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moment+of+birth

  • 21 bevallen

    1 [baren] give birth (to)
    2 [aanstaan] please ⇒ suit, 〈 voldoen〉 give satisfaction
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   ze moet bijna/kan elk moment bevallen • she is near her term, she could have the baby at any moment
         zij is van een dochter bevallen • she gave birth to a daughter
    2   het leven hier bevalt mij • I like living here
         het bevalt mij niets dat • I'm not at all pleased that
         hoe is het u bevallen? • how did you like it?
         hoe bevalt het je op school? • how do you like school?

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > bevallen

  • 22 sangre

    f.
    blood.
    me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger
    te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding
    ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict
    un baño de sangre a bloodbath
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sangrar.
    * * *
    1 blood
    \
    a sangre fría figurado in cold blood
    a sangre y fuego figurado by fire and sword
    chupar la sangre a alguien figurado to bleed somebody dry
    de sangre caliente / de sangre fría warm-blooded / cold-blooded
    donar sangre to give blood
    llevar algo en la sangre figurado to run in the family
    ■ no lo puede remediar, lo lleva en la sangre he can't help it, it runs in the family
    ■ su padre era músico, así que lo lleva en la sangre her father was a musician, so it's in her blood
    no llegó la sangre al río figurado the worst didn't happen
    no tener sangre en las venas figurado to be a cold fish, be unemotional
    sudar sangre figurado to sweat blood
    sangre fría figurado sang froid
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bio) blood

    tiene sangre de tipo O negativo — he's blood type O negative, his blood type is O negative

    • chupar la sangre a algn — (lit) to suck sb's blood; (fig) (=explotar) to bleed sb dry; Méx (=hacer pasar mal rato) to give sb a hard time, make sb's life a misery

    • dar sangre — to give blood

    • donar sangre — to donate blood

    • echar sangre — to bleed

    estuvo echando sangre por la nariz — [de forma natural] he had a nosebleed; [a consecuencia de un golpe] his nose was bleeding, he was bleeding from the nose

    • hacer sangre a algn — to make sb bleed

    me pegó y me hizo sangre — he hit me and I started bleeding o to bleed, he hit me and made me bleed

    • hacerse sangre, ¿te has hecho sangre? — are you bleeding?

    • salirle sangre a algn, me está saliendo sangre de la herida — my cut is bleeding

    sangre caliente, a sangre caliente — in the heat of the moment

    de sangre caliente — [animal] warm-blooded antes de s ; [persona] hot-blooded antes de s

    sangre fría — coolness, sang-froid frm

    de sangre fría — [animal] cold-blooded antes de s ; [persona] cool-headed antes de s

    mantener la sangre fría — to keep calm, keep one's cool

    banco 3), baño 2), delito 1)
    2)

    arderle la sangre a algn —

    bullirle la sangre a algn —

    hervirle la sangre a algn —

    me hierve la sangre cuando nos tratan así — it really makes me mad o it makes my blood boil when they treat us like this

    - tener la sangre de horchata o
    - ser de sangre ligera
    - es de sangre pesada

    no llegar la sangre al río —

    3) (=linaje) blood
    - la sangre tira mucho
    puro
    * * *
    1) (Biol) blood

    te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

    animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

    chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

    dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

    hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

    2) ( linaje) blood

    la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

    llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

    lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

    •
    * * *
    = blood.
    Ex. The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.
    ----
    * ampolla de sangre = blood blister.
    * análisis de sangre = blood test.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.
    * banco de sangre = blood bank.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.
    * coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.
    * dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.
    * de sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * donación de sangre = blood donation.
    * donante de sangre = blood donor.
    * donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.
    * hermana de sangre = blood sister.
    * hermano de sangre = blood brother.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * muestra de sange = blood sample.
    * naranja de sangre = blood orange.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pura sangre = thoroughbred.
    * salir sangre = draw + blood.
    * sangre espesa = thick blood.
    * sangre fría = presence of mind.
    * sangre muy diluida = thin blood.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sangre poco espesa = thin blood.
    * sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.
    * sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.
    * sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.
    * tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.
    * vejiga de sangre = blood blister.
    * vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.
    * * *
    1) (Biol) blood

    te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

    animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

    chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

    dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

    hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

    2) ( linaje) blood

    la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

    llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

    lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

    •
    * * *

    Ex: The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.

    * ampolla de sangre = blood blister.
    * análisis de sangre = blood test.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.
    * banco de sangre = blood bank.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.
    * coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.
    * dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.
    * de sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * donación de sangre = blood donation.
    * donante de sangre = blood donor.
    * donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.
    * hermana de sangre = blood sister.
    * hermano de sangre = blood brother.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * muestra de sange = blood sample.
    * naranja de sangre = blood orange.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pura sangre = thoroughbred.
    * salir sangre = draw + blood.
    * sangre espesa = thick blood.
    * sangre fría = presence of mind.
    * sangre muy diluida = thin blood.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sangre poco espesa = thin blood.
    * sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.
    * sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.
    * sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.
    * tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.
    * vejiga de sangre = blood blister.
    * vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.

    * * *
    A ( Biol) blood
    donar or dar sangre to give blood
    una transfusión de sangre a blood transfusion
    me corté pero no me salió sangreor no me hice sangre I cut myself but it didn't bleed
    le pegó hasta hacerle sangre he hit her until she bled
    la sangre le salía a borbotones he was pouring with blood, (the) blood was pouring o gushing from him
    te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding
    la sangre de Cristo the blood of Christ
    no hubo derramamiento de sangre there was no bloodshed
    corrió mucha sangre there was a lot of bloodshed
    animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals
    andar con/tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam); to bear a grudge
    a sangre y fuego with great violence
    chuparle la sangre a algn ( fam) (explotarlo) to bleed sb white o dry; (hacerle pasar malos ratos) ( Méx) to cause sb a lot of heartache
    irse en sangre ( fam); to lose a lot of blood
    lavar algo con sangre to avenge sth with blood
    me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil
    me/le bullía la sangre en las venas I/he was bursting with youthful vigor
    no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that
    tener sangre en las venas to have get-up-and-go; to have initiative
    no tener sangre en las venas to be unemotional
    pedir sangre to call o ( liter) bay for blood
    sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears
    le costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas, pero al final lo consiguió he sweated blood but he succeeded in the end o he succeeded in the end but only after much blood, sweat and tears
    se me/le fue la sangre a los pies ( Méx); my/his blood ran cold
    se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold
    se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it gets my/his blood up o it makes me/him see red
    sudar sangre to sweat blood
    tener la sangre ligera or ( Méx) ser de sangre ligera or ( Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing
    tener la sangre pesada or ( Méx) ser de sangre pesada or ( Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work ( colloq)
    tener (la) sangre de horchata or ( Méx) atole to be cool o coolheaded
    malo1 (↑ malo (1)), puro1 (↑ puro (1))
    Compuestos:
    calmness, sangfroid
    con una sangre fría asombrosa with amazing sangfroid
    a sangre fría: lo mataron a sangre fría they killed him in cold blood
    ha sido una venganza a sangre fría it was cold-blooded revenge
    new blood
    B (linaje) blood
    era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth
    tiene sangre de reyes she has royal blood
    es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race
    no desprecies a los de tu misma sangre don't despise your own kind o your own
    no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family
    la sangre tira blood is thicker than water
    tiene or lleva sangre torera en las venas bullfighting is in his blood
    llevar or ( Méx) traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood
    lo lleva en la sangre it's in his blood
    Compuesto:
    blue blood
    gente de sangre azul the aristocracy
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sangrar: ( conjugate sangrar)

    sangré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    sangre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sangrar    
    sangre
    sangrar ( conjugate sangrar) verbo intransitivo [persona/herida/nariz] to bleed
    sangre sustantivo femenino
    1 (Biol) blood;

    no me salió sangre it didn't bleed;
    te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding;
    los ojos inyectados en sangre bloodshot eyes;
    animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals;
    sangre fría calmness and courage;
    a sangre fría ‹ matar› in cold blood;
    See Also→ malo 2
    2 ( linaje) blood;
    ◊ era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth;

    es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race;
    no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family;
    sangre azul blue blood
    sangrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 Med (sacar sangre) to bleed
    2 (un párrafo) to indent
    3 fam (aprovecharse, abusar) to bleed dry
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (salir sangre) to bleed
    2 (daño, perjuicio moral) todavía me sangra la humillación que sufrí hace un año, the humiliation still rankles me after a year
    sangre sustantivo femenino
    1 blood
    derramamiento de sangre, bloodshed
    2 (familia) blood: son de la misma sangre, they are related o from the same family
    ♦ Locuciones: chupar la sangre a alguien, figurado to bleed sb dry o white
    hervirle la sangre a alguien en las venas, to make sb's blood boil
    no llegar la sangre al río, not to go beyond that: han reñido, pero no llegó la sangre al río, they've fallen out, but it didn't go beyond that
    no tener sangre en las venas o tener la sangre de horchata, to be very unemotional
    tener mala sangre, to be malicious
    sangre azul, blue blood
    sangre fría, sangfroid, calmness
    a sangre fría, in cold blood
    a sangre y fuego, at all costs, mercilessly
    ' sangre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azul
    - banco
    - baño
    - bombear
    - borbotón
    - circular
    - coagularse
    - delito
    - derramamiento
    - donar
    - donante
    - espanto
    - grupo
    - imponer
    - invencible
    - limpiar
    - llegar
    - negativa
    - negativo
    - salir
    - sangrar
    - análisis
    - aprensión
    - azúcar
    - bañado
    - chorrear
    - chupar
    - correr
    - dar
    - depurar
    - derramar
    - escupir
    - hilo
    - inyectado
    - malo
    - manchado
    - mestizo
    - muestra
    - orinar
    - sacar
    - suero
    - transfusión
    - verter
    - vomitar
    English:
    blanch
    - bleed
    - bleeding
    - blood
    - blood bank
    - blood test
    - bloodbath
    - bloodshed
    - bloodshot
    - bloody
    - blue blood
    - circulate
    - circulation
    - clot
    - cold
    - cold-blooded
    - congeal
    - coolness
    - curdle
    - faint
    - flesh
    - give
    - gore
    - orgy
    - part
    - pedigree
    - pour
    - presence
    - pureblood
    - purebred
    - run
    - rush
    - sample
    - sangfroid
    - shed
    - sight
    - stem
    - streak
    - stream
    - suck
    - test
    - thoroughbred
    - trace
    - transfusion
    - warm-blooded
    - bank
    - bloodless
    - blue
    - cool
    - draw
    * * *
    sangre nf
    1. [fluido] blood;
    una camisa manchada de sangre a bloodstained shirt;
    te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding;
    la sangre de Cristo [en Misa] the blood of Christ;
    animales de sangre caliente/fría warm-blooded/cold-blooded animals;
    ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict;
    dar o [m5] donar sangre to give blood;
    echar sangre [sangrar] to bleed;
    echaba sangre o [m5]le salía sangre por la boca/la nariz her mouth/nose was bleeding;
    hacer sangre (a alguien) to draw (sb's) blood;
    me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger;
    a sangre y fuego: arrasaron el pueblo a sangre y fuego they brutally razed the village to the ground;
    Fam
    chupar la sangre a alguien to bleed sb dry;
    sangre, sudor y lágrimas: me costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas terminarlo I sweated blood to get it finished;
    dar la sangre por algo/alguien [morir] to give one's life for sth/sb;
    encender la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;
    hacerse mala sangre (por algo) to get worked up (about sth);
    se me/le/ etc[m5] heló la sangre en las venas my/his/her/ etc blood ran cold;
    hervir la sangre: me hierve la sangre cuando veo estas cosas it makes my blood boil when I see things like that;
    no llegó la sangre al río it didn't get too nasty;
    llevar o Am [m5] tener o Am [m5] traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood;
    RP
    con la sangre en el ojo full of rancour;
    Fam
    quemar la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;
    Fam
    sudar sangre to sweat blood;
    tener la sangre caliente to be hot-blooded;
    tener sangre de horchata [ser tranquilo] to be as cool as a cucumber;
    [ser demasiado frío] to have a heart of stone; Fam
    tener mala sangre to be malicious;
    no tiene sangre en las venas he's got no life in him;
    la sangre tira (mucho) blood is thicker than water
    sangre azul blue blood;
    sangre fría sangfroid;
    a sangre fría in cold blood
    2. [linaje] blood;
    gentes de sangre noble/real people with noble/royal blood;
    ser de la misma sangre [familiares] to be from the same family
    * * *
    f blood;
    echaba sangre por la nariz his nose was bleeding;
    hacerse mala sangre get all worked up;
    la sangre se le subió a la cabeza the blood rushed to his head;
    lo lleva en la sangre it’s in his blood;
    no tener sangre en las venas fig be a cold fish;
    no llegará la sangre al río it won’t come to that, it won’t be that bad;
    sudar sangre sweat blood;
    a sangre y fuego ruthlessly
    * * *
    sangre nf
    1) : blood
    2)
    a sangre fría : in cold blood
    3)
    a sangre y fuego : by violent force
    4)
    pura sangre : thoroughbred
    * * *
    sangre n blood

    Spanish-English dictionary > sangre

  • 23 być

    impf (jestem, jesteś, jest, jesteśmy, jesteście, są, byłem, byłeś, był, byliśmy, byliście, byli, będę, będziesz, będzie, będziemy, będziecie, będą) Ⅰ vi 1. (istnieć, żyć) to be
    - jest wielu znanych aktorów there are many well known actors
    - nie ma nikogo, kto mógłby to zrobić there’s no one who could do it
    - czy jest Bóg, czy go nie ma? does God exist, or not?
    - był sobie kiedyś stary król there was a. lived once an old king
    - nie było cię jeszcze wtedy na świecie this was before you were born
    - kiedy mnie już z wami nie będzie euf. when I am no more a. I am no longer with you euf.
    - myślę, więc jestem I think, therefore I am
    - być albo nie być to be or not to be
    - to dla nas być albo nie być this is our to be or not to be, this is our Waterloo
    - nie ma już dla niej ratunku nothing can save her now
    - jest wiele powodów do zadowolenia there’s good reason to be happy
    - nie ma obaw a. strachu pot. ! no problem! pot., not to worry! pot.
    - nie ma powodu do obaw there is no reason a. need to worry
    - są sprawy, których nigdy nie zrozumiesz there are (certain) things that you’ll never understand
    - nie ma co płakać/gadać it’s no use crying/talking (about it)
    - nie ma co żałować (there’s) no need to be sorry
    - nie ma co a. czego żałować it’s no great loss
    - nie ma czemu się dziwić, że… it’s no surprise a. wonder that…
    - nie ma o co się kłócić there’s nothing to quarrel about
    - nie ma czym się martwić/czego się bać there’s nothing to worry about/to be afraid of
    - nie ma z czego być dumnym (it’s) nothing to be proud of
    - nie ma z czego się cieszyć/śmiać there’s nothing to rejoice/to laugh about
    - „dziękuję za podwiezienie” – „nie ma za co” ‘thanks for the lift’ – ‘don’t mention it’ a. ‘you’re welcome‘
    - „przepraszam, że panu przerwałem” – „nie ma za co” ‘sorry I interrupted you’ – ‘that’s all right’
    - już cię/was nie ma! off with you!
    2. (przebywać, znajdować się) to be
    - być w pracy/szkole to be at work/at school
    - być w teatrze/na koncercie to be at the theatre/at a concert
    - teraz wychodzę, ale będę w domu o piątej I’m going out now, but I’ll be home at five
    - dzisiaj nie ma go w biurze he’s not in the office today
    - w pokoju nikogo nie ma/nie było there is/was no-one in the room
    - jest już piąta, a jego jak nie ma, tak nie ma it’s already five, and he’s still not here a. there’s still no trace of him
    - „czy jest Robert?” – „nie, nie ma go, jest jeszcze w szkole” ‘is Robert in?’ – ‘no, he’s not, he’s still at school’
    - „są jeszcze bilety na ostatni seans?” – „niestety, już nie ma” ‘do you still have tickets for the last showing?’ – ‘sorry, all sold out’
    - czy będziesz jutro w domu? ‘will you be at home a. in home tomorrow?’
    - kiedy (ona) będzie znowu w Warszawie? when will she be in Warsaw again?
    - byłem wczoraj u Roberta/u babci I was at Robert’s/granny’s yesterday, I went to see Robert/granny yesterday
    - był przy narodzinach swojej córki he was present at the birth of his daughter
    - nigdy nie byłem w Rosji I’ve never been to Russia
    - „skąd jesteś?” – „(jestem) z Krakowa/Polski” ‘where are you from?’ – ‘(I’m) from Cracow/Poland’
    - „gdzie jesteś?” – „tutaj!” ‘where are you?’ – ‘(I’m) here!’
    - „jestem!” (przy odczytywaniu listy) ‘here!’, ‘present’
    - będąc w Londynie, odwiedziłem Annę when a. while I was in London I went to see Anna
    - biblioteka jest w budynku głównym the library is in the main building
    - w jednym pudełku jest dziesięć bateryjek there are ten batteries in a packet
    - w domu nie było nic do jedzenia there was nothing to eat at home a. in the house
    - co jest w tym pudle? what’s in this box?
    - gdzie jest moja książka/najbliższa apteka? where’s my book/the nearest chemist’s?
    - co jest dzisiaj na lunch? what’s for lunch today?
    - wczoraj na kolację był dorsz there was cod for dinner yesterday
    - „dużo masz tych ziemniaków?” – „oj, będzie” pot. ‘got a lot of those spuds?’ – ‘loads’ pot.
    - będzie, będzie, więcej się nie zmieści pot. that’s plenty a. that’ll do, there’s no room for any more
    3. (trwać, stawać się) to be
    - jest godzina druga po południu it’s two in the afternoon a. two p.m.
    - nie ma jeszcze szóstej rano it’s not yet six a.m.
    - zanim dotrzemy do domu, będzie ósma wieczorem/północ it’ll be eight p.m./midnight by the time we reach home
    - był maj it was in May
    - to było w grudniu 1999 it was in December 1999
    - to było dawno, dawno temu this was a long, long time ago
    - jest piękny ranek it’s a fine morning
    - jest mroźno/upalnie it’s nippy/hot
    - wczoraj był deszcz/mróz it was raining/freezing yesterday
    - ciekawe, czy jutro będzie pogoda I wonder if it’s going to be fine tomorrow
    - nie pamiętam dokładnie, to było dość dawno temu I can’t really remember, it was some time ago
    - z niego jeszcze coś będzie he’ll turn out all right
    - co z niego będzie? how will he turn out?, what will become of him?
    - będzie z niego dobry pracownik he’ll be a good worker
    - kuchmistrz to z ciebie nie będzie you’ll never make a chef
    - z tych kwiatów nic już nie będzie these flowers/plants have had it pot.
    - z naszych planów/wakacji nic nie będzie nothing will come of our plans/holidays
    - nic z tego nie będzie it’s hopeless
    - nic dobrego z tego nie będzie nothing good will come of it
    - tyle pracy i nic z tego nie ma (he’s done) so much work and nothing to show for it
    4. (odbywać się, zdarzać się) to be
    - koncert/egzamin jest jutro the concert/exam is tomorrow
    - zebranie było w sali konferencyjnej the meeting was (held) in the conference room
    - jutro nie będzie a. nie ma lekcji there are no classes tomorrow
    - był do ciebie telefon there was a phone call for you
    - czy były do mnie jakieś telefony? has anyone called me?
    - był wypadek w kopalni there was an accident in the mine
    - co będzie, jeśli nie zdasz egzaminu? what’s going to happen if you fail the exam?
    - co będzie, jeśli ktoś nas zobaczy? supposing a. what if someone sees us?
    - nie martw się, wszystko będzie dobrze don’t worry, it’ll be a. it’s going to be fine
    - w życiu bywa rozmaicie you never know what life may bring
    - opowiedziałem jej wszystko, tak jak było I told her everything just as it happened
    - co ci/jej jest? what’s the matter with you/her?
    - coś mi/jemu jest something’s the matter with me/him
    - czy jemu coś jest? is anything the matter with him?
    - nic mu nie będzie, to tylko przeziębienie he’ll be fine, it’s only a cold
    5. (uczestniczyć, uczęszczać) to be
    - być na weselu/zebraniu to be at a wedding/meeting
    - wczoraj byliśmy na przyjęciu we were at a reception yesterday
    - być w liceum/na uniwersytecie to be at secondary school/at university
    - być na studiach to be a student a. at college
    - być na prawie/medycynie to study law/medicine
    - był na trzecim roku anglistyki he was in his third year in the English department
    - być na kursie komputerowym to be on a computer course
    - być na wojnie to go to war
    6. (przybyć) to be, to come
    - być pierwszym/drugim to be the first/second to arrive
    - był na mecie trzeci he came third
    - czy był już listonosz? has the postman been a. come yet?
    7. (znajdować się w jakimś stanie) to be
    - być pod urokiem/wrażeniem kogoś/czegoś to be charmed/impressed by sb/sth
    - być pod wpływem kogoś/czegoś to be under the influence of sb/sth
    - prowadzić samochód, będąc pod wpływem alkoholu to drive while under the influence of alcohol
    - być w ciąży to be pregnant
    - być w dobrym/złym humorze to be in a good/bad mood
    - nie być w nastroju do zabawy not to feel like going out a. partying
    - być w doskonałej formie to be in excellent form a. in fine fettle
    - być w strachu to be scared
    - być w rozpaczy to be in despair
    - bądźmy dobrej myśli let’s hope for the best
    - jestem przed obiadem I haven’t had my lunch yet
    - jestem już po śniadaniu I’ve already had breakfast
    - był siedem lat po studiach he had graduated seven years earlier
    - być po kielichu/po paru kieliszkach pot. to have had a drop/a few euf.
    - być na diecie to be on a diet
    - być na kaszce a. kleiku to be on a diet of gruel
    - być na emeryturze/rencie to be on a pension
    - sukienka jest do kolan the dress is knee-length
    - wody było do kostek the water was ankle-deep
    - firanka była do połowy okna the net curtain reached halfway down the window
    - chwila nieuwagi i było po wazonie one unguarded moment and the vase was smashed to pieces
    - jest już po nim/nas! it’s curtains for him/us! pot.
    - jeszcze chwila i byłoby po mnie another instant and it would have been curtains for me a. would have been all up with me pot.
    Ⅱ v aux. 1. (łącznik w orzeczeniu złożonym) to be
    - być nauczycielem/malarzem to be a teacher/painter
    - kiedy dorosnę, będę aktorem when I grow up, I’ll be an actor
    - być Polakiem/Duńczykiem to be Polish/Danish
    - borsuk jest drapieżnikiem the badger is a predator
    - nie bądź dzieckiem! don’t be childish a. such a child!
    - jestem Anna Kowalska I’m Anna Kowalska
    - „cześć, to ty jesteś Robert?” – „nie, jestem Adam” ‘hi, are you Robert? a. you’re Robert, are you?’ – ‘no, I’m Adam’
    - co to jest – ma cztery nogi i robi „miau”? what (is it that) has four legs and says ‘miaow’?
    - była wysoka/niska she was tall/short
    - jest autorką cenioną przez wszystkich she’s an author appreciated by all a. everybody
    - mój dziadek był podobno bardzo przystojnym mężczyzną my grandfather is said to have been a very handsome man
    - wciąż jest taka, jaką była za młodu she’s still her old self
    - kwiaty były żółte i czerwone the flowers were yellow and red
    - pizza była całkiem dobra the pizza was quite good
    - pojemnik był z drewna/plastiku the container was made of wood/plastic
    - z tych listewek byłby ładny latawiec these slats could make a fine kite
    - wszystko to były jedynie domysły it was all only conjecture
    - czyj jest ten samochód? whose car is this?, who does this car belong to?
    - ta książka jest jej/Adama this book is hers/Adam’s, this is her/Adam’s book
    - żona była dla niego wszystkim his wife was everything to him
    - nie naśladuj innych, bądź sobą don’t imitate others, be yourself
    - ta zupa jest zimna this soup is cold
    - Maria jest niewidoma Maria is blind
    - jesteś głodny? are you hungry?
    - Robert jest żonaty/rozwiedziony Robert is married/divorced
    - są małżeństwem od dziesięciu lat they’ve been married for ten years
    - bądź dla niej miły be nice to her
    - bądź tak dobry a. uprzejmy would you mind
    - bądź tak miły i otwórz okno would you mind opening the window?
    - czy byłaby pani uprzejma podać mi sól would you be kind enough a. would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
    - nie bądź głupi! don’t be a fool!
    - cicho bądź! be quiet!
    - być w kapeluszu/kaloszach/spodniach to be wearing a hat/rubber boots/trousers
    - była w zielonym żakiecie/czarnym berecie she was wearing a green jacket/black beret, she had a green jacket/black beret on
    - być za kimś/czymś (opowiadać się) to support sb/sth, to be for sb/sth
    - byłem za tym, żeby nikomu nic nie mówić I was for not telling anyone anything
    - dwa razy dwa jest cztery two times two is four
    2. (w stronie biernej) artykuł jest dobrze napisany the article is well written
    - ściany pokoju były pomalowane na różowo the walls of the room were painted pink
    - dzieci, które są maltretowane przez rodziców children who are abused by their parents
    - tak jest napisane w gazecie that’s what it says in the paper
    - samochód będzie naprawiony jutro the car will be repaired by tomorrow
    - to musi być zrobione do czwartku this must be done by Thursday
    - sukienka była uszyta z czarnej wełenki the dress was made of black wool
    3. (w czasie przyszłym złożonym) shall, will
    - będzie pamiętał a. pamiętać tę scenę przez cały życie he will remember this scene all his life
    - będziemy długo go wspominali a. wspominać we shall a. will long remember him
    4. przest. (w czasie zaprzeszłym) w Krakowie mieszkał był przed trzema laty he would have been living a. was living in Cracow three years ago 5. (w trybie warunkowym) byłbym napisał a. napisałbym był do ciebie, gdybym znał twój adres I would have written to you, had I known your address a. if I had known your address
    - co by się było stało, gdyby nie jego pomoc what would have happened if it hadn’t been for his help
    - byłaby spadła ze schodów (omal nie) she almost fell down the stairs
    - byłbym zapomniał! zabierz ze sobą śpiwór I almost a. nearly forgot! take a sleeping bag with you
    6. (w zwrotach nieosobowych) było już późno it was already late
    - jest dopiero wpół do ósmej it’s only half past seven
    - nie było co jeść there was nothing to eat
    - za ciepło będzie ci w tym swetrze you’ll be too hot in this jumper
    - byłoby przyjemnie zjeść razem obiad it would be nice to have lunch together
    - wychodzić po zmierzchu było niebezpiecznie it was dangerous going out after dark
    - nie kupić tego mieszkania będzie niewybaczalnym błędem not to buy that a. the flat would be an inexcusable mistake
    - z chorym było źle/coraz gorzej the patient was bad/getting worse
    - z dziadkiem jest nienajlepiej grandfather is poorly
    - wszystko będzie na niego he’ll get all the blame
    - żeby nie było na mnie I don’t want to get the blame
    - na imię było jej Maria her name was Maria
    - było dobrze po północy it was well after midnight
    - będzie z godzinę/trzy lata temu an hour or so/some three years ago
    - będzie kwadrans jak wyszedł he must have left fifteen minutes or so ago, it’s been fifteen minutes or so since he left
    - do najbliższego sklepu będzie ze trzy kilometry it’s a good three kilometres to the nearest shop
    - nie ma tu gdzie usiąść there’s nowhere here to sit
    - w tym mieście na ma dokąd pójść wieczorem there’s nowhere to go at night in this town
    - nie ma komu posprzątać/zrobić zakupy there’s no-one to clean/to do shopping
    - nie ma z kim się bawić there’s no-one to play with
    7. (z czasownikami niewłaściwymi) to be
    - trzeba było coś z tym zrobić something had to be done about it
    - trzeba było od razu tak mówić why didn’t you say so in the first place?
    - czytać można było tylko przy świecach one could read only by candlelight
    - jest gorzej niż można było przypuszczać it’s worse than might have been expected
    ■ bądź zdrów! (pożegnanie) goodbye!, take care!
    - być bez forsy/przy forsie pot. to be penniless/flush pot.
    - być do niczego (bezużyteczny) [osoba, przedmiot] to be useless a. no good; (chory, słaby) [osoba] to be poorly a. out of sorts
    - być może perhaps, maybe
    - być może nam się uda perhaps we’ll succeed
    - być może a. może być, że… it may happen that…
    - być niczym [osoba] to be a nobody
    - znałem ją, kiedy jeszcze była nikim I knew her when she was still a nobody
    - być przy nadziei a. być w poważnym a. odmiennym a. błogosławionym stanie książk. to be in an interesting condition a. in the family way przest.; to have a bun in the oven euf., pot.
    - było nie było (tak czy owak) when all’s said and done, after all; (niech się dzieje co chce) come what may, be that as it may
    - było nie było, to już ćwierć wieku od naszego ślubu when all’s said and done a. after all, it’s twenty-five years since we got married
    - było nie było, idę pogadać z szefem o podwyżce come what may, I’m going to the boss to talk about a rise
    - było siedzieć w domu/nie pożyczać mu pieniędzy pot. serves you right, you should have stayed at home/shouldn’t have lent him money
    - było nic mu nie mówić you should have told him nothing
    - co będzie, to będzie whatever will be, will be
    - co było, to było let bygones be bygones
    - co jest? pot. what’s up? pot.
    - co jest, do jasnej cholery? dlaczego nikt nie otwiera? what the hell’s going on? – why doesn’t anyone open the door? pot.
    - co jest? przyjacielowi paru groszy żałujesz? what’s wrong? – can’t spare a friend a few pence? pot.
    - coś w tym jest a. coś w tym musi być there must be something in it
    - coś w tym musi być, że wszyscy dyrektorzy będą na tym zebraniu there must be something in it, if all the directors are going to the meeting
    - jakoś to będzie things’ll a. it’ll work out somehow pot.
    - nie ma co a. rady oh well
    - nie ma co, trzeba brać się do roboty oh well, time to do some work
    - nie ma co! well, well!
    - mieszkanie, nie ma co, widne i ustawne well, well, not a bad flat, airy and well laid out
    - ładnie się spisałeś, nie ma co! iron. well, well, you’ve done it now, haven’t you!
    - nie ma (to) jak kuchnia domowa/kieliszek zimnej wódki nothing beats a. you can’t beat home cooking/a glass of cold vodka
    - nie ma (to) jak muzyka klasyczna give me classical music every time
    - nie ma to jak wakacje! there’s nothing like a holiday!
    - nie może być! (niedowierzanie) I don’t believe it!, you don’t say!
    - niech będzie! oh well!
    - niech ci/wam będzie! have it your own way!
    - niech mu/jej będzie! let him/her have his/her own way!
    - niech tak będzie! (zgoda) so be it!
    - tak jest! (owszem) (that’s) right!
    - „to jest pańskie ostatnie słowo” – „tak jest, ostatnie” ‘is that your final word?’ – ‘yes, it is’, ‘that’s right’
    - tak jest, panie pułkowniku/generale! Wojsk. yes, sir!
    - to jest książk. that is, that is to say
    - główne gałęzie przemysłu, to jest górnictwo i hutnictwo the main branches of industry, that is (to say) mining and metallurgy
    * * *
    (jestem, jesteś); pl jesteśmy; pl jesteście; pl są; imp bądź; pt był, była, byli; sg fut będę; sg fut; będziesz; vi

    jestem! — present!, here!

    jest ciepło/zimno — it's warm/cold

    jest mi zimno/przykro — I'm cold/sorry

    będę pamiętać lub pamiętał — I will remember

    co będzie, jeśli nie przyjdą? — what will happen if they don't come?

    nie może być! — this lub it can't be!

    tak jest! — yes, sir!

    jestem za +instr /przeciw być — +dat I am for/against

    * * *
    I.
    być1
    ipf.
    1. (= znajdować się w jakimś stanie l. miejscu) be; (= istnieć) exist, be there; być na diecie be on a diet; być na emeryturze be retired; jestem po robocie I'm finished l. done with work (for today); pewnego razu był sobie król... once upon a time there lived a king...; w ogrodzie były róże there were roses in the garden; w Galaktyce są miliardy gwiazd there are billions of stars in the Galaxy; ile ich jest? how many of them are there?; być w kinie be at the theater; być na wycieczce be on a trip; być w Warszawie be in Warsaw; być u babci na wsi be at grandma's house in the country; być z kimś sam na sam be one on one with sb; od świtu jestem na nogach I have been on my feet all day; Ewa jest na ostatnich nogach Eva is ready to drop l. dead on her feet; jesteś na drodze do zawału you are on the road to a heart attack; wszystko jest na swoim miejscu everything is in its place; to było nie na miejscu that was out of line; być na ustach całego miasteczka be on the lips of everyone in town; być jedną nogą na tamtym świecie have one foot in the grave; co dzisiaj będzie na obiad? what's for supper today?; wszystko jest pod ręką we have everything right at hand; być u steru przen. be at the wheel; no to jestem w domu (= zrozumiałem) that hits home; być w latach l. w leciech be up in one's years; być w sile wieku be in one's prime; być w opałach be in a bind; teraz wszystko jest w twoich rękach now everything is in your hands l. up to you; być w siódmym niebie be in seventh heaven; być w swoim żywiole be in one's element; być na zebraniu be at a meeting; być na wojnie be (fighting) in a war; być na studiach be at college; być na anglistyce be in the English Department; nigdy nie byłem w Chicago I've never been to Chicago; Adam jest pod pantoflem swojej żony Adam is henpecked; być nie w sosie be in a bad mood; jest gaz i woda we have gas and water; jestem takiego samego zdania I'm of the same opinion; jestem dobrej myśli I'm hoping for the best; jest mi u ciebie tak dobrze I feel so good at your place; jest mi głupio I feel stupid; to jest do niczego it's no good; być górą be on top; to nie jest czas po temu this is not the time for that; to nie jest mi na rękę this is inconvenient (for me); to nie jest po mojej myśli that's not what I intended l. what I had in mind; jestem pod wrażeniem I'm impressed; jestem bez pieniędzy I'm broke; jestem w ciąży I'm pregnant; Ewa jest przy nadziei przest. Eva is in the family way; jestem na służbie I'm on duty; byliśmy na spacerze we were taking a walk; dobrze wiesz, że jesteś na mojej łasce you know fully well that you're at my mercy; czy jesteś w stanie mnie zrozumieć? are you able to understand me?; jestem w dobrym humorze I'm in a good mood; byliśmy w kłopocie, co zrobić z... we couldn't figure out what to do with...; Ewa przez moment była w rozterce for a moment Ewa was in a dilemma; Ewa jest z Adamem w przyjaźni Ewa is friends with Adam; po czyjej jesteś stronie? whose side are you on?; Adam jest w porządku Adam is OK l. alright; to nie jest w moim guście that's not my style; jestem na bakier z gramatyką I haven't a clue about grammar; z teściową jestem na złej stopie I'm on bad terms with my mother-in-law; z prezesem jestem na ty I'm on a first name basis with the president; jestem za reformą I'm for the reform; oni są z sobą za pan brat they are on familiar terms; jestem z Ewą po słowie przest. I'm engaged to Eve.
    2. ( część orzeczenia imiennego) jestem studentem I am a student; byłam piosenkarką I was a singer; będę generałem I will be a general; ta dziewczyna jest ładna that girl is pretty; samochód jest ojca that's father's car; ten długopis nie jest mój this pen isn't mine; bądź zdrów! get well!; jesteś dla mnie niczym! you mean nothing to me; on nie był sobą he wasn't himself; dwa razy dwa jest cztery two plus two is l. equals four.
    3. ( w zdaniach bezosobowych) (= zdarzać się) jest piękny dzień it's a beautiful day; był kwiecień it was April; było to dość dawno it was l. happened quite a long time ago; był do ciebie telefon you had a call; było już późno it was getting late; nie ma co jeść there's nothing to eat; będzie z godzinę temu, jak... it's been an hour since...; a co będzie ze mną? what will happen to me?; ciekaw jestem, co z niego będzie I'm curious (about) what will become of him; jeżeli tak jest if it is so; być może maybe, perhaps; co będzie, to będzie come what may; co było, to było let bygones be bygones; jakoś to (w końcu) będzie thing's will turn out fine (in the end); co ci jest? what's wrong l. the matter with you?; z tej mąki nie będzie chleba it's hopeless; nie może być that's impossible; jest już po nim it's too late for him; he's done for; he's a goner l. a has-been; co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr what's done is done; tak jest! exactly!, precisely!, that's right; wojsk. yes, sir!; to jest (= czyli) that is; było nie było whatever happens; no matter what (happens).
    II.
    być2
    ipf.
    1. tylko będę będziesz itd. ( w formach czasu przyszłego) will (be); będę pamiętał o tym I'll remember that; dzieci będą w ogrodzie the kids will be in the garden; będziemy śpiewać kolędy we're going to sing carols.
    2. ( w formach strony biernej) dom był sprzedany za... the house was sold for...; jesteś obserwowany you are being watched; droga jest już naprawiona the road has been repaired.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > być

  • 24 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 25 роды

    3) French: accouchement
    4) Obsolete: cannie moment
    5) Engineering: DEL
    6) Veterinary medicine: parturation (у животных)
    7) SAP. dely
    8) Makarov: dropping
    9) Archaic: canny moment

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > роды

  • 26 П-276

    ПОКА ЧТО coll AdvP Invar adv fixed WO
    1. at the present time, regardless of what may happen later
    for the time being
    for the present for the moment for now right now ( s.o. sth. still...). «Видите, какой я радостный? Это потому, что у меня все впереди. А пока что мне вполне достаточно одного острова из группы Курильских островов, вас, милые жители этого острова, избушки на курьих ножках да милой жены!» (Залыгин 1). "See how happy-go-lucky I am? That's because I've got everything before me. But for the moment I'm perfectly content with what I've got now
    one island in the Kurile Chain
    you, my dear islanders
    a hut on wobbly stilts, and a pretty wife" (1a).
    Дом, который я строю, почти готов к сдаче. Вот он стоит за забором пока что пустой, с потемневшими от дождя стенами из силикатного кирпича (Войнович 5). The building I'm constructing will soon be ready to hand over. Right now it still stands empty behind the fence, its silicate brick walls darkened by the rain (5a).
    2. concurrently with (the action, activity etc mentioned in the preceding context)
    in the meantime
    meanwhile during all this.
    ...Полгода понадобилось «Крохоткам», чтобы достичь Европы, - для того же, чтоб о случившемся доложили вверх по медлительным нашим инстанциям... - ещё8 месяцев... А пока что произошла «малая октябрьская» - сбросили Никиту (Хрущева) (Солженицын 2)....If it had taken the "Miniatures" six months to reach Europe, it took another eight months for a report on this event to make its way upward through the various levels of our dilatory bureaucracy. In the meantime, the "Little October Revolution" had taken place. Khrushchev had been thrown overboard (2a).
    ...Митишатьев произвел столько шуму, словно ввалилась с морозу большая компания... Готтих пока что тихо снял пальто, повесил его куда положено — на вешалку... (Битов 2)....Mitishatyev made as much noise as if a large group had come bursting in from the cold...Gottich, during all this, had quietly taken off his coat and hung it where it belonged-on the coatrack... (2a).
    3. up to and including the present
    so (thus) far
    as yet as of now up till now (with a negated predic only) yet.
    Опыты эти пока что реальных результатов не давали, хотя некоторые характерные признаки пукса (гибрида картофеля с помидором) стали уже проявляться: листья и стебли на нём были вроде картофельные, зато корни точь-в-точь помидорные (Войнович 2). So far these experiments had not produced any actual results, although certain characteristics of the PATS (a hybrid of the potato and the tomato) had started to appear: the leaves and stems were potato-like, while the roots were letter-perfect tomato (2a).
    Он наобещал нам много, но пока что ничего не сделал. Не has promised us a lot, but so far hasn't done anything
    А что, жена уже родила?» - спросил он. «Нет, она пока что не родила» (Войнович 3). "What, did your wife give birth already?" he asked. "No, she hasn't yet" (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-276

  • 27 пока что

    • ПОКА ЧТО coll
    [AdvP; Invar; adv; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. at the present time, regardless of what may happen later:
    - right now (s.o. (sth.) still...).
         ♦ "Видите, какой я радостный? Это потому, что у меня все впереди. А пока что мне вполне достаточно одного острова из группы Курильских островов, вас, милые жители этого острова, избушки на курьих ножках да милой жены!" (Залыгин 1). "See how happy-go-lucky I am? That's because I've got everything before me. But for the moment I'm perfectly content with what I've got now: one island in the Kurile Chain; you, my dear islanders; a hut on wobbly stilts, and a pretty wife" (1a).
         ♦ Дом, который я строю, почти готов к сдаче. Вот он стоит за забором пока что пустой, с потемневшими от дождя стенами из силикатного кирпича (Войнович 5). The building I'm constructing will soon be ready to hand over. Right now it still stands empty behind the fence, its silicate brick walls darkened by the rain (5a).
    2. concurrently with (the action, activity etc mentioned in the preceding context):
    - during all this.
         ♦...Полгода понадобилось "Крохоткам", чтобы достичь Европы, - для того же, чтоб о случившемся доложили вверх по медлительным нашим инстанциям... - ещё 8 месяцев... А пока что произошла "малая октябрьская" - соросили Никиту [Хрущева] (Солженицын 2)....If it had taken the "Miniatures" six months to reach Europe, it took another eight months for a report on this event to make its way upward through the various levels of our dilatory bureaucracy. In the meantime, the "Little October Revolution" had taken place. Khrushchev had been thrown overboard (2a).
         ♦...Митишатьев произвел столько шуму, словно ввалилась с морозу большая компания... Готтих пока что тихо снял пальто, повесил его куда положено - на вешалку... (Битов 2)....Mit ishatyev made as much noise as if a large group had come bursting in from the cold...Gottich, during all this, had quietly taken off his coat and hung it where it belonged-on the coatrack... (2a).
    3. up to and including the present:
    - [with a negated predic only] yet.
         ♦ Опыты эти пока что реальных результатов не давали, хотя некоторые характерные признаки пукса [гибрида картофеля с помидором] стали уже проявляться: листья и стебли на нём были вроде картофельные, зато корни точь-в-точь помидорные (Войнович 2). So far these experiments had not produced any actual results, although certain characteristics of the PATS [a hybrid of the potato and the tomato] had started to appear: the leaves and stems were potato-like, while the roots were letter-perfect tomato (2a).
         ♦ Он наобещал нам много, но пока что ничего не сделал. He has promised us a lot, but so far hasn't done anything
         ♦ "А что, жена уже родила?" - спросил он. "Нет, она пока что не родила" (Войнович 3). "What, did your wife give birth already?" he asked. "No, she hasn't yet" (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пока что

  • 28 escaso

    adj.
    scarce, bare, scrimpy, poor.
    * * *
    1 (insuficiente) scarce, scant, very little, small
    2 (recursos) slender; (dinero) tight; (público) small; (lluvias, salario) low; (tiempo) very little
    4 (que le falta poco) hardly, scarcely, barely
    5 (mezquino) miserly, mean
    \
    andar escaso,-a de algo to be short of something
    * * *
    (f. - escasa)
    adj.
    scarce, scant
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=limitado)
    2)
    3) (=muy justo)

    duró una hora escasa — it lasted barely o scarcely an hour

    4) †† (=tacaño) mean, stingy
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < recursos económicos> limited, scant; < posibilidades> slim, slender; < visibilidad> poor; <conocimientos/experiencia> limited
    b) (en expresiones de medida, peso)

    pesa un kilo escaso — it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo

    a escasos tres días/dos meses — (AmL) barely three days/two months away

    c) [estar] ( falto)

    escaso de algo — de dinero/tiempo short of something

    * * *
    = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], meagre [meager, -USA], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], scant, scarce [scarcer -comp., scarcest -sup.], slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], slim [slimmer -comp., slimmest -sup.], scanty [scantier -comp., scantiest -sup.], sparse, little in the way of, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], skimpy [skimpier -comp., skimpiest -sup.].
    Ex. Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.
    Ex. Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex. Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex. Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).
    Ex. Scant attention is paid to evaluation and the needs of users.
    Ex. If staff time and expertise for initial evolution of the thesaurus are scarce, the system can usually function with a less thoroughly refined thesaurus.
    Ex. The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex. Abstracting journals vary enormously in scope ranging from vast publications covering an entire discipline, to slim volumes centred on a relatively narrow topic.
    Ex. However, in producing a bulletin one is often torn between including the scanty, undigested and possibly inaccurate details of a new proposal and holding fire until fuller information is available, and thereby missing a publication deadline.
    Ex. The popular libraries in Lima are sparse and lack the technology and the cultural and information instruments popular in Italy.
    Ex. Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex. Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex. Often times new graduate job-seekers produce skimpy resumes because they fail to include all of their relevant experience.
    ----
    * andar escaso de = be short of.
    * andar escaso de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).
    * escasa comunicación = poor communication.
    * escasa probabilidad = slim chance.
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money, strapped.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * escaso de tiempo = time-strapped, short of time.
    * evidencia + ser + escasa = evidence + be + slight.
    * hacerse escaso = become + scarce.
    * ser escaso = be few and far between.
    * ser muy escaso = be at a premium.
    * ya de por sí escaso = already-scarce.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < recursos económicos> limited, scant; < posibilidades> slim, slender; < visibilidad> poor; <conocimientos/experiencia> limited
    b) (en expresiones de medida, peso)

    pesa un kilo escaso — it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo

    a escasos tres días/dos meses — (AmL) barely three days/two months away

    c) [estar] ( falto)

    escaso de algo — de dinero/tiempo short of something

    * * *
    = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], meagre [meager, -USA], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], scant, scarce [scarcer -comp., scarcest -sup.], slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], slim [slimmer -comp., slimmest -sup.], scanty [scantier -comp., scantiest -sup.], sparse, little in the way of, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], skimpy [skimpier -comp., skimpiest -sup.].

    Ex: Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.

    Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex: Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex: Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).
    Ex: Scant attention is paid to evaluation and the needs of users.
    Ex: If staff time and expertise for initial evolution of the thesaurus are scarce, the system can usually function with a less thoroughly refined thesaurus.
    Ex: The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex: Abstracting journals vary enormously in scope ranging from vast publications covering an entire discipline, to slim volumes centred on a relatively narrow topic.
    Ex: However, in producing a bulletin one is often torn between including the scanty, undigested and possibly inaccurate details of a new proposal and holding fire until fuller information is available, and thereby missing a publication deadline.
    Ex: The popular libraries in Lima are sparse and lack the technology and the cultural and information instruments popular in Italy.
    Ex: Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex: Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex: Often times new graduate job-seekers produce skimpy resumes because they fail to include all of their relevant experience.
    * andar escaso de = be short of.
    * andar escaso de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).
    * escasa comunicación = poor communication.
    * escasa probabilidad = slim chance.
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money, strapped.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * escaso de tiempo = time-strapped, short of time.
    * evidencia + ser + escasa = evidence + be + slight.
    * hacerse escaso = become + scarce.
    * ser escaso = be few and far between.
    * ser muy escaso = be at a premium.
    * ya de por sí escaso = already-scarce.

    * * *
    escaso -sa
    1
    (poco, limitado): un país de escasos recursos económicos a country with limited o scant o slender economic resources
    ante un público escaso in front of a small audience
    escasas posibilidades de éxito slim o slender chances of success, little chance of success
    la visibilidad en la zona del aeropuerto es escasa there is poor o limited visibility around the airport
    la comida resultó escasa there wasn't enough food
    obras de escasa calidad works of mediocre quality
    una persona de escasa inteligencia a person of limited intelligence
    mis conocimientos sobre este tema son escasos my knowledge of this subject is limited
    2
    (en expresiones de medida, peso): falta un mes escaso para que llegue there's barely o scarcely a month to go before it arrives
    está a una distancia de cinco kilómetros escasos it's barely o scarcely five kilometers away
    pesa un kilo escaso it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo
    a escasos tres días/dos meses ( AmL); barely three days/two months away
    se despertó luego de escasas tres horas de sueño ( AmL); she awoke having slept for barely three hours
    3 (falto) escaso DE algo short OF sth
    de momento ando escaso de dinero I'm a little o a bit short of money at the moment, money's a bit scarce o tight at the moment
    andamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    * * *

     

    escaso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo


    ‹ posibilidades› slim, slender;
    ‹ visibilidad› poor;
    ‹conocimientos/experiencia› limited
    b) [estar] ( falto) escaso de algo ‹de dinero/tiempo› short of sth

    escaso,-a adj (alimentos, recursos) scarce, scant
    (dinero, tiempo) short
    (luz) poor
    ♦ Locuciones: andar escaso de, to be short of
    ' escaso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    baja
    - bajo
    - contada
    - contado
    - corta
    - corto
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - escasa
    - mezquina
    - mezquino
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - pelada
    - pelado
    - apurado
    - dinero
    - pobre
    English:
    low
    - marginal seat
    - pressed
    - run
    - scant
    - scanty
    - scarce
    - short
    - slender
    - slim
    - small
    - sparse
    - meager
    - narrow
    - poor
    - skimpy
    - slight
    - under
    * * *
    escaso, -a adj
    1. [insuficiente] [conocimientos, recursos, medios] limited, scant;
    [víveres, trabajo] scarce; [cantidad, número, temperaturas] low; [visibilidad, luz] poor, low;
    escaso público se dio cita para ver el partido a poor crowd turned out to see the match;
    sus posibilidades son más bien escasas her chances are rather slim;
    vino tanta gente que la comida se quedó escasa so many people came that there wasn't enough food;
    joyas de escaso valor jewellery of scant o little value;
    la obra tuvo escaso éxito the play had little success;
    debido al escaso tiempo con el que contaban due to the little time they had, since time was short
    2. [falto]
    andar o [m5] estar escaso de to be short of;
    ando escaso de dinero I don't have much money;
    el hotel está escaso de personal the hotel is short-staffed;
    la comida está un poco escasa de sal the food is in need of a bit more salt
    3. [casi completo]
    un metro escaso barely a metre;
    dura dos horas escasas it lasts barely two hours;
    a un mes escaso de las elecciones with barely a month to go to the elections;
    pesó dos kilos escasos al nacer she weighed barely two kilos at birth
    * * *
    adj
    1 recursos limited;
    escasas posibilidades de not much chance of, little chance of
    2
    :
    andar escaso de algo falto be short of sth
    3 ( justo)
    :
    falta un mes escaso it’s barely a month away;
    un kilo escaso a scant kilo, barely a kilo
    * * *
    escaso, -sa adj
    1) : scarce, scant
    2)
    escaso de : short of
    * * *
    escaso adj
    4. (apenas) just under / barely
    andar/estar escaso de tiempo/dinero to be short of time/money

    Spanish-English dictionary > escaso

  • 29 tierra

    f.
    1 land (terrenos, continentes).
    en tierras mexicanas/del rey on Mexican soil/the King's land
    por estas tierras round these parts, down this way
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land
    tierra prometida Promised Land
    tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego
    tierra Santa the Holy Land
    tierra virgen virgin land
    2 land.
    cultivar la tierra to farm the land
    3 earth.
    se me ha metido tierra en los zapatos I've got some earth in my shoes
    un camino de tierra a dirt track
    4 ground (suelo).
    bajo tierra underground
    caer a tierra to fall to the ground
    tomar tierra to land
    5 homeland, native land (lugar de origen) (país).
    vino/queso de la tierra local wine/cheese
    tierra natal homeland, native land
    7 soil, dirt.
    8 country, homeland.
    9 plot of land, territory, estate, soil.
    * * *
    1 (planeta) earth
    3 (terreno cultivado) soil, land
    4 (país) country, land
    5 (suelo) ground
    6 ELECTRICIDAD earth, US ground
    1 land sing
    \
    dar en tierra con algo to drop something on the ground, throw something on the ground
    echar a tierra to demolish
    echar por tierra figurado to crush, destroy
    poner tierra por medio figurado to make oneself scarce
    por estas tierras in these parts
    por tierra overland, by land
    ¡tierra a la vista! land ahoy!
    ¡tierra trágame! figurado I wish I was somewhere else, I could curl up and die
    tirar por tierra figurado to crush, destroy
    tocar tierra MARÍTIMO to reach harbour (US harbor) 2 AVIACIÓN to touch down
    vivir de la tierra to make a living from the land
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land
    Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego
    tierra firme terra firma, dry land
    tierra natal homeland
    Tierra Santa the Holy Land
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) land
    3) soil
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1)

    • la Tierra — the earth, the Earth

    2) (=superficie)
    a) [fuera del agua] land

    ¡tierra a la vista! — land ahoy!

    la industria pesquera genera unos 400.000 empleos en tierra — the fishing industry provides 400,000 jobs on land

    • tierra adentro — inland

    • por tierra — overland, by land

    atravesar un país por tierra — to go overland o by land across a country

    • tomar tierra — to reach port, get in

    b) (=no aire) [desde el aire] ground; [desde el espacio] earth

    • tocar tierra — to touch down

    • tomar tierra — to land

    tierra firme — (=no aire) solid ground; (=no agua) land

    3) (=suelo) ground

    • caer a tierra — to fall down

    • caer por tierra — [persona] to fall to the ground; [argumento, teoría] to fall apart

    • dar con algo en tierra — to knock sth over

    • echar a tierra — [+ construcción, rival] to knock down

    • echarse a tierra — to throw o.s. on o to the ground

    - venirse a o por tierra
    4) (=material) [gen] earth; (=polvo) dust; (=barro) mud; [para jardinería, cultivo] soil

    con los zapatos llenos de tierra — (=polvo) with his shoes covered in dust; (=barro) with his shoes covered in mud

    • sacudir la tierra — Cono Sur, Méx to dust

    tierra caliente — LAm land below 1000m approximately

    tierra fría — LAm land above 2000m approximately

    tierra quemada — (Pol) scorched earth

    tierra templada — LAm land between 1000m and 2000m approximately

    pista 3), política 2)
    5) (Agr) land

    tierra de secano — dry land, unirrigated land

    6) (=división territorial)
    a) (=lugar de origen)

    • de la tierra — [vino, queso] local, locally produced; [fruta, verduras] locally grown

    b) [en plural]

    sus viajes por tierras de Castilla, su largo exilio en tierras australianas — her lengthy exile in Australia

    no es de estas tierras — he's not from these parts, he's not from this part of the world

    - ver tierras
    7) (Elec) earth, ground (EEUU)

    conectar un aparato a tierra — to earth o (EEUU) ground an appliance

    toma 1., 1)
    * * *
    1) (campo, terreno) land

    tierras fértiles/áridas — fertile/arid land

    tierra labrantía or de cultivo — arable o cultivated land

    2) (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth

    echar algo por tierra — <edificio/monumento> to pull o knock down; < planes> to wreck, ruin; < argumentos> to demolish, destroy; < esperanzas> to dash

    echarle tierra a algo/alguien — (Col fam) to put something/somebody to shame, make something/somebody look bad

    echar tierra a or sobre algo — ( ocultarlo) to cover o hush something up; ( olvidarlo) to forget about something

    tragarse la tierra a alguien: como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth; deseé que me tragara la tierra — I just wanted the earth to open and swallow me up

    3) (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4) (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE)

    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra — to be grounded o earthed

    5) (por oposición al mar, al aire) land

    tocar tierra — to land, put into port

    tomar tierra — to land, touch down

    6)
    a) (país, lugar)
    b) ( territorio) soil
    7) ( planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    * * *
    1) (campo, terreno) land

    tierras fértiles/áridas — fertile/arid land

    tierra labrantía or de cultivo — arable o cultivated land

    2) (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth

    echar algo por tierra — <edificio/monumento> to pull o knock down; < planes> to wreck, ruin; < argumentos> to demolish, destroy; < esperanzas> to dash

    echarle tierra a algo/alguien — (Col fam) to put something/somebody to shame, make something/somebody look bad

    echar tierra a or sobre algo — ( ocultarlo) to cover o hush something up; ( olvidarlo) to forget about something

    tragarse la tierra a alguien: como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth; deseé que me tragara la tierra — I just wanted the earth to open and swallow me up

    3) (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4) (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE)

    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra — to be grounded o earthed

    5) (por oposición al mar, al aire) land

    tocar tierra — to land, put into port

    tomar tierra — to land, touch down

    6)
    a) (país, lugar)
    b) ( territorio) soil
    7) ( planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    * * *
    tierra2
    2 = land, ground, soil, earth, dry land [dryland].

    Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: This article diagnoses the information needs of those who work in the area of pollution of air, soil and earth.
    Ex: Insulation techniques helpful to energy conservation are: more use of below surface areas; the mounding of earth against outside walls; sod roofs; and the correct use of glass.
    Ex: This article describes a knowledge based geographic information system for the broad scale mapping of dryland salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt.
    * aprovechamiento de la tierra = land use.
    * asentamiento en tierras federales = homesteading.
    * bajo tierra = underground, below surface.
    * buena tierra = good soil.
    * camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * con el suelo de tierra = dirt-floored.
    * confinado a la tierra = land-bound [landbound].
    * con los pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.
    * contaminación de la tierra = soil pollution.
    * corrimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * cultivar la tierra = farm + land, grow + crops.
    * dejar la tierra en barbecho = let + farmland lie fallow.
    * desaprovechamiento de la tierra = land misuse.
    * desprendimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * de tierra = onshore, earthen.
    * echar Algo por tierra = blow + Nombre + out of the water.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar por tierra = scupper, blight, cast + a blight on.
    * echar por tierra las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * ejército de tierra, el = army, the [armies, pl.].
    * en la tierra = on the ground.
    * en la tierra de = in the land of.
    * en tierra = onshore, ashore.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * en tierras lejanas = outranged.
    * fertilidad de la tierra = soil fertility.
    * gestión de tierras = land management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pas = rangeland.
    * mala tierra = poor soil.
    * movimiento de tierra = earthwork.
    * nadie es profeta en su tierra = no man is a prophet in his own land.
    * pequeño propietario de tierras = yeoman farmer.
    * pies sobre la tierra = feet on the ground.
    * pista de tierra batida = clay tennis court.
    * poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * rodeado de tierra = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].
    * sin tierras, sin propiedad rural = landless.
    * sobre la tierra = on the ground.
    * temblor de tierra = quake, earth tremor.
    * tenis sobre tierra batida = clay tennis, clay court tennis.
    * ¡Tierra a la vista! = Land ahoy!, Land ho!.
    * tierra arenosa = sandy soil.
    * tierra baldía = wasteland, moor, barren land.
    * tierra buena = good soil.
    * tierra cenagosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra cultivable = arable land.
    * tierra de cultivo = soil, farmland [farm land].
    * Tierra de Israel, la = Land of Israel, the.
    * tierra de labranza = farmland [farm land].
    * tierra de nadie = twilight zone, wilderness, no-man's land.
    * tierra de pastoreo = pasture land.
    * tierra de pastos = pasture land.
    * tierra desconocida = terra incognita.
    * tierra en barbecho = fallow land.
    * tierra fértil = sod, loam.
    * tierra firme = dry land [dryland], land mass [landmass], firm ground, solid ground.
    * tierra lejana = far off land.
    * tierra mala = poor soil.
    * tierra margosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra natal = homeland.
    * tierra prometida, la = land of cream and honey, the, promised land, the, land of milk and honey, the.
    * tierras = landed estate.
    * tierras altas = highland.
    * tierras altas escocesas = Highland.
    * tierra salvaje = wilderness.
    * Tierra Santa = Holy Land, the.
    * tierras bajas = lowlands.
    * tierras celtas, las = Celtic fringe, the.
    * tierras del sur = southland.
    * tierras mejores = greener pastures.
    * tierras movedizas = shifting sands.
    * tierras perdidas = lost lands.
    * tierra virgen = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.
    * toma de tierra = earthing.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * tropa de tierra = ground troop.
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * vasallo propietario de sus tierras = yeoman [yeomen, -pl.].
    * vehículo de tierra a motor = motor land vehicle.
    * vivir de la tierra = live off + the land.

    * * *
    A (campo, terreno) land
    una distribución más justa de la tierra a fairer distribution of land
    tierras comunales common land
    compró unas tierras en Durango he bought some land in Durango
    tierras fértiles/áridas fertile/arid land
    tierra labrantía or de cultivo or de labranza or de labor or de labrantío arable o cultivated land
    tierras baldías wasteland
    los que trabajan la tierra those who work the land
    poner tierra de por medio to make oneself scarce, get out quick ( colloq)
    B
    1 (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth
    clavó la estaca en la tierra he drove the stake into the ground
    ésta es muy buena tierra this is very good land o soil
    cavaba la tierra he was digging the ground
    un camión de tierra a truckload of soil o earth
    no juegues con la tierra, que te vas a manchar don't play in the dirt, you'll get filthy
    un camino de tierra a dirt road o track
    ¡cuerpo a tierra! get down!, hit the ground! ( colloq)
    ya lleva un año bajo tierra she's been dead and buried for a year now
    echar algo por tierra ‹edificio/monumento› to demolish, pull o knock down;
    ‹planes› to wreck, ruin, put paid to; ‹argumentos› to demolish, destroy; ‹esperanzas› to dash
    echarle tierra a algo/algn ( Col fam); to put sth/sb to shame, make sth/sb look bad
    echarse tierra encima to do oneself down, cry stinking fish ( BrE)
    echar tierra a or sobre algo (ocultarlo) to cover o hush sth up; (olvidarlo) to forget about sth, put sth behind one
    tragarse la tierra a algn: parecía que se lo hubiera tragado la tierra it was as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth
    en aquel momento deseé que me tragara la tierra at that moment I just wanted the earth o the ground to open and swallow me up
    2 ( AmL) (polvo) dust
    Compuesto:
    ( Esp) clay
    C ( Elec) ground ( AmE), earth ( BrE)
    el cable que va a tierra the ground o earth lead
    necesita una conexión a tierra or debe estar conectado a tierra or ( AmL) debe hacer tierra it needs to be connected to ground o earth, it needs to be grounded o earthed
    D (por oposición al mar, al aire) land
    ¡tierra a la vista! land ho! o land ahoy!
    viajar por tierra to travel overland o by land
    iniciaron las expediciones tierra adentro they started expeditions into the interior
    gentes de tierra adentro people from the interior, people from inland
    misiles aire-tierra air-to-ground missiles
    tierra firme solid ground, terra firma
    quedarse en tierra to be left behind, miss one's train ( o boat etc)
    tocar tierra to land, put into port
    tomar tierra to land, touch down
    E
    1
    (país, región, lugar): después de tantos años de exilio decidió volver a su tierra after all those years in exile he decided to return to his homeland o to his native land
    las cosas que pasan por aquellas tierras the things that happen in those places o countries
    partió a tierras lejanas para buscar fortuna he set out for foreign parts o for distant lands to seek his fortune
    vino de la tierra local wine, locally produced wine
    fruta de la tierra locally grown fruit
    en el instante que pisó tierra francesa the moment he set foot on French soil
    Compuestos:
    : from Mexico to Peru, land below approx. 1,200m
    Tierra del Fuego
    no-man's-land
    the cold lands (pl), (from Mexico to Peru, land above approx. 2,200m)
    native land, land of one's birth
    Promised Land
    Holy Land
    the temperate lands (pl) (from Mexico to Peru, land between approx. 1,200m and 2,200m)
    F
    (planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    la composición de la atmósfera de la Tierra the composition of the Earth's atmosphere
    ¿cúal es el planeta más cercano a la Tierra? what is the closest planet to (the) Earth?
    para proteger la vida en la Tierra to protect life on earth
    Creador del Cielo y de la Tierra Creator of Heaven and Earth
    * * *

     

    tierra sustantivo femenino
    1 (campo, terreno) land;

    tierra de cultivo arable land
    2 (suelo, superficie) ground;
    (materia, arena) earth;

    un camión de tierra a truckload of soil o earth;
    no juegues con tierra don't play in the dirt;
    un camino de tierra a dirt road o track;
    echar algo por tierra ‹ planes› to wreck, ruin;

    ‹ argumentos› to demolish, destroy;
    ‹ esperanzas› to dash
    3 (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4 (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE);
    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra to be grounded o earthed
    5 (por oposición al mar, al aire) land;
    ◊ viajar por tierra to travel overland o by land;

    tierra firme solid ground;
    tomar tierra to land, touch down
    6 (país, lugar):

    costumbres de aquellas tierras customs in those places o countries;
    la Ttierra Santa the Holy Land
    7 ( planeta)

    tierra sustantivo femenino
    1 (planeta) la Tierra, (the) Earth o earth
    2 (medio terrestre, terreno) land
    viajar por tierra, to travel by land
    tierra adentro, inland
    tierra de nadie, no-man's-land
    (un avión) tomar tierra, to land
    Agr land
    tiene tierras de cultivo, he has cultivated land
    tierra baldía, wasteland
    3 (país, lugar de origen) homeland
    (territorio) nació en tierra inglesa, she was born on English soil
    4 (superficie terrestre, suelo) ground
    bajo tierra, below ground
    (materia) soil, earth
    un puñado de tierra, a handful of earth o soil
    un camino de tierra, a dirt track
    5 Elec earth
    toma de tierra, earth wire, US ground
    ♦ Locuciones: echar por tierra, to ruin, spoil
    echar tierra sobre, to hush up
    familiar de la tierra, (producto del país) son tomates de la tierra, they are home-grown tomatoes
    familiar (alejarse, escapar) poner alguien tierra por medio, to get as far away as possible
    familiar (para expresar vergüenza) ¡tierra trágame! I wish the earth would swallow me up
    (perder un medio de transporte) quedarse alguien en tierra, to miss a plane/train or any other form of transport
    ' tierra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adentro
    - baja
    - bajo
    - barro
    - batida
    - batido
    - campo
    - construcción
    - criar
    - desaparecer
    - entrañas
    - escarbar
    - esquilmar
    - explotar
    - franja
    - fructífera
    - fructífero
    - global
    - globo
    - gua
    - horizonte
    - hoyo
    - hundimiento
    - langosta
    - palada
    - parcela
    - perforar
    - pista
    - polvo
    - ras
    - redondez
    - remover
    - ribera
    - rica
    - rico
    - seísmo
    - sementera
    - señorío
    - soñar
    - suelo
    - surco
    - temblar
    - terráquea
    - terráqueo
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - terrestre
    - terrón
    - terruño
    - tocar
    English:
    adjacent
    - adjoining
    - allotment
    - ashore
    - clump
    - crack
    - crumble
    - crunch
    - cultivated
    - cultivation
    - demolish
    - dig
    - dirt road
    - earth
    - earthworm
    - earthy
    - encroach
    - explode
    - face
    - fairyland
    - fall
    - farming
    - feel
    - ground
    - hedgehog
    - Holy Land
    - homeland
    - inland
    - land
    - level
    - lump
    - no man's land
    - orbit
    - overland
    - parched
    - portage
    - pull apart
    - quake
    - reclaim
    - rich
    - richness
    - rig
    - rock
    - roll
    - rough
    - sandy
    - seed
    - set down
    - shatter
    - shock
    * * *
    tierra nf
    1. [planeta]
    la Tierra (the) Earth
    2. [superficie] land;
    viajar por tierra to travel by land;
    poner tierra (de) por medio to make oneself scarce
    Am tierra caliente = in Latin America, climate zone up to an altitude of approximately 1,000 metres;
    tierra firme [por oposición al mar] land, dry land;
    [terreno sólido] hard ground; Am tierra fría = in Latin America, climate zone above the altitude of approximately 2,000 metres;
    Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego;
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land;
    tierra prometida Promised Land;
    Tierra de Promisión Promised Land;
    Tierra Santa the Holy Land;
    la tierra del Sol Naciente the land of the Rising Sun;
    Am tierra templada = in Latin America, climate zone between the altitudes of approximately 1,000 and 2,000 metres;
    tierra virgen virgin land
    3. [suelo] ground;
    trabajan bajo tierra they work underground;
    caer a tierra to fall to the ground;
    dar en tierra con algo [tirar] to knock sth down o to the ground;
    quedarse en tierra [viajero] to miss the boat/train/plane/ etc;
    muchos aviones se han quedado en tierra por la niebla many planes have been grounded because of the fog;
    tocar tierra [avión] to touch down;
    tomar tierra: tomó tierra en un campo he landed in a field;
    tomaremos tierra en el aeropuerto de Barajas en diez minutos we will be landing at Barajas airport in ten minutes;
    besar la tierra to fall flat on one's face;
    echar o [m5] tirar algo por tierra [esperanzas, planes, carrera] to ruin sth;
    [argumentos, teoría] to demolish sth; Fam
    ¡tierra, trágame!, ¡trágame tierra! I wish the earth would swallow me up!;
    era como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra he had vanished without a trace;
    venir o [m5] venirse a tierra to come to nothing
    4. [materia] earth;
    [para nutrir plantas] soil;
    se me ha metido tierra en los zapatos I've got some earth o dirt in my shoes;
    esta tierra no es buena para cultivar this soil isn't good for growing things;
    un camino de tierra a dirt track;
    política de tierra quemada scorched earth policy;
    Formal
    echar tierra a o [m5] sobre un asunto to hush up an affair
    tierra batida [en tenis] clay;
    tierra vegetal topsoil, loam
    5. [en agricultura] land;
    cultivar la tierra to farm the land
    tierra cultivable arable land;
    tierra de cultivo arable land;
    tierra de labor arable land;
    tierra de labranza arable land
    6. [lugar de origen] [país] homeland, native land;
    [región] home o native region;
    este chico es de mi tierra this lad is from where I come from;
    vino/queso de la tierra local wine/cheese
    tierra natal homeland, native land
    7. [terrenos, países]
    es el dueño de estas tierras he's the owner of this land;
    en tierras del rey on the King's land;
    en tierras mexicanas on Mexican soil;
    por estas tierras round these parts, down this way;
    ver otras tierras to travel, to see the world
    8. Elec
    (toma de) tierra Br earth, US ground;
    estar conectado a tierra, tener toma de tierra to be Br earthed o US grounded
    9. Quím tierra rara rare earth
    10. Am [polvo] dust
    * * *
    f
    1 land;
    tierra de labor, tierra cultivable arable land, farmland;
    tierras altas highlands;
    tierras bajas lowlands;
    poner tierra de por medio flee, make o.s. scarce fam ;
    por tierra viajar by land;
    2 materia soil, earth;
    echar tierra a algo fig hush sth up;
    echar por tierra ruin, wreck;
    como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he had vanished off the face of the earth
    3 ( patria) native land, homeland;
    de la tierra locally produced, local
    4 EL ground, Br
    earth
    5
    :
    la Tierra the Earth
    * * *
    tierra nf
    1) : land
    2) suelo: ground, earth
    3) : country, homeland, soil
    4)
    tierra natal : native land
    5)
    la Tierra : the Earth
    * * *
    1. (terreno) land
    2. (materia) earth / soil
    3. (suelo) ground
    echar por tierra to ruin / to spoil
    Cuando se refiere al planeta Tierra, se escribe con mayúscula: Earth

    Spanish-English dictionary > tierra

  • 30 schwer

    schwer <schwerer, schwerste> [ʃve:ɐ̭] adj
    1) ( nicht leicht) heavy;
    20/30 kg \schwer sein to weigh 20/30 kg;
    \schwer wie Blei as heavy as lead;
    ihm ist \schwer ums Herz he is heavy-hearted
    2) ( beträchtlich) serious;
    \schwere Bedenken strong [or serious] reservations;
    eine \schwere Enttäuschung a deep [or great] [or bitter] disappointment;
    ein \schwerer Fehler [o Irrtum] a serious [or bad] mistake;
    ein \schwerer Mangel an acute shortage;
    \schwere Mängel aufweisen to be faulty, to be badly defective;
    ein \schwerer Schaden extensive [or serious] [or severe] damage;
    ein \schweres Unrecht a blatant [or gross] [or rank] injustice;
    eine \schwere Verletzung a serious [or bad] [or severe] injury;
    ein \schwerer Verlust a bitter loss;
    eine \schwere Verwundung a serious [or severe] wound;
    \schwere Verwüstung[en] anrichten to cause utter [or complete] [or total] devastation
    3) ( hart) hard;
    ein \schweres Amt a difficult [or hard] task;
    eine \schwere Bürde a heavy burden;
    ein \schweres Schicksal a cruel fate;
    eine \schwere Strafe a harsh [or severe] punishment;
    eine \schwere Zeit a hard [or difficult] time
    4) ( körperlich belastend) serious, grave;
    eine \schwere Geburt/ Operation a difficult [or complicated] birth/operation;
    ein \schweres Leiden a terrible affliction [or illness];
    ein \schwerer Tod a painful death;
    ein \schwerer Unfall a bad [or serious] accident;
    S\schweres mitmachen [o durchmachen] to live through hard [or difficult] times
    5) ( schwierig) hard, difficult;
    die Rechenaufgaben sind heute besonders \schwer today's sums are particularly tricky;
    ein \schwerer Moment a difficult moment;
    eine \schwere Lektüre/eine \schwere Musik heavy reading/music
    6) attr (fam: heftig) heavy;
    ein \schweres Gewitter/ein \schwerer Sturm a violent [or severe] [or heavy] thunderstorm/storm;
    eine \schwere Welle a high [or tall] wave
    eine \schwere See a heavy [or rough] [or stormy] sea
    8) attr auto ( groß) big, large;
    ein \schwerer Lkw a heavy truck
    10) ( gehaltvoll) Essen heavy; Likör, Wein, Zigarre strong
    11) ( intensiv) strong;
    ein \schwerer Duft/ein \schweres Parfüm a pungent scent/perfume
    \schwerer Boden heavy [or hard] soil
    13) (fam: reich)
    1/2/... Millionen \schwer sein to be worth 1/2/... million
    14) ( massiv) solid;
    aus \schwerem Gold [made of] solid gold;
    ein \schwerer Stoff a heavy cloth;
    ein \schwerer Boden rich soil
    \schwere Luft oppressively humid air; s. a. Geschütz, Schlag, Wasser
    1) ( hart) hard;
    \schwer arbeiten to work hard;
    etw \schwer büßen müssen to pay a heavy price [or penalty] for sth;
    sich etw \schwer erkämpfen müssen to have to fight hard for sth;
    es \schwer haben to have it hard [or a hard time [of it]];
    es \schwer [mit jdm] haben to have a hard time [of it] [with sb];
    jdm \schwer zu schaffen machen to give sb a hard time;
    \schwer [an etw] zu tragen haben to have a heavy cross to bear [as a result of sth]
    2) ( mit schweren Lasten) heavily;
    \schwer bepackt [o beladen] sein to be heavily laden;
    \schwer zu tragen haben to have a lot [or a heavy load] to carry
    3) (fam: sehr) deeply;
    sich \schwer in Acht nehmen [o hüten] to take great care;
    \schwer beleidigt sein to be deeply offended;
    \schwer betrunken dead drunk;
    etw \schwer missbilligen to strongly disapprove of [or object to] sth
    4) ( mit Mühe) with [great] difficulty;
    \schwer abbaubare Materialien/ Verpackungen materials/packaging which do/does not decompose [or degrade] very easily;
    \schwer erarbeitet hard-earned;
    \schwer erziehbar maladjusted, recalcitrant;
    ein \schwer erziehbares Kind a problem child;
    \schwer löslich not easily dissoluble;
    \schwer verdaulich [o verträglich] indigestible, difficult [or hard] to digest;
    (fig: schwierig, düster) indigestible, heavy-going attr, heavy going pred;
    \schwer zu begreifen/ verstehen difficult to understand;
    du musst lauter sprechen, sie hört \schwer you'll have to speak up, she's [very] hard of hearing
    5) (fam: umfänglich)
    jdn \schwer zur Kasse bitten to hit sb hard in the [back] pocket ( fig)
    jdn \schwer schröpfen to fleece sb big time (sl)
    \schwer verdienen to earn a packet ( fam)
    6) ( ernstlich) seriously;
    \schwer behindert [o beschädigt] severely handicapped [or disabled];
    sich \schwer erkälten to catch a bad [or heavy] cold;
    \schwer erkrankt sein to be seriously [or desperately] [or gravely] ill;
    \schwer gestürzt sein to have had a bad fall;
    \schwer krank med seriously [or desperately] [or gravely] ill;
    \schwer verletzt seriously [or badly] [or severely] injured;
    sich \schwer verletzen to seriously [or badly] [or severely] injure oneself;
    \schwer verunglückt sein to have had a bad [or serious] accident;
    \schwer wiegend serious;
    \schwer wiegende Bedenken strong [or serious] reservations;
    eine \schwer wiegende Entscheidung, ein \schwer wiegender Entschluss a momentous decision;
    ein \schwer wiegender Grund a sound [or convincing] [or compelling] reason
    7) ( schwierig) difficult, not easy;
    \schwer verständlich ( kaum nachvollziehbar) scarcely comprehensible;
    ( kaum zu verstehen) hard [or difficult] to understand pred;
    sich etw zu \schwer machen to make sth too difficult for oneself [or more difficult than it need be];
    [jdm] etw \schwer machen to make sth difficult [for sb];
    es [jdm] \schwer machen, etw zu tun to make it difficult [for sb] to do sth;
    jdm das Herz \schwer machen to make sb's heart heavy [or sad];
    jdm das Leben \schwer machen to make life difficult for sb
    8) ( hart) severely;
    \schwer bewaffnet sein to be heavily armed; s. a. Ordnung

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > schwer

  • 31 من

    مِن \ by: (showing how sth. is done): We hold things by the handle. We know people by name. We learn by experience. We earn money by working. from: showing the time that sth. started: I waited from six o’clock till eight, showing where sth. began or was obtained Are men descended from monkeys? He read aloud from the newspaper, showing cause He suffered from stomach pains, showing the lower limit of costs, numbers, etc. New bicycles cost from $60 to $90 each, showing a change The price rose from 20 pence to 25 pence, showing difference I don’t know one from the other, showing the place that one has left He arrived from Glasgow. of: (after a noun) showing contents, amount, kind, etc.: a cup of coffee (a cup that contains coffee); a cupful of coffee (enough coffee to fill a cup); a pound of sugar (sugar that weighs a pound); a piece of bread (not a whole loaf), (after an adj. or verb) concerning; about: I’m sure of it. She’s afraid of mice, (after a verb) showing a cause He died of hunger, (after an adj.) showing who did sth. and how he did it It was kind of your father to invite me (Your father was kind...), (after a participle) showing how sth. is formed a dress made of silk. than: used in comparing two objects; here the second subject and verb are always left out: I like you better than him (I like you better than I like him), used in comparing two subjects; it is better to put in the second verb, although some writers leave it out He is taller than I (am). He runs faster than I (do). \ مِن أَجْل \ because of: as a result of: Because of his illness, he could not travel. for: because of: He jumped for joy. She was sent to prison for stealing. for sb. to do sth.: that sb. should do sth.: I’m anxious for him to pass his exams. sake, for the sake of, for sb.’s sake: for the desire of: Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?, for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake. towards: as a help to: He gave me $5 towards the cost of my bicycle. \ مِن أَجْل ذلك \ hence: (often with no verb) for this reason: My car broke down; hence my late arrival. \ مِن أحدث طِراز \ up to date: up to the present moment; modern; knowing or showing the latest facts: Give me an up-to-date report on political events in South America. \ مِن أَصْل \ out: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ preferably: if possible: Any day suits me, but preferably not Sunday. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ had better: would be wise to: You had better try again tomorrow. \ See Also الأَجْدى لِـ \ مِن الآن \ hence: from now: A week hence I shall be in Rome. \ مِن... إلى \ from... to...: (without a or the) showing passage of time, distance in space, or repeated action: He visits me from time to time. He went from house to house in search of work. \ مِن آن إلى آخر \ every now and again, every now and then: again and again, but with no regular space between. \ مِن الآن فَصَاعِدًا \ henceforth, henceforward: from now on; in future. on: onwards: From now on I shall be more careful. \ مِن البداية إلى النهاية \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن بَعْدُ \ since: after; during the period after: I saw him on Tuesday, but I haven’t seen him since. I’ve been thinking about him ever since. \ مِن بَعيد \ from afar: from a great distance. \ مِن بَين \ out of: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن ثَمَّ \ subsequently: afterwards: He became ill in the winter, and subsequently died. \ مِن جَانِبٍ إِلَى آخر \ across: form one side to the other: Run across before a car comes. The river is half a mile across. over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ مِن جَديد \ afresh: again; making a new beginning: Tear up this page and start afresh. \ مِن جَمِيع الجهَات \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن جَمِيع الوُجوه تقريبًا \ to all intents and purposes: in regard to all that matters: To all intents and purposes, the work is finished (though a few unimportant points remain to be dealt with). \ مِن جِهة \ in respect of, with respect to, respecting: concerning: a bill in respect of car repairs. on the part of: in the case of; so far as sb. is concerned: There was no mistake on her part (If there was a mistake, it was not hers). \ مِن جهة ومِن الجهة الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن الحديد \ iron: made of iron; as strong as iron: an iron bar; an iron will. \ مِن حُسن التوفيق \ happily: fortunately: Happily, he was not hurt in the accident. a good job: a fortunate thing: It’s a good job that you crossed before the bridge fell. fortunately: adv. as the result of good fortune: He fell down but fortunately did not hurt himself. \ See Also لحسن الحظ (لِحُسْنِ الحَظّ)‏ \ مِن حَوْل \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن حَيْثُ شَخْصُهُ \ personally: as a person (in regard to character); socially: I like him personally, but I dislike his political ideas. \ مِن حِين لآخَر \ occasional: happening sometimes, but not regularly: We had an occasional quarrel. now and again, now and then: sometimes. \ مِن خِلال \ through: from one side to the other; from one end to the other: He drove a nail through (the board). A river ran through (the town). Water runs through pipes. I looked through the window, but I couldn’t see far through the mist. I read through my notes. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن سُخْرِية الأقدار \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِنَ الشرق \ eastern: belonging to the east. \ مِن صُنْعِ اليَد \ hand-made: made by hand, not by a machine: Hand-made shoes. \ مِن الضروريّ أن كما \ must: (p.t.. had to, neg.. needn’t, don’t/didn’t need to; don’t/didn’t have to) need to: You must go now, mustn’t you? Yes, I must. No, I needn’t go yet. \ مِن الطبيعيّ \ it goes without saying (that): naturally; of course: The invitation was sent to me; but it goes without saying that my wife is included. \ مِن الطراز القديم \ old-fashioned: (of people) holding on to old ideas and customs; (of things) not modern; no longer used. \ مِن طَرَف لآخر \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن عَجيب التَّقادِير \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِن عَلى ظهر السفينة \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن غَيْر \ without: not with; not having: Without doubt, this is the best. I did it without his help. He took my bicycle without asking me. \ مِن غَيْر حَرَج \ freely: readily: They freely accepted my advice. \ مِنَ الفراء \ fur: animal skin, with the fur on it, used as clothing: a coat with a collar of fur; a fur hat. \ مِنَ الفِراش \ up: out of bed: I get up at 6.30 every morning. We stayed up very late last night. \ مِن فَضْلِك \ kindly: please!: kindly close the door!. please: (when asking) giving a polite order: Please stop that noise. A cup of coffee, please, asking for a favour or for permission Will you help me, please? Please, may I use your pen?. \ مِن فَوْق \ over: across, from one side of sth. to the other: He jumped over the fence. The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ مِن فَوق سَطْح المَرْكَب \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن قَبْل \ ago: before the present time: 100 years ago; a short while ago. already: before this time: She’s already married. before: at an earlier time (than): I have been here before. beforehand: before; early; in readiness: If you want your dinner early, warn the cook beforehand. \ مِن قِبَل \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ مِن قَلْبٍ مُخْلص \ heartily: thoroughly: I heartily agree with you. \ مِنَ المُؤسِف \ pity: (with a) an unfortunate fact or happening: It’s a pity that you can’t go with us to the cinema. \ مِنَ المُحَتَّم \ bound, (bind, bound) to: certain to: He’s bound to win. \ See Also المُؤَكَّد أَنّ \ مِنَ المُحْتَمَل \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired. \ مِن مُدّةٍ قريبة \ the other day: a few days ago: I met your son the other day. \ مِن المَرْتَبَة أو الدَّرَجة الثّانِية \ second-class: of the next level below that of top quality: The less comfortable second-class seats were much cheaper than the first-class ones. \ مِن المَفْروض أنّ \ be supposed to: to have a duty to; be expected to: You’re supposed to be working now, not playing. You’re not supposed to be here (You ought not be here). \ مِن مَكانٍ لآخَر \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. \ مِن المُمْكِن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (with an if clause, showing a possibility that depends on sth. else) would be able to: She could buy it if you lent her the money. possibly: perhaps: Possibly you can help. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired.. \ مِنَ المُمْكِن أن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (showing a simple possibility): You could telephone her (if you wanted to). might: expressing a weak possibility (future, present or past): She might do that tomorrow; she might be doing it at this moment; she might even have done it already (but I doubt that she has done it or ever will do it). \ مِنْ ناحية... مِنَ الناحية الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن النّاحية النظريّة \ in theory: as an idea; according to ideas: Your plan may work in theory, but it will not work in practice. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ earl: the title of a British nobleman. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ noble: of high rank: a woman of noble birth. \ See Also الأشراف \ مِنْ نِتاج الوَطَن \ home-grown: (of food) grown in one’s own country, not in another country: home-grown vegetables. \ مِنْ نُسْخَتَين \ in duplicate: on two separate copies: Please complete this list in duplicate. \ مِنْ نَسْل \ descendant: sb. who is descended from a person: a descendant of Queen Victoria. \ See Also ذرية (ذُرِّيَّة)‏ \ مِنْ نَفْس البَلَد \ countryman, countrymen: (usu. fellow countryman) a person of the same nation as another. \ مِنْ نوع راق \ classical: of proved and lasting value: classical music. \ مَنْ هُم أَعْلَى مقَامًا \ betters, one’s betters: those who have more experience or higher rank than onself: Treat your betters with more respect. \ See Also أَرْفَع شَأنًا مِن \ مِن هُنَا \ away: (with verbs of movement) to a distance: Go away! We drove the dog away. by: past: Please let me (get) by. He smiled as he went by. \ مَن هو أَعْلَى دَرَجَةً \ superior: sb. of higher rank: You must obey your superiors. \ مِن واجبه أن \ up to: the duty of: It’s up to his father to punish him. \ مِن وَاحِد إلى آخَر \ over: across, from one person to another: She handed over the keys to a friend. \ مِن الواضح \ much: (in comparison; before most, etc.) without doubt; clearly: He is much the most experienced player in the team. \ مِن وَراءِ ظَهْرِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ مِن وَقْت لاِخَر \ now and again: sometimes. off and on, on and off: not continuously; at one time and another: It has been raining off and on the whole day. sometimes: at certain times but not always: Sometimes I win and sometimes I don’t. England sometimes has a hot summer, but not often.

    Arabic-English dictionary > من

  • 32 ὥρα

    ὥρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [ὥρη]+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 18:10; TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs, ParJer, GrBar; ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.; ApcSed, ApcMos, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15:10; Just.; Tat. 20, 2).
    ① an undefined period of time in a day, time of day ὀψὲ ἤδη οὔσης τῆς ὥρας since it was already late in the day or since the hour was (already) late Mk 11:11 v.l.; cp. MPol 7:1b (s. ὀψέ 1 and 2; Demosth. 21, 84; Polyb. 3, 83, 7 ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας). ὀψίας οὔσης τῆς ὥρας Mk 11:11 (ὄψιος 1). ὥρα πολλή late hour (Polyb. 5, 8, 3; Dionys. Hal. 2, 54; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 24 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 8, 118) 6:35ab. ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν Mt 14:15 (παρέρχομαι 2).—Mt 24:42 v.l., 44; Lk 12:39, 40; Rv 3:3; D 16:1. W. ἡμέρα day and time of day, hour (ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.) Mt 24:36, 50; 25:13; Mk 13:32; Lk 12:46.
    ② a period of time as division of a day, hour
    ⓐ beside year, month, and day Rv 9:15; the twelfth part of a day (=period of daylight) οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας; J 11:9 (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 24 [Stone p. 70]). μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν Mt 20:12 (s. ποιέω 6); cp. Lk 22:59; Ac 5:7; 19:34 (ἐπὶ ὥρας δύο CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 167f; TestBenj 3:7, Judah 3, 4); MPol 7:3. συνεψήφισα τὰς ὥρας I counted the hours Hv 3, 1, 4. One ὥρα in this world corresponds to a ὥρα thirty days in length in the place of punishment Hs 6, 4, 4. μίαν ὥραν (not even) one hour Mt 26:40; Mk 14:37. Such passages help us to understand how ὥρα can acquire the sense
    ⓑ a short period of time μιᾷ ὥρᾳ (cp. TestJob 7:12; ApcMos 25 [both ἐν]) in a single hour=in an extraordinarily short time Rv 18:10, 17, 19. μίαν ὥραν for a very short time 17:12. Likew. πρὸς ὥραν for a while, for a moment J 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5 (s. on this pass. KLake, Gal 2:3–5: Exp. 7th ser., 1, 1906, 236–45; CWatkins, Der Kampf des Pls um Galatien 1913; BBacon, JBL 42, 1923, 69–80); Phlm 15; MPol 11:2. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας 1 Th 2:17.
    ⓒ as a temporal indicator, reckoned from the beginning of the day (6 hours or 6 A.M., our time) or the night (18 hours or 6 P.M.) (Plut. et al.; Appian, Mithrid. 19 §72 ἑβδόμης ὥρας=at the 7th hour or 1 P.M.; SIG 671A, 9 [162/160 B.C.] ὥρας δευτέρας; 736, 109 [92 B.C.] ἀπὸ τετάρτας ὥρας ἕως ἑβδόμας; Jos., Vi. 279 ἕκτη ὥ.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 1 II, 21 [246 B.C.] περὶ ὀγδόην ὥραν; PTebt 15, 2 [II B.C.]; Sb 5252, 20 [I A.D.] ἀφʼ ὥρας ὀγδόης; EpArist 303 μέχρι μὲν ὥρας ἐνάτης) ἕως ὥρας δευτέρας until the second hour (=8 A.M.) Hs 9, 11, 7. ὥρα τρίτη nine o’clock (A.M.) Mk 15:25 (Goodsp., Probs. 68f); Ac 2:15 (τῆς ἡμέρας); περὶ τρίτην ὥραν about nine o’clock (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 45 §182 περὶ τρίτην ὥραν ἡμέρας) Mt 20:3; ἀπὸ τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νύκτος by nine o’clock at night (= 21 hours, or simply tonight) Ac 23:23 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 11 [Stone p. 12] περὶ ὥραν τρίτην τῆς νυκτός; cp. ibid. B 6 p. 109, 27 [St. p. 66]; Jos., Bell. 6, 68; 79 ἀπὸ ἐνάτης ὥ. τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς ἑβδόμην τῆς ἡμέρας). ἀπὸ ὥρας ε´ (=πέμπτης) ἕως δεκάτης from eleven o’clock in the morning until four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) Ac 19:9 v.l. περὶ ὥραν πέμπτην (PTebt 15, 2 [114 B.C.]; POxy 1114, 24 περὶ ὥ. τρίτην) at eleven o’clock (A.M.) Hv 3, 1, 2. ὥρα ἕκτη twelve o’clock noon Mt 20:5; 27:45a; Mk 15:33a; Lk 23:44a; J 4:6 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη about noon; TestJos 8:1 ὥρα ὡσεὶ ἕκτη; ParJer 1:11 ἕκτην ὥραν τῆς νυκτός); 19:14 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη); Ac 10:9. ἐχθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην yesterday at one o’clock in the afternoon (= 13 hours) J 4:52b (on the use of the acc. to express a point of time s. Hdb. ad loc.; Soph., Lex. I 44; B-D-F §161, 3; Rob. 470). ὥρᾳ ὀγδόῃ at two o’clock in the afternoon (= 14 hours) MPol 21. ὥρα ἐνάτη three in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Mt 20:5; 27:45f; Mk 15:33b, 34; Lk 23:44b; Ac 3:1 (ἐπὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς τὴν ἐνάτην); 10:3 (ὡσεὶ περὶ ὥ. ἐνάτην τῆς ἡμέρας); ὥρας θ´ AcPl Ha 11, 3; περὶ ὥραν ἐνάτην GJs 2:4; GPt 6:22 (TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 2 [Stone p. 82] κατὰ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν). ὥρα ὡς δεκάτη about four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) J 1:39. ἑνδεκάτη ὥρα five o’clock in the afternoon (= 17 hours) Mt 20:(6, without ὥρα), 9. ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μέχρι ταύτης τῆς ὥρας ἤμην τὴν ἐνάτην προσευχόμενος four days ago, reckoned from (=at) this very hour, I was praying at three o’clock in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Ac 10:30 (echoing vs. 3, but inelegantly phrased; s. comm. on the textual problems). ἐπύθετο τὴν ὥραν ἐν ᾗ … he inquired at what time … J 4:52a; cp. vs. 53 (cp. Ael. Arist. 50, 56 K.=26 p. 519 D.: … τὴν ὥραν αἰσθάνομαι … ἐκείνην, ἐν ᾗ … ; 47, 56 K.=23 p. 459 D.: ἀφυπνιζόμην κ. εὗρον ἐκείνην τὴν ὥραν οὖσαν, ᾗπερ …). ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ὥρᾳ ἐμαρτύρησεν ὁ Πολύκαρπος the very day and hour that … EpilMosq 4.—Less definite are the indications of time in such expressions as ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας up to the present moment 1 Cor 4:11. πᾶσαν ὥραν hour after hour, every hour, constantly (Ex 18:22; Lev 16:2; JosAs 15:7; Ar. [Milne 76, 34]; cp. TestJob 10:1 πάσας ὥρας) 15:30. Also καθʼ ὥραν (Strabo 15, 1, 55; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 69) 2 Cl 12:1. αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantly (oft. pap, e.g. POxy 235, 7 [I A.D.]; Da 3:6, 15; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 27 [Stone p. 80]; GrBar 14:1; 15:1; ApcMos 20) Lk 2:38; 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13.
    ③ a point of time as an occasion for an event, time (BGU 1816, 12 [I B.C.] πρὸ ὥρας=before the right time) ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ Mt 8:13; 10:19; 18:1 (v.l. ἡμέρᾳ); 26:55; Mk 13:11; Lk 7:21; Ac 16:33; Rv 11:13; MPol 7:2a; GJs 20:2 (only pap). Likew. ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ Lk 10:21; 12:12; 13:31; 20:19 (on both expressions s. JJeremias, ZNW 42, ’49, 214–17). ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης from that time on, at once Mt 9:22; 15:28; 17:18; J 19:27. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28. ὥρα ὅτε 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25 (cp. ApcMos 17 περὶ ὥραν ὅταν). ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. W. gen. of thing, the time for which has come (Diod S 13, 94, 1; Ael. Aristid. 51, 1 K.=27 p. 534 D.; PGM 1, 221 ἀνάγκης; JosAs 3:3 μεσημβρίας … καὶ ἀρίστου; ApcMos 42 [of Eve’s request] ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτῆς; Jos., Ant. 7, 326 ὥ. ἀρίστου; SibOr 4, 56) ἡ ὥρα τοῦ θυμιάματος Lk 1:10; τοῦ δείπνου 14:17, cp. MPol 7:1a; τοῦ πειρασμοῦ Rv 3:10; τῆς κρίσεως 14:7; τῆς δοξολογίας αὐτοῦ GJs 13:1; τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ 24:1; ἡ ὥρα αὐτῶν the time for them J 16:4; w. the gen. (of the Passover) to be supplied Lk 22:14. Also w. inf. (Hom. et al.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 1; Aelian, VH 1, 21) ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι the time to reap Rv 14:15 (cp. Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 31 Jac. θερινὴ ὥ.; Paus. 2, 35, 4 ὥ. θέρους). Also acc. w. inf. (Gen 29:7) ὥρα (ἐστιν) ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι Ro 13:11.—W. gen. of pers. the time of or for someone to do or to suffer someth. (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 168 σὸς νῦν ὁ καιρός ἐστιν, ἐπέγειρε σαυτόν) of a woman who is to give birth (cp. GrBar 3:5 ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν) ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς J 16:21 (v.l. ἡμέρα, s. ἡμέρα 3, beg.).—Lk 22:53. Esp. of Jesus, of whose ὥρα J speaks, as the time of his death (Diod S 15, 87, 6: the dying Epaminondas says ὥρα ἐστὶ τελευτᾶν. Cp. MPol 8:1 τοῦ ἐξιέναι) and of the glorification which is inextricably bound up w. it ἡ ὥρα αὐτοῦ J 7:30; 8:20; 13:1 (foll. by ἵνα); cp. ἡ ὥρα μου 2:4 (s. Hdb. ad loc.). ἡ ὥρα ἵνα δοξασθῇ 12:23. ἡ ὥρα αὕτη 12:27ab. Also abs. ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥρα 17:1 (AGeorge, ‘L’heure’ de J 17, RB 61, ’54, 392–97); cp. Mt 26:45; Mk 14:35, 41.—ἐσχάτη ὥρα the last hour in the present age of the world’s existence 1J 2:18ab.—CCowling, Mark’s Use of ὥρα, Australian Biblical Review 5, ’56, 153–60. EBickermann, Chronology of the Ancient World 2 ’80, 13–16.—B. 954 and esp. 1001. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὥρα

  • 33 שעה II

    שָׁעָהII f. (Dan. 4:16; preced., v. Del. Proleg. p. 39 sq.) moment, while; hour, esp. the twelfth portion of the day and of the night, varying according to the season. Tosef.Ber.I, 1, a. e., v. עוֹנָה I. Ber.7a, v. רֶגַע. Ib. b, a. e. הש׳ משחקת, v. שָׂחַק. Lam. R. to III, 37 מש׳ שאמרוכ׳ from the moment that the Lord said Ber.I, 1 מש׳ שהכהניםוכ׳ from the time of day when the priests go in Pes.II, 1 כל ש׳ as long. Keth.104a בש׳ שהצדיקוכ׳ when a righteous man is called away Ib. בשְׁעַת פטירתווכ׳ when Rabbi died Ber.64a הדוחק את הש׳, v. דָּחַק; נדחה מפני הש׳, v. דָּחָה. Sabb.10a, a. e. מניחין … ועוסקין בחיי ש׳ they neglect the life everlasting, and busy themselves with the life of the hour (earthly affairs). Y.Taan.III, 67a (expl. יולדתך, Prov. 23:25) שַׁעַתְךָ (or שַׁעְתְּךָ) thy hour (of birth). Cant. R. to I, 1, a. e. בשַׁעְתּוֹ in its due time, v. סֵפֶל; Num. R. s. 104> בין שעתו. Ex. R. s. 19, a. fr. לש׳ קלה, v. קַל II; a. v. fr.הוראת ש׳, or ש׳ temporary, special legislation, opp. דורות. Yoma 69b. Men.19b דורות מש׳, v. דּוֹר. Ib. 56a ש׳ מדורותוכ׳ we cannot derive the modes of a temporary act (e. g. the offerings of the princes, Num. 7:12–83) from the laws concerning a permanent institution; a. fr.Pl. שָׁעוֹת. Ber.3a עד ארבע ש׳ to four hours (the fourth hour of the night). Pes.58a שתי ש׳ ומחצה two hours and a half. Snh.V, 3 אחד אומר בשתי ש׳וכ׳ if one witness testifies that the act under consideration was committed at the second hour of the day Kel. XII, 4 אבן הש׳, v. אֶבֶן; a. v. fr.

    Jewish literature > שעה II

  • 34 שָׁעָה

    שָׁעָהII f. (Dan. 4:16; preced., v. Del. Proleg. p. 39 sq.) moment, while; hour, esp. the twelfth portion of the day and of the night, varying according to the season. Tosef.Ber.I, 1, a. e., v. עוֹנָה I. Ber.7a, v. רֶגַע. Ib. b, a. e. הש׳ משחקת, v. שָׂחַק. Lam. R. to III, 37 מש׳ שאמרוכ׳ from the moment that the Lord said Ber.I, 1 מש׳ שהכהניםוכ׳ from the time of day when the priests go in Pes.II, 1 כל ש׳ as long. Keth.104a בש׳ שהצדיקוכ׳ when a righteous man is called away Ib. בשְׁעַת פטירתווכ׳ when Rabbi died Ber.64a הדוחק את הש׳, v. דָּחַק; נדחה מפני הש׳, v. דָּחָה. Sabb.10a, a. e. מניחין … ועוסקין בחיי ש׳ they neglect the life everlasting, and busy themselves with the life of the hour (earthly affairs). Y.Taan.III, 67a (expl. יולדתך, Prov. 23:25) שַׁעַתְךָ (or שַׁעְתְּךָ) thy hour (of birth). Cant. R. to I, 1, a. e. בשַׁעְתּוֹ in its due time, v. סֵפֶל; Num. R. s. 104> בין שעתו. Ex. R. s. 19, a. fr. לש׳ קלה, v. קַל II; a. v. fr.הוראת ש׳, or ש׳ temporary, special legislation, opp. דורות. Yoma 69b. Men.19b דורות מש׳, v. דּוֹר. Ib. 56a ש׳ מדורותוכ׳ we cannot derive the modes of a temporary act (e. g. the offerings of the princes, Num. 7:12–83) from the laws concerning a permanent institution; a. fr.Pl. שָׁעוֹת. Ber.3a עד ארבע ש׳ to four hours (the fourth hour of the night). Pes.58a שתי ש׳ ומחצה two hours and a half. Snh.V, 3 אחד אומר בשתי ש׳וכ׳ if one witness testifies that the act under consideration was committed at the second hour of the day Kel. XII, 4 אבן הש׳, v. אֶבֶן; a. v. fr.

    Jewish literature > שָׁעָה

  • 35 wydawać

    impf ⇒ wydać
    * * *
    (-aję, -ajesz); perf -ać; vt
    (pieniądze, pensję) to spend; (gazetę, książkę) to publish; ( posiłek) to serve; (kwit, zaświadczenie) to give, to issue; (dekret, proklamację) to issue; ( opinię) to give, to pass; ( werdykt) to return, to deliver; ( wyrok) to pass, to pronounce; (polecenie, towar, przyjęcie) to give; ( szpiega) to give away, ( dźwięk) to make, to utter; (woń, zapach) to give out
    * * *
    ipf.
    1. ( pieniądze) spend; wydać na coś ostatni grosz spend one's last dime on sth; wydać pieniądze do ostatniego grosza spend one's last dime; wydać (komuś) resztę give (sb) change.
    2. (= dawać) give, issue; distribute; wydać zaświadczenie issue a certificate; wydać bankiet give a banquet; wydać córkę za mąż marry a daughter off.
    3. (= zdradzać) give away; wydać przestępcę w ręce policji give a criminal over to the police.
    4. (= obwieszczać) issue; wydać opinię give l. pass an opinion; wydać polecenie give an order; wydać uchwałę make a resolution; wydać komuś wojnę declare a war on sb; wydać werdykt return l. deliver a verdict; wydać wyrok pass l. pronounce a sentence.
    5. (= publikować) publish.
    6. (= dawać plon) yield; wydać na świat give birth to; coś wydało rezultaty sth produced results.
    7. (= wydobywać z siebie) make, utter; wydawać okrzyk give a shout l. cry; wydać ostatnie tchnienie breathe one's last breath.
    ipf.
    1. (= być ujawnianym) come out, be revealed; wszystko się wydało the secret is out.
    2. (= zdradzać się z czymś) give o.s. away; wydać się ze swoimi planami give one's plans away.
    3. lit. (= wywoływać wrażenie) seem, appear; chwila wydała się całą wiecznością moment seemed to last forever.
    4. pot. (= wychodzić za mąż) marry.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wydawać

  • 36 circunstancia

    f.
    circumstance.
    en estas circunstancias under the circumstances
    puso cara de circunstancias (informal) his face took on a serious expression o turned serious
    circunstancia agravante/atenuante/eximente (law) aggravating/extenuating/exonerating circumstance
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: circunstanciar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: circunstanciar.
    * * *
    1 circumstance
    \
    en estas circunstancias under the circumstances
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    dadas las circunstancias — in o under the circumstances

    en las circunstancias actuales — under present circumstances, the way things are at the moment

    circunstancias atenuantes — extenuating o mitigating circumstances

    * * *
    1) (factor, particularidad)

    se da la circunstancia de que... — as it happens...

    2) circunstancias femenino plural ( situación) circumstances (pl)

    bajo or en ninguna circunstancia — under no circumstances

    en circunstancias en or de que — (CS) as

    dadas las circunstancias — under o given the circumstances

    •
    * * *
    Ex. Indicative abstract are suitable for discussion and review articles, books, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings, reports without conclusions, essays and bibliographies.
    ----
    * aceptar las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * adaptación a las circunstancias locales = localisation [localization, -USA].
    * adaptado a unas circunstancias particulares = custom.
    * adaptarse a las circunstancias = suit + circumstances.
    * bajo ciertas circunstancias = under certain circumstances.
    * bajo ninguna circunstancia = under no/any circumstances.
    * circunstancia adversa = adverse circumstance.
    * circunstancias de la vida = accident of birth.
    * circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * dadas las circunstancias = in the circumstances, under the circumstances.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of events.
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to snuff, come up with + the goods, rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to).
    * hacer lo más acertado dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * inclinarse ante las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.
    * producirse un cúmulo de circunstancias que = circumstances + converge.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * * *
    1) (factor, particularidad)

    se da la circunstancia de que... — as it happens...

    2) circunstancias femenino plural ( situación) circumstances (pl)

    bajo or en ninguna circunstancia — under no circumstances

    en circunstancias en or de que — (CS) as

    dadas las circunstancias — under o given the circumstances

    •
    * * *

    Ex: Indicative abstract are suitable for discussion and review articles, books, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings, reports without conclusions, essays and bibliographies.

    * aceptar las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * adaptación a las circunstancias locales = localisation [localization, -USA].
    * adaptado a unas circunstancias particulares = custom.
    * adaptarse a las circunstancias = suit + circumstances.
    * bajo ciertas circunstancias = under certain circumstances.
    * bajo ninguna circunstancia = under no/any circumstances.
    * circunstancia adversa = adverse circumstance.
    * circunstancias de la vida = accident of birth.
    * circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * dadas las circunstancias = in the circumstances, under the circumstances.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of events.
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to snuff, come up with + the goods, rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to).
    * hacer lo más acertado dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * inclinarse ante las circunstancias = accept + the circumstances.
    * poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.
    * producirse un cúmulo de circunstancias que = circumstances + converge.
    * surgir la circunstancia = circumstance + arise.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.

    * * *
    A
    (factor, particularidad): si por alguna circunstancia no puede asistir if for any reason you cannot attend
    la nacionalidad no es una circunstancia relevante en este caso nationality is not a relevant factor in this case
    bajo or en ninguna circunstancia under no circumstances
    se da la circunstancia de que el acusado es diplomático the accused happens to be a diplomat, as it happens the accused is a diplomat
    Compuestos:
    aggravating circumstance
    extenuating circumstance
    exonerating circumstance
    B circunstancias fpl (situación) circumstances (pl)
    en estas/tales circunstancias in these/such circumstances
    sus circunstancias familiares se lo impidieron her family situation prevented her from doing so
    se adapta bien a las circunstancias he adapts well to circumstances
    en circunstancias en or de que (CS frml); as
    en circunstancias en or de que se disponía a salir as he was preparing to leave
    * * *

    circunstancia sustantivo femenino
    1 ( particularidad):

    se da la circunstancia de que … as it happens …;
    bajo ninguna circunstancia under no circumstances
    2
    ◊ circunstancias sustantivo femenino plural ( situación) circumstances (pl);

    dadas las circunstancias given the circumstances;
    debido a sus circunstancias familiares due to her family situation
    circunstancia sustantivo femenino circumstance
    bajo ninguna circunstancia, under no circumstances
    ' circunstancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caso
    - coyuntura
    - estado
    - mediar
    - mera
    - mero
    - ocasión
    - realidad
    - trance
    - excepcional
    - oportunidad
    - paternidad
    - posibilidad
    English:
    aggravating
    - aggravation
    - circumstance
    * * *
    1. [situación, condición] circumstance;
    ¿en qué circunstancias se encuentra la empresa? what state is the company in?;
    en estas circunstancias, dadas las circunstancias under o given the circumstances;
    debido a circunstancias ajenas a nuestra voluntad due to circumstances beyond our control;
    las circunstancias me obligaron a ir circumstances made it necessary for me to go;
    se dan todas las circunstancias para una recuperación rápida circumstances o conditions are favourable to a rapid recovery;
    se da la circunstancia de que ya le pasó lo mismo el año pasado it so happens that the same thing happened to him last year;
    las circunstancias no le son favorables circumstances o conditions are not in her favour;
    bajo ninguna circunstancia se lo digas under no circumstances must you tell her
    2. Der circumstance
    circunstancia agravante aggravating circumstance;
    circunstancia atenuante extenuating circumstance;
    circunstancia eximente exonerating circumstance
    * * *
    f
    1 circumstance;
    dadas la circunstancias in view of the circumstances;
    en estas circunstancias in these circumstances
    2
    :
    * * *
    : circumstance
    * * *
    circunstancia n circumstance
    van a investigar las circunstancias en que se produjo el accidente they're going to investigate the circumstances in which the accident happened

    Spanish-English dictionary > circunstancia

  • 37 सु _su

    1
    सु I. 1 U. (सुवति-ते) To go, move. -II. 1, 2 P. (सवति, सौति) To possess power or supremacy. -III. 5. U. (सुनोति, सुनुते; सुत; the स् of सु is changed to ष् after any preposition ending in इ or उ)
    1 To press out or extract juice.
    -2 To distil.
    -3 To pour out, sprinkle, make a libation.
    -4 To perform a sacrifice especially the Soma (sacrifice).
    -5 To bathe.
    -6 To churn. -Desid. (सुषूषति-ते) -- With उद् to excite, agitate. -प्र to produce, beget.
    2
    सु ind. A particle often used with nouns to form Karmadhāraya and Bahuvrīhī compounds, and with adjectives and adverbs. It has the following senses:--
    1 Well, good, excellent; as in सुगन्धि.
    -2 Beautiful, handsome; as in सुमध्यमा, सुकेशी &c.
    -3 Well, perfectly, thoroughly, properly; सुजीर्णमन्नं सुविचक्षणः सुतः सुशासिता स्त्री नृपतिः सुसेवितः......सुदीर्घकाले$पि न याति विक्रियाम् H.1.22.
    -4 Easily, readily, as in सुकर or सुलभ q. v.
    -5 Much, very much, exceedingly; सुदारुण, सुदीर्घ &c.
    -6 Worthy of respect or reverence.
    -7 It is also said to have the senses of assent, prosperity, and distress.
    -Comp. -अक्ष a.
    1 having good eyes.
    -2 having keen organs, acute.
    -अङ्ग a. well-shaped, handsome, lovely.
    -अच्छ a. see s. v.
    -अन्त a. having happy end, ending well.
    -अल्प, -अल्पक a. see s. v.
    -अस्ति, -अस्तिक see s. v.
    -आकार, -आकृति a. well-formed, handsome, beautiful.
    - आगत see s. v.
    -आदानम् taking justly or properly; स्वादानाद्वर्णसंसर्गात्त्वबलानां च रक्षणात् । बलं संजायते राज्ञः स प्रेत्येह च वर्धते ॥ Ms.8.172.
    -आभास a. very splendid or illustrious; सारतो न विरोधी नः स्वाभासो भरवानुत Ki.15. 22.
    -इष्ट a. properly sacrificed; स्विष्टं यजुर्भिः प्रणतो$स्मि यज्ञम् Bhāg.4.7.41. ˚कृत् m. a form of fire; धर्मादिभ्यो यथान्यायं मन्त्रैः स्विष्टकृतं बुधः Bhāg.11.27.41.
    -उक्त a. well-spoken, well-said; अथवा सूक्तं खलु केनापि Ve.3. (
    -क्ता) a kind of bird (सारिका).
    (-क्तम्) 1 a good or wise saying; नेतुं वाञ्छति यः खलान् पथि सतां सूक्तैः सुधा- स्यन्दिभिः Bh.2.6; R.15.97.
    -2 a Vedic hymn, as in पुरुषसूक्त &c. ˚दर्शिन् m. a hymn-seer, Vedic sage. ˚वाकन्यायः A rule of interpretation according to which some thing that is declared as being subordinate to some- thing else should be understood to signify a part or whole on the basis of expediency or utility. This is discussed by जैमिनि and शबर at MS.3.2.15-18. ˚वाच् f.
    1 a hymn.
    -2 praise, a word of praise.
    -उक्तिः f.
    1 a good or friendly speech.
    -2 a good or clever saying.
    -3 a correct sentence.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 very superior.
    -2 well towards the north.
    -उत्थान a. making good efforts, vigorous, active. (
    -नम्) vigorous effort or exertion.
    -उन्मद, -उन्माद a. quite mad or frantic.
    - उपसदन a. easy to be approached.
    -उपस्कर a. furnished with good instruments.
    -कण्टका the aloe plant.
    -कण्ठ a. sweet- voiced. (
    -ण्ठी) the female cuckoo.
    -कण्डुः itch.
    -कन्दः 1 an onion.
    -2 a yam.
    -3 a sort of grass.
    -कन्दकः onion.
    -कर a. (
    -रा or
    -री f.)
    1 easy to be done, practi- cable, feasible; वक्तुं सुकरं कर्तुं (अध्यवसातुं) दुष्करम् Ve.3 'sooner said than done'.
    -2 easy to be managed. (
    -रः) a good-natured horse. (
    -रा) a tractable cow. (
    -रम्) charity, benevolence.
    -कर्मन् a.
    1 one whose deeds are righteous, virtuous, good.
    -2 active, diligent. (-m.) N. of Visvakarman.
    -कल a. one who has acquired a great reputation for liberality in giving and using (money &c,)
    -कलिल a. well filled with.
    -कल्प a. very qualified or skilled; कालेन यैर्वा विमिताः सुकल्पैर्भूपांसवः खे मिहिका द्युभासः Bhāg.1.14.7.
    -कल्पित a. well equip- ped or armed.
    -कल्य a. perfectly sound.
    -काण्डः the Kāravella plant.
    -काण्डिका the Kāṇḍīra creeper.
    -काण्डिन् a.
    1 having beautiful stems.
    -2 beautifully joined. (-m.) a bee.
    -काष्ठम् fire-wood.
    -कुन्दकः an onion.
    -कुमार a.
    1 very delicate or soft, smooth.
    -2 beautifully young or youthful.
    (-रः) 1 a beautiful youth.
    -2 a kind of sugar-cane.
    -3 a kind of grain (श्यामाक).
    -4 a kind of mustard.
    -5 the wild Cham- paka.
    (-रा) 1 the double jasmine.
    -2 the plantain.
    -3 the great-flowered jasmine.
    -कुमारकः 1 a beauti- ful youth.
    -2 rice (शालि).
    (-कम्) 1 the Tamāla- patra.
    -2 a particutar part of the ear.
    -कुमारी the Navamallikā jasmine.
    -कृत् a.
    1 doing good, benevolent.
    -2 pious, virtuous, righteous.
    -3 wise, learned.
    -4 for- tunate, lucky.
    -5 making good sacrifices or offerings. (-m.)
    1 a skilful worker.
    -2 N. of Tvaṣṭri.
    -कृत a.
    1 done well or properly.
    -2 thoroughly done; कच्चिन्नु सुकृतान्येव कृतरूपाणि वा पुनः । विदुस्ते सर्वकार्याणि Rām.2.1.2.
    -3 well made or constructed.
    -4 treated with kindness, assisted, befriended.
    -5 virtuous, righteous, pious.
    -6 lucky, fortunate.
    (-तम्) 1 any good or virtuous act, kindness, favour, service; नादत्ते कस्यचित् पापं न चैव सुकृतं विभुः Bg.5.15; Me.17.
    -2 virtue, moral or religious merit; स्वर्गाभिसंधिसुकृतं वञ्चनामिव मेनिरे Ku.6.47; तच्चिन्त्यमानं सुकृतं तवेति R.14.16.
    -3 fortune, auspiciousness.
    -4 recompense, reward.
    -5 Penance; तदभूरिवासरकृतं सुकृतैरुप- लभ्य वैभवमनन्यभवम् Ki.6.29.
    -कृतिः f.
    1 well-doing, a good act.
    -2 kindness, virtue.
    -3 practice of penance.
    -4 auspiciousness.
    -कृतिन् a.
    1 acting well or kindly.
    -2 virtuous, pious, good, righteous; सन्तः सन्तु निरापदः सुकृतिनां कीर्तिश्चिरं वर्धताम् H.4.132; चतुर्विधा भजन्ते मां जनाः सुकृतिनो$र्जुन Bg.7.16.
    -3 wise, learned.
    -4 benevolent.
    -5 fortunate, lucky.
    -कृत्यम् a good action; सुकृत्यं विष्णु- गुप्तस्य मित्राप्तिर्भार्गवस्य च Pt.2.45.
    -केश(स)रः the citron tree.
    -क्रतुः 1 N. of Agni.
    -2 of Śiva.
    -3 of Indra.
    -4 of Mitra and Varuṇa.
    -5 of the sun.
    -6 of Soma.
    -क्रयः a fair bargain.
    -क्षेत्र a. sprung from a good womb.
    -खल्लिका luxurious life.
    -ग a.
    1 going gracefully or well.
    -2 graceful, elegant.
    -3 easy of access; अकृत्यं मन्यते कृत्यमगम्यं मन्यते सुगम् । अभक्ष्यं मन्यते भक्ष्यं स्त्रीवाक्यप्रेरितो नरः ॥ Pt.2.148.
    -4 intelligible, easy to be understood (opp. दुर्ग). (
    -गः) a Gandharva; गीतैः सुगा वाद्यधराश्च वाद्यकैः Bhāg.1.12.34.
    (-गम्) 1 ordure, feces.
    -2 happiness.
    -गण् m. a good calculator; L. D. B. -a. counting well.
    -गणकः a good calculator or astronomer.
    -गत a.
    1 well-gone or passed.
    -2 well-bestowed. (
    -तः) an epithet of Buddha.
    -गतिः 1 Welfare, hap- piness.
    -2 a secure refuge.
    -गन्धः 1 fragrance, odour, perfume.
    -2 sulphur.
    -3 a trader.
    (-न्धम्) 1 sandal.
    -2 small cumin seed.
    -3 a blue lotus.
    -4 a kind of fragrant grass. (
    -न्धा) sacred basil.
    -गन्धकः 1 sulphur.
    -2 the red Tulasee.
    -3 the orange.
    -4 a kind of gourd,
    -गन्धमूला a land-growing lotus-plant; L. D. B.
    -गन्धारः an epithet of Śiva.
    -गन्धि a.
    1 sweet-smelling, fra- grant, redolent with perfumes.
    -2 virtuous, pious.
    (-न्धिः) 1 perfume, fragrance.
    -2 the Supreme Being.
    -3 a kind of sweet-smelling mango. (
    -न्धि n.)
    1 the root of long pepper.
    -2 a kind of fragrant grass.
    -3 cori- ander seed. ˚त्रिफला
    1 nutmeg.
    -2 areca nut.
    -3 cloves. ˚मूलम् the root Uśīra. ˚मूषिका the musk-rat.
    -गन्धिकः 1 incense.
    -2 sulphur.
    -3 a kind of rice. (
    -कम्) the white lotus.
    -गम a.
    1 easy of access, accessible.
    -2 easy.
    -3 plain, intelligible.
    -गरम् cinnabar.
    -गहना an enclosure round a place of sacrifice to exclude profane access. ˚वृत्तिः f. the same as above.
    -गात्री a beautiful woman.
    -गृद्ध a. intensely longing for.
    -गृह a. (
    -ही f.) having a beautiful house or abode, well-lodged; सुगृही निर्गृहीकृता Pt.1.39.
    -गृहीत a.
    1 held well or firmly, grasped.
    -2 used or applied properly or auspiciously. ˚नामन् a.
    1 one whose name is auspiciously invoked, one whose name it is auspicious to utter (as Bali, Yudhi- ṣṭhira), a term used as a respectful mode of speaking; सुगृहीतनाम्नः भट्टगोपालस्य पौत्रः Māl.1.
    -ग्रासः a dainty mor- sel.
    -ग्रीव a. having a beautiful neck.
    (-वः) 1 a hero.
    -2 a swan.
    -3 a kind of weapon.
    -4 N. of one of the four horses of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -5 of Śiva.
    -6 of Indra.
    -7 N. of a monkey-chief and brother of Vāli. [By the advice of Kabandha, Rāma went to Sugrīva who told him how his brother had treated him and besought his assistance in recovering his wife, promising at the same time that he would assist Rāma in recovering his wife Sīta. Rāma, therfore, killed vāli, and installed Sugrīva on the throne. He then assisted Rāma with his hosts of monkeys in conquering Rāvaṇa, and recovering Sīta.] ˚ईशः N. of Rāma; सुग्रीवेशः कटी पातु Rāma-rakṣā.8.
    -ग्ल a. very weary or fatigued.
    -घोष a. having a pleasant sound. (
    -षः) N. of the conch of Nakula; नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणपुष्पकौ Bg.1.16.
    -चक्षुस् a. having good eyes, seeing well. (-m.)
    1 discerning or wise man, learned man.
    -2 The glomerous fig-tree.
    -चरित, -चरित्र a.
    1 well-conducted, well-behaved; वृषभैकादशा गाश्च दद्यात् सुचरितव्रतः Ms.11.116.
    -2 moral, virtuous; तान् विदित्वा सुचरितैर्गूढैस्तत्कर्मकारिभिः Ms.9.261. (
    -तम्, -त्रम्) 1 good conduct, virtuous deeds.
    -2 merit; तव सुचरितमङ्गुलीय नूनं प्रतनु Ś.6.1. (
    -ता, -त्रा) a well-conducted, devoted, and virtuous wife.
    -चर्मन् m. the Bhūrja tree.
    -चित्रकः 1 a king fisher.
    -2 a kind of speckled snake.
    -चित्रा a kind of gourd.
    -चिन्ता, -चिन्तनम् deep thought, deep reflection or consideration.
    -चिरम् ind. for a very long time, very long.
    -चिरायुस् m. a god, deity.
    -चुटी a pair of nippers or tongs.
    -चेतस् a.
    1 well-minded.
    -2 wise.
    -चेतीकृत a. with the heart satiated; well- disposed; ततः सुचेतीकृतपौरभृत्यः Bk.3.2.
    -चेलकः a fine cloth.
    -च्छद a. having beautiful leaves.
    -छत्रः N. of Śiva. (
    -त्रा) the river Sutlej.
    -जन a.
    1 good, virtuous, respectable.
    -2 kind, benevolent.
    (-नः) 1 a good or virtuous man, benevolent man.
    -2 a gentleman.
    -3 N. of Indra's charioteer.
    -जनता 1 goodness, kind- ness, benevolence, virtue; ऐश्वर्यस्य विभूषणं सुजनता Bh.2. 82.
    -2 a number of good men.
    -3 bravery.
    -जन्मन् a.
    1 of noble or respectable birth; या कौमुदी नयनयोर्भवतः सुजन्मा Māl.1.34.
    -2 legitimate, lawfully born.
    -जलम् a lotus.
    -जल्पः 1 a good speech.
    -2 a kind of speech thus described by Ujjvalamaṇi; यत्रार्जवात् सगाम्भीर्यं सदैन्यं सहचापलम् । सोत्कण्ठं च हरिः स्पृष्टः स सुजल्पो निगद्यते ॥
    -जात a.
    1 well-grown, tall.
    -2 well made or produced.
    -3 of high birth.
    -4 beautiful, lovely; सुजातं कल्याणी भवतु कृत- कृत्यः स च युवा Māl.1.16; R.3.8.
    -5 very delicate; खिद्यत् सुजाताङ्घ्रितलामुन्निन्ये प्रेयसीं प्रियः Bhāg.1.3.31.
    -डीनकम् a kind of flight of birds; Mb.8.41.27 (com. पश्चाद् गतिः पराडीनं स्वर्गगं सुडीनकम्).
    -तनु a.
    1 having a beautiful body.
    -2 extremely delicate or slender, very thin.
    -3 emaciated. (
    -नुः, -नूः f.) a lovely lady; एताः सुतनु मुखं ते सख्यः पश्यन्ति हेमकूटगताः V.1.1; Ś.7.24.
    -तन्त्री a.
    1 well-stringed.
    -2 (hence) melodious.
    -तपस् a.
    1 one who practises austere penance; a वानप्रस्थ; स्विष्टिः स्वधीतिः सुतपा लोकाञ्जयति यावतः Mb.12.71.3.
    -2 having great heat. (-m.)
    1 an ascetic, a devotee, hermit, an anchorite.
    -2 the sun. (-n.) an austere penance.
    -तप्त a.
    1 greatly harassed, afflicted.
    -2 very severe (as a penance); तपसैव सुतप्तेन मुच्यन्ते किल्बिषात्ततः Ms.11.239.
    -तमाम् ind. most excellently, best.
    -तराम् ind.
    1 bet- ter, more excellently.
    -2 exceedingly, very, very much, excessively; तया दुहित्रा सुतरां सवित्री स्फुरत्प्रभामण्डलया चकाशे Ku.1.24; सुतरां दयालुः R.2.53;7.21;14.9;18.24.
    -3 more so, much more so; मय्यप्यास्था न ते चेत्त्वयि मम सुतरा- मेष राजन् गतो$ स्मि Bh.3.3.
    -4 consequently.
    -तर्दनः the (Indian) cuckco.
    -तर्मन् a. good for crossing over; सुतर्माणमधिनावं रुहेम Ait. Br.1.13; (cf. also यज्ञो वै सुतर्मा).
    -तलम् 1 'immense depth', N. of one of the seven regi- ons below the earth; see पाताल; (याहि) सुतलं स्वर्गीभिः प्रार्थ्यं ज्ञातिभिः परिवारितः Bhāg.8.22.33.
    -2 the foundation of a large building.
    -तान a. melodious.
    -तार a.
    1 very bright.
    -2 very loud; सुतारैः फूत्कारैः शिव शिव शिवेति प्रतनुमः Bh.3.2.
    -3 having a beautiful pupil (as an eye). (
    -रः) a kind of perfume. (
    -रा) (in Sāṁkhya) one of the nine kinds of acquiescence.
    -तिक्तकः the coral tree.
    -तीक्ष्ण a.
    1 very sharp.
    -2 very pungent.
    -3 acutely painful.
    (-क्ष्णः) 1 the Śigru tree.
    -2 N. of a sage; नाम्ना सुतीक्ष्णश्चरितेन दान्तः R.13.41. ˚दशनः an epithet of Śiva.
    -तीर्थः 1 a good preceptor.
    -2 N. of Śiva. -a. easily crossed or traversed.
    -तुङ्ग a. very lofty or tall.
    (-ङ्गः) 1 the cocoa-nut tree.
    -2 the culminating point of a planet.
    -तुमुल a. very loud.
    -तेजन a. well-pointed, sharpened. (
    -नः) a well-pointed arrow.
    -तेजस् a.
    1 very sharp.
    -2 very bright, or splendid.
    -3 very mighty. (-m.) a worshipper of the sun.
    -दक्षिण a.
    1 very sincere or upright.
    -2 liberal or rich in sacrificial gifts; यज्ञैर्भूरिसुदक्षिणैः सुविहितैः संप्राप्यते यत् फलम् Pt.1. 31.
    -3 very skilful.
    -4 very polite. (
    -णा) N. of the wife of Dilīpa; तस्य दाक्षिण्यरूढेन नाम्ना मगधवंशजा पत्नी सुदक्षिणेत्यासीत् R.1.31;3.1.
    -दण्डः a cane, ratan.
    -दत् a. (
    -ती f.) having handsome teeth; जगाद भूयः सुदतीं सुनन्दा R.6.37.
    -दन्तः 1 a good tooth.
    -2 an actor; a dancer. (
    -न्ती) the female elephant of the north-west quarter.
    -दर्श a. lovely, gracious looking; सुदर्शः स्थूललक्षयश्च न भ्रश्येत सदा श्रियः Mb.12.56.19 (com. सुदर्शः प्रसन्नवक्त्रः).
    -दर्शन a. (
    -ना or
    -नी f.)
    1 good-looking, beautiful, handsome.
    -2 easily seen. (
    -नः) the discus of Viṣṇu; as in कृष्णो$प्यसु- दर्शनः K.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 of mount Meru.
    -4 a vul- ture. (
    -नी, -नम्) N. of Amarāvatī, Indra's capital. (
    -नम्) N. of Jambudvīpa.
    -दर्शना 1 a handsome wo- man.
    -2 a woman.
    -3 an order, a command.
    -4 a kind of drug.
    -दास् a. very bountiful.
    -दान्तः a Buddhist.
    -दामन् a. one who gives liberally. (-m.)
    1 a cloud.
    -2 a moun- tain.
    -3 the sea.
    -4 N. of Indra's elephant.
    -5 N. of a very poor Brāhmaṇa who came to Dvārakā with only a small quantity of parched rice as a present to his friend Kṛiṣṇa, and was raised by him to wealth and glory.
    -दायः 1 a good or auspicious gift.
    -2 a special gift given on particular solemn occasions.
    -3 one who offers such a gift.
    -दिनम् 1 a happy or auspicious day.
    -2 a fine day or weather (opp दुर्दिनम्); so सुदिनाहम् in the same sense.
    -दिह् a. well-polished, bright.
    -दीर्घ a. very long or extended. (
    -र्घा) a kind of cucumber.
    -दुराधर्ष a.
    1 very hard to get.
    -2 quite intolerable.
    -दुरावर्त a. a very hard to be convinced.
    -दुरासद a. unapproachable.
    -दुर्जर a. very difficult to be digested.
    -दुर्मनस् a. very troubled in mind.
    -दुर्मर्ष a. quite in- tolerable.
    -दुर्लभ a. very scarce or rare.
    -दुश्चर a.
    1 inaccessible.
    -2 very painful.
    -दुश्चिकित्स a. very difficult to be cured.
    -दुष्प्रभः a chameleon.
    -दूर a. very distant or remote. (
    -सुदूरम् means
    1 to a great distance.
    -2 to a very high degree, very much; सुदूरं पीडयेत् कामः शरद्गुणनिरन्तरः Rām.4.3.12.
    -सुदूरात् 'from afar, from a distance').
    -दृढ a. very firm or hard, compact.
    -दृश् a. having beautiful eyes. (-f.) a pretty woman.
    -देशिकः a good guide.
    -धन्वन् a. having an excellent bow. (-m.)
    1 a good archer or bowman.
    -2 Ananta, the great serpent.
    -3 N. of Viśvakarman. ˚आचार्यः a mixed caste; वैश्यात्तु जायते व्रात्यात् सुधन्वाचार्य एव च Ms.1.23.
    -धर्मन् a. attentive to duties. (-f.) the council or assembly of gods. (-m.)
    1 the hall or palace of Indra.
    -2 one diligent in properly maintaining his family.
    -धर्मा, -र्मी 1 the council or assembly of gods (देवसभा); ययावुदीरितालोकः सुधर्मानवमां सभाम् R.17.27.
    -2 (सुधर्मा) N. of Dvārakā; दिवि भुव्यन्तरिक्षे च महोत्पातान् समु- त्थितान् । दृष्ट्वासीनान् सुधर्मायां कृष्णः प्राह यदूनिदम् ॥ Bhāg.11.3. 4;1.14.34.
    -धात a. well cleaned.
    -धार a. well-pointed (as an arrow).
    -धित a. Ved.
    1 perfect, secure.
    -2 kind, good.
    -3 happy, prosperous.
    -4 well-aimed or directed (as a weapon).
    -धी a. having a good understanding, wise, clever, intelligent. (
    -धीः) a wise or intelligent man, learned man or pandit. (-f.) a good under- standing, good sense, intelligence. ˚उपास्यः
    1 a particu- lar kind of royal palace.
    -2 N. of an attendant on Kṛiṣṇa. (
    -स्यम्) the club of Balarāma. ˚उपास्या
    1 a woman.
    -2 N. of Umā, or of one of her female com- panions.
    -3 a sort of pigment.
    -ध्रूम्रवर्णा one of the seven tongues of fire.
    -नन्दम् N. of Balarāma's club; प्रतिजग्राह बलवान् सुनन्देनाहनच्च तम् Bhāg.1.67.18.
    -नन्दः a kind of royal palace.
    -नन्दा 1 N. of a woman.
    -2 N. of Pārvatī; L. D. B.
    -3 yellow pigment; L. D. B.
    -नयः 1 good conduct.
    -2 good policy.
    - नयन a. having beau- tiful eyes. (
    -नः) a deer.
    (-ना) 1 a woman having beautiful eyes.
    -2 a woman in general.
    -नाभ a.
    1 having a beautiful navel.
    -2 having a good nave or cen- tre.
    (-भः) 1 a mountain.
    -2 the Maināka mountain, q. v. (
    -भम्) a wheel, discus (सुदर्शन); ये संयुगे$चक्षत तार्क्ष्यपुत्रमंसे सुनाभायुधमापतन्तम् Bhāg.3.2.24.
    -नालम् a red water-lily.
    -निःष्ठित a. quite ready.
    -निर्भृत a. very lonely or private. (
    -तम्) ind. very secretly or closely, very narrowly, privately.
    -निरूढ a. well-purged by an injection; Charaka.
    -निरूहणम् a good purgative.
    -निर्णिक्त a. well polished.
    -निश्चलः an epithet of Śiva.
    -निषण्णः (-कः) the herb Marsilea Quadrifolia (Mar. कुऱडू).
    -निहित a. well-established.
    -नीत a.
    1 well-con- ducted, well-behaved.
    -2 polite, civil.
    (-तनि) 1 good conduct or behaviour.
    -2 good policy or prodence.
    -नीतिः f.
    1 good conduct, good manners, propriety.
    -2 good policy.
    -3 N. of the mother of Dhruva, q. v.
    -नीथ a. well-disposed, well conducted, righteous, vir- tuous, good.
    (-थः) 1 a Brāhmaṇa.
    -2 N. of Śiśupāla, q. v.; तस्मिन्नभ्यर्चिते कृष्णे सुनीथः शत्रुकर्षणः Mb.1.39.11.
    -3 Ved. a good leader.
    -नील a. very black or blue. (
    -लः) the pomegranate tree. (
    -ला) common flax.
    (-लम्), -नीलकः a blue gem.
    -नु n. water.
    -नेत्र a. having good or beautiful eyes.
    -पक्व a.
    1 well-cooked.
    -2 thoroughly matured or ripe. (
    -क्वः) a sort of fra- grant mango.
    -पठ a. legible.
    -पत्नी a woman having a good husband.
    -पत्र a.
    1 having beautiful wings.
    -2 well-feathered (an arrow).
    -पथः 1 a good road.
    -2 a good course.
    -3 good conduct.
    -पथिन् m. (nom. sing. सुपन्थाः) a good road.
    -पद्मा orris root.
    -परीक्षित a. well-examined.
    -पर्ण a. (
    -र्णा or
    -र्णी f.)
    1 well-winged; तं भूतनिलयं देवं सुपर्णमुपधावत Bhāg.8.1.11.
    -2 having good or beautiful leaves.
    (-र्णः) 1 a ray of the sun.
    -2 a class of bird-like beings of a semi-divine charac- ter.
    -3 any supernatural bird.
    -4 an epithet of Garuḍa; ततः सुपर्णव्रजपक्षजन्मा नानागतिर्मण्डलयन् जवेन Ki.16.44.
    -5 a cock.
    -6 the knowing (ज्ञानरूप); देहस्त्वचित्पुरुषो$यं सुपर्णः क्रुध्येत कस्मै नहि कर्ममूलम् Bhāg.11.23.55.
    -7 Any bird; द्वा सुपर्णा सयुजा सखाया समानं वृक्षं परिषस्वजाते Muṇd. 3.1.1. ˚केतुः N. of Viṣṇu; तमकुण्ठमुखाः सुपर्णकेतोरिषवः क्षिप्तमिषुव्रजं परेण Śi.2.23.
    -पर्णकः = सुपर्ण.
    -पर्णा, -पर्णी f.
    1 a number of lotuses.
    -2 a pool abounding in lotuses.
    -3 N. of the mother of Garuḍa.
    -पर्यवदात a. very clean.
    -पर्याप्त a.
    1 very spacious; तस्य मध्ये सुपर्याप्तं कारयेद् गृहमात्मनः Ms.7.76.
    -2 well-fitted.
    -पर्वन् a. well- jointed, having many joints or knots. (-m.)
    1 a bam- boo.
    -2 an arrow.
    -3 a god, deity; विहाय या सर्वसुपर्व- नायकम् N.4.9;14.41,76.
    -4 a special lunar day (as the day of full or new moon, and the 8th and 14th day of each fortnight).
    -5 smoke. (-f.) white Dūrvā grass.
    -पलायित a.
    1 completely fled or run away.
    -2 skilfully retreated.
    -पाक्यम् a kind of medicinal salt (Mar. बिडलोण).
    -पात्रम् 1 a good or suitable vessel, worthy receptacle.
    -2 a fit or competent person, any one well-fitted for an office, an able person.
    -पाद् (
    -पाद् or
    -पदी f.) having good or handsome feet.
    -पार्श्वः 1 the waved-leaf fig-tree (प्लक्ष).
    -2 N. of the son of Sampāti, elder brother of Jaṭāyu.
    -पालि a. distinguished.
    -पीतम् 1 a carrot.
    -2 yellow sandal. (
    -तः) the fifth Muhūrta.
    -पुंसी a woman having a good husband.
    -पुरम् a strong fortress.
    -पुष्प a. (
    -ष्पा or
    -ष्पी f.) having beautiful flowers.
    (-ष्पः) 1 the coral tree.
    -2 the Śirīṣa tree. (
    -ष्पी) the plantain tree.
    (-ष्पम्) 1 cloves.
    -2 the menstrual excretion.
    -पुष्पित a.
    1 well blossomed, being in full flower.
    -2 having the hair thrilling or bristling.
    -पूर a.
    1 easy to be filled; सुपूरा स्यात् कुनदिका सुपूरो मूषिकाञ्जलिः Pt.1.25.
    -2 well-filling. (
    -रः) a kind of citron (बीजपूर).
    -पूरकः the Baka-puṣpa tree.
    -पेशस् a. beautiful, tender; रत्नानां पद्मरागो$स्मि पद्मकोशः सुपेशसाम् Bhāg.11.16.3. ˚कृत् m. a kind of fly; Bhāg.11.7.34.
    -प्रकाश a.
    1 manifest, apparent; ज्येष्ठे मासि नयेत् सीमां सुप्रकाशेषु सेतुषु Ms.8.245.
    -2 public, notorious.
    -प्रतर्कः a sound judgment.
    -प्रतिभा spirituous liquor.
    -प्रतिष्ठ a.
    1 standing well.
    -2 very celebrated, renowned, glorious, famous.
    (-ष्ठा) 1 good position.
    -2 good reputation, fame, celebrity.
    -3 esta- blishment, erection.
    -4 installation, consecration.
    -प्रतिष्ठित a.
    1 well-established.
    -2 consecrated.
    -3 ce- lebrated. (
    -तः) the Udumbara tree.
    -प्रतिष्णात a.
    1 thoroughly purified.
    -2 well-versed in.
    -3 well-investi- gated, clearly ascertained or determined.
    -प्रतीक a.
    1 having a beautiful shape, lovely, handsome; भगवान् भागवतवात्सल्यतया सुप्रतीकः Bhāg.5.3.2.
    -2 having a beau- tiful trunk.
    (-कः) 1 an epithet of Kāmadeva.
    -2 of Śiva.
    -3 of the elephant of the north-east quarter.
    -4 An honest man; स्तेयोपायैर्विरचितकृतिः सुप्रतीको यथास्ते Bhāg.1.8.31.
    -प्रपाणम् a good tank.
    -प्रभ a. very brilliant, glorious. (
    -भा) one of the seven tongues of fire.
    -प्रभातम् 1 an auspicious dawn or day-break; दिष्टथा सुप्रभातमद्य यदयं देवो दृष्टः U.6.
    -2 the earliest dawn.
    -प्रभावः omnipotence.
    -प्रमाण a. large-sized.
    -प्रयुक्तशरः a skilful archer.
    -प्रयोगः 1 good management or ap- plication.
    -2 close contact.
    -3 dexterity.
    -प्रलापः good speech, eloquence.
    -प्रसन्नः N. of Kubera.
    -प्रसाद a. very gracious or propitious. (
    -दः) N. of Śiva.
    -प्रातम् a fine morning.
    -प्रिय a. very much liked, agreeable. (
    -यः) (in prosody) a foot of two short syllables.
    (-या) 1 a charming woman.
    -2 a beloved mistress.
    -प्रौढा a marriageable girl.
    -फल a.
    1 very fruitful, very productive.
    -2 very fertile.
    (-लः) 1 the pomegranate tree.
    -2 the jujube.
    -3 the Karṇikāra tree.
    -4 a kind of bean.
    (-ला) 1 a pumpkin, gourd.
    -2 the plan- tain tree.
    -3 a variety of brown grape.
    -4 colocynth.
    -फेनः a cuttle-fish bone.
    -बन्धः sesamum.
    -बभ्रु a. dark-brown.
    -बल a. very powerful.
    (-लः) 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 N. of the father of Śakuni.
    -बान्धवः N. of Śiva.
    -बाल a. very childish.
    -बाहु a.
    1 handsome- armed.
    -2 strong-armed. (
    -हुः) N. of a demon, brother of Mārīcha, who had become a demon by the curse of Agastya. He with Mārīcha began to disturb the sacrifice of Viśvāmitra, but was defeated by Rāma. and Lakṣmaṇa; यः सुबाहुरिति राक्षसो$परस्तत्र तत्र विससर्प मायया R.11.29.
    -बीजम् good seed; सुबीजं चैव सुक्षेत्रे जातं संपद्यते तथा Ms.1.69.
    (-जः) 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 the poppy.
    -बोध a.
    1 easily apprehended or understood. (
    -धः) good information or advice.
    -ब्रह्मण्यः 1 an epithet of Kārtikeya.
    -2 N. of one of the sixteen priests employed at a sacrifice.
    -भग a.
    1 very fortu- nate or prosperous, happy, blessed, highly favoured.
    -2 lovely, charming, beautiful, pretty; न तु ग्रीष्मस्यैवं सुभगमपराद्धं युवतिषु Ś.3.9; Ku.4.34; R.11.8; Māl.9.
    -3 pleasant, grateful, agreeable, sweet; दिवसाः सुभगा- दित्याश्छायासलिलदुर्भगाः Rām.3.16.1; श्रवणसुभग M.3.4; Ś.1.3.
    -4 beloved, liked, amiable, dear; सुमुखि सुभगः पश्यन् स त्वामुपैतु कृतार्थताम् Gīt.5.
    -5 illustrious.
    (-गः) 1 borax.
    -2 the Aśoka tree.
    -3 the Champaka tree.
    -4 red amarnath. (
    -गम्) good fortune. ˚मानिन्, सुभगं- मन्य a.
    1 considering oneself fortunate, amiable, pleasing; वाचालं मां न खलु सुभगंमन्यभावः करोति Me.96.
    -2 vain, flattering oneself.
    -भगा 1 a woman beloved by her hus- band, a favourite wife.
    -2 an honoured mother.
    -3 a kind of wild jasmine.
    -4 turmeric.
    -5 the Priyaṅgu creeper.
    -6 the holy basil.
    -7 a woman having her husband alive (सौभाग्यवती); जयशब्दैर्द्विजाग्र्याणां सुभगानर्तितै- स्तथा Mb.7.7.9.
    -8 a five-year old girl representing Durgā at festivals.
    -9 musk. ˚सुत the son of a favou- rite wife.
    -भङ्गः the cocoa-nut tree.
    -भटः a great war- rior, champion, soldier.
    -भट्टः a learned man.
    -भद्र a. very happy or fortunate. (
    -द्रः) N. of Viṣṇu; साकं साकम्पमंसे वसति विदधती बासुभद्रं सुभद्रम् Viṣṇupāda S.31. (
    -द्रा) N. of the sister of Balarāma and Kṛiṣṇa, married to Arjuna q. v. She bore to him a son named Abhimanyu.
    -भद्रकः 1 a car for carrying the image of a god.
    -2 the Bilva tree.
    -भाषित a.
    1 spoken well or eloquent.
    (-तम्) 1 fine speech, eloquence, learning; जीर्णमङ्गे सुभाषितम् Bh.3.2.
    -2ल a witty saying, an apophthegm, an apposite saying; सुभाषितेन गीतेन युवतीनां च लीलया । मनो न भिद्यते यस्य स वै मुक्तो$थवा पशुः Subhāṣ.
    -3 a good remark; बालादपि सुभाषितम् (ग्राह्यम्).
    -भिक्षम् 1 good alms, successful begging.
    -2 abundance of food, an abundant supply of provisions, plenty of corn &c.
    -भीरकः the Palāśa tree.
    -भीरुकम् silver.
    -भूतिः 1 well-being, wel- fare.
    -2 the Tittira bird; Gīrvāṇa.
    -भूतिकः the Bilva tree.
    -भूषणम् a type of pavilion where a ceremony is performed on a wife's perceiving the first signs of con- ception; सुभूषणाख्यं विप्राणां योग्यं पुंसवनार्थकम् Māna.34.354.
    -भृत a.
    1 well-paid.
    -2 heavily laden.
    -भ्रू a. having beautiful eyebrows. (
    -भ्रूः f.) a lovely woman. (N. B. The vocative singular of this word is strictly सुभ्रूः; but सुभ्रु is used by writers like Bhaṭṭi. Kālidāsa, and Bhavabhūti; हा पितः क्वासि हे सुभ्रु Bk.6.17; so V.3.22; Ku.5.43; Māl.3.8.)
    -मङ्गल a.
    1 very auspicious.
    -2 abounding in sacrifices.
    -मति a. very wise. (
    -तिः f.)
    1 a good mind or disposition, kindness, benevolence, friendship.
    -2 a favour of the gods.
    -3 a gift, blessing.
    -4 a prayer, hymn.
    -5 a wish or desire.
    -6 N. of the wife of Sagara and mother of 6, sons.
    -मदनः the mango tree.
    -मदात्मजा a celestial damsel.
    -मधुरम् a very sweet or gentle speech, agreeable words.
    -मध्य, -मध्यम a. slender-waisted.
    -मध्या, -मध्यमा a graceful woman.
    -मन a. very charming, lovely, beautiful.
    (-नः) 1 wheat.
    -2 the thorn-apple. (
    -ना) the great-flowered jasmine.
    -मनस् a.
    1 good-minded, of a good disposition, benevolent; शान्तसंकल्पः सुमना यथा स्याद्वीतमन्युर्गौतमो माभिमृत्यो Kaṭh.1.1.
    -2 well-pleased, satisfied; (hence
    -सुमनीभू = to be at ease; जिते नृपारौ समनीभवन्ति शद्बायमानान्यशनैरशङ्कम् Bk.2.54.). (-m.)
    1 a god, divinity.
    -2 a learned man.
    -3 a student of the Vedas.
    -4 wheat.
    -5 the Nimba tree. (-f., n.; said to be pl. only by some) a flower; मुमुचुर्मुनयो देवाः सुमनांसि मुदान्विताः Bhāg.1.3.7; रमणीय एष वः सुमनसां संनिवेशः Māl.1. (where the adjectival; sense in 1 is also intended); किं सेव्यते सुमनसां मनसापि गन्धः कस्तू- रिकाजननशक्तिभृता मृगेण R.G; Śi.6.66. ˚वर्णकम् flowers, unguent or perfume etc. for the body; सा तदाप्रभृति सुमनो- वर्णकं नेच्छति Avimārakam 2. (-f.)
    1 the great-flowered jasmine.
    -2 the Mālatī creeper. ˚फलः the woodapple. ˚फलम् nutmeg.
    -मनस्क a. cheerful, happy.
    -मन्तु a.
    1 advising well.
    -2 very faulty or blameable. (-m.) a good adviser.
    -मन्त्रः N. of the charioteer of Daśāratha.
    -मन्दभाज् a. very unfortunate.
    -मर्दित a. much harassed.
    -मर्षण a. easy to be borne.
    -मित्रा 1 N. of one of the wives of Daśāratha and mother of Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna.
    -मुख a. (
    -खा or
    -खी f.)
    1 having a beautiful face, lovely.
    -2 pleasing.
    -3 disposed to, eager for; सुरसद्मयानसुमुखी जनता Ki.6.42.
    -4 favour- able, kind.
    -5 well-pointed (as an arrow).
    -6 (सुमुखा) having a good entrance.
    (-खः) 1 a learned man.
    -2 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -3 of Gaṇeśa; सुमुखश्चैकदन्तश्च कपिलो गजकर्णकः Maṅgal. S.1.
    -4 of Śiva.
    (-खम्) 1 the scratch of a finger-nail.
    -2 a kind of building.
    (-खा, -खी) 1 a handsome woman.
    -2 a mirror.
    -मूलकम् a carrot.
    -मृत a. stone-dead.
    -मेखलः the Muñja grass.
    -मेधस a. having a good understanding, wise, intelligent; इमे अङ्गिरसः सत्रमासते$द्य सुमेधसः Bhāg.9.4.3. (-m.) a wise man. (-f.) heart-pea.
    -मेरुः 1 the sac- red mountain Meru, q. v.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -यन्त्रित a.
    1 well-governed.
    -2 self-controlled.
    -यमाः a parti- cular class of gods; जातो रुचेरजनयत् सुयमान् सुयज्ञ आकूति- सूनुरमरानथ दक्षिणायाम् Bhāg.2.7.2.
    -यवसम् beautiful grass, good pasturage.
    -यामुनः 1 a palace.
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -युक्तः N. of Śiva.
    -योगः 1 a favourable junc- ture.
    -2 good opportunity.
    -योधनः an epithet of Duryodhana q. v.
    -रक्त a.
    1 well coloured.
    -2 im- passioned.
    -3 very lovely.
    -4 sweet-voiced; सुरक्तगोपी- जनगीतनिःस्वने Ki.4.33.
    -रक्तकः 1 a kind of red chalk.
    -2 a kind of mango tree.
    -रङ्गः 1 good colour.
    -2 the orange.
    -3 a hole cut in a house (सुरङ्गा also in this sense).
    (-ङ्गम्) 1 red sanders.
    -2 vermilion. ˚धातुः red chalk. ˚युज् m. a house-breaker.
    -रङ्गिका the Mūrvā plant.
    -रजःफलः the jack-fruit tree.
    -रञ्जनः the betel nut tree.
    -रत a.
    1 much sported.
    -2 playful.
    -3 much enjoyed.
    -4 compassionate, tender.
    (-तम्) 1 great delight or enjoyment.
    -2 copulation, sexual union or intercourse, coition; सुरतमृदिता बालवनिता Bh.2. 44. ˚गुरुः the husband; पर्यच्छे सरसि हृतें$शुके पयोभिर्लोलाक्षे सुरतगुरावपत्रपिष्णोः Śi.8.46. ˚ताण्डवम् vigorous sexual movements; अद्यापि तां सुरतताण्डवसूत्रधारीं (स्मरामि) Bil. Ch. Uttara.28. ˚ताली
    1 a female messenger, a go-between.
    -2 a chaplet, garland for the head. ˚प्रसंगः addiction to amorous pleasures; कालक्रमेणाथ योः प्रवृत्ते स्वरूपयोग्ये सुरत- प्रसंगे Ku.1.19.
    -रतिः f. great enjoyment or satis- faction.
    -रस a. well-flavoured, juicy, savoury.
    -2 sweet.
    -3 elegant (as a composition). (
    -सः, -सा) the plant सिन्धुवार. (
    -सा) N. of Durgā. (
    -सा, -सम्) the sacred basil.
    (-सम्) 1 gum-myrrh.
    -2 fragrant grass.
    -राजन् a. governed by a good king; सुराज्ञि देशे राजन्वान् Ak. (-m.)
    1 a good king.
    -2 a divinity.
    -राजिका a small house-lizard.
    -राष्ट्रम् N. of a country on the western side of India (Surat). ˚जम् a kind of poison.
    -2 a sort of black bean (Mar. तूर). ˚ब्रह्मः a Brāhmaṇa of Surāṣṭra.
    -रूप a.
    1 well-formed, handsome, love- ly; सुरूपा कन्या.
    -2 wise, learned. (
    -पः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -रूहकः a horse resembling an ass.
    -रेतस् n. mental power (चिच्छक्ति); सुरेतसादः पुनराविश्य चष्टे Bhāg. 5.7.14.
    -रेभ a. fine-voiced; स्यन्दना नो चतुरगाः सुपेभा वाविपत्तयः । स्यन्दना नो च तुरगाः सुरेभा वा विपत्तयः ॥ Ki.15.16. (
    -भम्) tin.
    -लक्षण a.
    1 having auspicious or beautiful marks.
    -2 fortunate.
    (-णम्) 1 observing, examining carefully, determining, ascertaining.
    -2 a good or auspicious mark.
    -लक्षित a. well determined or ascertained; तुलामानं प्रतीमानं सर्वं च स्यात् सुलक्षितम् Ms.8.43.
    -लग्नः, -ग्नम् an auspicious moment.
    -लभ a.
    1 easy to be obtained, easy of attainment, attainable, feasible; न सुलभा सकलेन्दुमुखी च सा V.2.9; इदमसुलभवस्तुप्रार्थनादुर्नि- वारम् 2.6.
    -2 ready for, adapted to, fit, suitable; निष्ठ्यूतश्चरणोपभोगसुलभो लाक्षारसः केनचित् Ś.4.4.
    -3 natural to, proper for; मानुषतासुलभो लघिमा K. ˚कोप a. easily provoked, irascible.
    -लिखित a. well registered.
    -लुलित a.
    1 moving playfully.
    -2 greatly hurt, injured.
    -लोचन a. fine-eyed. (
    -नः) a deer.
    (-ना) 1 a beauti- ful woman.
    -2 N. of the wife of Indrajit.
    -लोहकम् brass.
    -लोहित a. very red. (
    -ता) one of the seven tongues of fire.
    -वक्त्रम् 1 a good face or mouth.
    -2 correct utterance. (
    -क्त्रः) N. of Śiva.
    -वचनम्, -वचस् n. eloquence. -a. eloquent.
    -वयस् f. a hermaphrodite.
    -वर्चकः, -वर्चिकः, -का, -वर्चिन् m. natron, alkali.
    -वर्चला 1 N. of the wife of the sun; तं चाहमनुवर्तिष्ये यथा सूर्यं सुवर्चला Rām.2.3.3.
    -2 linseed.
    -वर्चसः N. of Śiva.
    -वर्चस्क a. splendid, brilliant.
    -वर्ण see s. v.
    -वर्तित 1 well rounded.
    -2 well arranged.
    -वर्तुलः a water-melon.
    -वसन्तः 1 an agreeable vernal season.
    -2 the day of full moon in the month of Chaitra, or a festival celebrated in honour of Kāmadeva in that month (also सुवसन्तकः in this sense).
    -वह a.
    1 bearing well, patient.
    -2 patient, enduring.
    -3 easy to be borne-
    (-हा) 1 a lute.
    -2 N. of several plants like रास्ना, निर्गुण्डी &c.; Mātaṅga L.1.1.
    -वासः 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 a pleasant dwelling.
    -3 an agreeable perfume or odo- ur.
    -वासकः a water-melon.
    -वासरा cress.
    -वासिनी 1 a woman married or single who resides in her father's house.
    -2 a married woman whose husband is alive.
    -विक्रान्त a. very valiant or bold, chivalrous; सुविक्रान्तस्य नृपतेः सर्वमेव महीतलम् Śiva. B.16.45. (
    -न्तः) a hero. (
    -न्तम्) heroism.
    -विग्रह a. having a beautiful figure.
    -विचक्षण a. very clever, wise.
    -विद् m. a learned man, shrewd person. (-f.) a shrewd or clever woman.
    -विदः 1 an attendant on the women's apartments.
    -2 a king.
    -विदग्ध a. very cunning, astute.
    -विदत् m. a king
    -विदत्रम् 1 a household, family.
    -2 wealth.
    -3 grace, favour.
    -विदल्लः an attendant on the women's apart- ments (wrongly for सौविदल्ल q. v.). (
    -ल्लम्) the wo- men's apartments, harem.
    -विदल्ला a married woman.
    -विध a. of a good kind.
    -विधम् ind. easily.
    -विधिः a good rule, ordinance.
    -विनीत a.
    1 well trained, modest.
    -2 well executed. (
    -ता) a tractable cow.
    -विनेय a. easy to be trained or educated.
    -विभक्त a. well pro- portioned, symmetrical.
    -विरूढ a.
    1 fully grown up or developed.
    -2 well ridden.
    -विविक्त a.
    1 solitary (as a wood).
    -2 well decided (as a question).
    -विहित a.
    1 well-placed, well-deposited.
    -2 well-furnished, well- supplied, well-provided, well-arranged; सुविहितप्रयोगतया आर्यस्य न किमपि परिहास्यते Ś.1; कलहंसमकरन्दप्रेवशावसरे तत् सुविहितम् Māl.1.
    -3 well done or performed.
    -4 well satisfied (by hospitality); अन्नपानैः सुविहितास्तस्मिन् यज्ञे महात्मनः Rām.1.14.16.
    -वी(बी)ज a. having good seed.
    (-जः) 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 the poppy. (
    -जम्) good seed.
    -वीरकम् 1 a kind of collyrium.
    -2 sour gruel (काञ्जिक); सुवीरकं याच्यमाना मद्रिका कर्षति स्फिचौ Mb.8.4.38.
    -वीराम्लम् sour rice-gruel.
    -वीर्य a.
    1 having great vigour.
    -2 of heroic strength, heroic, chivalrous.
    (-र्यम्) 1 great heroism
    -2 abundance of heroes.
    -3 the fruit of the jujube. (
    -र्या) wild cotton.
    -वृक्तिः f.
    1 a pure offering.
    -2 a hymn of praise.
    -वृत्त a.
    1 well-behaved, virtuous, good; मयि तस्य सुवृत्त वर्तते लघुसंदेशपदा सरस्वती R. 8.77.
    -2 well-rounded, beautifully globular or round; मृदुनातिसुवृत्तेन सुमृष्टेनातिहारिणा । मोदकेनापि किं तेन निष्पत्तिर्यस्य सेवया ॥ or सुमुखो$पि सुवृत्तो$पि सन्मार्गपतितो$पि च । महतां पादलग्नो$पि व्यथयत्येव कष्टकः ॥ (where all the adjectives are used in a double sense). (
    -त्तम्) a good or virtuous conduct; भर्तुश्चिन्तानुवर्तित्वं सुवृत्तं चानुजीविनाम् Pt.1.69. (
    -त्ता) a sort of grape.
    -वेल a.
    1 tranquil, still.
    -2 humble, quiet. (
    -लः) N. of the Trikūṭa mountain.
    -व्रत a. strict in the observance of religious vows, strictly virtuous or religious. (
    -तः) a religious student.
    (-ता) 1 a virtuous wife.
    -2 a tractable cow, one easily milked.
    -शंस a. well spoken of, famous, glorious, commendable.
    -शक a. capable of being easily done.
    -शर्मन् (m., f.) a person desiring intercourse (Uṇ.4. 165].
    -शल्यः the Khadira tree.
    -शाकम् undried ginger.
    -शारदः N. of Śiva.
    -शासित a. kept under control, well-controlled.
    -शिक्षित a. well-taught, trained, well- disciplined.
    -शिखः fire.
    (-खा) 1 a peacock's crest.
    -2 a cock's comb.
    -शीतम् yellow sandal-wood.
    -शीम a. cold, frigid. (
    -मः) coldness
    -शील a. good-tempered, amiable.
    (-ला) 1 N. of the wife of Yama.
    -2 N. of one of the eight favourite wives of Kriṣṇa.
    -शेव a. full of happiness; pleasant to be resorted; एष पन्था उरुगायः मुशेवः Ait. Br.7.13.11.
    -शोण a. dark-red.
    -श्रीका the gum olibanum tree.
    -श्रुत a.
    1 well heard.
    -2 versed in the Vedas.
    -3 gladly heard (also an ex- clamation at a श्राद्ध); पित्रे स्वदितमित्येव वाच्यं गोष्ठे तु सुश्रुतम् Ms.3.254. (
    -तः) N. of the author of a system of medicine, whose work, together with that of Charaka, is regardad as the oldest medical authority, and held in great esteem in India even to this day.
    -श्लिष्ट a.
    1 well-arranged or united.
    -2 well-fitted; Māl.1.
    -श्लेषः close union or embrace.
    -श्लोक्य a. very famous; तेजीयसामपि ह्येतन्न सुश्लोक्यं जगद्गुरो Bhāg.3.12.31.
    -संवीत a.
    1 well-girt; स ददर्श ततः श्रीमान् सुग्रीवं हेमपिङ्गलम् । सुसंवीतम्... Rām.4.16.15.
    -2 well dressed.
    -संवृतिः good concealment. a. well-concealed; परितप्तो$प्यपरः सुसंवृतिः Śi.16.23.
    -संस्कृत a.
    1 well cooked or prepared.
    -2 kept in good order; सुसंस्कृतोपस्करया व्यये चामुक्तहस्तया Ms.5.15.
    -संगृहीत a.
    1 well controlled or governed; सुसंगृहीतराष्ट्रो हि पार्थिवः सुखमेधते Ms.7.113.
    -2 well received.
    -3 well kept.
    -4 well abridged.
    -संध a. true to a promise.
    -संनत a. well-directed (as an arrow).
    -सत्या N. of the wife of Janaka.
    -सदृश् a. agreeable to look at.
    -समाहित a.
    1 well arranged, beautifully adorned; very beautiful; ऋतुकालं प्रतीक्षन्ते नार्थिनः सुसमाहिते । संगमं त्वहमिच्छामि त्वया सह सुमध्यमे ॥ Rām.1.48.18.
    -2 completely loaded; तद्यथानः सुसमा- हितमुत्सर्जद्यायात् Bṛi. Up.4.3.35.
    -3 Very intent, attentive.
    -समीहित a. much desired.
    - सरण N. of Śiva.
    -सह a.
    1 easy to be borne.
    -2 bearing or enduring well. (
    -हः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -सहाय a. having a good companion; प्रणेतुं शक्यते दण्डः सुसहायेन धीमता Ms.7.31.
    -साधित a. well trained or educated.
    -सार a. having good sap or essence.
    (-रः) 1 good sap, essence, or substance.
    -2 competence.
    -3 the red-flowering Kha- dira tree.
    -सारवत् n. crystal.
    -सिकता 1 good sand.
    -2 gravel.
    -3 sugar.
    -सुरप्रिया jasmine.
    -सेव्य a. to be well or easily followed (as a road).
    -सौभगम् con- jugal felicity.
    -स्थ a.
    1 well-suited, being in a good sense.
    -2 in health, healthy, faring well.
    -3 in good or prosperous circumstances, prosperous.
    -4 happy, fortunate. (
    -स्थम्) a happy state, well-being; प्रह्लाद सुस्थरूपोसि पश्यन् व्यसनमात्मनः Mb.12.222.12; सुस्थे को वा न पण्डितः H.3.114.
    -स्थित a. in the same sense as सुस्थ. (
    -तम्) a house with a gallery on all sides.
    -स्थितिः (also सुस्थता) f.
    1 good condition, well-being, welfare, happiness.
    -2 health, convalescence.
    -स्थिर a.
    1 stable.
    -2 resolute, cool.
    -स्नातः 1 one who bathes at the end of a sacrifice; L. D. B.
    -2 well purified by bathing.
    -स्मित a. pleasantly smiling. (
    -ता) a woman with a pleased or smiling countenance.
    -स्वपनः an epithet of Śiva.
    -स्वर a.
    1 melodious, harmonious.
    -2 loud. ˚यन्त्रकम् a kind of musical instrument; युता सुस्वरयन्त्रकैः Śukra.1.247.
    -हित a.
    1 very fit or suitable, appro- priate.
    -2 beneficial, salutary.
    -3 friendly, affection- ate.
    -4 satisfied; सहस्रनेत्रः सुहितत्वमाप न Rām. ch.2.64. (
    -ता) one of the seven tongues of fire.
    -हृद् a. having a kind heart, cordial, friendly, loving, affectionate; सुहृदः सुहृदो$न्यांश्च दुर्हृदश्चापि दुर्हृदः । सम्यक्प्रवृत्तान् पुरुषान्नसम्यगनुपश्यतः ॥ Mb.3.28.36. (-m.)
    1 a friend; सुहृदः पश्य वसन्त किं स्थितम् Ku.4.27; मन्दायन्ते न खलु सुहृदामभ्युपेतार्थकृत्याः Me.4.
    -2 an ally. ˚भेदः
    1 the separation of friends.
    -2 N. of the 2nd book of the हितोपदेश; मित्रलाभः सुहृद्भेदो विग्रहः संधिरेव च । पञ्चतन्त्रात्तथान्यस्माद् ग्रन्थादाकृष्य लिख्यते ॥ H. Pr.9. ˚वाक्यम् the counsel of a friend.
    -हृदः a friend.
    -हृदय a.
    1 good-hearted.
    -2 dear, affectionate, loving.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सु _su

  • 38 vie

    vie [vi]
    feminine noun
       a. life
    • c'est la belle vie ! this is the life!
    • c'est la vie ! that's life!
    • avoir la vie dure [préjugé, superstition] to die hard
    • entre nous, c'est à la vie à la mort we are friends for life► en vie alive
    * * *
    vi
    1) gén, Biologie life
    2) ( période) life

    passer sa vie à faire — gén to spend one's life doing; ( tout le temps) to spend all one's time doing

    à vie — [bannir, défigurer, marquer] for life; [bannissement, suspension] lifetime (épith); [emprisonnement, adhésion, président] life (épith)

    3) ( activité) life

    notre vie de couple — our relationship; château

    4) ( vitalité) life

    manquant de vie, sans vie — [personne, lieu] lifeless

    5) ( biographie) life
    ••

    avoir la vie dure — [préjugés] to be ingrained

    mener la vie dure à quelqu'un — to make life hard for somebody, to give somebody a hard time

    faire la vie — (colloq) [enfants] to have a wild time; [adultes] to live it up (colloq)

    à la vie, à la mort! — till death us do part!

    * * *
    vi nf

    avoir la vie dure (= persister) (clichés, habitudes) — to die hard

    * * *
    vie nf
    1 gén, Biol life; sauver la vie de qn to save sb's life; rendre la vie à qn to bring sb back to life; risquer sa vie to risk one's life; sacrifier ou donner sa vie pour qn to give one's life for sb; devoir la vie à qn to owe sb one's life; être en vie to be alive; maintenir qn en vie to keep sb alive; il y a laissé sa vie that was how he lost his life; sans vie lifeless; on l'a retrouvé sans vie they found him dead; donner la vie à qn to bring sb into the world; sauver des vies to save lives; vie végétale/animale/humaine plant/animal/human life; être entre la vie et la mort [malade] to hover between life and death; y a-t-il une vie après la mort? is there life after death?; y a-t-il de la vie sur Mars? is there life on Mars?;
    2 ( période) life; avoir une vie dure to have a hard life; pour la vie for life; courte/longue vie short/long life; sur or vers la fin de leur vie toward(s) the end of their lives; la peur/course de ma vie the fright/race of my life; elle a travaillé toute sa vie she worked all her life; je ne vous ai jamais vu de ma vie I've never seen you in my life; pour la première fois de ma vie for the first time in my life; il n'y a pas que le travail/l'amour dans la vie there's more to life than work/love; avoir quelqu'un dans sa vie to have somebody in one's life; partager la vie de qn to share one's life with sb; ce n'est pas la femme de ma vie she's not the love of my life; que feras-tu dans la vie? what are you going to do in life?; faciliter la vie à qn to make life easier for sb; vivre sa vie to lead one's own life; passer sa vie à faire gén to spend one's life doing; ( tout le temps) to spend all one's time doing; à vie [bannir, défigurer, marquer] for life; [bannissement, suspension] lifetime ( épith); [emprisonnement, adhésion, président] life ( épith); œuvre d'une vie work of a lifetime; c'est la chance de ta vie it's the chance of a lifetime; durer toute une vie to last a lifetime; tu as toute la vie devant toi you've got your whole life in front of you;
    3 ( activité) life; la vie urbaine/rurale city/country life; la vie culturelle/professionnelle cultural/professional life; la vie moderne/actuelle modern/ present day life; la vie d'entreprise corporate life; mener une vie de luxe to lead a life of luxury; la vie est chère the cost of living is high; avoir une vie active/sédentaire to lead an active/a sedentary life; mode de vie lifestyle; apprendre/connaître la vie to learn/know what life is all about; notre vie de couple our relationship, our life together (as a couple); comment réussir sa vie de couple how to live together and make it work; ⇒ bâton, enterrer;
    4 ( vitalité) life; prendre vie to come to life; reprendre vie to come back to life; déborder de vie to be bursting with life; donner de la vie à un personnage to bring a character to life; donner de la vie à une fête to liven up a party; mettre de la vie dans qch to liven sth up; plein de vie [personne, lieu] full of life; manquant de vie, sans vie [personne, lieu] lifeless;
    5 ( biographie) life; écrire la vie de qn to write a life of sb; la vie de Mozart the life of Mozart;
    6 Tech ( durabilité) life; vie d'un appareil/d'une pile life of a machine/of a battery.
    vie active Sociol working life; vie antérieure former life; vie chère high cost of living; vie éternelle eternal life; vie de famille family life; vie intérieure inner life; vie privée private life; vie quotidienne daily life; vie spirituelle spiritual life.
    c'est la vie! that's life!; ça c'est la vie!, c'est la vie d'artiste! this is the life!; ce n'est pas une vie! it's no life!; quelle vie! what a life!; ainsi va la vie that's the way it goes; ils ont la belle vie they have a good life; c'est la belle vie! what a life!; ( en ce moment) this is the life!; une vie de chien○ a dog's life; avoir la vie dure [préjugés] to be ingrained; mener la vie dure à qn to make life hard for sb, to give sb a hard time; faire la vie○ [enfants] to have a wild time; [adultes] to live it up○; à la vie, à la mort! till death us do part!; entre eux c'est à la vie à la mort with them it's for life.
    [vi] nom féminin
    la vie animale/végétale animal/plant life
    2. [existence] life
    à la fin de sa vie at the end of his life, late in life
    à Julie, pour la vie to Julie, forever ou for ever
    a. [ne pas être pressé] to have all the time in the world
    être entre la vie et la mort to be hovering between life and death, to be at death's door
    3. [personne] life
    4. [entrain] life
    a. [ressemblant] true to life, lifelike
    b. [énergique] lively, full of life
    5. [partie de l'existence] life
    la vie affective/intellectuelle/sexuelle love/intellectual/sex life
    6. [façon de vivre - d'une personne, d'une société] life, lifestyle, way of life ; [ - des animaux] life
    dans la vie, l'important c'est de... the important thing in life is to...
    faire ou mener la vie dure à quelqu'un to make life difficult for somebody
    refaire sa vie to start afresh ou all over again
    c'est la vie!, la vie est ainsi faite! such is ou that's life!
    c'est la belle vie ou la vie de château! this is the life!
    7. [biographie] life
    8. [conditions économiques] (cost of) living
    dans ce pays, la vie n'est pas chère prices are very low in this country
    ————————
    à vie locution adjectivale
    ————————
    en vie locution adjectivale
    ————————
    sans vie locution adjectivale
    [corps] lifeless, inert
    [œuvre] lifeless, dull

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > vie

  • 39 ἥκω

    ἥκω, Il.5.478: [tense] impf. ἧκον (v. infr.): [tense] fut. ἥξω (v. infr.); [dialect] Dor.
    A

    ἡξῶ Theoc.4.47

    , Call.Fr.1.65 P. (in [dialect] Dor. and Hom. more commonly ἵκω): all other tenses late; [tense] aor. 1 part.

    ἥξας Paus.2.11.5

    , Gal.6.56, 10.609: [tense] pf.

    ἧκα Philostr.VA3.24

    , Scymn.62, [ per.] 1pl.

    ἥκαμεν UPZ72.9

     (ii B.C.), CIG4762 (Egypt, i A.D.), [dialect] Dor. ἥκαμες f.l. in Plu.2.225b, [ per.] 2pl.

    ἥκατε PGrenf.2.36.18

     (i B.C.), [ per.] 3pl.

    ἥκασι LXX4 Ki.20.14

    , Ev.Marc.8.3; inf.

    ἡκέναι UPZ6.30

     (ii B.C.): [tense] plpf.

    ἥκεσαν J.AJ19.1.14

    : —[voice] Med., [tense] pres. subj.

    ἥκηται Aret.SD2.1

    : [tense] fut. ἥξομαι v.l. in M.Ant. 2.4:—to have come, be present, prop. in a [tense] pf. sense, with [tense] impf. ἧκον as [tense] plpf., I had come, and [tense] fut. ἥξω as [tense] fut. [tense] pf., I shall have come,

    μάλα τηλόθεν ἥκω Il.5.478

    , cf. Od.13.325, Pi.O.4.12 ( ἵκω codd. vett.): [tense] impf.

    ἧκον A.Pr. 661

    , Th.1.91, al., Pl.R. 327c, Hdt.8.50, etc.: [tense] fut.

    ἥξω A.Pr. 103

    , al., E.Andr. 738, Ar. Pax 265, Orac. ap. Th.2.54, etc.; ἧκε imper., S.Aj. 1116, Ar. Pax 275, X.Cyr.4.5.25;

    ἡκέτω E.Rh. 337

    :—Constr. mostly with εἰς, Hdt.8.50, A.Ch.3, etc.;

    παρά τινα Hdt.7.157

    , Th.1.137;

    πρός τινα A.Ch. 659

    ;

    πρὸς δαίμονα S.Fr. 770

    ; esp. in worship,

    ἥκω πρὸς τὴν κυρίαν Ἶσιν OGI186.6

     (Egypt, i B.C.), cf. Ev.Jo.6.37;

    πρὸς πόλιν S.OC 734

    ; ἐπί τινα to set upon, attack, Pl.R. 336b, Aeschin. 2.178; but ἥ. ἐπὶ τὸ στράτευμα to have come to fetch the army, X. An.7.6.2;

    οἱ ἐπὶ ταῦθ' ἥκοντες D.18.28

    ;

    ἐπ' ὀλέθρῳ E.IA 886

     (troch.);

    περὶ σπονδῶν X.An.2.3.4

    : c. acc.,

    ἥξεις ποταμόν A.Pr. 717

    , cf. 724, 730;

    ἥ. δῆμον τὸν Λυρκείου S.Fr.271.6

    , cf. E.Ba.1;

    ἥκουσιν αὐτῷ ἄγγελοι X.Cyr.5.3.26

    ; ἐς ταὐτὸν ἥ. to have come to the same point, to agree, E.Hec. 748, Hipp. 273: with Adv. of motion, ἥ. ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο, S.Ph. 377, D.19.58;

    βῆναι κεῖθεν ὅθενπερ ἥκει S.OC 1227

    : c. neut. Pron.,

    αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω παρά σε Pl.Prt. 310e

    ; ἐρωτώμενοι ὅ τι ἥκοιεν for what they had come, X.HG4.5.9: c. acc. cogn.,

    ὁδὸν μακρὰν ἥκειν Id.Cyr.5.5.42

    : c.inf., μανθάνειν γὰρ ἥκομεν we are here to learn, S. OC12.
    b διὰ μάχης, δι' ὀργῆς ἥκειν, A.Supp. 475, S.OC 905; cf.

    διά A.

     IV.
    c with an Adv. folld. by gen.,

    οὕτω πόρρω σοφίας ἥκεις Pl.Euthd. 294e

    ; εὖ ἥκειν τινός to be well off for a thing, have plenty of it, τοῦ βίου, χρημάτων, Hdt.1.30, 5.62;

    ἑωυτῶν Id.1.102

    ;

    θεῶν χρηστῶν Id.8.111

    ; πιθανότητος Demetr.Magn. ap.D.H.Din.1; οὐκ ὁμοίως ἥ. τινός not to be equally well off in respect of.., Hdt.1.149; πῶς ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν; how have we sped in the contest? E.El. 751; ὧδε γένους ἥ. τινί to be this degree of kin to him, Id.Heracl. 213;

    ὡς δυνάμεως ἥκεις Paus.4.21.10

    ;

    ἐς μῆκος εὖ ἥκων Ael.NA4.34

    : abs., εὖ ἥκειν to be flourishing, Hdt.1.30: rarely c. gen. only, σὺ δὲ δυνάμιος ἥκεις μεγάλης thou art in great power, Id.7.157 (nisi leg. μεγάλως).
    3 to have come back, returned, D.20.73; from exile, And.2.13; αὐτίκα ἥξω I shall be back in a moment, X.An.2.1.9; ἧκέ νυν ταχύ come back soon, Ar. Pax 275;

    ἄψορρον ἥξεις A.Pr. 1021

    ;

    ἄψορρον ἥξομεν πάλιν S.El.53

    .
    4 c. part., ἥκω φέρων I have come bringing (i.e. with), Id.OC 579, cf. 357, Ar. Pax 265, Eup.22 D., Pl.Grg. 518d;

    ἧκεν ἄγων Id.Phd. 117a

    ;

    ἕτερόν τι ἥκεις ἕχων Id.Grg. 491c

    , etc.: c. [tense] fut. part., like ἔρχομαι, ἥκω φράσων, ἀγγελῶν, etc., I am going, I intend to say, E.Ph. 706, 1075, etc.
    5 to have come to be,

    θεοῖς ἔχθιστος ἥκω S.OT 1519

     (troch.), cf.Aj. 636(lyr.), El. 1201, etc.; take one's origin,

    ἀπὸ πολιτειῶν τοιούτων ἥκετε, ἐν αἷς.. Th.4.126

    .
    2 concern, relate to, ποῖ λόγος ἥκει; to what do the words relate? E.Tr. 154 (lyr.);

    εἰς ἔμ' ἥκει.. τὰ πράγματα Ar.Pl. 919

    ; εἰς ἐμὲ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον ἥξει will fall upon me, X.Cyr.1.5.13: freq. in part.,

    τὰ εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους ἥκοντα Antipho 5.81

    ; τὰ εἰς πλοῦτον ἥ. Pl.Erx. 392d; τὰ πρὸς ἔπαινον, εἰς φιλανθρωπίαν ἥ., Plb.12.15.9,28.17.2, etc.
    4 c. inf., ἧκέ μοι γένει.. πενθεῖν it has come to me by birth.., my birth lays it on me.., S.OC 738, cf. Ichn.356; καλῶς αὐτοῖς κατθανεῖν ἧκον βίου it being well for them at their age to die, E.Alc. 291.
    5 c. part., ὃ καὶ νῦν ἥκει γινόμενον which commonly happens even now, Plb.24.9.11 codd. (v.l. γενόμενον). (Prob. from same root as ἵκω.)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἥκω

  • 40 γένεσις

    γένεσις, εως, ἡ (Hom.+)
    ① the term is used in Gk. lit. of ancestry as point of origin (e.g. Diod S 17, 51, 3; 17, 108, 3 of Alexander ἡ ἐξ Ἄμμωνος γ.; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 57, 27; Did., Gen. 24, 1), but also of one’s coming into being at a specific moment, birth (Diod S 2, 5, 1; 4, 39, 2; IPriene 105, 48; OGI 56, 25; O. Wilck II, 1601, 1; Gen 40:20; Hos 2:5; Eccl 7:1 v.l.; PsSol 3:9; Jos., Ant. 2, 215; 234; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 57, 19; Did., Gen. 118, 11) Mt 1:18, with special ref. to circumstances under which the birth took place (s. γέννησις.—The superscription here has a counterpart in the subscription of the infancy narrative of Pythagoras in Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 2, 8: περὶ τῆς γενέσεως τοσαῦτο.—Arrian, Anab. answers the question [7, 29, 3] whether Alex. rightly ἐς θεὸν τὴν γένεσιν τὴν αὑτοῦ ἀνέφερεν with the reflection [7, 30, 2] οὐδὲ ἐμοὶ ἔξω τοῦ θείου φῦναι ἂν δοκεῖ ἀνὴρ οὐδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἀνθρώπων ἐοικώς=it seems to me that a man who is different from all other men could not have come into being apart from divinity); Lk 1:14 (γεννήσει v.l.). As book title (in LXX; Mel., HE 4, 26, 4; Just.) Γένεσις Μαρίας GJs, so also in the subscr.
    ⓐ existence (Pla., Phdr. 252d τ. πρώτην γένεσιν βιοτεύειν; Ps.-Aristid., Ἀπελλᾷ γενεθλιακός 30, 27 Keil; POxy 120, 8; PGM 13, 612; Jdth 12:18; Wsd 7:5) πρόσωπον τῆς γ. αὐτοῦ his natural face (i.e. the way he has turned out to be, the way he really looks; s. γίνομαι) Js 1:23.
    ⓑ life, human experience ὁ τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως Js 3:6 was used in the Orphic mysteries w. the mng. ‘wheel of human origin’ (Simplicius on Aristot., De Caelo 2 p. 377 Heiberg ἐν τῷ τῆς εἱμαρμένης τε καὶ γενέσεως τροχῷ οὗπερ ἀδύνατον ἀπαλλαγῆναι κατὰ τὸν Ὀρφέα, s. ERohde, Psyche3 II 130f). In Js it seems to have lost its orig. mng. and to signify course of life, whole of life (cp. Anacreontea 32, 7f Preis.: τροχὸς ἅρματος γὰρ οἷα βίοτος τρέχει κυλισθείς).—For lit. s. τροχός.
    ③ an account of someone’s life, history, life. The expr. βίβλος γενέσεως Mt 1:1 is fr. the OT: Gen 2:4; 5:1; in the former of these two pass. it = history of the origin (cp. Diod S 1, 10, 3 ἡ γ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1–5a … δύο ἱστοροῦνται γενέσεις Μουσῶν=there are two accounts given of the origin of the Muses), which some consider a fitting heading for Mt 1; Zahn ad loc. regards the expr. as constituting the superscription of the whole gospel: Book of the History. But if the phrase applies to vv. 1–17, the term γ. refers to
    ④ persons of successive generations forming an ancestral line, lineage, family line, which describes the contents of Mt 1:1–17.—JLindblom: Teologiska Studier for EStave 1922, 102–9; OEissfeldt, ‘Toledot’, in Studien zum NT u. zur Patristik ’61, 1–8.—DELG s.v. γίγνομαι p. 223. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > γένεσις

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