-
21 shutter
1) (one of usually two usually wooden covers over a window: He closed the shutters.) volet2) (the moving cover over the lens of a camera, which opens when a photograph is taken: When the shutter opens, light is allowed into the camera and reacts with the film.) obturateur• -
22 shutter
1) (one of usually two usually wooden covers over a window: He closed the shutters.) veneziana2) (the moving cover over the lens of a camera, which opens when a photograph is taken: When the shutter opens, light is allowed into the camera and reacts with the film.) obturador• -
23 Climbing forms or Climbing shutter or Moving forms
ஏறுமால், இயங்குமால்English-Tamil dictionary > Climbing forms or Climbing shutter or Moving forms
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24 speed
1.[spiːd]noun1) Geschwindigkeit, die2) (gear) Gang, der2. 3. transitive verb,[shutter] speed — Belichtungszeit, die
speed somebody on his/her way — jemanden verabschieden
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/91922/speed_off">speed off- speed up* * *[spi:d] 1. noun2) (quickness of moving.) die Schnelligkeit2. verb1) ((past tense, past participles sped [sped] speeded) to (cause to) move or progress quickly; to hurry: The car sped/speeded along the motorway.) rasen2) ((past tense, past participle speeded) to drive very fast in a car etc, faster than is allowed by law: The policeman said that I had been speeding.) (zu)schnell fahren•- speeding- speedy
- speedily
- speediness
- speed bump
- speed trap
- speedometer
- speed up* * *[spi:d]I. nat a \speed of seventy kilometres per hour mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 70 km/hcruising \speed Reisegeschwindigkeit f\speed of light/sound Licht-/Schallgeschwindigkeit faverage traffic \speed durchschnittliche Verkehrsgeschwindigkeithigh \speed hohe Geschwindigkeitsteady \speed gleich bleibende Geschwindigkeitto gain [or gather] [or pick up] \speed an Geschwindigkeit gewinnen; vehicle beschleunigen; person schneller werdento lower [or reduce] one's \speed seine Geschwindigkeit verringern; vehicle langsamer fahren; person langsamer werdenat lightning \speed schnell wie der Blitzat full \speed mit Höchstgeschwindigkeitat supersonic \speed mit Überschallgeschwindigkeitup to \speed bis Höchstgeschwindigkeitwith \speed schnellwith all possible \speed so schnell wie möglichfull \speed ahead/astern! NAUT volle Kraft voraus/achteraus!I have a ten-\speed bicycle ich habe ein Fahrrad mit Zehngangschaltungshutter \speed Belichtungszeit fto be on \speed auf Speed sein8.▶ to bring [or get] sb/sth up to \speed esp BRIT (update) jdn/etw auf den neuesten Stand bringen; (repair) etw wieder zum Laufen bringen▶ to pick up \speed Ergebnisse verbessernII. vi<sped, sped>1. (rush) sausen, flitzenwe sped down the ski slopes wir sausten die Piste herunter▪ to \speed along vorbeisausen▪ to \speed off davonbrausen2. (drive too fast) die Geschwindigkeit überschreiten, rasenIII. vt<-ed or sped, -ed or sped>1. (quicken)▪ to \speed sth etw beschleunigen2. (transport)▪ to \speed sb somewhere jdn schnell irgendwo hinbringen3.▶ to \speed sb on his/her way jdn verabschieden* * *[spiːd] vb: pret, ptp sped or speeded1. n1) Geschwindigkeit f; (= esp fast speed) Schnelligkeit f; (of moving object or person) Tempo nt, Geschwindigkeit fat high/low speed — mit hoher/niedriger Geschwindigkeit
the speed of light/sound —
to pick up or gather speed — beschleunigen, schneller werden; ( fig, development ) sich beschleunigen; (person) schneller werden
to lose speed — (an) Geschwindigkeit verlieren
to bring a factory/system up to speed — eine Fabrik/ein System auf den neuesten Stand bringen
her typing/shorthand speed is good — sie kann schnell Maschine schreiben/stenografieren
what is her typing/shorthand speed? —
with all possible speed — so schnell wie möglich
with such speed — so schnell
three-speed bicycle —
2. vtto speed sb on his way (person) — jdn verabschieden; (iro) jdn hinauskomplimentieren; (good wishes etc)
if you fetch the visitors' coats it may speed them on their way God speed you! (old) — wenn du die Mäntel der Gäste holst, machen sie sich vielleicht auf den Weg Gott (sei) mit dir! (old)
3. vithe years sped by —
God speed (old) — Gott mit dir (old)
2) pret, ptp speeded (AUT: exceed speed limit) zu schnell fahren, die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung überschreiten* * *speed [spiːd]A s1. Geschwindigkeit f, Tempo n, Schnelligkeit f:at speed mit hoher Geschwindigkeit;at a speed of mit einer Geschwindigkeit von;at full speed mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit;my car does 100 mph at full speed mein Wagen fährt 160, wenn ich ihn voll ausfahre;full speed ahead (astern)! SCHIFF volle Kraft voraus (zurück)!;he was running at full speed er lief so schnell er konnte;at the speed of light mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit;at twice the speed of sound mit zweifacher Schallgeschwindigkeit;speed of action schnelles Handeln;that’s not my speed US sl das ist nicht mein Fall2. TECHa) Drehzahl fb) AUTO etc Gang m:three-speed bicycle Fahrrad n mit Dreigangschaltung;five-speed gear(box) Fünfganggetriebe n3. FOTOa) Lichtempfindlichkeit f (des Objektivs)b) Verschlussgeschwindigkeit f, Öffnung f4. obs Glück n:good speed! viel Glück!5. sl Speed m (Aufputschmittel, z. B. Amphetamine)B v/t prät und pperf speeded, sped [sped]1. (an)treiben2. rasch befördernb) eine Maschine beschleunigen5. einen Pfeil abschießen6. jemanden verabschieden7. obs jemandem beistehen:God speed you! Gott sei mit dir!C v/i1. (dahin)eilen, rasen:the time sped by die Zeit verging wie im Flug2. AUTO zu schnell fahren, die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung oder das Tempolimit überschreiten: → speeding3. speed up die Geschwindigkeit erhöhen* * *1.[spiːd]noun1) Geschwindigkeit, dieat full or top speed — mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit; mit Vollgas (ugs.)
2) (gear) Gang, der3) (Photog.) (of film etc.) Lichtempfindlichkeit, die; (of lens)2. 3. transitive verb,[shutter] speed — Belichtungszeit, die
speed somebody on his/her way — jemanden verabschieden
Phrasal Verbs:- speed up* * *(gearbox) n.Gang ¨-e m. n.Eile -n f.Geschwindigkeit f.Tempo -s n. v.(§ p.,p.p.: sped)= rasch fahren ausdr.rasen v. -
25 speed
spi:d
1. noun1) (rate of moving: a slow speed; The car was travelling at high speed.) velocidad2) (quickness of moving.) rapidez
2. verb1) ((past tense, past participles sped sped speeded) to (cause to) move or progress quickly; to hurry: The car sped/speeded along the motorway.) ir corriendo, ir a toda prisa, ir a toda velocidad2) ((past tense, past participle speeded) to drive very fast in a car etc, faster than is allowed by law: The policeman said that I had been speeding.) ir con exceso de velocidad•- speeding- speedy
- speedily
- speediness
- speed bump
- speed trap
- speedometer
- speed up
speed1 n velocidadthis car's top speed is 200 kilometres an hour la velocidad máxima de este coche es de 200 kilómetros por horaspeed2 vb ir a gran velocidad
speed m inv (tipo de droga sintética) speed ' speed' also found in these entries: Spanish: agilizar - aligerar - anfetamina - apresurar - AVE - caballo - caña - embalarse - ligereza - máquina - marcha - mecha - meter - obturación - punta - rapidez - rienda - tren - velocidad - vértigo - acelerar - activar - cambio - dar - grande - impulso - límite - lomo - media - patinaje - ritmo - sobrepasar - todo - tope English: accuracy - Arabian - breakneck - cruise speed - exceed - full - high - high-speed - pick up - speed - speed along - speed restriction - speed skater - speed trap - speed up - speed-skating - top - uniform - adjust - average - compare - constant - cruise - decrease - dizzy - estimate - fall - flat out - furious - gain - gather - get - give - high- - judge - knot - lightning - log - maintain - measure - momentum - pace - pick - rate - reduce - slacken - slow - spurt - steadytr[spiːd]■ what speed were you doing? ¿a qué velocidad ibas?■ our cruising speed will be around 600 mph nuestra velocidad de crucero será de unas 600 millas por hora2 (sensitivity of film) sensibilidad nombre femenino, velocidad nombre femenino; (time of shutter) tiempo de exposición, abertura3 (gear) marcha, velocidad nombre femenino■ a five-speed gearbox una caja de cambios de cinco marchas, una caja de cambios de cinco velocidades1 (go fast) ir corriendo, ir a toda prisa, ir a toda velocidad■ the car sped away/off el coche se alejó a toda prisa2 (break limit) ir a exceso de velocidad1 (hurry - process, matter) acelerar2 (take quickly) hacer llegar rápidamente\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat speed a gran velocidadat top speed / at full speed a toda velocidadGod speed vaya con Diosto pick up speed / gather speed ganar velocidad, coger velocidadto speed somebody on their way despedir a alguien, desearle buen viaje a alguienspeed limit velocidad máxima, límite nombre masculino de velocidadspeed trap control nombre masculino de velocidad1) : ir a toda velocidad, correr a toda prisahe sped off: se fue a toda velocidad2) : conducir a exceso de velocidada ticket for speeding: una multa por exceso de velocidadspeed vtto speed up : acelerarspeed n1) swiftness: rapidez f2) velocity: velocidad fn.• galope s.m.• prisa s.f.• rapidez s.f.• velocidad s.f.v.(§ p.,p.p.: sped) = apresurar v.• darse prisa v.• despachar v.• exceder la velocidad permitida v.spiːd
I
1)a) c u (rate of movement, progress) velocidad fwhat speed were you doing? — ¿a qué velocidad ibas?
what is its top speed? — ¿cuál es la velocidad máxima (que da)?
they set off at top/high speed — salieron a toda/alta velocidad, salieron a todo lo que da
to pick up o gather speed — cobrar or ganar or (esp Esp) coger* velocidad
b) ( relative quickness) rapidez f2) c ( Phot)film speed — sensibilidad f de la película
shutter speed — tiempo m de exposición
3) c ( gear) velocidad f, marcha f4) u ( amphetamine) (sl) anfetas fpl (fam)
II
1.
a) (past & past p sped) (go, pass quickly) (+ adv compl)the car sped off o away around the corner — el coche se alejó doblando la esquina a toda velocidad
he sped by o past in his new sports car — nos pasó a toda velocidad con su nuevo coche deportivo
b) (past & past p speeded) ( drive too fast) \<\<car/motorist\>\> ir* a velocidad excesiva
2.
helicopters are being used to speed supplies to the area — están usando helicópteros para hacer llegar los suministros rápidamente a la zona
Phrasal Verbs:- speed up[spiːd] (vb: pt, pp sped or speeded)1. N1) (=rate of movement) velocidad f, rapidez f; (=rapidity, haste) rapidez f, prisa fshorthand/typing speed — velocidad f en taquigrafía/mecanografía
•
at speed — a gran velocidadat a speed of 70km/h — a una velocidad de 70km por hora
•
what speed were you doing? — (Aut) ¿a qué velocidad ibas?•
at full speed — a toda velocidad, a máxima velocidadfull speed ahead! — ¡avante toda! *
•
to gather speed — acelerar, cobrar velocidad•
the maximum speed is 120km/h — la velocidad máxima es de 120km por hora•
to pick up speed — acelerar, cobrar velocidad•
at top speed — a toda velocidad, a máxima velocidad- be up to speed- bring sb up to speed- bring sth up to speedfull 1., 3)2) (Aut, Tech) (=gear) velocidad f3) (Phot) velocidad f4) (Drugs) ** speed m, anfetamina f2. VI1) (pt, pp sped) (=go fast) correr a toda prisa; (=hurry) darse prisa, apresurarse•
the years sped by — pasaron los años volando2) (pt, pp speeded) (Aut) (=exceed speed limit) conducir or (LAm) manejar por encima del límite de velocidad permitido3.VT(pt, pp speeded)to speed sb on his way — despedir a algn, desear un feliz viaje a algn
4.CPDspeed bump N — banda f sonora
speed camera N — cámara f de control de velocidad, radar m
speed dating N — speed dating m, citas fpl rápidas (para buscar pareja)
speed-dialspeed dial N — (=facility) marcación f rápida
speed limit N — velocidad f máxima, límite m de velocidad
a 50km/h speed limit — velocidad máxima (permitida) de 50km por hora
to exceed the speed limit — exceder la velocidad permitida or el límite de velocidad
speed limiter N — (Aut) limitador m de velocidad
speed merchant * N — corredor(a) m / f
speed restriction N — limitación f de velocidad
speed skater N — patinador(a) m / f de velocidad
speed skating N — patinaje m de velocidad
speed trap N — (Aut) sistema policial para detectar infracciones de velocidad
- speed up* * *[spiːd]
I
1)a) c u (rate of movement, progress) velocidad fwhat speed were you doing? — ¿a qué velocidad ibas?
what is its top speed? — ¿cuál es la velocidad máxima (que da)?
they set off at top/high speed — salieron a toda/alta velocidad, salieron a todo lo que da
to pick up o gather speed — cobrar or ganar or (esp Esp) coger* velocidad
b) ( relative quickness) rapidez f2) c ( Phot)film speed — sensibilidad f de la película
shutter speed — tiempo m de exposición
3) c ( gear) velocidad f, marcha f4) u ( amphetamine) (sl) anfetas fpl (fam)
II
1.
a) (past & past p sped) (go, pass quickly) (+ adv compl)the car sped off o away around the corner — el coche se alejó doblando la esquina a toda velocidad
he sped by o past in his new sports car — nos pasó a toda velocidad con su nuevo coche deportivo
b) (past & past p speeded) ( drive too fast) \<\<car/motorist\>\> ir* a velocidad excesiva
2.
helicopters are being used to speed supplies to the area — están usando helicópteros para hacer llegar los suministros rápidamente a la zona
Phrasal Verbs:- speed up -
26 release
1. transitive verb1) (free) freilassen [Tier, Häftling, Sklaven]; (from jail) entlassen ( from aus); (from bondage, trap) befreien ( from aus); (from pain) erlösen ( from von); (from promise, obligation, vow) entbinden ( from von)2) (let go, let fall) loslassen; lösen [Handbremse]; ausklinken [Bombe]release one's hold or grip on something — etwas loslassen
3) (make known) veröffentlichen [Erklärung, Nachricht]; (issue) herausbringen [Film, Schallplatte, Produkt]2. noun1) (act of freeing) see 1. 1): Freilassung, die; Entlassung, die; Befreiung, die; Erlösung, die; Entbindung, diea new release by Bob Dylan — eine neue Platte od. eine Neuveröffentlichung von Bob Dylan
* * *[rə'li:s] 1. verb1) (to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.) entlassen2) (to stop holding etc; to allow to move, fall etc: He released (his hold on) the rope.) loslassen3) (to move (a catch, brake etc) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc: He released the handbrake and drove off.) lösen4) (to allow (news etc) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.) freigeben5) (to offer (a film, record etc) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.) veröffentlichen2. noun1) (the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; ( also adjective) the release catch.) die Freigabe,-lassung2) (something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc).) die Veröffentlichung* * *re·lease[rɪˈli:s]I. vt1. (set free)▪ to \release sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier freilassenthe zoo keepers \released the lions from their cage die Zoowärter ließen die Löwen aus dem Käfig▪ to \release sb jdn freigeben [o freistellen2. LAW▪ to \release sb jdn [aus der Haft] entlassen [o freilassen]to \release sb on bail jdn gegen Kaution auf freien Fuß setzento \release sb on parole jdn bedingt aus der Haft entlassento \release sb from prison jdn aus dem Gefängnis entlassento \release sb on probation jdn auf Bewährung entlassento be \released early for good behaviour [or AM behavior] wegen guter Führung vorzeitig entlassen werden4. (move sth from fixed position)▪ to \release sth etw lösento \release the brake die Bremse lösento \release the shutter PHOT den Auslöser betätigento \release a bomb eine Bombe abwerfento \release a missile eine Rakete abschießen6. (allow to escape)to \release gas/steam Gas/Dampf freisetzento \release sth into the atmosphere etw in die Atmosphäre entweichen lassensteam was \released Dampf entwich7. (relax pressure)▪ to \release sth etw loslassento \release one's grip [or hold] seinen Griff lockern▪ to \release sth etw verbreiten [o in Umlauf bringen] [o der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich machen]; (issue) etw veröffentlichen [o herausbringen]▪ to \release sth to sb jdm etw aushändigento \release a film/a CD einen Film/eine CD herausbringento \release a statement eine Erklärung abgebento be \released erscheinen, auf den Markt kommen9. ECONto \release dues überfällige Bestellungen abwickeln10. (put on market)▪ to \release sth etw zum Verkauf freigeben, etw herausbringen▪ to \release sth etw freigeben\release of a hostage Freilassung f einer Geisel\release from prison Entlassung f aus dem Gefängnisday \release BRIT Freistellung zur beruflichen Fortbildungbrake/clutch \release Brems-/Kupplungsausrückmechanismus m\release cord Reißleine fsteam \release Dampfventil nt\release of funds Mittelfreisetzung f\release for payment Zahlungsfreigabe f6. (relaxation) Entspannung f; of tension Nachlassen nt; (freeing from unpleasant feeling) Erleichterung fto experience a feeling of \release ein Gefühl der Erleichterung verspüren7. (escape of gases etc.) Entweichen nther latest \release is a song about hopeless love sie hat zuletzt ein Lied über hoffnungslose Liebe herausgebrachtto go on \release film [in den Kinos] anlaufen* * *[rɪ'liːs]1. vt1) animal, person freilassen; (from prison) entlassen; employee, football player etc freigeben; (= rescue) befreien; (from obligation, vow) entbinden, befreien; (from pain) erlösencan you release him for a few hours each week? — können Sie ihn für ein paar Stunden pro Woche freistellen?
to release one's anger on sb — seinen Ärger an jdm auslassen or abreagieren
2) (= let go of) loslassen; handbrake losmachen, lösen; (PHOT) shutter auslösen; bomb abwerfen; grip, clasp lösen; (police) confiscated articles freigebento release the ( foot)brake/clutch — den Fuß von der Bremse/Kupplung nehmen, die Kupplung kommen lassen
5) (= emit) gas, energy freisetzen; smell ausströmen; (= let off into atmosphere) pressure, steam ablassen6) (JUR) property, title aufgeben, verzichten auf (+acc)2. n1) (of animal, person) Freilassung f; (from prison) Entlassung f; (of employee, football player etc) Freigabe f; (= rescue) Befreiung f; (from obligation, vow) Entbindung f, Befreiung f; (from pain) Erlösung fdeath was a happy or welcome release for him — der Tod war eine Erlösung für ihn
2) (= letting go) Loslassen nt; (of handbrake) Lösen nt; (PHOT of shutter) Auslösen nt; (of bomb) Abwurf m; (= mechanism) Auslöser m → academic.ru/67042/shutter">shutterSee:→ shutter3) (COMM: issuing of film, goods) Herausbringen nt; (of record) Veröffentlichung f, Herausbringen nt; (= film) Film m; (= record) Platte fthis film is now on general release — dieser Film ist nun überall zu sehen
4) (of news, statement) Veröffentlichung f; (= statement) Verlautbarung fof (+gen, Verzicht m (of auf (+acc* * *release [rıˈliːs]A v/t1. entlassen ( from aus), freilassen, auf freien Fuß setzen:2. (from)a) befreien, erlösen (von):release sb from pain jemanden von seinen Schmerzen erlösen oder befreienb) entbinden (von oder gen):release sb from jemandem eine Verpflichtung erlassen;release sb from a contract jemanden aus einem Vertrag entlassen3. a) gesperrte Konten etc freigeben:release an article for publication einen Artikel zur Veröffentlichung freigeben;release a film einen Film (zur Aufführung) freigeben;the film will be released next week der Film kommt nächste Woche in die Kinos oder läuft nächste Woche an;release a body for burial JUR eine Leiche zur Bestattung freigebenb) eine Schallplatte etc herausbringen: his latest album has not been released yet ist noch nicht herausgekommenrelease a mortgage eine Hypothek löschen5. CHEM, PHYS freisetzen6. TECHb) ausschalten:release the clutch AUTO auskuppeln;release gas Gas abblasen;release the pedal das Pedal loslassenB sfrom von):his death came as ( oder was) a merciful release from his sufferings der Tod war für ihn eine Erlösung4. Freigabe f:be on general release überall zu sehen sein (Film);release of energy Freiwerden n von Energie5. JURa) Verzicht(leistung) m(f), Verzichturkunde fb) (Rechts)Übertragung f:release of mortgage Hypothekenlöschung fc) Quittung f6. TECHb) Auslösung f:release button Auslösetaste f;release buzzer elektrischer Türöffner;7. Mitteilung f, Verlautbarung f* * *1. transitive verb1) (free) freilassen [Tier, Häftling, Sklaven]; (from jail) entlassen ( from aus); (from bondage, trap) befreien ( from aus); (from pain) erlösen ( from von); (from promise, obligation, vow) entbinden ( from von)2) (let go, let fall) loslassen; lösen [Handbremse]; ausklinken [Bombe]release one's hold or grip on something — etwas loslassen
3) (make known) veröffentlichen [Erklärung, Nachricht]; (issue) herausbringen [Film, Schallplatte, Produkt]2. noun1) (act of freeing) see 1. 1): Freilassung, die; Entlassung, die; Befreiung, die; Erlösung, die; Entbindung, die2) (of published item) Veröffentlichung, diea new release by Bob Dylan — eine neue Platte od. eine Neuveröffentlichung von Bob Dylan
3) (handle, lever, button) Auslöser, der* * *(from) n.Freilassung (aus) f. (from prison etc.) n.Entlassung f.(aus der Haft (<nur sing.>) usw.) n.Ausgabe -n f.Befreiung f.Entbindung f.Entspannung f.Erlösung -en f.Freigabe -en f.Freigabe -en f.(Buch, Film (<-e>), Software)Freisetzung f.Verzicht -e m.Übertragung f. v.auslösen v.ausrücken v.befreien v.entbinden v.entlassen v.entlasten v.erlösen v.freigeben v.freigelassen v.freilassen v.freisetzen v. -
27 speed
I [spiːd]1) (of vehicle, wind, record) velocità f.; (of response, reaction) velocità f., prontezza f., rapidità f.at speed — [go, run] a tutta velocità; [work, read] di buona lena, speditamente
"full speed ahead!" — mar. "avanti tutta!"
2) (gear) marcia f.4) colloq. (drug) anfetamina f., droga f. stimolanteII 1. [spiːd]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. sped o speeded) accelerare [process, recovery]; sveltire, snellire [ traffic]2.to speed sb. on his, her way — augurare buon viaggio a qcn
1) (pass., p.pass. sped) (move swiftly)to speed along — sfrecciare, andare a tutta velocità
2) (pass., p.pass. speeded) (drive too fast) superare i limiti di velocità, guidare a velocità eccessiva•- speed up* * *[spi:d] 1. noun1) (rate of moving: a slow speed; The car was travelling at high speed.) velocità2) (quickness of moving.) velocità2. verb1) ((past tense, past participles sped [sped] speeded) to (cause to) move or progress quickly; to hurry: The car sped/speeded along the motorway.) (andare a tutta velocità)2) ((past tense, past participle speeded) to drive very fast in a car etc, faster than is allowed by law: The policeman said that I had been speeding.) (andare a tutta velocità)•- speeding- speedy
- speedily
- speediness
- speed bump
- speed trap
- speedometer
- speed up* * *I [spiːd]1) (of vehicle, wind, record) velocità f.; (of response, reaction) velocità f., prontezza f., rapidità f.at speed — [go, run] a tutta velocità; [work, read] di buona lena, speditamente
"full speed ahead!" — mar. "avanti tutta!"
2) (gear) marcia f.4) colloq. (drug) anfetamina f., droga f. stimolanteII 1. [spiːd]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. sped o speeded) accelerare [process, recovery]; sveltire, snellire [ traffic]2.to speed sb. on his, her way — augurare buon viaggio a qcn
1) (pass., p.pass. sped) (move swiftly)to speed along — sfrecciare, andare a tutta velocità
2) (pass., p.pass. speeded) (drive too fast) superare i limiti di velocità, guidare a velocità eccessiva•- speed up -
28 Anschütz, Ottomar
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1846 Lissa, Prussia (now Leszno, Poland) d. 1907[br]German photographer, chronophotographer ana inventor.[br]The son of a commercial photographer, Anschütz entered the business in 1868 and developed an interest in the process of instantaneous photography. The process was very difficult with the contemporary wet-plate process, but with the introduction of the much faster dry plates in the late 1870s he was able to make progress. Anschütz designed a focal plane shutter capable of operating at speeds up to 1/1000 of a second in 1883, and patented his design in 1888. it involved a vertically moving fabric roller-blind that worked at a fixed tension but had a slit the width of which could be adjusted to alter the exposure time. This design was adopted by C.P.Goerz, who from 1890 manufactures a number of cameras that incorporated it.Anschütz's action pictures of flying birds and animals attracted the attention of the Prussian authorities, and in 1886 the Chamber of Deputies authorized financial support for him to continue his work, which had started at the Hanover Military Institute in October 1885. Inspired by the work of Eadweard Muybridge in America, Anschütz had set up rows of cameras whose focal-plane shutters were released in sequence by electromagnets, taking twenty-four pictures in about three-quarters of a second. He made a large number of studies of the actions of people, animals and birds, and at the Krupp artillery range at Meppen, near Essen, he recorded shells in flight. His pictures were reproduced, and favourably commented upon, in scientific and photographic journals.To bring the pictures to the public, in 1887 he created the Electro-Tachyscope. The sequence negatives were printed as 90 x 120 mm transparencies and fixed around the circumference of a large steel disc. This was rotated in front of a spirally wound Geissler tube, which produced a momentary brilliant flash of light when a high voltage from an induction coil was applied to it, triggered by contacts on the steel disc. The flash duration, about 1/1000 of a second, was so short that it "froze" each picture as it passed the tube. The pictures succeeded each other at intervals of about 1/30 of a second, and the observer saw an apparently continuously lit moving picture. The Electro-Tachyscope was shown publicly in Berlin at the Kulturministerium from 19 to 21 March 1887; subsequently Siemens \& Halske manufactured 100 machines, which were shown throughout Europe and America in the early 1890s. From 1891 his pictures were available for the home in the form of the Tachyscope viewer, which used the principle of the zoetrope: sequence photographs were printed on long strips of thin card, perforated with narrow slots between the pictures. Placed around the circumference of a shallow cylinder and rotated, the pictures could be seen in life-like movement when viewed through the slots.In November 1894 Anschütz displayed a projector using two picture discs with twelve images each, which through a form of Maltese cross movement were rotated intermittently and alternately while a rotating shutter allowed each picture to blend with the next so that no flicker occurred. The first public shows, given in Berlin, were on a screen 6×8 m (20×26 ft) in size. From 22 February 1895 they were shown regularly to audiences of 300 in a building on the Leipzigstrasse; they were the first projected motion pictures seen in Germany.[br]Further ReadingJ.Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London.BC -
29 release
rə'li:s
1. verb1) (to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.) liberar2) (to stop holding etc; to allow to move, fall etc: He released (his hold on) the rope.) soltar3) (to move (a catch, brake etc) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc: He released the handbrake and drove off.) soltar4) (to allow (news etc) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.) hacer público, dar a conocer5) (to offer (a film, record etc) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.) (película) emitir; sacar (disco)
2. noun1) (the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; (also adjective) the release catch.) liberación, puesta en libertad2) (something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc).) lanzamiento, estreno; comunicadorelease1 n liberaciónafter their release, the hostages went home después de su liberación, los rehenes se fueron a casarelease2 vb liberar / poner en libertadtr[rɪ'liːs]1 (setting free) liberación nombre femenino, puesta en libertad2 (relief) alivio3 (of film) estreno; (of record) lanzamiento4 (of gas etc) emisión nombre femenino5 (new thing - film) estreno, novedad nombre femenino cinematográfica; (- record) nuevo disco, novedad nombre femenino discográfica6 (statement) comunicado1 (set free) liberar, poner en libertad2 (let go of) soltar3 (brake etc) soltar; (shutter) disparar4 (bring out - film) estrenar; (- record) sacar5 (gas etc - give out) emitir; (- give off) desprender6 (statement, information) hacer público, dar a conocer\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto release from jail excarcelar1) free: liberar, poner en libertad2) loosen: soltar, aflojarto release the brake: soltar el freno3) relinquish: renunciar a, ceder4) issue: publicar (un libro), estrenar (una película), sacar (un disco)release n1) liberation: liberación f, puesta f en libertad2) relinquishment: cesión f (de propiedad, etc.)3) issue: estreno m (de una película), puesta f en venta (de un disco), publicación f (de un libro)4) escape: escape m, fuga f (de un gas)n.• descargo s.m.• desunión s.f.• disparador s.m.• disparo s.m.• estreno general s.m.• excarcelación s.f.• liberación s.f.• soltura s.f.• suelta s.f.v.• desaprisionar v.• desprender v.• estrenar v.• exonerar v.• largar v.• liberar v.• libertar v.• relevar v.• soltar v.
I rɪ'liːs1)a) \<\<prisoner/hostage\>\> poner* en libertad, liberarto release somebody FROM something: she was released from jail fue puesta en libertad, salió de la cárcel; they released him from the contract — le condonaron las obligaciones emanadas del contrato (frml)
b) ( unleash) desatarc) \<\<funds/personnel\>\> ceder2) \<\<information/figures\>\> hacer* público, dar* a conocer; \<\<record/book\>\> sacar* (a la venta); \<\<movie\>\> estrenar3) ( emit) \<\<gas\>\> despedir*4)a) ( let go) \<\<bomb\>\> arrojarb) \<\<brake/clutch\>\> soltar*
II
1) ua) (from prison, captivity) puesta f en libertad, liberación fb) (of funds, personnel) cesión f2)in o (BrE) on general release — en todos los cines
b) c (record, movie)new releases — ( records) novedades fpl discográficas; ( movies) últimos estrenos mpl
3) u ( of gas) escape m[rɪ'liːs]1. N1) (=liberation) [of prisoner, hostage] liberación f, puesta f en libertad; [of convict] excarcelación f, puesta f en libertadhis release came through on Monday — se aprobó su excarcelación el lunes, la orden de su puesta en libertad llegó el lunes
on his release from prison he... — al salir de la cárcel...
daycomplications have delayed his release from hospital — ciertas complicaciones han impedido que se le dé de alta todavía
2) (fig) (=relief) alivio mdeath came as a merciful release — la muerte fue una bendición or un gran alivio
3) (=issue) [of film] estreno m ; [of record, video] puesta f en venta; [of book] puesta f en venta or circulación; [of news] publicación f4) (=record, book, film, video)their new release is called... — su nuevo disco se llama...
the pick of this month's video releases — las mejores novedades en vídeo or (LAm) video de este mes
press 4.new releases — (=records) novedades fpl discográficas; (=films) nuevas producciones fpl ; (=books) nuevas publicaciones fpl
5) (=making available) [of documents] publicación f ; [of funds] cesión f6) (=emission) [of gas, smoke] escape m, emisión f ; [of hormones] secreción f7) (Tech, Phot) (=catch) disparador m ; shutter8) (Jur) [of right, property] cesión f2. VT1) (=set free) [+ prisoner, hostage] poner en libertad, liberar; [+ convict] excarcelar, poner en libertad; [+ patient] dar de alta; [+ victim] (from wreckage) liberar; [+ animal] soltar, dejar en libertad; [+ person] (from obligation) eximirshe was released from hospital after treatment — le dieron de alta del hospital después de un tratamiento
bailto release sb from a debt — eximir a algn de una deuda, condonar una deuda a algn frm
2) (=issue) [+ film] estrenar; [+ record, video] sacar, poner a la venta; [+ book] publicar; [+ news, report, information, statement] hacer público, dar a conocerthe police have released the names of the victims — la policía ha hecho públicos or dado a conocer los nombres de las víctimas
3) (=make available) [+ documents] facilitar; [+ funds] facilitar, ceder4) (=emit) [+ gas, smoke, heat, energy] despedir, emitir; [+ hormones] secretar, segregar5) (=let go) [+ sb's hand, arm] soltar; (Tech) [+ spring, clasp, catch] soltar; (Phot) [+ shutter] dispararto release one's grip or hold (on sth/sb): he released his grip on my arm — me soltó el brazo
the state has to release its hold on the economy — el estado tiene que soltar las riendas de la economía
6) (=let out, give vent to) [+ anger, frustration] descargar, dar rienda suelta a; [+ creativity] sacar a flote; [+ memories] desatar, desencadenar; [+ tension] relajaryour book has released a flood of memories — tu libro ha desatado or desencadenado una lluvia de recuerdos
7) (Aut) [+ brake] soltar8) (Jur) [+ right, property] ceder3.CPDrelease date N — [of film] fecha f de estreno; [of CD] fecha f de salida; [of prisoner] fecha f de puesta en libertad
* * *
I [rɪ'liːs]1)a) \<\<prisoner/hostage\>\> poner* en libertad, liberarto release somebody FROM something: she was released from jail fue puesta en libertad, salió de la cárcel; they released him from the contract — le condonaron las obligaciones emanadas del contrato (frml)
b) ( unleash) desatarc) \<\<funds/personnel\>\> ceder2) \<\<information/figures\>\> hacer* público, dar* a conocer; \<\<record/book\>\> sacar* (a la venta); \<\<movie\>\> estrenar3) ( emit) \<\<gas\>\> despedir*4)a) ( let go) \<\<bomb\>\> arrojarb) \<\<brake/clutch\>\> soltar*
II
1) ua) (from prison, captivity) puesta f en libertad, liberación fb) (of funds, personnel) cesión f2)in o (BrE) on general release — en todos los cines
b) c (record, movie)new releases — ( records) novedades fpl discográficas; ( movies) últimos estrenos mpl
3) u ( of gas) escape m -
30 fast
I 1. intransitive verb2. noun II 1. adjectivea day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
the rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]
make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen
hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]
2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]3) (rapid) schnellfast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der
he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)
pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)
4)2. adverbbe fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
1) (lit. or fig.) festhold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten
2) (soundly)be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein
3) (quickly) schnellnot so fast! — nicht so hastig!
4)play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben
* * *I 1. adjective1) (quick-moving: a fast car.) schnell2) (quick: a fast worker.) schnell3) ((of a clock, watch etc) showing a time in advance of the correct time: My watch is five minutes fast.) vorgehen2. adverb(quickly: She speaks so fast I can't understand her.) schnell- academic.ru/26562/fastness">fastness- fast foods
- fast food II 1. verb(to go without food, especially for religious or medical reasons: Muslims fast during the festival of Ramadan.) fasten2. noun(a time or act of fasting: She has just finished two days' fast.) das Fasten- fastingIII adjective2) (firm; fixed: She made her end of the rope fast to a tree.) fest•* * *fast1[fɑ:st, AM fæst]I. adj1. (moving quickly) schnellto be a \fast driver/runner schnell fahren/laufen2. (performing quickly) schnellto be a \fast reader/typist/worker schnell lesen/tippen/arbeiten3. (short) schnellcan you tell me the \fastest way to get from here to Gloucester? können Sie mir sagen, wie man von hier am schnellsten nach Gloucester kommt?\fast train Schnellzug m, D-Zug m5. PHOT\fast film lichtempfindlicher Film\fast shutter speed kurze Belichtungszeit▪ to be \fast clock, watch vorgehen▪ to be \fast fest seinto make sth \fast [to sth] etw [an etw dat] festmachen\fast living flottes Leben, lockerer Lebenswandel\fast woman leichtlebige Frau10.▶ to be a \fast worker ( fam) schnell arbeiten, ein Draufgänger/eine Draufgängerin sein fam; see also pullII. adv1. (at speed) schnellit all happened so \fast es ging alles so schnellnot so \fast! nicht so schnell!as \fast as one's legs would carry one so schnell seine Beine ihn trugento be \fast approaching sth rasch auf etw akk zugehenthe time is \fast approaching when... der Zeitpunkt rückt schnell näher, an dem...2. (soon) schnell, baldthe glue had set and my hand was stuck \fast der Leim war getrocknet und meine Hand klebte festto stand \fast ausharren, standhalten4. invto be/lie \fast asleep tief schlafen5.▶ to hold \fast to an idea/a principle an einer Idee/einem Prinzip festhaltenfast2[fɑ:st, AM fæst]I. vi fastenII. n Fastenzeit fto break one's \fast das Fasten brechen* * *I [fAːst]1. adj (+er)1) (= quick) schnellshe's a fast runner/reader — sie kann schnell laufen/lesen
he's a fast worker (lit) — er arbeitet schnell; (fig) er geht mächtig ran (inf)
to pull a fast one (on sb) (inf) — jdn übers Ohr hauen (inf)
fast train (Brit) — D-Zug m
2)to be fast (clock, watch) — vorgehen
3) tennis court, squash ball etc schnell2. adv1) schnell2) (fig)3) (old)IIto follow fast on sth — dicht auf etw (acc) folgen
1. adj1) (= firm, secure) fest2) colour, dye farbecht2. adv1) (= firmly, securely) festto stick fast — festsitzen; (with glue) festkleben
to stand fast by sth — an etw (dat) festhalten
to hold fast to sth — an etw (dat) festhalten
2)III(= soundly)
to be fast asleep — tief or fest schlafen1. vi(= not eat) fasten2. nFasten nt; (= period of fasting) Fastenzeit f* * *fast1 [fɑːst; US fæst]A adj1. schnell, geschwind, rasch:a fast car ein schneller Wagen;fast forward schneller Vorlauf (eines Videorekorders etc);fast train Schnell-, D-Zug m;my watch is (ten minutes) fast meine Uhr geht (10 Minuten) vor;he’s a fast workera) er arbeitet schnell,3. schnell (hohe Geschwindigkeit gestattend):4. fig flott, leichtlebig: → liver25. FOTOa) hochempfindlich (Film)b) lichtstark (Objektiv)B adv1. schnell, geschwind, rasch2. zu schnell:3. live fast ein flottes Leben führen4. obs oder poet nahe:follow fast upon dicht folgen auf (akk)fast2 [fɑːst; US fæst]A adj1. fest, befestigt, sicher, festgemacht, unbeweglich:2. fest (Griff, Knoten etc):fast sleep fester oder tiefer Schlaf;take fast hold of fest packen3. fig fest (Freundschaft etc):fast friends unzertrennliche oder treue Freunde4. (to) widerstandsfähig (gegen), beständig (gegen[über]):fast colo(u)r (wasch)echte Farbe;fast to light lichtechtB adv1. fest:hold fast festhalten;be fast asleep fest oder tief schlafen;a) fest eingeklemmt,b) festgefahren2. stark:it’s raining fastA v/i fastenB s1. Fasten n. break one’s fast das Fasten brechen2. a) Fastenzeit f* * *I 1. intransitive verb2. noun II 1. adjectivea day of fasting — ein Fast[en]tag
1) (fixed, attached) festthe rope is fast — das Tau ist fest[gemacht]
make [the boat] fast — das Boot festmachen
hard and fast — fest; bindend, verbindlich [Regeln]
2) (not fading) farbecht [Stoff]; echt, beständig [Farbe]3) (rapid) schnellfast train — Schnellzug, der; D-Zug, der
he is a fast worker — (lit. or fig.) er arbeitet schnell; (in amorous activities) er geht mächtig ran (ugs.)
pull a fast one [on somebody] — (coll.) jemanden übers Ohr hauen od. reinlegen (ugs.)
4)2. adverbbe fast [by ten minutes], be [ten minutes] fast — [Uhr:] [zehn Minuten] vorgehen
1) (lit. or fig.) festhold fast to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) festhalten; (fig.) an etwas (Dat.) festhalten
2) (soundly)be fast asleep — fest schlafen; (when one should be awake) fest eingeschlafen sein
3) (quickly) schnell4)play fast and loose with somebody — mit jemandem ein falsches od. doppeltes Spiel treiben
* * *adj.fest adj.schnell adj.tüchtig adj. adv.schnell adv. -
31 blade
1) лезвие, режущая пластина2) нож3) отвал, нож ( земляной машины)4) переваливать материал ( грейдером); обрабатывать ( стругом); профилировать ( дорогу); планировать ( грунт)7) (вставной) резец; нож ( сборной фрезы)8) машиностр. ребро10) лопасть; лопатка11) остряк ( стрелочного перевода)12) семафорное крыло13) нож, ножевой контакт; контактный рычажок, лапка (переключателя, коммутатора); подвижный орган ( выключателя)15) авто скребок ( стеклоочистителя)16) кфт. световая заслонка; лепесток ( диафрагмы)18) текст. трикотажная платина19) швейн. резак•blade tipped fully back — нож ( отвал) ( бульдозера), полностью откинутый назад;to blade back — перемещать ( материал грейдером) в обратном направлении;to blade back and forth — подвергать многократной перевалке;to grind blade — затачивать лезвие ( на точильном круге);to scarf blade — отбивать лезвие-
adjustable blade
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adze blade
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air doctor blade
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airfoil-section blade
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alligator blade
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anchor blade
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annular cutting blade
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antiflicker blade
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antitorque rotor blade
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articulated blade
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axeblade
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back blade
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backward-curved blade
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bent switch blade
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bottom blade
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bulldozer blade
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carbide blade
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carbide-saw blade
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carbide-tipped blade
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cascade blade
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centrifuge blade
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chain blade
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chipdozer blade
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chopper blade
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circular curve switch blade
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circular saw blade
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coaxial blades
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contact blade
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control stage blade
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conveyor filter blade
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cover blade
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crosscut blade
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cushion dozer blade
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cutting blade
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damping wire blades
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deflector blades
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detachable blade
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diamond impregnated blade
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diamond blade
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dicing blade
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die blade
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diffuser blade
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ditching blade
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doctor blade
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dovetailed blade
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dozer blade
-
ductor blade
-
entrance blade
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exhaust blade
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fan blade
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fir-tree rooted blade
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flexible blade
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folder combing blade
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folding blade
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forward-curved blade
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grader blade
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guide blade
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hacksaw blade
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hollow blade
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illuminated blade
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impeller blade
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impingement blade
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ink-fountain blade
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inlet blade
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inner cutting blade
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intercept blade
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joiner blade
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knife blade
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land clearing blade
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logging blade
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longest blade
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lower-quadrant blade
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main rotor blade
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marking blade
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mirrored blade
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mistuned blades
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mold blade
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moving fan blades
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multiple blades
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needle blade
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oar blade
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opaque blade
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outlet straightener blade
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overlapping blades
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peripheral blade
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pinned blade
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plow blade
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pointed blade
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presser blade
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pretwisted blade
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probe blade
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propeller blade
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rakedozer blade
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reverse-angle doctor blade
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rotary cutting blade
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rotating shear blade
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rotor blade
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rudder blade
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saw blade
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scraper blade
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segmental saw blade
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segmented blade
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shear blade
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shutter blade
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slicer blade
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slitting blade
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snowplow blade
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splitter blade
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spring blade
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stator blade
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straightdozer blade
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straightener blade
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straight-tiltdozer blade
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stump blade
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swirl blade
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switch blade
-
tail rotor blade
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throttle blade
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tilt adjustable bulldozer blade
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trimming blade
-
tucker blade
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turbine blade
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turbine rotor blade
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twisted blade
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U-dozer blade
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unmounted saw blade
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untwisted blade
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upper-quadrant blade
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variable blade
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variable geometry blade
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variable shutter blade
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windshield wiper blade
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wiping blade -
32 release
I [rɪ'liːs]1) (liberation) rilascio m., liberazione f.2) fig. (relief) sollievo m., liberazione f.4) tecn. (of mechanism) sgancio m.5) giorn. (announcement) comunicato m. (stampa)6) cinem. (making publicly available) distribuzione f.7) (film, video, record) novità f.8) (discharge form) congedo m.II [rɪ'liːs]1) (set free) rilasciare, mettere in libertà [hostage, prisoner]; liberare [accident victim, animal]2) fig.to release sb. from — sciogliere qcn. da [promise, obligation]
5) (let go of) lasciare, mollare [object, hand]to release one's grip of sth. — lasciare qcs., allentare la presa su qcs
6) giorn. diffondere, rendere pubblico [news, statement]; pubblicare [photo, picture]7) cinem. fare uscire, distribuire [ film]; mus. fare uscire, lanciare [video, record]* * *[rə'li:s] 1. verb1) (to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.) liberare, rilasciare2) (to stop holding etc; to allow to move, fall etc: He released (his hold on) the rope.) lasciare, allentare3) (to move (a catch, brake etc) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc: He released the handbrake and drove off.) allentare, sbloccare4) (to allow (news etc) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.) (rendere pubblico)5) (to offer (a film, record etc) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.) (mettere sul mercato)2. noun1) (the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; ( also adjective) the release catch.) rilascio, liberazione2) (something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc).) pubblicazione; comunicato* * *release /rɪˈli:s/n.1 [uc] rilascio; liberazione; (med.) dimissione ( di un paziente): the hostage's release, il rilascio dell'ostaggio; release from prison, scarcerazione: He committed a robbery one week after his release from prison, ha commesso una rapina una settimana dopo essere uscito di prigione2 rilascio; emissione ( di gas, ecc.): the release of toxic substances, il rilascio di sostanze tossiche; the release of waste products into the environment, il rilascio di scorie nell'ambiente3 [u] diffusione: the release of secret documents, la divulgazione di documenti segreti; the release of a photofit by the police, la diffusione di un photofit da parte della polizia4 album (o film, ecc.) appena uscito: Their latest release is already number one in the charts, il loro ultimo album è già in testa alle classifiche; You can find all the new releases on this DVD rental site, puoi trovare tutti i film appena usciti su questo sito di noleggio DVD online5 [u] uscita (di film, disco, ecc.): The release of the film has been pushed back by six months, l'uscita del film è stata rimandata di sei mesi; The band embarked on a tour to promote the release of their album, il gruppo è partito per una tournée per promuovere l'uscita del loro ultimo album7 [uc] allentamento ( della presa, ecc.); il lasciar andare: a release of tension, un allentamento della tensione9 [uc] (leg.) abbandono ( di un diritto); cessione ( di beni); concessione, rilascio ( di diritti ad altri)10 [u] liberazione ( da un obbligo); esonero ( dal servizio); esenzione ( fiscale, ecc.); remissione ( di un debito)13 (mecc.) dispositivo di sgancio14 (fotogr.) scatto16 (comput.) versione ( di un programma); rilascio ( inizio della disponibilità di un programma sul mercato): release candidate ► RC, def. 4; release notes, note di rilascio; note sulla versione19 ( sci) apertura ( di un attacco): release setting screw, vite per regolare l'apertura dell'attacco20 (leg., naut.) dissequestro● (leg.) release from seizure, dissequestro □ (mecc.) release lever, leva di sbloccaggio □ the release of goods from customs, lo svincolo di merci dalla dogana □ release of a mortgage, estinzione di un'ipoteca □ (leg.) release of right of action, rinuncia all'azione in giudizio □ (leg.) release on bail, concessione della libertà provvisoria su cauzione □ (fotogr.) release trigger, levetta dello scatto; scatto □ press release, comunicato stampa □ ( di un film) on (general) release, nelle sale cinematografiche: The film goes on general release in the UK on August 31st, il film esce nelle sale cinematografiche del Regno Unito il 31 agosto □ (farm.) time-release capsule, capsula a rilascio lento.♦ (to) release /rɪˈli:s/v. t.1 liberare; rilasciare; (med.) dimettere ( un paziente): to release a prisoner [a hostage], rilasciare un prigioniero [un ostaggio]; to release sb. from a promise, liberare (o sciogliere) q. da una promessa; to release goods from customs, svincolare merci dalla dogana3 emettere ( gas, ecc.); sprigionare: Poisonous chemicals were released into the atmosphere, sostanze chimiche tossiche sono state sprigionate nell'atmosfera; Crude oil released into the sea killed tens of thousands of seabirds, il petrolio greggio riversato nel mare ha ucciso decine di migliaia di uccelli marini6 rendere noto: Further information will be released shortly, ulteriori informazioni verranno rese note entro breve; The results of the survey will be released next month, i risultati del sondaggio saranno pubblicati il mese prossimo7 fare uscire ( un film, un album, un DVD, ecc.): They've just released their first single, è appena uscito il loro primo single; They want to release the film in time for the Christmas period, vogliono che il film esca in tempo per il periodo natalizio9 (leg.) cedere ( una proprietà, un diritto); consegnare ( beni, chiavi, documenti, ecc.); abbandonare, rinunciare a ( un diritto); rimettere, condonare ( un debito)11 (mecc.) sbloccare; sganciare13 (autom.) togliere: to release the handbrake, togliere il freno a mano; to release the clutch, lasciare (lentamente) il pedale della frizione14 (comput.) rilasciare ( rendere disponibile un programma sul mercato): released version, versione rilasciata* * *I [rɪ'liːs]1) (liberation) rilascio m., liberazione f.2) fig. (relief) sollievo m., liberazione f.4) tecn. (of mechanism) sgancio m.5) giorn. (announcement) comunicato m. (stampa)6) cinem. (making publicly available) distribuzione f.7) (film, video, record) novità f.8) (discharge form) congedo m.II [rɪ'liːs]1) (set free) rilasciare, mettere in libertà [hostage, prisoner]; liberare [accident victim, animal]2) fig.to release sb. from — sciogliere qcn. da [promise, obligation]
5) (let go of) lasciare, mollare [object, hand]to release one's grip of sth. — lasciare qcs., allentare la presa su qcs
6) giorn. diffondere, rendere pubblico [news, statement]; pubblicare [photo, picture]7) cinem. fare uscire, distribuire [ film]; mus. fare uscire, lanciare [video, record] -
33 mechanism
1) механизм; (механическое) устройство2) механизм [схема\] действия, процесса или реакции•mechanism for flattening metal strip mechanism — машина для правки полос металла-
by literal data mechanism
-
by reference data mechanism
-
by value data mechanism
-
access mechanism
-
accumulating mechanism
-
active mechanism
-
actuating mechanism
-
aileron droop mechanism
-
androgynous docking mechanism
-
antenna drive mechanism
-
artificial recovery mechanism
-
automatic adjustment mechanism
-
automatic breaker advance mechanism
-
automatic drain mechanism
-
automatic feed mechanism
-
automatic focusing mechanism
-
automatic needle selection mechanism
-
automatic takeup mechanism
-
automatic threading mechanism
-
automatic toe closing mechanism
-
automatic tool transport mechanism
-
automatic transmission synchronous mechanism
-
backspace mechanism
-
banking mechanism
-
belt let-off mechanism
-
bidirectional mechanism
-
blade retention mechanism
-
blade-operating mechanism
-
bleed valve control mechanism
-
bogie-rotation mechanism
-
boom kickout mechanism
-
brace retraction mechanism
-
brake actuating mechanism
-
brake drum let-off mechanism
-
bunching mechanism
-
cam mechanism
-
cam-and-lever mechanism
-
carbon ribbon takeup mechanism
-
casting-centering mechanism
-
casting-withdrawal mechanism
-
chopper bar mechanism
-
clamping mechanism
-
claw mechanism
-
clutch withdrawal mechanism
-
coin mechanism
-
color control mechanism
-
computer-oriented mechanism
-
constant pitch spacing mechanism
-
constant yam speed let-off mechanism
-
control mechanism
-
converter tilting mechanism
-
copying mechanism
-
Cottrell mechanism
-
crank mechanism
-
crimp mechanism
-
cross border mechanism
-
crossing-gate mechanism
-
cryoprotection mechanism
-
cutting mechanism
-
data mechanism
-
decision mechanism
-
defibrator feed mechanism
-
deformation mechanism
-
discharging mechanism
-
disk-drive mechanism
-
disk-type reserve yarn feeding mechanism
-
dispensing mechanism
-
distributor mechanism
-
dividing mechanism
-
docking mechanism
-
door-lifting mechanism
-
door-removing mechanism
-
doors sequence mechanism
-
drilling mechanism
-
drive mechanism
-
dropper Jacquard mechanism
-
dual-diaphragm advance mechanism
-
electric switch mechanism
-
electric takedown mechanism
-
electrical let-off mechanism
-
electric let-off mechanism
-
electrode-positioning mechanism
-
electronic beam control mechanism
-
emergency governor mechanism
-
engine shutoff mechanism
-
engine torquemeter mechanism
-
erection mechanism
-
escapement mechanism
-
executing mechanism
-
expanding brake let-off mechanism
-
failure mechanism
-
fall plate mechanism
-
feathering mechanism
-
feeding mechanism
-
feed mechanism
-
feel spring mechanism
-
film advance mechanism
-
film collapsing mechanism
-
film drive mechanism
-
film-transport mechanism
-
finger tilt mechanism
-
fire-advance mechanism
-
flashover mechanism
-
following mechanism
-
fracture mechanism
-
friction brake let-off mechanism
-
friction mechanism
-
future azimuth mechanism
-
gate-operating mechanism
-
gathering mechanism
-
gear locking mechanism
-
gear retracting mechanism
-
gear shift mechanism
-
Geneva cross mechanism
-
gripping mechanism
-
gyro leveling mechanism
-
hardening mechanism
-
hitch-mechanism
-
hoisting mechanism
-
hold-down mechanism
-
hosiery stitch control mechanism
-
hydraulic let-off mechanism
-
indexing mechanism
-
inertia drive mechanism
-
inking mechanism
-
input mechanism
-
invert mechanism
-
jaw-release mechanism
-
jet and flapper mechanism
-
kickoff mechanism
-
latches-equipped docking mechanism
-
latching mechanism
-
let-off mechanism
-
lid-lifting mechanism
-
lifting mechanism
-
link mechanism
-
load feel mechanism
-
locking mechanism
-
Mach-feel mechanism
-
machine wear mechanism
-
make-and-break mechanism
-
maltese-cross mechanism
-
manipulator mechanism
-
Mayer let-off mechanism
-
measurement mechanism
-
measuring mechanism
-
mechanical let-off mechanism
-
mold-moving mechanism
-
mold-reciprocating mechanism
-
motor-operated mechanism
-
motor-operated spring mechanism
-
natural recovery mechanism
-
needle bar down motion mechanism
-
needle selecting mechanism
-
open active mechanism
-
operating mechanism
-
orienting mechanism
-
output mechanism
-
paper-advance mechanism
-
parallel control mechanism
-
parison transfer mechanism
-
parts-feeder mechanism
-
pattern chain mechanism
-
pattern drum mechanism
-
pattern mechanism
-
pattern wheels mechanism
-
peg control drum mechanism
-
periphery-type docking mechanism
-
periphery docking mechanism
-
pick-and-place mechanism
-
pip squeak mechanism
-
pipe kickoff mechanism
-
pitch-changing mechanism
-
pitch-control mechanism
-
pitch-lock mechanism
-
planting mechanism
-
point operating mechanism
-
position sensing mechanism
-
positive warp let-off mechanism
-
positive let-off mechanism
-
positive intermittent let-off mechanism
-
pouring nozzle and stopper rod mechanism
-
power takeoff mechanism
-
predetermined rackage stop mechanism
-
presser foot mechanism
-
printing mechanism
-
propeller synchronization mechanism
-
proportional pitch spacing mechanism
-
pull-down claw mechanism
-
pull-down mechanism
-
pulling-and-running mechanism
-
push-up mechanism
-
q-feel mechanism
-
quick stitch mechanism
-
rack mechanism
-
recovery mechanism
-
registration mechanism
-
release mechanism
-
releasing mechanism
-
relief mechanism
-
reversing mechanism
-
ribbon feed mechanism
-
ribbon lift mechanism
-
rocker mechanism
-
rolling-up mechanism
-
roof swinging mechanism
-
rough air mechanism
-
sag-bending mechanism
-
scanner fabric stop-motion mechanism
-
screw-down mechanism
-
seeding mechanism
-
self-threading mechanism
-
self-timing mechanism
-
selvage stiffener mechanism
-
servo mechanism
-
shear mechanism
-
shift mechanism
-
shutter dissolve mechanism
-
single frame mechanism
-
slitting mechanism
-
sluicing mechanism
-
snap-action mechanism
-
spacing mechanism
-
spatial mechanism
-
spoiler differential mechanism
-
starting mechanism
-
step mechanism
-
stitch-holding mechanism
-
stitch-shortening mechanism
-
stop motion mechanism
-
stopping mechanism
-
strip-processing mechanism
-
takedown tension mechanism
-
takedown mechanism
-
takeup mechanism
-
tape-drive mechanism
-
tape-feed mechanism
-
tape-recording mechanism
-
tape-transport mechanism
-
tilt mechanism
-
tilting-basket mechanism
-
tool-lock mechanism
-
tool-select mechanism
-
transfer mechanism
-
transfer-loader mechanism
-
transmission shift mechanism
-
trigger mechanism
-
tripping mechanism
-
tuning mechanism
-
twisting mechanism
-
upset mechanism
-
vacuum advance mechanism
-
variable aperture diaphragm mechanism
-
warp stop motion mechanism
-
weft color change mechanism
-
weft insertion mechanism
-
weighing mechanism
-
welt mechanism
-
wind disturbance mechanism
-
wrapping mechanism -
34 rod
2) метал. катанка4) правило ( для штукатурных работ) || выравнивать ( штукатурку) правилом5) геод. рейка7) шток; тяга;9) род ( единица длины)11) штыковать, штыревать ( бетонную смесь)•to keep rod plumb by level — ставить рейку по уровню;to pull (sucker) rods — поднимать колонну насосных штанг ( из скважины);-
actuating rod
-
adjusting rod
-
air-cooled stopper rod
-
alignment rod
-
anchor tie rod
-
anode rod
-
antenna rod
-
armor rod
-
articulated connecting rod
-
axlebox safety rod
-
bail rod
-
beam trussing rod
-
bearing rod
-
boning rod
-
brace rod
-
brake rod
-
brass rod
-
brazing rod
-
bull rod
-
bus rod
-
carbon rod
-
carrier rod
-
cathode rod
-
centering rod
-
clutch-operating rod
-
clutch rod
-
coil rod
-
cold rod
-
connecting rod
-
control rod
-
core rod
-
crystal seed rod
-
cylinder rod
-
diagonal rod
-
dielectric rod
-
dip rod
-
discharging rod
-
distribution rods
-
double pin-type sucker rod
-
double rod
-
drain rod
-
drill rod
-
drying rod
-
earth rod
-
eccentric rod
-
elevation rod
-
extension rod
-
feed rod
-
fiberglass rod
-
filler rod
-
flexible rod
-
flux-cored filler rod
-
flux-cored rod
-
focusing rod
-
front rod
-
gage rod
-
glass rod
-
going rod
-
green rod
-
ground rod
-
guide rod
-
guy rod
-
hanger rod
-
head rod
-
hollow sucker rod
-
hot rod
-
hot-finished rod
-
hot-rolled rod
-
ignitor rod
-
insulating rod
-
interphase connecting rod
-
joint rod
-
king rod
-
knockout rod
-
laser rod
-
lateral rod
-
leveling rod
-
lightning rod
-
locking rod
-
longitudinal rod
-
loop rod
-
magnet-roll rod
-
mandrel rod
-
master rod
-
measuring rod
-
metering rod
-
mother rod
-
moving rod
-
operating rod
-
panhard rod
-
percussive drill rod
-
piston rod
-
pivot rod
-
plug rod
-
polished rod
-
poly rod
-
pony sucker rod
-
proof rod
-
pull rod
-
pumping rod
-
pump rod
-
push rod
-
push-pull rod
-
radius rod
-
range rod
-
regulating rod
-
reinforcing rod
-
relay rod
-
roll balance rod
-
sag rod
-
selector rod
-
self-reading rod
-
semiconductor rod
-
shackle rod
-
shanked rod
-
shutter rod
-
signal rod
-
slide-valve rod
-
sounding rod
-
stadia rod
-
stay rod
-
step-up rod
-
stopper rod
-
stop rod
-
storey rod
-
sucker rod
-
surveying rod
-
suspension rod
-
sway rod
-
switch operating rod
-
tamping rod
-
target rod
-
tension rod
-
thief rod
-
threaded rod
-
through rod
-
throw rod
-
tie rod
-
up-and-down rod
-
wading rod
-
water-depth rod -
35 camera
1) фотоаппарат
2) камерный
3) операторский
4) съемочный
5) фотокамера
6) <phot.> несветосильный
– aerial camera
– area-sean camera
– camera alignment
– camera amplifier
– camera base-line
– camera booth
– camera car
– camera filter
– camera monitor
– camera tube
– cine camera
– color TV camera
– film camera
– folding camera
– line-scan camera
– load camera
– miniature camera
– moving-image camera
– plate camera
– process camera
– reflex camera
– reproduction camera
– roll-film camera
– spectrograph camera
– spring-device camera
– streak camera
– sub-miniature camera
– television camera
– TV camera cable
– TV camera unit
– underwater camera
– X-ray camera
image camera tube — передающая телевизионная ЭЛТ с переносом изображения
nonstorage camera tube — <phot.> кинескоп безынерционный
photo-conductive camera tube — передающая трубка с фотопроводимостью
shutter of aerial camera — <phot.> аэрофотозатвор
storage camera tube — передающая трубка с накоплением заряда
substandard cine camera — узкопленочный киносъемочный аппарат
-
36 time
время; период; продолжительность || устанавливать время; распределять время; рассчитывать по времени; согласовывать во времени; синхронизироватьtime in use — время использования; время работы (напр. инструмента)
time on machine — время пребывания ( обрабатываемой детали) на станке
- acceleration timeto cut time — сокращать время (напр. обработки)
- access time
- activation time
- active maintenance time
- active repair time
- activity time
- actual in-cut time
- addition time
- additional time
- adjustable laser ramp-up time
- administrative time
- aggregate travel time
- air-cutting time
- arcing time of pole
- assembly time
- assessed mean time to failure
- ATC time
- attended running time
- attenuation time
- auxiliary time
- available machine time
- available machining time
- available time
- average access time
- average time
- base cycle time
- batch change time
- batch lead time
- batch run time
- block execution time
- block processing time
- bounce time
- braking time to standstill
- braking time
- break time
- breakdown time
- bridging time
- build time
- build-up time
- cam idle time
- cell production time
- changeover cut-to-cut time
- changeover time
- characteristic time
- charge time
- chip-cutting time
- chip-making time
- chip-to-chip toolchange time
- clock cycle time
- closing time
- combined travel/load time
- commissioning time
- component cycle time
- component inspection time
- component time
- computed machine time
- computing time
- control flow time
- control time
- conversion time
- correction time
- corrective maintenance time
- c-percentile storageability time
- c-percentile time to failure
- cumulative cutting time
- cure time
- current fall time
- current rise time
- cut time
- cutting time
- cut-to-cut time
- cycle time
- dead cycle time
- dead time
- debugging time
- delay time
- delivery time
- depalletizing time
- derivative action time
- derricking time
- detection time
- direct manufacture time
- disengaging time
- division time
- door-to-door time
- double-stroke time
- down time
- dry-cycle time
- dwell time
- effective cutting time
- effective dead time
- empty running time
- end-of-job time
- equispaced times
- equivalent running time for wear
- eroding time
- erosion time
- estimation time
- execution time
- exposure time
- fall time
- fast response time
- finishing time
- first-off machining time
- fitting time
- fixture lead time
- floor-to-floor time
- flow time
- forward recovery time
- frame time
- full brazing time
- full operating time
- full soldering time
- gate controlled turn-off delay time
- gate controlled turn-off fall time
- gate controlled turn-off time
- grinding time
- gripper-changing time
- head-changing time
- hobbing time
- holding time
- idle time
- index time
- indexing time
- innovation time
- in-process time
- integral action time
- interarrival time
- interoperation time
- interpolation delay time
- jaw-adjusting time
- job completion time
- job finish time
- laser interaction time
- laser shutter opening time
- laser weld tempering time
- laser-beam dwell time
- laser-beam interaction time
- lead time
- learning time
- loading time
- machine down time
- machine repair time
- machine run time
- machine slack time
- machine wait time
- machine-setting time
- machine-setup time
- machining floor-to-floor time
- machining time
- machining-cycle time
- maintenance down time
- maintenance time
- make time
- manual machining time
- manufacturing cycle time
- manufacturing lead time
- material to end product lead time
- maximum resetting time
- mean time between failures
- mean time to failure
- mean time to repair
- measuring run time
- metal-to-metal time
- minimum accelerating time
- minimum braking time
- move time
- moving time
- multiplication time
- NC machining time
- NC program debug time
- no-failure operating time
- noncut time
- noncutting time
- nonmachining time
- nonproductive machine time
- nonrequired time
- numerical processing time
- observed mean time to failure
- off-machine process time
- off-shift machine down time
- off-shift slack time
- opening time
- operate time
- operating spindle time
- operating time
- operation cycle time
- operation time
- operator's attention time
- operator's reaction time
- operator's time
- optimized contact time
- out-of-cut machine time
- out-of-cut time
- output cycle time
- overall cycle time
- overall lead time
- pallet change time
- pallet processing time
- pallet shuttle time
- parasitic time
- part turnaround time
- partial operating time
- part-waiting time
- payback time
- periodic time
- pickup time
- piece sequence time
- piece time
- planned loading time
- planning lead time
- planning time
- predicted mean time to failure
- preparatory time
- preset operating time before corrective adjustment
- preset operating time
- preset time
- probing time
- process response time
- process time
- processing time
- product development lead time
- product flow time
- product lead time
- production lead time
- production time per piece
- production time per unit
- production time
- productive time
- profiling time
- programming time
- prorated time
- protective power time
- pulse decay time
- pulse response time
- pulse rise time
- pulse time
- queue time
- queueing time
- rapid response time
- reading time
- readout time
- real time
- rechucking time
- recognition time
- recovery time
- release time
- releasing time
- remaining life time
- repair/down cost time
- required time
- reset time
- residence time of materials
- response time
- restoration time
- return time
- reverse recovery current fall time
- reverse recovery current rise time
- reverse recovery time
- rise time
- robot down time
- roughing time
- run time
- running time
- running-in time
- safety lead time
- sampling time
- scan time
- schedule time
- scheduled time
- sensing time
- series machining time
- service time of the tool
- servicing time
- servo update time
- setter time
- setting time
- settling time
- setup time
- ship time
- slack time
- soaking time
- software execution time
- specified no-failure operating time
- specified operating time
- specified time
- spindle cutting time
- spindle run time
- stabilization time
- stand time
- standard handling time
- standard piece time
- starting time
- start-up time
- station time
- station-to-station time
- step response time
- stopping time
- storage cycle time
- storage time
- storageability time
- switching time
- switch-over time
- system time
- table-indexing time
- tape-preparation time
- tape-turnaround time
- target build time
- target time
- teach time
- throughput time
- time of starting
- tool change time
- tool exchange time
- tool index time
- tool life time
- tool-cutting time
- tool-in-cut time
- tooling-response time
- tool-setup time
- tool-to-tool changing time
- total access time
- total changeover time
- total equivalent running time for strength
- total equivalent running time for wear
- total manufacturing cycle time
- total running time
- total sequence time
- to-the-minute time
- transfer time
- transient time
- transit time
- transition time
- traveling time
- turnaround time
- turn-off time
- turn-on time
- undetected failure time
- unit cycle time
- unit production time
- unit time
- up time
- update time
- updating time
- vehicle time per hour
- vehicle-use time
- waiting time
- wakeup time
- warm-up time
- wasted time
- work-change time
- work-cycle time
- work-in-process time
- wrench time
- zero ATC timeEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > time
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37 fast
1) ( moving quickly) schnell;to be a \fast driver/ runner schnell fahren/laufen2) ( performing quickly) schnell;3) ( short) schnellcan you tell me the \fastest way to get from here to Gloucester? können Sie mir sagen, wie man von hier am schnellsten nach Gloucester kommt?;\fast train Schnellzug m, D-Zug m5) phot\fast film lichtempfindlicher Film;\fast shutter speed kurze Belichtungszeitto be \fast clock, watch vorgehento be \fast fest sein;to make sth \fast [to sth] etw [an etw dat] festmachen\fast living flottes Leben, lockerer Lebenswandel;\fast woman leichtlebige FrauPHRASES:to be a \fast worker ( fam) schnell arbeiten, ein Draufgänger/eine Draufgängerin sein ( fam) see also pull adv1) ( at speed) schnell;it all happened so \fast es ging alles so schnell;not so \fast! nicht so schnell!;as \fast as one's legs would carry one so schnell seine Beine ihn trugen;to be \fast approaching sth rasch auf etw akk zugehen;the time is \fast approaching when... der Zeitpunkt rückt schnell näher, an dem...2) ( soon) schnell, baldthe glue had set and my hand was stuck \fast der Leim war getrocknet und meine Hand klebte fest;to stand \fast ausharren, standhalten4) invto be/lie \fast asleep tief schlafenPHRASES:to hold \fast to an idea/ a principle an einer Idee/einem Prinzip festhalten;to play \fast and loose with sb (dated) mit jdm ein falsches Spiel treiben;to break one's \fast das Fasten brechen -
38 display
1. дисплей2. устройство отображения < информации>; индикатор3. отображение < информации>; индикация; вывод < на экран>; представление < данных>4. изображение < на экране>; отображаемая информация5. демонстрация; показ(ательный полет)"fast" display"quickened" displayairborne displayattitude displayaugmented displayazimuth displayblack-and-white displaycalligraphic displaycanopy displayCGI displaycharge coupled displaychin-up displaycockpit displaycollimated displaycolour shutter displaycomputer-driven displaycomputer-generated imagery displayCRT displaydiffractive-optics displaydigital displaydome displaydot-matrix displayEFIS displaysEL displayelectroluminescence displayelectromechanical displayeye-level displayfault list displayflat-panel displayflight displayflight director displayflight reference displayflight deck displayflight status displayflight path displayflight path oriented displayflying displayflying aid displaysforward looking infrared displaygraphical displayground displayground stabilised displayguidance displayhead-down displayhead-level displayhead-out displayhead-up displayhelmet-mounted displayholographic displayhorizon displayhorizontal displayILS displayinfinity-focused displaylanding guidance displaylarge-format displaymaintenance displaymap displaymapping displaymaster monitor displaymechanical displaymedium-level displaymission displaymonochrome displaymoving map displaymultiformat displaynavigation displayoptronic displayout-the-window displaypanel-mounted displayparavisual displayplasma displaypower system displayprogrammable displayprojected map displayradio frequency displayraster format displayraster scan displayrear view displayroof-mounted headup displayrunway displayself-luminous displayshadow-mask CRT displayside-by-side displayssingle-gun masked displaysituation displayslat/flap displayspin recovery displaystatus displaystores management displaysynoptic displaysystems displaytabulator displaytactical displaytactical situation displaytape displaytelemetry displaythreat-warning displaythrottle command displaythrust displaytime history displaytouch displaytouch sensitive displaytraffic advisory displaytunnel displaytunnel-in-the-sky displayV/STOL displayvariable-menu displayvertical profile displayvertical profilometer displayvisor displayvisual displaywide-angle display -
39 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG
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