
    2 (coger) to pick up, take back
    3 (ir a buscar) to pick up, collect
    4 (cosecha) to harvest, gather; (fruta) to pick
    5 (guardar) to put away
    6 (poner al abrigo) to bring in
    ■ recoge las toallas, va a llover bring those towels in, it's going to rain
    7 (suspender) to seize
    8 (juntar) to gather, collect
    9 (velas) to take in; (cortinas) to draw
    10 (dar asilo) to take in, shelter
    11 (ordenar) to clear up, tidy up
    12 (limpiar) to clean; (el polvo) to wipe off; (líquido) to wipe up
    13 (remangar - prendas) to pick up, lift up; (- mangas) to roll up
    14 COSTURA to shorten, take up
    1 (irse a casa) to go home
    2 (irse a dormir) to go to bed
    3 (para meditar) to retire, withdraw
    \
    recoger la mesa to clear the table
    recogerse el pelo to put one's hair up, tie one's hair back
    * * *
    verb
    to collect, gather
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=levantar) [+ objeto caído] to pick up; [+ objetos dispersos] to gather (up), gather together
    2) (=recolectar) [+ datos, información] to gather, collect; [+ dinero, firmas] to collect; [+ correo, basura] to collect, pick up

    ¿a qué hora recogen el correo? — what time is the mail o post collected?, what time do they collect the mail o post?

    3) (=ordenar) [+ objetos] to clear up, clear away; [+ casa, habitación] to tidy up, straighten up

    recoge tus cosas — get your things together, gather up your things

    4) (=guardar) [+ ropa lavada] to take in, get in; [+ herramientas] to put away
    5) (Agr) to harvest, gather in, take in; [+ fruta, guisantes] to pick; [+ flores] to pick, gather
    6) (=reducir, ajustar) [+ cuerda, vela] to take in; [+ alas] to fold; [+ cuernos] to draw in; [+ falda] to gather up, lift up; [+ mangas] to roll up; (Cos) to take in, reduce, shorten
    7) (=almacenar) [+ polvo] to gather; [+ líquido] to absorb, take up; [en recipiente] to collect
    8) (=ir a buscar) [+ persona] to pick up, fetch, collect; [+ billetes, paquete] to collect, pick up

    te vendremos a recoger a las ocho — we'll come and pick you up o fetch you o collect you at eight o'clock, we'll come for you at eight o'clock

    9) (=mostrar) to show

    la imagen recoge uno de los momentos más dramáticos — the picture shows o captures one of the most dramatic moments

    10) (=incluir) to include

    el informe recoge diversas sugerencias — various suggestions are included in the report, the report includes various suggestions

    11) [+ demandas, reivindicaciones] to take into account
    12) (=recibir)

    de todo esto van a recoger muy poco — they won't get much back out of all this, they will get very little return from all this

    13) (=retirar) [+ periódico, libro] to seize; [+ moneda] to call in
    14) (=dar asilo) to take in, shelter
    2.
    VI (=ordenar) to tidy up, straighten up; [al cerrar, terminar] to clear up
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( levantar) to pick up
    b) <casa/habitación> to straighten (up) (AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE)
    2)
    a) <dinero/firmas> to collect
    b) <deberes/cuadernos> to collect, take in
    c) <trigo/maíz> to harvest, gather in; < fruta> to pick; <flores/hongos> to pick, gather
    d) <tienda de campaña/vela> to take down
    e) < pelo>
    3) ( recibir y retener) <agua/polvo> to collect
    4) ( ir a buscar) < persona> to pick up, fetch, collect; < paquete> to collect, pick up; < basura> to collect

    ¿puedes recoger el traje de la tintorería? — can you fetch o pick up the suit from the dry-cleaners?

    fui a recoger mis cosas — I went to get o to pick up my things

    5) <huérfano/gatito> to take in
    6) foto <instantánea/momento> to capture; novela <ambiente/contexto social> to depict
    2.
    recoger vi ( guardar) to clear up, to straighten up (AmE), to tidy up (BrE)
    3.
    recogersev pron
    1) ( volver a casa) to go home; ( ir a la cama) to go to bed, retire; (para meditar, rezar) to withdraw
    2) < pelo> to tie up
    * * *
    = capture, collect, cull, gather, pick up, record, reap, harvest, garner, shuffle together, scoop (out), sweep up, wind, stow, pack + Posesivo + bags, clear up, pack up.
    Ex. In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.
    Ex. Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.
    Ex. The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.
    Ex. A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex. Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.
    Ex. Editors and compilers of editions of works are recorded together with the edition statement in the edition area = En en área de edición se incluyen los editores y compiladores de las ediciones de trabajos junto con la mención de edición.
    Ex. Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex. Entire families or groups of families cooperate in growing and harvesting food.
    Ex. The serials file contains a large number of titles, not only contributed by members, but also garnered from other sources.
    Ex. This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex. This service will be useful for end users and for scooping out the availability of information on STN for a variety of search topics.
    Ex. Who else is going to flip the burgers, clean the resistant bomb-proof windows of the glitzy mile-high skyscrapers -- also take out the garbage, wash the dishes, park the cars, sweep up the papers in the parks?.
    Ex. Bring the kite down by slowly winding the kite string around a kite spool.
    Ex. It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.
    Ex. The next day we shook off our hangovers with another refreshing dip under the waterfall, packed our bags and headed off.
    Ex. What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex. The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    ----
    * encargado de recoger = gatherer.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * persona que recoge algo = picker.
    * quien siembra vientos recoge tempestades = as you sow, so shall you reap.
    * recoger con un rastrillo = rake.
    * recoger datos = collect + data.
    * recoger datos para hacer estadísticas = collect + statistics.
    * recoger evidencia = collect + evidence.
    * recoger experiencia = garner + experience.
    * recoger información = collect + data, collect + information, gather + information, summon + knowledge, harvest + information.
    * recoger la mesa = clear away + the things.
    * recoger las cosas = clear away + the things.
    * recoger las cosas de Uno antes de irse = pack + Posesivo + things.
    * recoger los platos rotos = pick up + the pieces, sort out + the mess.
    * recoger material = gather + material.
    * recoger pruebas = collect + evidence, gather + evidence, accumulate + evidence.
    * recoger y enviar datos = telemeter.
    * sin recoger = uncollected.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( levantar) to pick up
    b) <casa/habitación> to straighten (up) (AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE)
    2)
    a) <dinero/firmas> to collect
    b) <deberes/cuadernos> to collect, take in
    c) <trigo/maíz> to harvest, gather in; < fruta> to pick; <flores/hongos> to pick, gather
    d) <tienda de campaña/vela> to take down
    e) < pelo>
    3) ( recibir y retener) <agua/polvo> to collect
    4) ( ir a buscar) < persona> to pick up, fetch, collect; < paquete> to collect, pick up; < basura> to collect

    ¿puedes recoger el traje de la tintorería? — can you fetch o pick up the suit from the dry-cleaners?

    fui a recoger mis cosas — I went to get o to pick up my things

    5) <huérfano/gatito> to take in
    6) foto <instantánea/momento> to capture; novela <ambiente/contexto social> to depict
    2.
    recoger vi ( guardar) to clear up, to straighten up (AmE), to tidy up (BrE)
    3.
    recogersev pron
    1) ( volver a casa) to go home; ( ir a la cama) to go to bed, retire; (para meditar, rezar) to withdraw
    2) < pelo> to tie up
    * * *
    = capture, collect, cull, gather, pick up, record, reap, harvest, garner, shuffle together, scoop (out), sweep up, wind, stow, pack + Posesivo + bags, clear up, pack up.

    Ex: In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.

    Ex: Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.
    Ex: The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.
    Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex: Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.
    Ex: Editors and compilers of editions of works are recorded together with the edition statement in the edition area = En en área de edición se incluyen los editores y compiladores de las ediciones de trabajos junto con la mención de edición.
    Ex: Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex: Entire families or groups of families cooperate in growing and harvesting food.
    Ex: The serials file contains a large number of titles, not only contributed by members, but also garnered from other sources.
    Ex: This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    Ex: This service will be useful for end users and for scooping out the availability of information on STN for a variety of search topics.
    Ex: Who else is going to flip the burgers, clean the resistant bomb-proof windows of the glitzy mile-high skyscrapers -- also take out the garbage, wash the dishes, park the cars, sweep up the papers in the parks?.
    Ex: Bring the kite down by slowly winding the kite string around a kite spool.
    Ex: It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.
    Ex: The next day we shook off our hangovers with another refreshing dip under the waterfall, packed our bags and headed off.
    Ex: What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex: The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    * encargado de recoger = gatherer.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * persona que recoge algo = picker.
    * quien siembra vientos recoge tempestades = as you sow, so shall you reap.
    * recoger con un rastrillo = rake.
    * recoger datos = collect + data.
    * recoger datos para hacer estadísticas = collect + statistics.
    * recoger evidencia = collect + evidence.
    * recoger experiencia = garner + experience.
    * recoger información = collect + data, collect + information, gather + information, summon + knowledge, harvest + information.
    * recoger la mesa = clear away + the things.
    * recoger las cosas = clear away + the things.
    * recoger las cosas de Uno antes de irse = pack + Posesivo + things.
    * recoger los platos rotos = pick up + the pieces, sort out + the mess.
    * recoger material = gather + material.
    * recoger pruebas = collect + evidence, gather + evidence, accumulate + evidence.
    * recoger y enviar datos = telemeter.
    * sin recoger = uncollected.

    * * *
    recoger [E6 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (levantar) to pick up
    recoge la servilleta pick up the napkin
    lo recogió del suelo she picked it up off the floor
    no pienso recoger vuestros trastos I don't intend to pick up your junk o to clear up after you
    recogía el agua que se salía de la lavadora I was mopping up the water that was coming out of the washing machine
    recoge estos cristales clear up this broken glass
    2 ‹casa/habitación› to straighten (up) ( AmE), to tidy (up) ( BrE)
    recoger la mesa to clear the table
    B
    1 ‹dinero/firmas› to collect
    2 ‹deberes/cuadernos› to collect, take in
    recoger la ropa del tendedero to bring the washing in
    3 ‹trigo/maíz› to gather in, take in, harvest; ‹fruta› to pick, harvest; ‹flores/hongos› to pick, gather
    no llegó a recoger el fruto de su trabajo he was unable to reap the fruits of his labor
    4 ‹tienda de campaña› to take down; ‹alfombra› to take up; ‹vela› to take down
    5 ‹pelo›
    le recogió el pelo en una cola he gathered her hair into a ponytail
    C (retener) ‹agua› to collect
    esta alfombra recoge mucho polvo this carpet collects o gathers a lot of dust
    D (retirar de circulación) ‹periódico› to seize; ‹monedas› to withdraw, take … out of circulation
    E (ir a buscar) ‹persona› to pick up, fetch, collect; ‹paquete› to collect, pick up ‹equipaje› ( Aviac) to reclaim
    ¿a qué hora pasan a recoger la basura? what time do they come to take away o collect the garbage ( AmE) o ( BrE) rubbish?
    el autobús pasará a recogernos a las ocho the bus will come by to collect us o pick us up at eight
    ¿puedes recoger el traje del tinte? can you fetch o pick up the suit from the dry-cleaners
    voy adentro a recoger las maletas I'll go inside and get the suitcases
    fui a recoger mis cosas I went to get o to pick up my things
    F (dar asilo) to take in
    recogieron a un gatito abandonado they took in an abandoned kitten
    un asilo para recoger a los vagabundos a hostel to provide shelter for vagrants
    G
    (incluir, registrar): la obra recoge el trasfondo social de aquel momento the work depicts the social context of that time
    la imagen recoge el momento en que … the picture shows o captures the moment in which …
    el informe recoge estas últimas estadísticas these latest statistics figure o appear in the report
    esta acepción no la recoge ningún diccionario this meaning isn't included in o isn't in any dictionary
    su obra está siendo recogida en cuatro volúmenes his works are being collected for publication in four volumes
    un espectáculo que recoge tres de sus obras breves a show which brings together three of his short works
    ■ recoger
    vi
    to clear up, to straighten up ( AmE), to tidy up ( BrE)
    venga, recoger ya, que vamos a comer come on, clear up (your things), it's time to eat
    A
    1 (volver a casa) to go home; (ir a la cama) to go to bed, retire
    2 (para meditar, rezar) to withdraw
    B
    1 ‹mangas/pantalones› to roll up; ‹falda› to lift up
    2 ‹pelo› to tie up
    recogerse el pelo en un moño to put one's hair up in a bun
    * * *

     

    recoger ( conjugate recoger) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( levantar) ‹objeto/papeles› to pick up;


    b) ‹casa/habitación› to straighten (up) (AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE);

    ‹ platos› to clear away;

    2
    a) ‹dinero/firmas› to collect

    b) ‹deberes/cuadernos› to collect, take in

    c) ‹trigo/maíz› to harvest, gather in;

    ‹ fruta› to pick;
    ‹flores/hongos› to pick, gather
    d) ‹tienda de campaña/vela› to take down

    e) ‹ pelo› to tie … back;


    3 ( ir a buscar) ‹ persona› to pick up, fetch, collect;
    ‹ paquete› to collect, pick up;
    ‹ basura› to collect;
    ‹ equipaje› to reclaim
    verbo intransitivo ( guardar) to clear up, to straighten up (AmE), to tidy up (BrE)
    recogerse verbo pronominal ‹ pelo› to tie up;
    ‹ falda› to gather up
    recoger
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto caído) to pick up
    2 (información, dinero, basura, etc) to gather, collect
    3 (una casa) to tidy up
    recoger la mesa, to clear the table
    4 (en un sitio a alguien o algo) to pick up, fetch, collect: vino a recogernos a las tres, she came to pick us up at three o'clock
    5 (ordenar, guardar) to tidy (up), clear up: recoge tus juguetes inmediatamente, pick up your toys this instant
    6 (a una persona o animal necesitados) to take in
    7 (cosecha) to harvest, gather in
    8 (fruta) to pick
    II vi (poner orden, colocar, guardar) to tidy up: antes de irnos tenemos que recoger, we'll have to tidy up before we go
    ' recoger' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    buscar
    - coger
    - inclinarse
    - vendimiar
    - cosechar
    - mesa
    - pala
    - pinchar
    - pretexto
    English:
    call
    - call for
    - clear away
    - clear up
    - collect
    - gather
    - gather in
    - gather up
    - harvest
    - nuisance
    - pack up
    - pick
    - pick off
    - pick up
    - pull in
    - put away
    - rake up
    - reclaim
    - scoop up
    - sweep up
    - tidy away
    - tidy up
    - up
    - clear
    - collection
    - get
    - glean
    - overflow
    - pack
    - pull
    - reap
    - scoop
    - sweep
    - take
    - tidy
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [coger, levantar] to pick up;
    recogí los papeles del suelo I picked the papers up off the ground;
    recogieron el agua con una fregona they mopped up the water
    2. [reunir, retener] to collect, to gather;
    están recogiendo firmas/dinero para… they are collecting signatures/money for…;
    este trasto no hace más que recoger polvo this piece of junk is just gathering dust
    3. [ordenar, limpiar] [mesa] to clear;
    [casa, habitación, cosas] to tidy o clear up
    4. [ir a buscar] to pick up, to fetch;
    iré a recoger a los niños a la escuela I'll pick the children up from school;
    ¿a qué hora paso a recogerte? what time shall I pick you up?;
    ¿a qué hora recogen la basura? what time do they collect the rubbish?
    5. [recolectar] [mies, cosecha] to harvest;
    [fruta, aceitunas] to pick; [setas, flores] to pick, to gather; [beneficios] to reap;
    ahora empieza a recoger los frutos de su trabajo now she's starting to reap the rewards of her work
    6. [mostrar] [sujeto: foto, película] to show;
    [sujeto: novela] to depict;
    su ensayo recoge una idea ya esbozada por Spinoza her essay contains an idea already hinted at by Spinoza;
    una comedia que recoge el ambiente de los ochenta a comedy which captures the atmosphere of the eighties;
    la exposición recoge su obra más reciente the exhibition brings together his latest works
    7. [sujeto: ley] to include;
    un derecho recogido por la ley a right enshrined in law
    8. [acoger] [mendigo, huérfano, animal] to take in;
    en el albergue recogen a los sin techo the hostel takes in homeless people
    9. [plegar] [velas, sombrillas] to take down;
    [cortinas] to tie back
    10. [prenda] [acortar] to take up, to shorten;
    [estrechar] to take in
    ♦ vi
    [ordenar, limpiar] to tidy o clear up;
    cuando acabes de recoger… when you've finished tidying o clearing up…
    * * *
    v/t
    1 pick up, collect;
    recoger firmas collect signatures;
    recoger las cartas collect one’s mail
    2 habitación tidy up;
    recoger la mesa clear the table
    3 AGR harvest
    4 ( mostrar) show
    5
    :
    recoger las piernas lift up one’s legs
    * * *
    recoger {15} vt
    1) : to collect, to gather
    2) : to get, to retrieve, to pick up
    3) : to clean up, to tidy (up)
    * * *
    1. (coger, ir a buscar) to pick up
    2. (ordenar) to tidy [pt. & pp. tidied]
    3. (reunir) to collect

    Spanish-English dictionary > recoger

  • 18 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 19 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

  • 20 austríaco

    m.
    Austrian, inhabitant of Austria, native of Austria.
    * * *
    ► adjetivo-nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1→ link=austríacoaustríaco,-a
    * * *
    (f. - austríaca)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    - ca, austríaco -ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino Austrian
    * * *
    Ex. The project, completed in 1989, collected biobibliographic data on 7,30 Austrian authors of Jewish descent.
    ----
    * Asociación de Archiveros Austriacos = Verband Osterreichischer Archivare.
    * * *
    - ca, austríaco -ca adjetivo/masculino, femenino Austrian
    * * *

    Ex: The project, completed in 1989, collected biobibliographic data on 7,30 Austrian authors of Jewish descent.

    * Asociación de Archiveros Austriacos = Verband Osterreichischer Archivare.

    * * *
    adj/m,f
    Austrian
    * * *

    austriaco
    ◊ -ca, austríaco -ca adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino

    Austrian
    austriaco,-a adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino Austrian

    ' austriaco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    austriaca
    English:
    Austrian
    * * *
    austriaco, -a, austríaco, -a
    ♦ adj
    Austrian
    ♦ nm,f
    Austrian
    * * *
    I adj Austrian
    II m austríaca f Austrian
    * * *
    austríaco, -ca adj & n
    : Austrian
    * * *
    austriaco adj n Austrian

    Spanish-English dictionary > austríaco

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