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41 platform
ˈplætfɔ:m
1. сущ.
1) геом. плоскость
2) искусственно сделанное возвышение а) перрон, платформа platform car ≈ вагон-платформа platform ticket ≈ перронный билет б) платформа;
помост в) трибуна;
сцена
3) а) уст. основные принципы, положения религиозного учения б) политическая платформа, позиция to adopt a platform ≈ занять позицию to draft, draw up a platform ≈ обрисовывать платформу/взгляды/позиции party platform ≈ платформа, программа партии political platform ≈ политическая платформа, политическая программа в) редк. основа, основание, точка отсчета A new government has been constituted in a new country, and consequently upon a different platform. ≈ В новой стране было утверждено новое правительство, начинающее деятельность с совершенно другой точки отсчета.
4) площадка( трамвая, железнодорожного вагона)
5) орудийная платформа
6) плоская возвышенность
7) разг. палуба( на маленьком морском судне)
8) а) толстая подошва, 'платформа' б) туфли на толстой подошве, туфли на 'платформе'
2. прил.
1) относящийся к трибуне platform oratory ≈ трибунное красноречие
2) относящийся к платформе, помосту platform rocker ≈ тип кресла-качалки на стационарной закрепленной основе
3) относящийся к толстой подошве, "платформе" platform shoe ≈ обувь на толстой подошве, на "платформе" платформа;
помост - traffic-policeman's raised * возвышение /островок/ регулировщика уличного движения - lifting * помост (тяжелая атлетика) - loading * (техническое) загрузочный помост площадка - launching /firing/ * стартовая площадка, пусковой стол (тж. * launcher) - moving * "бегущая дорожка", третбан (тренажер) (военное) орудийная платформа (железнодорожное) платформа;
перрон - arrival * платформа прибытия поездов - from what * does the train start? с какой платформы отходит поезд? трибуна;
сцена - the question could be brought upon the * этот вопрос можно было бы поставить на обсуждение президиум( собрания) - to be on the * быть в президиуме трибуна, форум - the United Nations is meant to be a * for all nations ООН предназначена роль форума для всех государств трамплин - the college gave the man a * to pursue advanced studies колледж дал ему хорошую возможность продолжать образование политическая платформа, позиция - common * общая платформа предвыборная платформа площадка (трамвая, автобуса) (американизм) тамбур( пассажирского вагона) вестибюль (география) (континентальное) плато терраса, уступ возвышение вышка - * dive прыжок с вышки (прыжки в воду) - drilling * буровая платформа( редкое) основные положения религиозного учения или веры подошва туфель типа "платформа" туфли на толстой подошве, на "платформе" (специальное) инерциальная платформа (для определения положения космического корабля) > to have a good * manner быть хорошим оратором > to quit the * отказаться от публичных выступлений относящийся к трибуне - * oratory трибунное /штатное/ красноречие поднимать, помещать на платформу, помост и т. п. - *ing his chin on his palm опершись подбородком на ладонь выступать с трибуны сооружать трибуну намечать, планировать election ~ предвыборная платформа legal ~ правовая основа loading ~ погрузочная платформа oil ~ нефтепромысловая платформа oil ~ нефтепромысловое основание platform выступать с трибуны ~ орудийная платформа ~ перрон ~ платформа;
помост;
raised platform возвышение ~ платформа, перрон ~ платформа ~ плоская возвышенность ~ площадка (трамвая, железнодорожного вагона) ~ площадка ~ позиция ~ политическая платформа, позиция ~ помещать на платформу ~ помост ~ предвыборная платформа ~ трибуна;
сцена ~ трибуна ~ ticket перронный билет;
platform car вагонплатформа ~ ticket перронный билет;
platform car вагонплатформа ~ платформа;
помост;
raised platform возвышениеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > platform
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42 PI
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Protease Inhibitor, piping & instrumentation drawings, point of intersection2) Компьютерная техника: Parity Inner, Pocket Informant, Power Intelligence, Priority Inherit, Process Information, Processor Interface3) Биология: plasma4) Медицина: Prescribing Information (инструкция по медицинскому применению препарата), Principal Investigator (главный исследователь/руководитель исследования в исследовательском центре - при проведении клинических испытаний), protease inhibitor - ингибитор протеазы5) Американизм: Policy Iteration, Pure Imported6) Ботаника: Plant Introduction7) Военный термин: Photographic Interpretation/Interpreter, parachute infantry, performance improvement, performance index, periodic inspection, personal identification, personal identity, photogrammetric instrumentation, photographic intelligence, photointerpretation, photointerpreter, physical inventory, pilot item, pilotless interceptor, point initiating, point of impact, point of interception, position indicator, practice intercept, precision instrument, preflight inspection, preliminary inspection, preliminary investigation, preliminary issue, preplanned product improvements, prepositioned instruction, principal investigator, probability of identification, procedure instruction, procurement item, product improvement, proficiency index, program of instruction, programmed instruction, public information, publication instructions8) Техника: Para influenza, Proportional-plus Integral, packet interleaving, pattern information, payload interrogator, percent isolated, photo interpreter, position indication, primary input, procedural interface, program interrupter, proportional integral, purge isolation9) Сельское хозяйство: (Phosphatidylinositol) фосфатидилинозиты (обычно в сочетании PI-PLC при анализе молока в Америке), Preliminary Incubation, parainfluenza10) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Investigator11) Химия: Phosphate Ion12) Математика: Pareto Improved, показатель приоритета (priority index), полиномиальное тождество (polynomial identity)13) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Illinois Railroad14) Юридический термин: Participating Informant, Permanently Identified, Post Institutionalized15) Страхование: personal injury, premium income, professional indemnity16) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Investment17) Грубое выражение: Personal Idiot18) Сокращение: Performance Indicator, Photo-Interpreter, Physics International Co. (USA), Practice Interception, Primary in, Private Investigator, Probability of Intercept (Also POI), Process (or Program) Instruction, phase in, point-insulating, preliminary inquiry, priority index, production illustration, the ratio "pi", Product Information (Техническая Спецификация продукта), Pacing Indicator, Priority Interrupt, present illness, Техническая Спецификация продукта (Product Information), Blood Clotting, International Protocol, Ionized Phosphorus, Isoelectric Point (chemistry), Istiqlal Party (Independence Party, Morocco), Pacific Institute, Pacific Internet (Internet Service Provider), Package Insert (medications), Packet Interface, Paducah & Illinois Railroad, Paedagogisches Institut (Vienna, Austria), Page Impression (Internet advertising), Page Interleaving, Paging (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Pampers Institute (UK), Panicle Initiation, Paper Insulated, Par Interim (French: Deputizing), Paradigm Infinitum (Singapore), Parallel Interface, Parameter Identifier (ITU-T), Parameter Indicator, Paranoid Ideation, Paranormal Investigator, Parent Initial, Parents for Inclusion, Parris Island, Particular Integral, Partner Institution, Pass Interference (football), Passes Intercepted (soccer), Passive Intercept, Paternity Index, Payload Integrator, Pearl Islands (Hawaii), Penile Implant, Pentium I (Intel), Per Inch, Per Inquiry, Perception Immediate (French), Perceptually Impaired, Perforated Initials (philately), Performance Insight (Oracle), Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Peripheral Iridotomy, Perlite Institute (Staten Island, NY), Perpetual Inventory, Persistently Infected, Personal Identifier, Personal Injury (legal), Personal Inspection, Personal Investigator (less common), Petroleum Institute, Phase I (clinical studies), Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), Philippine Islands (slang), Phosphate (Inorganic), Phosphorus Index, PhotoImpact (digital imaging software), Physically Impaired, Physician Information, Physicist Interface, Physics International, Physik Instrumente, Piaui (Brazil), Pinellas (plant; Florida), Pinneberg (auto license plate), Pisa (Tuscany, Italy), Planet Internet, Plant Industry (CSIRO), Plant Information (real-time software products such as SCADA), Plant Integrity, Plasticity Index, Platform Initialization (Specification), Please Inquire, Pleasure Island (Disney World), Plouffe's Inverter, Plug In, Point of Inflection (engineering), Police Interceptor, Policy Issuance (insurance), Policy and International Affairs, Politically Incorrect, Polyisocyanurate (rigid foam contruction material), Polynomial Identity (mathematics), Ponderal Index, Population Institute, Portable Interceptors, Post Inoculation, Post Intelligencer (newspaper, Seattle, Washington), Postinjection, Power Integrations, Power Interface, Praktische Informatik (German: Applied Informatics), Pre'compte Immobilier (French: tax on real estate), Predictive Index, Preliminary Injunction, Presque Isle (Michigan), Pressure Indicator (industrial control description), Price Integrity, Primary Immunodeficiency, Primary Investigations, Prime Implicant, Principal Insured, PrintImage International, Priority Inheritance, Privacy International (human rights group), Private Idaho, Private Investigations (movie), Process & Instrumentation, Process Improvement, Process Industries, Processing Instruction, Procurement Instruction, Product Integration, Product Integrity, Productivity Increase, Professional Indemnity (insurance coverage), Professional Informant, Profil Infirmier, Proforma Invoice, Program Identification, Program Improvement, Program Index, Program Information, Program Instructions, Program Integrity, Program Interruption, Program Isolation (IBM), Project Identification (number), Projector Infantry, Projets Individuels, Propidium Iodide, Proportional-Integral (controller), Propriedade Intelectual (Intellectual Property, Brazil), Prospective Internationale, Protease Inhibitor, Protocol Interpreter, Psicologi'a Integrada (Portugese), Psykoterapiinstitut (Stockholm, Sweden), Public Intoxication (law enforcement), Pulsatility Index, Pulse Induction, Pulse Inverter, Punto Informatico, Purchasing Instruction, Pursuit Inc., Pusat Informasi (Indonesian: Information Center)19) Физика: 3. 1415926535, Polarisation Index20) Физиология: Post Injection, Pulmonary Insufficiency21) Вычислительная техника: program interrupt, Placement and Interconnect (system, VLSI, MIT), Информационная система производства (ИСП)22) Нефть: Petroleum Information, high resolution induction log, impregnated paper, phasor induction log, production index, коэффициент продуктивности (productivity index), процент обнаруженных неисправностей (percent isolated), Phasor-Induction Spherically Focussed Log23) Иммунология: фагоцитарный индекс24) Биохимия: Pepsin Inhibitor25) Связь: "Program Invocation"26) Картография: photo interpretation, place, point of intersection27) Фирменный знак: Precision Instruments, Priceless Inn29) Деловая лексика: Plant Information, Process Innovation, Project Idea, Provider Independent, индекс прибыльности30) SAP. пенсионное страхование31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: performance information, profitability index (profit/investment ratio discounted), индекс продуктивности, индикатор давления (pressure indicator), показывающий манометр (pressure indicator), productivity index (profit/investment ratio discounted), (log) high resolution induction log32) Менеджмент: индекс доходности, индекс рентабельности33) Образование: Public Instruction34) Сетевые технологии: Path Identifier, Presence Information35) Полимеры: penetration index, polyimidazole, polyimide, polyisoprene, полиимид36) Программирование: Pages In37) Автоматика: proportional-integral38) Сахалин Р: Productivity Index, pressure indicator39) Сахалин Ю: profitability index40) Химическое оружие: Pulse input, project instruction41) Макаров: Penning ionization42) Табуированная лексика: сутенёр43) Безопасность: Personal Information44) Расширение файла: Programmer's Interface45) Нефть и газ: ЭП, эксплуатационный показатель, Performance Indicators46) Логистика: Proforma-Invoice (проформа-инвойс)47) Карачаганак: (productivity index) коэффициент продуктивности48) Электротехника: point insulation, power input, Polarization Index49) Арматура: (position indicator) УП (указатель положения)50) Общественная организация: Project Inform51) Должность: Physician Investigator, Political Informant, Pool Instructor, Position Independent, Primary Investigator, Principle Investigator, Problem Investigator, Program Integrator, Property Inspector, Pure Integrity52) Программное обеспечение: Programming Interface53) Единицы измерений: Pyramid Inch -
43 Pi
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Protease Inhibitor, piping & instrumentation drawings, point of intersection2) Компьютерная техника: Parity Inner, Pocket Informant, Power Intelligence, Priority Inherit, Process Information, Processor Interface3) Биология: plasma4) Медицина: Prescribing Information (инструкция по медицинскому применению препарата), Principal Investigator (главный исследователь/руководитель исследования в исследовательском центре - при проведении клинических испытаний), protease inhibitor - ингибитор протеазы5) Американизм: Policy Iteration, Pure Imported6) Ботаника: Plant Introduction7) Военный термин: Photographic Interpretation/Interpreter, parachute infantry, performance improvement, performance index, periodic inspection, personal identification, personal identity, photogrammetric instrumentation, photographic intelligence, photointerpretation, photointerpreter, physical inventory, pilot item, pilotless interceptor, point initiating, point of impact, point of interception, position indicator, practice intercept, precision instrument, preflight inspection, preliminary inspection, preliminary investigation, preliminary issue, preplanned product improvements, prepositioned instruction, principal investigator, probability of identification, procedure instruction, procurement item, product improvement, proficiency index, program of instruction, programmed instruction, public information, publication instructions8) Техника: Para influenza, Proportional-plus Integral, packet interleaving, pattern information, payload interrogator, percent isolated, photo interpreter, position indication, primary input, procedural interface, program interrupter, proportional integral, purge isolation9) Сельское хозяйство: (Phosphatidylinositol) фосфатидилинозиты (обычно в сочетании PI-PLC при анализе молока в Америке), Preliminary Incubation, parainfluenza10) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Investigator11) Химия: Phosphate Ion12) Математика: Pareto Improved, показатель приоритета (priority index), полиномиальное тождество (polynomial identity)13) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Illinois Railroad14) Юридический термин: Participating Informant, Permanently Identified, Post Institutionalized15) Страхование: personal injury, premium income, professional indemnity16) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Investment17) Грубое выражение: Personal Idiot18) Сокращение: Performance Indicator, Photo-Interpreter, Physics International Co. (USA), Practice Interception, Primary in, Private Investigator, Probability of Intercept (Also POI), Process (or Program) Instruction, phase in, point-insulating, preliminary inquiry, priority index, production illustration, the ratio "pi", Product Information (Техническая Спецификация продукта), Pacing Indicator, Priority Interrupt, present illness, Техническая Спецификация продукта (Product Information), Blood Clotting, International Protocol, Ionized Phosphorus, Isoelectric Point (chemistry), Istiqlal Party (Independence Party, Morocco), Pacific Institute, Pacific Internet (Internet Service Provider), Package Insert (medications), Packet Interface, Paducah & Illinois Railroad, Paedagogisches Institut (Vienna, Austria), Page Impression (Internet advertising), Page Interleaving, Paging (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Pampers Institute (UK), Panicle Initiation, Paper Insulated, Par Interim (French: Deputizing), Paradigm Infinitum (Singapore), Parallel Interface, Parameter Identifier (ITU-T), Parameter Indicator, Paranoid Ideation, Paranormal Investigator, Parent Initial, Parents for Inclusion, Parris Island, Particular Integral, Partner Institution, Pass Interference (football), Passes Intercepted (soccer), Passive Intercept, Paternity Index, Payload Integrator, Pearl Islands (Hawaii), Penile Implant, Pentium I (Intel), Per Inch, Per Inquiry, Perception Immediate (French), Perceptually Impaired, Perforated Initials (philately), Performance Insight (Oracle), Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Peripheral Iridotomy, Perlite Institute (Staten Island, NY), Perpetual Inventory, Persistently Infected, Personal Identifier, Personal Injury (legal), Personal Inspection, Personal Investigator (less common), Petroleum Institute, Phase I (clinical studies), Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), Philippine Islands (slang), Phosphate (Inorganic), Phosphorus Index, PhotoImpact (digital imaging software), Physically Impaired, Physician Information, Physicist Interface, Physics International, Physik Instrumente, Piaui (Brazil), Pinellas (plant; Florida), Pinneberg (auto license plate), Pisa (Tuscany, Italy), Planet Internet, Plant Industry (CSIRO), Plant Information (real-time software products such as SCADA), Plant Integrity, Plasticity Index, Platform Initialization (Specification), Please Inquire, Pleasure Island (Disney World), Plouffe's Inverter, Plug In, Point of Inflection (engineering), Police Interceptor, Policy Issuance (insurance), Policy and International Affairs, Politically Incorrect, Polyisocyanurate (rigid foam contruction material), Polynomial Identity (mathematics), Ponderal Index, Population Institute, Portable Interceptors, Post Inoculation, Post Intelligencer (newspaper, Seattle, Washington), Postinjection, Power Integrations, Power Interface, Praktische Informatik (German: Applied Informatics), Pre'compte Immobilier (French: tax on real estate), Predictive Index, Preliminary Injunction, Presque Isle (Michigan), Pressure Indicator (industrial control description), Price Integrity, Primary Immunodeficiency, Primary Investigations, Prime Implicant, Principal Insured, PrintImage International, Priority Inheritance, Privacy International (human rights group), Private Idaho, Private Investigations (movie), Process & Instrumentation, Process Improvement, Process Industries, Processing Instruction, Procurement Instruction, Product Integration, Product Integrity, Productivity Increase, Professional Indemnity (insurance coverage), Professional Informant, Profil Infirmier, Proforma Invoice, Program Identification, Program Improvement, Program Index, Program Information, Program Instructions, Program Integrity, Program Interruption, Program Isolation (IBM), Project Identification (number), Projector Infantry, Projets Individuels, Propidium Iodide, Proportional-Integral (controller), Propriedade Intelectual (Intellectual Property, Brazil), Prospective Internationale, Protease Inhibitor, Protocol Interpreter, Psicologi'a Integrada (Portugese), Psykoterapiinstitut (Stockholm, Sweden), Public Intoxication (law enforcement), Pulsatility Index, Pulse Induction, Pulse Inverter, Punto Informatico, Purchasing Instruction, Pursuit Inc., Pusat Informasi (Indonesian: Information Center)19) Физика: 3. 1415926535, Polarisation Index20) Физиология: Post Injection, Pulmonary Insufficiency21) Вычислительная техника: program interrupt, Placement and Interconnect (system, VLSI, MIT), Информационная система производства (ИСП)22) Нефть: Petroleum Information, high resolution induction log, impregnated paper, phasor induction log, production index, коэффициент продуктивности (productivity index), процент обнаруженных неисправностей (percent isolated), Phasor-Induction Spherically Focussed Log23) Иммунология: фагоцитарный индекс24) Биохимия: Pepsin Inhibitor25) Связь: "Program Invocation"26) Картография: photo interpretation, place, point of intersection27) Фирменный знак: Precision Instruments, Priceless Inn29) Деловая лексика: Plant Information, Process Innovation, Project Idea, Provider Independent, индекс прибыльности30) SAP. пенсионное страхование31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: performance information, profitability index (profit/investment ratio discounted), индекс продуктивности, индикатор давления (pressure indicator), показывающий манометр (pressure indicator), productivity index (profit/investment ratio discounted), (log) high resolution induction log32) Менеджмент: индекс доходности, индекс рентабельности33) Образование: Public Instruction34) Сетевые технологии: Path Identifier, Presence Information35) Полимеры: penetration index, polyimidazole, polyimide, polyisoprene, полиимид36) Программирование: Pages In37) Автоматика: proportional-integral38) Сахалин Р: Productivity Index, pressure indicator39) Сахалин Ю: profitability index40) Химическое оружие: Pulse input, project instruction41) Макаров: Penning ionization42) Табуированная лексика: сутенёр43) Безопасность: Personal Information44) Расширение файла: Programmer's Interface45) Нефть и газ: ЭП, эксплуатационный показатель, Performance Indicators46) Логистика: Proforma-Invoice (проформа-инвойс)47) Карачаганак: (productivity index) коэффициент продуктивности48) Электротехника: point insulation, power input, Polarization Index49) Арматура: (position indicator) УП (указатель положения)50) Общественная организация: Project Inform51) Должность: Physician Investigator, Political Informant, Pool Instructor, Position Independent, Primary Investigator, Principle Investigator, Problem Investigator, Program Integrator, Property Inspector, Pure Integrity52) Программное обеспечение: Programming Interface53) Единицы измерений: Pyramid Inch -
44 pI
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Protease Inhibitor, piping & instrumentation drawings, point of intersection2) Компьютерная техника: Parity Inner, Pocket Informant, Power Intelligence, Priority Inherit, Process Information, Processor Interface3) Биология: plasma4) Медицина: Prescribing Information (инструкция по медицинскому применению препарата), Principal Investigator (главный исследователь/руководитель исследования в исследовательском центре - при проведении клинических испытаний), protease inhibitor - ингибитор протеазы5) Американизм: Policy Iteration, Pure Imported6) Ботаника: Plant Introduction7) Военный термин: Photographic Interpretation/Interpreter, parachute infantry, performance improvement, performance index, periodic inspection, personal identification, personal identity, photogrammetric instrumentation, photographic intelligence, photointerpretation, photointerpreter, physical inventory, pilot item, pilotless interceptor, point initiating, point of impact, point of interception, position indicator, practice intercept, precision instrument, preflight inspection, preliminary inspection, preliminary investigation, preliminary issue, preplanned product improvements, prepositioned instruction, principal investigator, probability of identification, procedure instruction, procurement item, product improvement, proficiency index, program of instruction, programmed instruction, public information, publication instructions8) Техника: Para influenza, Proportional-plus Integral, packet interleaving, pattern information, payload interrogator, percent isolated, photo interpreter, position indication, primary input, procedural interface, program interrupter, proportional integral, purge isolation9) Сельское хозяйство: (Phosphatidylinositol) фосфатидилинозиты (обычно в сочетании PI-PLC при анализе молока в Америке), Preliminary Incubation, parainfluenza10) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Investigator11) Химия: Phosphate Ion12) Математика: Pareto Improved, показатель приоритета (priority index), полиномиальное тождество (polynomial identity)13) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Illinois Railroad14) Юридический термин: Participating Informant, Permanently Identified, Post Institutionalized15) Страхование: personal injury, premium income, professional indemnity16) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Investment17) Грубое выражение: Personal Idiot18) Сокращение: Performance Indicator, Photo-Interpreter, Physics International Co. (USA), Practice Interception, Primary in, Private Investigator, Probability of Intercept (Also POI), Process (or Program) Instruction, phase in, point-insulating, preliminary inquiry, priority index, production illustration, the ratio "pi", Product Information (Техническая Спецификация продукта), Pacing Indicator, Priority Interrupt, present illness, Техническая Спецификация продукта (Product Information), Blood Clotting, International Protocol, Ionized Phosphorus, Isoelectric Point (chemistry), Istiqlal Party (Independence Party, Morocco), Pacific Institute, Pacific Internet (Internet Service Provider), Package Insert (medications), Packet Interface, Paducah & Illinois Railroad, Paedagogisches Institut (Vienna, Austria), Page Impression (Internet advertising), Page Interleaving, Paging (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Pampers Institute (UK), Panicle Initiation, Paper Insulated, Par Interim (French: Deputizing), Paradigm Infinitum (Singapore), Parallel Interface, Parameter Identifier (ITU-T), Parameter Indicator, Paranoid Ideation, Paranormal Investigator, Parent Initial, Parents for Inclusion, Parris Island, Particular Integral, Partner Institution, Pass Interference (football), Passes Intercepted (soccer), Passive Intercept, Paternity Index, Payload Integrator, Pearl Islands (Hawaii), Penile Implant, Pentium I (Intel), Per Inch, Per Inquiry, Perception Immediate (French), Perceptually Impaired, Perforated Initials (philately), Performance Insight (Oracle), Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Peripheral Iridotomy, Perlite Institute (Staten Island, NY), Perpetual Inventory, Persistently Infected, Personal Identifier, Personal Injury (legal), Personal Inspection, Personal Investigator (less common), Petroleum Institute, Phase I (clinical studies), Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), Philippine Islands (slang), Phosphate (Inorganic), Phosphorus Index, PhotoImpact (digital imaging software), Physically Impaired, Physician Information, Physicist Interface, Physics International, Physik Instrumente, Piaui (Brazil), Pinellas (plant; Florida), Pinneberg (auto license plate), Pisa (Tuscany, Italy), Planet Internet, Plant Industry (CSIRO), Plant Information (real-time software products such as SCADA), Plant Integrity, Plasticity Index, Platform Initialization (Specification), Please Inquire, Pleasure Island (Disney World), Plouffe's Inverter, Plug In, Point of Inflection (engineering), Police Interceptor, Policy Issuance (insurance), Policy and International Affairs, Politically Incorrect, Polyisocyanurate (rigid foam contruction material), Polynomial Identity (mathematics), Ponderal Index, Population Institute, Portable Interceptors, Post Inoculation, Post Intelligencer (newspaper, Seattle, Washington), Postinjection, Power Integrations, Power Interface, Praktische Informatik (German: Applied Informatics), Pre'compte Immobilier (French: tax on real estate), Predictive Index, Preliminary Injunction, Presque Isle (Michigan), Pressure Indicator (industrial control description), Price Integrity, Primary Immunodeficiency, Primary Investigations, Prime Implicant, Principal Insured, PrintImage International, Priority Inheritance, Privacy International (human rights group), Private Idaho, Private Investigations (movie), Process & Instrumentation, Process Improvement, Process Industries, Processing Instruction, Procurement Instruction, Product Integration, Product Integrity, Productivity Increase, Professional Indemnity (insurance coverage), Professional Informant, Profil Infirmier, Proforma Invoice, Program Identification, Program Improvement, Program Index, Program Information, Program Instructions, Program Integrity, Program Interruption, Program Isolation (IBM), Project Identification (number), Projector Infantry, Projets Individuels, Propidium Iodide, Proportional-Integral (controller), Propriedade Intelectual (Intellectual Property, Brazil), Prospective Internationale, Protease Inhibitor, Protocol Interpreter, Psicologi'a Integrada (Portugese), Psykoterapiinstitut (Stockholm, Sweden), Public Intoxication (law enforcement), Pulsatility Index, Pulse Induction, Pulse Inverter, Punto Informatico, Purchasing Instruction, Pursuit Inc., Pusat Informasi (Indonesian: Information Center)19) Физика: 3. 1415926535, Polarisation Index20) Физиология: Post Injection, Pulmonary Insufficiency21) Вычислительная техника: program interrupt, Placement and Interconnect (system, VLSI, MIT), Информационная система производства (ИСП)22) Нефть: Petroleum Information, high resolution induction log, impregnated paper, phasor induction log, production index, коэффициент продуктивности (productivity index), процент обнаруженных неисправностей (percent isolated), Phasor-Induction Spherically Focussed Log23) Иммунология: фагоцитарный индекс24) Биохимия: Pepsin Inhibitor25) Связь: "Program Invocation"26) Картография: photo interpretation, place, point of intersection27) Фирменный знак: Precision Instruments, Priceless Inn29) Деловая лексика: Plant Information, Process Innovation, Project Idea, Provider Independent, индекс прибыльности30) SAP. пенсионное страхование31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: performance information, profitability index (profit/investment ratio discounted), индекс продуктивности, индикатор давления (pressure indicator), показывающий манометр (pressure indicator), productivity index (profit/investment ratio discounted), (log) high resolution induction log32) Менеджмент: индекс доходности, индекс рентабельности33) Образование: Public Instruction34) Сетевые технологии: Path Identifier, Presence Information35) Полимеры: penetration index, polyimidazole, polyimide, polyisoprene, полиимид36) Программирование: Pages In37) Автоматика: proportional-integral38) Сахалин Р: Productivity Index, pressure indicator39) Сахалин Ю: profitability index40) Химическое оружие: Pulse input, project instruction41) Макаров: Penning ionization42) Табуированная лексика: сутенёр43) Безопасность: Personal Information44) Расширение файла: Programmer's Interface45) Нефть и газ: ЭП, эксплуатационный показатель, Performance Indicators46) Логистика: Proforma-Invoice (проформа-инвойс)47) Карачаганак: (productivity index) коэффициент продуктивности48) Электротехника: point insulation, power input, Polarization Index49) Арматура: (position indicator) УП (указатель положения)50) Общественная организация: Project Inform51) Должность: Physician Investigator, Political Informant, Pool Instructor, Position Independent, Primary Investigator, Principle Investigator, Problem Investigator, Program Integrator, Property Inspector, Pure Integrity52) Программное обеспечение: Programming Interface53) Единицы измерений: Pyramid Inch -
45 pi
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Protease Inhibitor, piping & instrumentation drawings, point of intersection2) Компьютерная техника: Parity Inner, Pocket Informant, Power Intelligence, Priority Inherit, Process Information, Processor Interface3) Биология: plasma4) Медицина: Prescribing Information (инструкция по медицинскому применению препарата), Principal Investigator (главный исследователь/руководитель исследования в исследовательском центре - при проведении клинических испытаний), protease inhibitor - ингибитор протеазы5) Американизм: Policy Iteration, Pure Imported6) Ботаника: Plant Introduction7) Военный термин: Photographic Interpretation/Interpreter, parachute infantry, performance improvement, performance index, periodic inspection, personal identification, personal identity, photogrammetric instrumentation, photographic intelligence, photointerpretation, photointerpreter, physical inventory, pilot item, pilotless interceptor, point initiating, point of impact, point of interception, position indicator, practice intercept, precision instrument, preflight inspection, preliminary inspection, preliminary investigation, preliminary issue, preplanned product improvements, prepositioned instruction, principal investigator, probability of identification, procedure instruction, procurement item, product improvement, proficiency index, program of instruction, programmed instruction, public information, publication instructions8) Техника: Para influenza, Proportional-plus Integral, packet interleaving, pattern information, payload interrogator, percent isolated, photo interpreter, position indication, primary input, procedural interface, program interrupter, proportional integral, purge isolation9) Сельское хозяйство: (Phosphatidylinositol) фосфатидилинозиты (обычно в сочетании PI-PLC при анализе молока в Америке), Preliminary Incubation, parainfluenza10) Шутливое выражение: Phantom Investigator11) Химия: Phosphate Ion12) Математика: Pareto Improved, показатель приоритета (priority index), полиномиальное тождество (polynomial identity)13) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Illinois Railroad14) Юридический термин: Participating Informant, Permanently Identified, Post Institutionalized15) Страхование: personal injury, premium income, professional indemnity16) Биржевой термин: Portfolio Investment17) Грубое выражение: Personal Idiot18) Сокращение: Performance Indicator, Photo-Interpreter, Physics International Co. (USA), Practice Interception, Primary in, Private Investigator, Probability of Intercept (Also POI), Process (or Program) Instruction, phase in, point-insulating, preliminary inquiry, priority index, production illustration, the ratio "pi", Product Information (Техническая Спецификация продукта), Pacing Indicator, Priority Interrupt, present illness, Техническая Спецификация продукта (Product Information), Blood Clotting, International Protocol, Ionized Phosphorus, Isoelectric Point (chemistry), Istiqlal Party (Independence Party, Morocco), Pacific Institute, Pacific Internet (Internet Service Provider), Package Insert (medications), Packet Interface, Paducah & Illinois Railroad, Paedagogisches Institut (Vienna, Austria), Page Impression (Internet advertising), Page Interleaving, Paging (assembly language ASM51 assembler control), Pampers Institute (UK), Panicle Initiation, Paper Insulated, Par Interim (French: Deputizing), Paradigm Infinitum (Singapore), Parallel Interface, Parameter Identifier (ITU-T), Parameter Indicator, Paranoid Ideation, Paranormal Investigator, Parent Initial, Parents for Inclusion, Parris Island, Particular Integral, Partner Institution, Pass Interference (football), Passes Intercepted (soccer), Passive Intercept, Paternity Index, Payload Integrator, Pearl Islands (Hawaii), Penile Implant, Pentium I (Intel), Per Inch, Per Inquiry, Perception Immediate (French), Perceptually Impaired, Perforated Initials (philately), Performance Insight (Oracle), Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Peripheral Iridotomy, Perlite Institute (Staten Island, NY), Perpetual Inventory, Persistently Infected, Personal Identifier, Personal Injury (legal), Personal Inspection, Personal Investigator (less common), Petroleum Institute, Phase I (clinical studies), Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), Philippine Islands (slang), Phosphate (Inorganic), Phosphorus Index, PhotoImpact (digital imaging software), Physically Impaired, Physician Information, Physicist Interface, Physics International, Physik Instrumente, Piaui (Brazil), Pinellas (plant; Florida), Pinneberg (auto license plate), Pisa (Tuscany, Italy), Planet Internet, Plant Industry (CSIRO), Plant Information (real-time software products such as SCADA), Plant Integrity, Plasticity Index, Platform Initialization (Specification), Please Inquire, Pleasure Island (Disney World), Plouffe's Inverter, Plug In, Point of Inflection (engineering), Police Interceptor, Policy Issuance (insurance), Policy and International Affairs, Politically Incorrect, Polyisocyanurate (rigid foam contruction material), Polynomial Identity (mathematics), Ponderal Index, Population Institute, Portable Interceptors, Post Inoculation, Post Intelligencer (newspaper, Seattle, Washington), Postinjection, Power Integrations, Power Interface, Praktische Informatik (German: Applied Informatics), Pre'compte Immobilier (French: tax on real estate), Predictive Index, Preliminary Injunction, Presque Isle (Michigan), Pressure Indicator (industrial control description), Price Integrity, Primary Immunodeficiency, Primary Investigations, Prime Implicant, Principal Insured, PrintImage International, Priority Inheritance, Privacy International (human rights group), Private Idaho, Private Investigations (movie), Process & Instrumentation, Process Improvement, Process Industries, Processing Instruction, Procurement Instruction, Product Integration, Product Integrity, Productivity Increase, Professional Indemnity (insurance coverage), Professional Informant, Profil Infirmier, Proforma Invoice, Program Identification, Program Improvement, Program Index, Program Information, Program Instructions, Program Integrity, Program Interruption, Program Isolation (IBM), Project Identification (number), Projector Infantry, Projets Individuels, Propidium Iodide, Proportional-Integral (controller), Propriedade Intelectual (Intellectual Property, Brazil), Prospective Internationale, Protease Inhibitor, Protocol Interpreter, Psicologi'a Integrada (Portugese), Psykoterapiinstitut (Stockholm, Sweden), Public Intoxication (law enforcement), Pulsatility Index, Pulse Induction, Pulse Inverter, Punto Informatico, Purchasing Instruction, Pursuit Inc., Pusat Informasi (Indonesian: Information Center)19) Физика: 3. 1415926535, Polarisation Index20) Физиология: Post Injection, Pulmonary Insufficiency21) Вычислительная техника: program interrupt, Placement and Interconnect (system, VLSI, MIT), Информационная система производства (ИСП)22) Нефть: Petroleum Information, high resolution induction log, impregnated paper, phasor induction log, production index, коэффициент продуктивности (productivity index), процент обнаруженных неисправностей (percent isolated), Phasor-Induction Spherically Focussed Log23) Иммунология: фагоцитарный индекс24) Биохимия: Pepsin Inhibitor25) Связь: "Program Invocation"26) Картография: photo interpretation, place, point of intersection27) Фирменный знак: Precision Instruments, Priceless Inn29) Деловая лексика: Plant Information, Process Innovation, Project Idea, Provider Independent, индекс прибыльности30) SAP. пенсионное страхование31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: performance information, profitability index (profit/investment ratio discounted), индекс продуктивности, индикатор давления (pressure indicator), показывающий манометр (pressure indicator), productivity index (profit/investment ratio discounted), (log) high resolution induction log32) Менеджмент: индекс доходности, индекс рентабельности33) Образование: Public Instruction34) Сетевые технологии: Path Identifier, Presence Information35) Полимеры: penetration index, polyimidazole, polyimide, polyisoprene, полиимид36) Программирование: Pages In37) Автоматика: proportional-integral38) Сахалин Р: Productivity Index, pressure indicator39) Сахалин Ю: profitability index40) Химическое оружие: Pulse input, project instruction41) Макаров: Penning ionization42) Табуированная лексика: сутенёр43) Безопасность: Personal Information44) Расширение файла: Programmer's Interface45) Нефть и газ: ЭП, эксплуатационный показатель, Performance Indicators46) Логистика: Proforma-Invoice (проформа-инвойс)47) Карачаганак: (productivity index) коэффициент продуктивности48) Электротехника: point insulation, power input, Polarization Index49) Арматура: (position indicator) УП (указатель положения)50) Общественная организация: Project Inform51) Должность: Physician Investigator, Political Informant, Pool Instructor, Position Independent, Primary Investigator, Principle Investigator, Problem Investigator, Program Integrator, Property Inspector, Pure Integrity52) Программное обеспечение: Programming Interface53) Единицы измерений: Pyramid Inch -
46 law
lo:1) (the collection of rules according to which people live or a country etc is governed: Such an action is against the law; law and order.) ley2) (any one of such rules: A new law has been passed by Parliament.) ley3) ((in science) a rule that says that under certain conditions certain things always happen: the law of gravity.) ley•- lawful- lawfully
- lawless
- lawlessly
- lawlessness
- lawyer
- law-abiding
- law court
- lawsuit
- be a law unto oneself
- the law
- the law of the land
- lay down the law
law n1. leyit is against the law es ilegal / va en contra de la ley2. derechotr[lɔː]1 ley nombre femenino2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL derecho1 familiar la poli nombre femenino, la pasma\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLagainst the law contra la leyby law por leyin law por leylaws are made to be broken hecha la ley, hecha la trampathe law of the jungle la ley del más fuerteto be a law unto oneself dictar sus propias leyesto be outside the law estar fuera de la leyto go to law recurrir a la leyto keep within the law obrar según la leyto take the law into one's own hands tomarse la justicia por su manolaw and order orden nombre masculino públicolaw court tribunal nombre masculino de justicialaw firm bufete nombre masculino de abogadoslaw ['lɔ] n1) : ley fto break the law: violar la ley2) : derecho mcriminal law: derecho criminal3) : abogacía fto practice law: ejercer la abogacían.• derecho s.m.• fuero s.m.• jurisprudencia s.f.• ley s.f.• regla s.f.lɔː1)a) c (rule, regulation) ley fhe's/she's a law unto himself/herself — hace lo que le da la gana
b) u ( collectively)to break the law — violar or contravenir* or infringir* la ley
it is against the law — es ilegal or está prohibido por (la) ley
to stay within the law — actuar* dentro de la ley
under French law — según la ley or la legislación francesa
to lay down the law — dar* órdenes
to take the law into one's own hands — tomarse la justicia por su (or mi etc) propia mano
c) u (as field, discipline) derecho m; ( profession) abogacía fto enter the law — (BrE) hacerse* abogado; (before n)
law school — facultad f de Derecho
2) ua) ( litigation)to go to law — (BrE) recurrir a los tribunales or a la justicia
b)3) c u ( code of conduct)Islamic law — ( Relig) la ley del Corán
4) c ( scientific principle) ley f[lɔː]1. N1) (=piece of legislation) ley f•
there's no law against it — no hay ley que lo prohíba- be a law unto o.s.pass 2., 9)2) (=system of laws)•
to be above the law — estar por encima de la ley•
the bill became law on 6 August — el proyecto de ley se hizo ley el 6 de agosto•
by law — por ley, de acuerdo con la ley•
in law — según la ley•
the law on abortion — la legislación sobre el aborto•
he is outside the law — está fuera de la ley•
to keep or remain within the law — obrar legalmente•
his word is law — su palabra es ley- lay down the law- take the law into one's own hands3) (=field of study) derecho m•
to study law — estudiar derecho4) (=profession) abogacía f•
she is considering a career in law — está pensando dedicarse a la abogacía•
to practise law — ejercer de abogado, ejercer la abogacía5) (=legal proceedings)•
to go to law — recurrir a la justicia or a los tribunales•
to take a case to law — llevar un caso ante los tribunales6) (=rule) [of organization, sport] regla f•
God's law — la ley de Dios7) (=standard) norma fthere seemed to be one law for the rich and another for the poor — parecía haber unas normas para los ricos y otras para los pobres
8) (Sci, Math) ley fnature 1., 4)•
by the law of averages — por la estadística, estadísticamente9) * (=police)to have the law on sb — denunciar a algn a la policía, llevar a algn a los tribunales
2.CPDlaw enforcement N — aplicación f de la ley
law enforcement agency N — organismo encargado de velar por el cumplimiento de la ley
law enforcement officer N — (esp US) policía mf
Law Faculty N — (Univ) facultad f de Derecho
Law Lord NPL — (Brit) (Pol) juez mf lor
the Law Lords — jueces que son miembros de la Cámara de los Lores y constituyen el Tribunal Supremo
law reports NPL — repertorio m de jurisprudencia
law school N — (US) facultad f de derecho
law student N — estudiante mf de derecho
* * *[lɔː]1)a) c (rule, regulation) ley fhe's/she's a law unto himself/herself — hace lo que le da la gana
b) u ( collectively)to break the law — violar or contravenir* or infringir* la ley
it is against the law — es ilegal or está prohibido por (la) ley
to stay within the law — actuar* dentro de la ley
under French law — según la ley or la legislación francesa
to lay down the law — dar* órdenes
to take the law into one's own hands — tomarse la justicia por su (or mi etc) propia mano
c) u (as field, discipline) derecho m; ( profession) abogacía fto enter the law — (BrE) hacerse* abogado; (before n)
law school — facultad f de Derecho
2) ua) ( litigation)to go to law — (BrE) recurrir a los tribunales or a la justicia
b)3) c u ( code of conduct)Islamic law — ( Relig) la ley del Corán
4) c ( scientific principle) ley f -
47 prosecute
'prosikju:t(to bring a legal action against: He was prosecuted for theft.) reise tiltale mot- prosecutorverb \/ˈprɒsɪkjuːt\/1) ( jus) anklage, saksøke, reise påtale, reise tiltale mot, anlegge sak mot, anmelde2) fullføre, (forsøke å) gjennomføre, forfølge3) følge opp, føre til ende4) bedrive, drive (med), fortsette (med)5) ( jus) opptre som aktor, opptre som offentlig anklager6) ( gammeldags) utføre, utøveprosecute a claim gå rettens vei med et krav -
48 ♦ reason
♦ reason /ˈri:zn/n.1 [uc] ragione; motivo; for financial [legal, economic] reasons, per ragioni finanziarie [legali, economiche]; for reasons of safety, per ragioni di sicurezza; for some reason, per qualche ragione; for obvious reasons, per ovvi motivi; for no specific reason, senza un preciso motivo; unaccountable reason, strana ragione; There is no reason to believe that he lied, non c'è motivo di credere che abbia mentito; What is the reason for your visit?, qual è la ragione della tua visita?; He told her his reasons for wanting to interrupt his studies, le ha spiegato le sue ragioni per interrompere gli studi; There's no reason why you shouldn't come, non c'è motivo per cui tu non debba venire; The reason you feel so tired is that you don't sleep enough, la ragione per la quale ti senti così stanco è che non dormi abbastanza; She said she was leaving but gave no reasons, ha detto che se ne andava ma non ha dato spiegazioni; I see no reason why she shouldn't come with us, non vedo perché non dovrebbe venire con noi; All the more reason for you to refuse, a maggior ragione dovresti rifiutare (o avresti fatto bene a rifiutare); There is no earthly reason why he should refuse, non c'è un motivo al mondo perché debba rifiutare; for reasons best known to himself [herself, etc.], per ragioni che solo lui [lei, ecc.] conosce: For reasons best known to themselves, they decided not to report the accident, per ragioni che solo loro conoscono, hanno deciso di non denunciare l'incidente; for no ( apparent) reason, senza motivo (apparente); for one reason or another, per un motivo o per l'altro; a good reason, un buon (o valido) motivo; to set out one's reasons, dichiarare (o spiegare) le proprie ragioni; to specify the reasons for st., indicare esattamente le cause di qc.; to state the reason for st., motivare qc.; all the more reason, una ragione di più: All the more reason to accept their offer, una ragione di più per accettare la loro offerta2 ragione ( contrario di torto): He always complains, with or without reason, si lamenta sempre, a torto o a ragione NOTA D'USO: - ragione-3 ragione, intelletto: the age of reason, l'età della ragione; to listen to (o to hear) reason, essere ragionevole; farsi convincere: He won't listen to reason, non vuole sentir ragione; to lose one's reason, perdere la ragione; to regain one's reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione; There is reason in what you say, quel che dici è ragionevole; c'è del vero in ciò che dici● for reasons beyond sb. 's control, per ragioni di forza maggiore □ to bring sb. to reason, ridurre q. alla ragione; far ragionare q. □ by reason of, a causa di; a motivo di □ to give reasons for st., render ragione di qc. □ out of all reason, (in modo) del tutto irragionevole □ to be restored to reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione □ to see reason, diventare ragionevole; farsi convincere □ to see reason to do st., aver motivo di far qc. □ within reason, nei limiti del ragionevole □ It stands to reason that…, non si può negare che…; è ovvio che…(to) reason /ˈri:zn/A v. i.2 – to reason with, ragionare con; cercare di convincere: You simply cannot reason with him, con lui non si può proprio ragionareB v. t.2 arguire: Comparing men and apes, Darwin reasoned that they must have a common ancestor, confrontando l'uomo e la scimmia, Darwin arguì che dovevano avere un antenato comune; He reasoned that the robbers must have had inside knowledge, ha riflettuto e concluso che i rapinatori dovevano esser stati informati da qualcuno all'interno3 convincere ( con il ragionamento): to reason sb. into doing st., convincere q. a fare qc.; to reason sb. out of an idea, convincere q. a rinunciare a un'idea● to reason out, risolvere con il ragionamento: to reason out a problem, risolvere un problema. -
49 prosecute
1. transitive verb1) (Law) strafrechtlich verfolgenprosecute somebody for something/doing something — jemanden wegen etwas strafrechtlich verfolgen/jemanden strafrechtlich verfolgen, weil er etwas tut/getan hat
2) (pursue) verfolgen3) (carry on) ausüben2. intransitive verb* * *['prosikju:t](to bring a legal action against: He was prosecuted for theft.) belangen- academic.ru/58487/prosecution">prosecution- prosecutor* * *pros·ecute[ˈprɒsɪkju:t, AM ˈprɑ:s-]I. vt1. LAWshoplifters will be \prosecuted Ladendiebstahl wird zur Anzeige gebrachtto \prosecute studies Studien verfolgenII. vi1. (bring a charge) Anzeige erstatten, gerichtlich vorgehen2. (in court) für die Anklage zuständig sein* * *['prɒsɪkjuːt]1. vtprosecuting counsel or attorney (US) — Staatsanwalt m/-anwältin f
"trespassers will be prosecuted" — "widerrechtliches Betreten wird strafrechtlich verfolgt"
2. viAnzeige erstatten, gerichtlich vorgehen"shoplifting – we always prosecute" — "jeder Ladendiebstahl wird angezeigt or strafrechtlich verfolgt"
Mr Jones, prosecuting, said... — Herr Jones, der Vertreter der Anklage, sagte...
* * *A v/t1. einen Plan etc verfolgen, weiterführen:2. ein Gewerbe, Studien etc betreiben3. eine Untersuchung durchführen4. ein Gebiet etc untersuchen, erforschen5. JURa) strafrechtlich verfolgenb) gerichtlich verfolgen, belangen, anklagen ( alle:for wegen)c) eine Forderung etc einklagen:prosecute a trial die Anklage bei einem Prozess vertreten;a) Nebenkläger(in),b) Belastungszeuge m, -zeugin fB v/i1. JUR gerichtlich vorgehen2. JUR als Kläger auftreten, die Anklage vertreten:Mr N, prosecuting, said Herr N, der Vertreter der Anklage, sagte* * *1. transitive verb1) (Law) strafrechtlich verfolgenprosecute somebody for something/doing something — jemanden wegen etwas strafrechtlich verfolgen/jemanden strafrechtlich verfolgen, weil er etwas tut/getan hat
2) (pursue) verfolgen3) (carry on) ausüben2. intransitive verb* * *(UK) v.anzeigen v. v.anklagen v.belangen v.bestrafen v.betreiben v.klagen v. -
50 office
управление; департамент; комитет; отдел; бюро; секретариат, канцелярия; разг. кабина экипажаJoint Service Cruise Missile Program [Project] office — объединенное управление разработки КР (для ВВС и ВМС)
office of Information, Navy — информационное управление ВМС
office of Research, Development and Evaluation — управление НИОКР ВМС
office of the Chief, Army Reserve — управление резерва СВ
office of the Comptroller, Navy — управление главного финансового инспектора ВМС
office of the Deputy COFS for Research, Development and Acquisition — управление заместителя НШ по НИОКР и закупкам (СВ)
office, Aerospace Research — управление воздушно-космических исследований
office, Analysis and Review — управление анализа и контроля потребностей
office, Armor Force Management and Standardization — управление по вопросам администрации и стандартизации бронетанковых войск
office, Assistant COFS for Force Development — управление ПНШ по строительству ВС
office, Assistant COFS for Intelligence — управление ПНШ по разведке
office, Assistant COFS — управление [отдел] ПНШ
office, Assistant Secretary of Defense — аппарат [секретариат] ПМО
office, Chief of Chaplains — управление начальника службы военных священников (СВ)
office, Chief of Civil Affairs — управление по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением
office, Chief of Engineers — управление начальника инженерных войск
office, Chief of Finance (and Accounting) — управление начальника финансовой службы (СВ)
office, Chief of Legislative Liaison — отдел связи с законодательными органами
office, Chief of Ordnance — управление начальника артиллерийско-технической службы (СВ)
office, Chief of R&D — управление НИОКР (СВ)
office, Chief of Transportation — управление [отдел] начальника транспортной службы
office, Chief, Chemical Corps — управление начальника химической службы
office, COFS for Operations — оперативное управление НШ
office, COFS, Army — аппарат НШ СВ
office, Consolidated Personnel — управление гражданских рабочих и служащих
office, Coordinator of Army Studies — управление координатора разработок СВ
office, Defense Transportation — управление военно-транспортной службы
office, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Air Warfare — управление заместителя НШ ВМС по боевому применению авиации
office, Deputy COFS for Aviation — отдел заместителя НШ по авиации (МП)
office, Deputy COFS for Installations and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по расквартированию и тыловому обеспечению
office, Deputy COFS for Manpower — управление заместителя НШ по людским ресурсам
office, Deputy COFS for Operations and Training — управление заместителя НШ по оперативной и боевой подготовке
office, Deputy COFS for Plans and Logistics — управление заместителя НШ по планированию тылового обеспечения
office, Development and Engineering — отдел технических разработок (ЦРУ)
office, Development and Weapon Systems Analysis — управление разработки и анализа систем вооружения
office, Director of Development Planning — управление планирования строительства (ВВС)
office, Director of Foreign Intelligence — управление начальника внешней разведки
office, Distribution Services — отдел распределения и рассылки картографических изданий (МО)
office, Economic Research — отдел экономических исследований (ЦРУ)
office, Emergency Transportation — управление чрезвычайных перевозок
office, Employment Policy and Grievance Review — отдел по вопросам занятости и рассмотрению жалоб (СВ)
office, Federal Procurement Policy — управление разработки федеральной политики в области закупок
office, Force Planning and Analysis — управление планирования и анализа строительства ВС
office, General Council — управление генерального юрисконсульта
office, Geographic and Cartographic Research — отдел географических и картографических исследований (ЦРУ)
office, Imagery Analysis — отдел анализа видовой информации (ЦРУ)
office, Information and Legal Affairs — управление информации и права (МО)
office, Information for. the Armed Forces — управление информации ВС
office, JCS — аппарат КНШ
office, Judge Advocate General — управление начальника военно-юридической службы
office, Management and Budget — административно-бюджетное управление
office, Military Assistance — управление по оказанию военной помощи
office, Personnel Manager — отдел кадров (СВ)
office, Services and Information Agency — отдел управления информационного обеспечения
office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Army Aircraft — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО армейской авиации
office, Special Assistant for Logistical Support of Tactical Communications — отдел специального помощника по вопросам МТО тактических систем связи
office, the Inspector General — управление генерального инспектора
office, the Legislative Affairs — управление военного законодательства
office, Under Secretary of Navy — аппарат заместителя министра ВМС
office, Under Secretary of the Air Force — аппарат заместителя министра ВВС
Personnel, Plans and Training office — отдел по вопросам ЛС, планирования и боевой подготовки
Strategic Objectives [Targets] Planning office — управление планирования стратегических задач (КНШ)
Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Night Observation System office — управление разработки систем наблюдения, засечки целей и ПНВ
— Resources Management office -
51 language
language ['læŋgwɪdʒ]1 noun(a) (concept, vocabulary) langage m;∎ I prefer language to literature je préfère l'étude des langues à celle de la littérature;∎ the child's acquisition of language l'acquisition du langage par l'enfant∎ the French language la langue française;∎ to study languages faire des études de langue;∎ she speaks three languages fluently elle parle trois langues couramment;∎ to speak the same language parler le même langage;∎ figurative you speak my language nous parlons le même langage;∎ figurative we don't talk the same language nous ne parlons pas le même langage∎ a computer language un langage machine;∎ the language of love/flowers le langage de l'amour/des fleurs(d) (terminology) langue f, langage m;∎ medical/legal language langage m médical/juridique;∎ the language of diplomacy (jargon) le langage diplomatique(e) (manner of expression) expression f, langue f;∎ I find his language very pompous je trouve qu'il s'exprime avec emphase ou de façon très pompeuse(f) (rude words) gros mots mpl, grossièretés fpl;∎ (mind your) language! surveille ton langage!(acquisition) du langage; (teaching, learning, course) de langues; (barrier) linguistique; (student) en langues►► language laboratory, familiar language lab labo m de langues;language studies études fpl de langues -
52 Scheutz, George
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 23 September 1785 Jonkoping, Swedend. 27 May 1873 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish lawyer, journalist and self-taught engineer who, with his son Edvard Raphael Scheutz (b. 13 September 1821 Stockholm, Sweden; d. 28 January 1881 Stockholm, Sweden) constructed a version of the Babbage Difference Engine.[br]After early education at the Jonkoping elementary school and the Weixo Gymnasium, George Scheutz entered the University of Lund, gaining a degree in law in 1805. Following five years' legal work, he moved to Stockholm in 1811 to work at the Supreme Court and, in 1814, as a military auditor. In 1816, he resigned, bought a printing business and became editor of a succession of industrial and technical journals, during which time he made inventions relating to the press. It was in 1830 that he learned from the Edinburgh Review of Babbage's ideas for a difference engine and started to make one from wood, pasteboard and wire. In 1837 his 15-yearold student son, Edvard Raphael Scheutz, offered to make it in metal, and by 1840 they had a working machine with two five-digit registers, which they increased the following year and then added a printer. Obtaining a government grant in 1851, by 1853 they had a fully working machine, now known as Swedish Difference Engine No. 1, which with an experienced operator could generate 120 lines of tables per hour and was used to calculate the logarithms of the numbers 1 to 10,000 in under eighty hours. This was exhibited in London and then at the Paris Great Exhibition, where it won the Gold Medal. It was subsequently sold to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, for US$5,000 and is now in a Chicago museum.In England, the British Registrar-General, wishing to produce new tables for insurance companies, and supported by the Astronomer Royal, arranged for government finance for construction of a second machine (Swedish Difference Engine No. 2). Comprising over 1,000 working parts and weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg), this machine was used to calculate over 600 tables. It is now in the Science Museum.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Paris Exhibition Medal of Honour (jointly with Edvard) 1856. Annual pension of 1,200 marks per annum awarded by King Carl XV 1860.Bibliography1825, "Kranpunpar. George Scheutz's patent of 14 Nov 1825", Journal for Manufacturer och Hushallning 8.1855, with E.S.Scheutz, Machine à calcul qui présente les résultats en les imprimantellemême, Stockholm.Further ReadingR.C.Archibald, 1947, "P.G.Scheutz, publicist, author, scientific mechanic and Edvard Scheutz, engineer. Biography and Bibliography", MTAC 238.U.C.Merzbach, 1977, "George Scheutz and the first printing calculator", SmithsonianStudies in History and Technology 36:73.M.Lindgren, 1990, Glory and Failure (the Difference Engines of Johan Muller, Charles Babbage and George \& Edvard Scheutz), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.KF -
53 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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