last+of+all

Mĭthrĭdātes, is (dat. -dati, Gell. 15, 1, 6), m., = Mithridatês.

Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, who waged war with the Romans, was at last conquered by Pompey, and stabbed himself, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 3; id. Mur. 15, 32 sq.; id. Agr. 2, 19, 52; id. Fl. 24, 57; 25, 59 sq.; Plin. 25, 2, 3, § 5; Val. Max. 1, 8 ext. 13; 3, 7, 8. He eārly fortified himself against poison by taking antidotes;

hence, profecit poto Mithridates saepe veneno, Toxica ne possent saeva nocere sibi,

Mart. 5, 76 (cf.:

antidotum Mithridatium,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 24); Cels. 5, 23, 3; Juv. 14, 252.—

A witness against Flaccus, Cic. Fl. 17, 41.—

A king of Pergamos, a friend of Cæsar, Auct. B. Alex. 26.—

Surnamed Euergetes, an ally of the Romans against Carthage, Just. 37.—

The fifth king of the Parthians, the most powerful of all the Parthian kings, Just. 41.—

The eighth king of the Parthians, Just. 42, 2.—

A king of Armenia, Tac. A. 11, 8 sq.; 12, 45 sq.—Hence,

Mĭthrĭ-dātēus, a, um, adj. ( Mĭthradātīum, Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 24; Scrib. 194), of or belonging to a Mithridates ( poet.):

nomina,

Ov. M. 15, 755:

vultus,

Manil. 5, 515:

herba,

Plin. 25, 6, 26, § 62:

antidotus celebratissima quae Mithridatios vocatur,

Gell. 17, 16, 6.— Subst.: Mĭthrĭdātīum, ii, n., an antidote, Cael. Aur. Tard. 4, 1, 12.—

Mĭ-thrĭdātĭcus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Mithridates, Mithridatic (class.):

bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7 (v. Mithridates, I.):

victoria,

over Mithridates, Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 102:

crimen,

of the witness Mithridates, Cic. Fl. 17, 41.

Mĭthrĭdātes, is (dat. -dati, Gell. 15, 1, 6), m., = Mithridatês.

Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, who waged war with the Romans, was at last conquered by Pompey, and stabbed himself, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 3; id. Mur. 15, 32 sq.; id. Agr. 2, 19, 52; id. Fl. 24, 57; 25, 59 sq.; Plin. 25, 2, 3, § 5; Val. Max. 1, 8 ext. 13; 3, 7, 8. He eārly fortified himself against poison by taking antidotes;

hence, profecit poto Mithridates saepe veneno, Toxica ne possent saeva nocere sibi,

Mart. 5, 76 (cf.:

antidotum Mithridatium,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 24); Cels. 5, 23, 3; Juv. 14, 252.—

A witness against Flaccus, Cic. Fl. 17, 41.—

A king of Pergamos, a friend of Cæsar, Auct. B. Alex. 26.—

Surnamed Euergetes, an ally of the Romans against Carthage, Just. 37.—

The fifth king of the Parthians, the most powerful of all the Parthian kings, Just. 41.—

The eighth king of the Parthians, Just. 42, 2.—

A king of Armenia, Tac. A. 11, 8 sq.; 12, 45 sq.—Hence,

Mĭthrĭ-dātēus, a, um, adj. ( Mĭthradātīum, Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 24; Scrib. 194), of or belonging to a Mithridates ( poet.):

nomina,

Ov. M. 15, 755:

vultus,

Manil. 5, 515:

herba,

Plin. 25, 6, 26, § 62:

antidotus celebratissima quae Mithridatios vocatur,

Gell. 17, 16, 6.— Subst.: Mĭthrĭdātīum, ii, n., an antidote, Cael. Aur. Tard. 4, 1, 12.—

Mĭ-thrĭdātĭcus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Mithridates, Mithridatic (class.):

bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7 (v. Mithridates, I.):

victoria,

over Mithridates, Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 102:

crimen,

of the witness Mithridates, Cic. Fl. 17, 41.

occīdo ( obc-), cīdi, cīsum, 3 (occisit for occiderit, Lex Num. Pompil. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. occisum. pp. 178 and 179; also Lex XII. Tab. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4), v. a. [ob-caedo], to strike down, strike to the ground; to beat, smash, crush.

Lit.

In gen. (very rare):

aliquem pugnis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 20:

occare id est comminuere, ne sit glaeba: quod ita occidunt, occare dictum,

to crush, Varr. R. R. 1, 31, 1:

occisum ad mortem,

wounded to death, Vulg. Apoc. 13, 3.—

In partic., to strike or cut down; to cut off, kill, slay (class. and very freq.; syn.: interficio, trucido, obtrunco): summus ibi capitur meddix: occiditur alter, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 123 Müll. (Ann. v. 296 Vahl.):

L. Virginius filiam suā manu occidit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 20, 66:

ejus copias,

id. Phil. 14, 14, 36:

ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 36: occidione occidere, to completely cut off, destroy; v. occidio:

ad unum omnes,

to cut off all to the last man, Liv. 3, 23:

aliquem veneno,

to destroy with poison, Suet. Claud. 44; Just. 3, 2, 1:

occisus videtur non tantum qui per vim aut per caedem interfectus est, velut jugulatus... sed et is qui veneno Necatus dicitur,

Paul. Sent. 3, 5, 2 sqq.; cf.:

et occidet eum lingua viperae,

Vulg. Job, 20, 16:

occisa sunt in terrae motu,

id. Apoc. 11, 13:

dedistine ei gladium qui se occideret?

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 92: cum ipse se conaretur occidere, Cic. ap. Quint. 5, 10, 69; so,

se occidere,

Curt. 6, 10, 18; Quint. 7, 3, 7; Suet. Vit. 10; Eutr. 1, 8; 6, 24; Lact. 3, 18, 8; cf.:

occidit, adversariumne? immo vero aiunt se et eum, quem defendit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 74, 302.—

Transf.

To plague to death; to torture, torment, pester (cf. exanimo, II. B.; very rare;

not in Cic. or Cæs.): occidis me, cum istuc rogitas,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 21:

aliā occidis fabulā,

id. Men. 5, 5, 23:

occidis saepe rogando,

Hor. Epod. 14, 5:

legendo,

id. A. P. 475.—

To ruin, undo:

occidisti me tuis fallaciis,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 67.—Hence, oc-cīsus, a, um, P. a., ruined, lost, unfortunate, undone (Plautin.):

occisa est haec res, nisi, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 7.— Sup.:

occisissimus sum omnium, qui vivunt,

I am the most unfortunate, Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 53.

occĭdo, cĭdi, cāsum, 3, v. n. [obcado], to fall down, fall.

Lit.

In gen. (rare):

et alia Signa de caelo ad terram occidunt,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 8: ut alii [p. 1251] super alios occiderent, Liv. 21, 35:

arbores ita inciderant, ut momento levi impulsae occiderent,

id. 23, 24.—

In partic.

Of the heavenly bodies, to go down, set (class.): prope jam occidente sole, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

soles occidere, et redire possunt: Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, Nox est perpetua una dormienda,

Cat. 5, 4:

Capra, Aquila, Canicula,

Col. 11, 2, 94:

occasura pars caeli,

i. e. western, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 92: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, i. e. sundown, sunset, Lex XII. Tab.; cf. Gell. 17, 2, 10 (Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Müll., gives, instead of it, OCCASVS SOLIS; v. 2. occasus); so,

ante solem obcasum,

before sunset, Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 41:

donec lux occidat,

Juv. 13, 158.—Fig.:

non occidet ultra sol tuus,

Vulg. Isa. 60, 20.—

Pregn., to fall, perish, die (class.;

syn.: obeo, pereo, intereo): exstincto calore, occidimus ipsi et extinguimur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 23:

in bello,

id. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

Eudemus proelians ad Syracusas occidit,

id. Div. 1, 25, 53:

sperans hostium saevitiā facile eum occasurum,

Sall. J. 7, 2:

occiderit ferro Priamus?

Verg. A. 2, 581: dextrā suā, to die by one's own hand (by suicide), id. ib. 12, 659:

minimo vulnere,

Ov. M. 6, 265.—

Transf., to perish, be ruined, lost, etc.

Of persons:

sin plane occidimus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 4.—So, esp., occidi, an exclamation of despair, I am lost, undone, Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 75; Ter. And. 3, 4, 26:

nulla sum, nulla sum: tota tota occidi,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 1:

occidimus funditus,

Verg. A. 11, 413.—

Of things:

non hercle occiderunt mihi etiam fundique atque aedes,

I have not yet lost, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 72:

occidit spes nostra,

is gone, id. Most. 2, 1, 2:

lumen (oculorum),

Lucr. 3, 414:

dolus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 6:

causa,

Lucr. 2, 790:

rem publicam occidere,

Cic. Dom. 30, 96:

vita,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 109:

occidit ornatus (mundi),

perishes, id. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

vestra beneficia occasura esse,

id. Mil. 36, 100.—Hence, occĭdens, entis, P. a.; as subst., m., the quarter of the setting sun, the west, the occident (class.):

ab oriente ad occidentem,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

vel occidentis usque ad ultimum sinum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 13:

cui se oriens occidensque submiserat,

Plin. 7, 30, 31, § 112:

validissima in se civium arma viribus occidentis coepta,

Tac. H. 2, 6: partes mundi, Paul. ex Fest. p. 339 Müll.

occīdo, for occedo, q. v.

occīdo ( obc-), cīdi, cīsum, 3 (occisit for occiderit, Lex Num. Pompil. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. occisum. pp. 178 and 179; also Lex XII. Tab. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4), v. a. [ob-caedo], to strike down, strike to the ground; to beat, smash, crush.

Lit.

In gen. (very rare):

aliquem pugnis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 20:

occare id est comminuere, ne sit glaeba: quod ita occidunt, occare dictum,

to crush, Varr. R. R. 1, 31, 1:

occisum ad mortem,

wounded to death, Vulg. Apoc. 13, 3.—

In partic., to strike or cut down; to cut off, kill, slay (class. and very freq.; syn.: interficio, trucido, obtrunco): summus ibi capitur meddix: occiditur alter, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 123 Müll. (Ann. v. 296 Vahl.):

L. Virginius filiam suā manu occidit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 20, 66:

ejus copias,

id. Phil. 14, 14, 36:

ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 36: occidione occidere, to completely cut off, destroy; v. occidio:

ad unum omnes,

to cut off all to the last man, Liv. 3, 23:

aliquem veneno,

to destroy with poison, Suet. Claud. 44; Just. 3, 2, 1:

occisus videtur non tantum qui per vim aut per caedem interfectus est, velut jugulatus... sed et is qui veneno Necatus dicitur,

Paul. Sent. 3, 5, 2 sqq.; cf.:

et occidet eum lingua viperae,

Vulg. Job, 20, 16:

occisa sunt in terrae motu,

id. Apoc. 11, 13:

dedistine ei gladium qui se occideret?

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 92: cum ipse se conaretur occidere, Cic. ap. Quint. 5, 10, 69; so,

se occidere,

Curt. 6, 10, 18; Quint. 7, 3, 7; Suet. Vit. 10; Eutr. 1, 8; 6, 24; Lact. 3, 18, 8; cf.:

occidit, adversariumne? immo vero aiunt se et eum, quem defendit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 74, 302.—

Transf.

To plague to death; to torture, torment, pester (cf. exanimo, II. B.; very rare;

not in Cic. or Cæs.): occidis me, cum istuc rogitas,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 21:

aliā occidis fabulā,

id. Men. 5, 5, 23:

occidis saepe rogando,

Hor. Epod. 14, 5:

legendo,

id. A. P. 475.—

To ruin, undo:

occidisti me tuis fallaciis,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 67.—Hence, oc-cīsus, a, um, P. a., ruined, lost, unfortunate, undone (Plautin.):

occisa est haec res, nisi, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 7.— Sup.:

occisissimus sum omnium, qui vivunt,

I am the most unfortunate, Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 53.

occĭdo, cĭdi, cāsum, 3, v. n. [obcado], to fall down, fall.

Lit.

In gen. (rare):

et alia Signa de caelo ad terram occidunt,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 8: ut alii [p. 1251] super alios occiderent, Liv. 21, 35:

arbores ita inciderant, ut momento levi impulsae occiderent,

id. 23, 24.—

In partic.

Of the heavenly bodies, to go down, set (class.): prope jam occidente sole, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

soles occidere, et redire possunt: Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, Nox est perpetua una dormienda,

Cat. 5, 4:

Capra, Aquila, Canicula,

Col. 11, 2, 94:

occasura pars caeli,

i. e. western, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 92: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, i. e. sundown, sunset, Lex XII. Tab.; cf. Gell. 17, 2, 10 (Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Müll., gives, instead of it, OCCASVS SOLIS; v. 2. occasus); so,

ante solem obcasum,

before sunset, Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 41:

donec lux occidat,

Juv. 13, 158.—Fig.:

non occidet ultra sol tuus,

Vulg. Isa. 60, 20.—

Pregn., to fall, perish, die (class.;

syn.: obeo, pereo, intereo): exstincto calore, occidimus ipsi et extinguimur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 23:

in bello,

id. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

Eudemus proelians ad Syracusas occidit,

id. Div. 1, 25, 53:

sperans hostium saevitiā facile eum occasurum,

Sall. J. 7, 2:

occiderit ferro Priamus?

Verg. A. 2, 581: dextrā suā, to die by one's own hand (by suicide), id. ib. 12, 659:

minimo vulnere,

Ov. M. 6, 265.—

Transf., to perish, be ruined, lost, etc.

Of persons:

sin plane occidimus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 4.—So, esp., occidi, an exclamation of despair, I am lost, undone, Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 75; Ter. And. 3, 4, 26:

nulla sum, nulla sum: tota tota occidi,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 1:

occidimus funditus,

Verg. A. 11, 413.—

Of things:

non hercle occiderunt mihi etiam fundique atque aedes,

I have not yet lost, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 72:

occidit spes nostra,

is gone, id. Most. 2, 1, 2:

lumen (oculorum),

Lucr. 3, 414:

dolus,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 6:

causa,

Lucr. 2, 790:

rem publicam occidere,

Cic. Dom. 30, 96:

vita,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 109:

occidit ornatus (mundi),

perishes, id. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

vestra beneficia occasura esse,

id. Mil. 36, 100.—Hence, occĭdens, entis, P. a.; as subst., m., the quarter of the setting sun, the west, the occident (class.):

ab oriente ad occidentem,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

vel occidentis usque ad ultimum sinum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 13:

cui se oriens occidensque submiserat,

Plin. 7, 30, 31, § 112:

validissima in se civium arma viribus occidentis coepta,

Tac. H. 2, 6: partes mundi, Paul. ex Fest. p. 339 Müll.

occīdo, for occedo, q. v.

saltem (sometimes in MSS. saltim; cf. Aus. Ep. 7, 23; and Prisc. p. 1013 P.), adv. [old acc. form, from salvus, salus]. prop., saved, reserved (salvā re; compare Engl. save, except). It serves to point out that which still remains or holds good, in spite of or by way of exception to something opposed to it; and accordingly is used (like certe, II.) as a restrictive particle, at least, at the least, at all events, anyhow.

Affirmatively (class.).

With a statement of the opposite:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12; Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 26:

semper tu hoc facito cogites, tute uti sis optimus: Si id nequeas, saltem ut optimis sis proximus,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 86; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 127:

saltem accurate, ut metui videar, si resciverim,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 14:

impetrabo, ut aliquot saltem nuptiis prodat dies,

id. ib. 2, 1, 13:

si alia membra vino madeant, cor sit saltem sobrium,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 2:

etsi istuc mihi acerbum'st... saltem id volupe est, cum, etc.,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 12:

quo provocati a me venire noluerunt, revocati saltem revertantur,

Cic. Agr. 3, 1, 1:

attrepidate saltem, nam vos approperare haud postulo,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 41; cf.:

vere nihil potes dicere: finge aliquid saltem commode,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; id. Fl. 13, 35:

eripe mihi hunc dolorem aut minue saltem,

id. Att. 9, 6, 5: neque iis (militibus) posse persuaderi, ut eum defendant aut sequantur saltem, * Caes. B. C. 1, 6; Quint. 6, 5, 1; Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 52: utinam quietis temporibus atque aliquo, si non bono, at saltem certo statu civitatis haec inter nos studia exercere possemus! Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 2; id. Pis. 11, 24.—In a question:

quis ego sum saltem, si non sum Sosia?

tell me, at least, who I am; then who am I, pray? Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 282.—

Without mention of the opposite:

istuc sapienter saltem fecit filius,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 103:

saltem aliquem velim, qui mihi ex his locis viam monstret,

id. Rud. 1, 3, 29:

saltem Pseudolum mihi dedas,

id. Ps. 4, 7, 127:

saltem aliquid de pondere detraxisset,

Cic. Fin. 4, 20, 57:

nunc saltem ad illos calculos revertamur,

id. Att. 8, 12, 5:

saltem tenet hoc nos,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 44:

ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 87; cf.:

triduom hoc saltem,

id. Truc. 4, 4, 21:

saltem tantisper, dum, etc.,

id. Rud. 4, 4, 146:

antehac quidem sperare saltem licebat: nunc etiam id ereptum est,

Cic. Fam. 12, 23, 3:

at grammatici saltem omnes descendent,

Quint. 1, 4, 7. This last mode of enunciation forms the transition to its use,

With the negatives non, neque, to indicate that not even a single remaining thing specified holds good; and, consequently, = ne... quidem, not at least, not even, nor even (so perh. only since the Aug. per.):

ibi tribuni militum non praemunito vallo, non deorum saltem, si non hominum, memores, nec auspicato, etc.... instruunt aciem,

Liv. 5, 38; 2, 43, 8; 6, 2, 19; Quint. 10, 7, 20; Plin. Pan. 82, 1; App. M. 7, p. 194, 33 al.:

neque enim mihi illud saltem placet, quod, etc.,

Quint. 1, 1, 24; cf.:

nec vero saltem iis sufficiat, etc.,

id. 10, 2, 15:

non fratrem, non patruum saltem porta tenus obvium,

Tac. A. 3, 5 fin.:

nec deformitate istā saltem flumina carebant atque amnes,

Plin. Pan. 82, 3:

ut ipsum iter neque impervium neque saltem durum putent,

Quint. 12, 11, 11:

nec mihi statuta saltem cibaria praestabantur,

App. M. 7, p. 194, 33.—Cf. with vix:

illud vix saltem praecipiendum videtur, ne, etc.,

Quint. 6, 4, 15.—After ne... quidem:

ut ne a sententiis quidem ac verbis saltem singulis possit separari,

Quint. 6, 5, 1.

tandem, adv. [tam and the demonstr. termination dem; prop. just so far; hence, transf. to time, after so long, after a long time], implying the end of long delay or expectation, at length, at last, in the end, finally (cf.: denique, postremo).

Lit.

In gen.

Alone: Juppiter tibi summe tandem male re gestā gratulor, Enn. ap. Non. 116, 29 (Trag. v. 242 Vahl.):

ne navigarem tandem hoc aetatis senex,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 109:

haec illic est pugnata pugna usque a mane ad vesperum... Sed proelium id tandem diremit nox interventu suo,

id. Am. 1, 1, 99:

tandem cognosti, qui siem,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:

tandem reprime iracundiam,

id. Ad. 5, 3, 8:

quod si animi vis in capite esse posset... soleret tandem in eodem homine manere,

in the end, after all, Lucr. 5, 137:

tandem vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25:

tandem milites conscendere in naves jubet,

id. ib. 5, 7;

7, 67: tandem desine sequi,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 11; 3, 15, 2; id. S. 2, 5, 68:

finiat ut poenas tandem rogat,

Ov. M. 1, 735; Curt. 6, 7, 12.—

Strengthened,

By jam:

jam tandem aedes igitur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 39 Brix; cf. Cic. Agr. 2, 37, 103:

jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras,

Verg. A. 6, 61; so id. ib. 10, 890;

12, 497 (cf.: jam denique,

id. ib. 2, 70.—

By aliquando:

aliquando tandem huc animum ut adjungas tuum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 61; cf.:

tandem aliquando L. Catilinam... ex urbe ejecimus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; so,

tandem aliquando,

id. ib. 1, 7, 18; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Fam. 11, 27, 5; 16, 9, 4; v. aliquando.—

Pleon., with denique:

tandem denique asinali verecundiā ductus,

App. M. 4, p. 153, 3; so,

tandem denique,

id. ib. 3, p. 138, 39; 10, p. 245, 16; cf.:

recreatus denique tandem,

Amm. 17, 12, 10.—

In partic., in interrogative clauses, pray, pray now, now, then: quid tandem, what in the world, etc. (very freq. in class. prose):

quid tandem admisi in me, ut loqui non audeam?

Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 12: quid tandem agebatis, [p. 1840] Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:

quae res tandem inciderat?

id. ib. 1, 11, 17:

quod genus tandem est istud ostentationis et gloriae?

id. Roab. Post. 14, 38; id. Leg. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

quonam tandem modo?

id. Tusc. 3, 4, 8; id. Part. Or. 4, 12; id. Fin. 2, 19, 60:

(id) quo tandem animo tibi ferendum putas?

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16:

hoc, per ipsos deos, quale tandem est?

id. N. D. 1, 38, 105:

quanto tandem illum moerore afflictum esse putatis?

id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:

quorsum tandem? aut cur ista quaeris?

id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

quousque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientiā nostrā?

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

quae quousque tandem patiemini?

Sall. C. 20, 9; Cic. Caecin. 17, 48; so,

utrum tandem... an,

id. Fl. 10, 24:

scis Quo tandem pacto deceat, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 2:

ain' tandem ita esse ut dicis?

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 19; so,

ain' tandem?

id. Trin. 4, 2, 145; id. Truc. 2, 7, 47; Ter. And. 5, 3, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 26; Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23; id. Att. 9, 21, 1:

itane aiebat tandem?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 66; so,

itane tandem?

id. Trin. 3, 2, 16; Ter. And. 3, 2, 12; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 1; id. Phorm. 2, 1, 1; 3, 2, 42. —

Transf., for denique, finally, to mark the final clause of a series (very rare), Quint. 12, 1, 25.

trăho, xi, ctum, 3 ( inf. perf. sync. traxe, Verg. A. 5, 786), v. a. [cf. Sanscr. trankh, trakh, to move; Gr. trechô, to run], to draw, drag, or haul, to drag along; to draw off, forth, or away, etc. (syn.: tracto, rapio, rapto, duco).

Lit.

In gen.:

Amphitruonem collo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 72:

cum a custodibus in fugā trinis catenis vinctus traheretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53:

trahebatur passis Priameïa virgo Crinibus a templo Cassandra,

Verg. A. 2, 403:

corpus tractum et laniatum abjecit in mare,

Cic. Phil. 11, 2, 5:

materiam (malagmata),

Cels. 4, 7:

bilem,

Plin. 25, 5, 22, § 54:

vapor porro trahit aëra secum,

Lucr. 3, 233:

limum harenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt,

Sall. J. 78, 3: Charybdis naves ad litora trahit, id. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 3, 425; cf.:

Scyllam naves in saxa trahentem, Verg. l. l.: (haematiten) trahere in se argentum, aes, ferrum,

Plin. 36, 20, 38, § 146: Gy. Amiculum hoc sustolle saltem. Si. Sine trahi, cum egomet trahor, let it drag or trail, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 117; cf.:

tragula ab eo, quod trahitur per terram,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 139 Müll.:

sarcinas,

Sen. Ep. 44, 6:

vestem per pulpita,

Hor. A. P. 215:

plaustra per altos montes cervice (boves),

Verg. G. 3, 536:

siccas machinae carinas,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 2:

genua aegra,

Verg. A. 5, 468:

trahantur per me pedibus omnes rei,

Cic. Fam. 7, 32, 2; cf.:

aliquem ad praetorem,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 45:

praecipitem in pistrinum,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 79:

Hectorem circum sua Pergama,

to drag, trail, Ov. M. 12, 591. —

Of a train of soldiers, attendants, etc.: Scipio gravem jam spoliis multarum urbium exercitum trahens,

Liv. 30, 9, 10:

ingentem secum occurrentium prosequentiumque trahentes turbam,

id. 45, 2, 3; 6, 3, 4; cf.:

sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotem Ipse trahit,

Verg. A. 2, 321:

secum legionem,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 20:

feminae pleraeque parvos trahentes liberos, ibant,

Curt. 3, 13, 12; 5, 5, 15:

uxor, quam comitem trahebat,

id. 8, 3, 2:

folium secum,

Val. Max. 4, 3, 12:

cum privato comitatu quem semper secum trahere moris fuit,

Vell. 2, 40, 3:

magnam manum Thracum secum,

id. 2, 112, 4.—

In partic.

To draw out, pull out, extract, withdraw:

trahens haerentia viscere tela,

drawing out, extracting, Ov. M. 6, 290:

ferrum e vulnere,

id. ib. 4, 120:

e corpore ferrum,

id. F. 5, 399:

de corpore telum,

id. M. 5, 95; cf.:

gladium de visceribus,

Mart. 1, 14, 2:

manu lignum,

Ov. M. 12, 371; cf.:

te quoque, Luna, traho (i. e. de caelo),

draw down, id. ib. 7, 207:

captum Jovem Caelo trahit,

Sen. Oct. 810. —

To draw together, bring together, contract, wrinkle:

at coria et carnem trahit et conducit in unum,

Lucr. 6, 968:

in manibus vero nervi trahere,

id. 6, 1190:

vultum rugasque coëgit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 33.—

Of fluids, etc., to draw in, take in, quaff; draw, draw up: si pocula arente fauce traxerim, had drawn in, i. e. quaffed, Hor. Epod. 14, 4; cf. Ov. M. 15, 330:

aquas,

Luc. 7, 822:

venena ore,

id. 9, 934:

ubera,

id. 3, 351 al.:

ex puteis jugibus aquam calidam trahi (videmus),

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 25: navigium aquam trahit, draws or lets in water, leaks, Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 5; cf.:

sanguinem jumento de cervice,

to draw, let, Veg. Vet. 3, 43.—Of smelling:

odorem naribus,

Phaedr. 3, 1, 4.—Of drawing in the breath, inhaling:

auras ore,

Ov. M. 2, 230:

animam,

Plin. 11, 3, 2, § 6; cf.:

Servilius exiguā in spe trahebat animam,

Liv. 3, 6, 8:

spiritum,

to draw breath, Col. 6, 9, 3; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 4; Cels. 4, 4; Curt. 3, 6, 10: spiritum extremum, [p. 1886] Phaedr. 1, 21, 4:

penitus suspiria,

to heave sighs, to sigh, Ov. M. 2, 753:

vocem imo a pectore,

Verg. A. 1, 371.—

To take on, assume, acquire, get:

Iris Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,

Verg. A. 4, 701:

squamam cutis durata trahebat,

Ov. M. 3, 675:

colorem,

id. ib. 2, 236;

14, 393: ruborem,

id. ib. 3, 482;

10, 595: calorem,

id. ib. 11, 305:

lapidis figuram,

id. ib. 3, 399:

maturitatem,

Col. 1, 6, 20:

sucum,

id. 11, 3, 60:

robiginem,

Plin. 36, 18, 30, § 136. —

To drag away violently, to carry off, plunder, = agein kai pherein:

cetera rape, trahe,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 12:

rapere omnes, trahere,

Sall. C. 11, 4:

quibus non humana ulla neque divina obstant, quin... in opes potentisque trahant exscindant,

id. H. 4, 61, 17 Dietsch:

sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,

id. J. 41, 5:

de aliquo trahere spolia,

Cic. Balb. 23, 54:

praedam ex agris,

Liv. 25, 14, 11:

tantum jam praedae hostes trahere, ut, etc.,

id. 10, 20, 3; cf.:

pastor cum traheret per freta navibus Idaeis Helenen,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 1.—

Trahere pecuniam (for distrahere), to make away with, to dissipate, squander:

omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant,

Sall. C. 20, 12.—

Of drugs, etc., to purge, rcmove, clear away:

bilem ex alvo,

Plin. 25, 5, 22, § 54; 26, 8, 42, § 69:

pituitam,

id. 21, 23, 94, § 166:

cruditates, pituitas, bilem,

id. 32, 9, 31, § 95.—

Trahere lanam, vellera, etc., to draw out lengthwise, i. e. to spin, manufacture: manibus trahere lanam, Varr. ap. Non. 545, 12:

lanam,

Juv. 2, 54:

vellera digitis,

Ov. M. 14, 265:

data pensa,

id. ib. 13, 511; id. H. 3, 75:

Laconicas purpuras,

Hor. C. 2, 18, 8.—

Trop.,

In gen.

To draw, draw along; to attract, allure, influence, etc.:

trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloriā ducitur,

Cic. Arch. 11, 26; cf.:

omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,

id. Off. 1, 6, 18:

allicere delectatione et viribus trahere,

Quint. 5, 14, 29:

trahit sua quemque voluptas,

Verg. E. 2, 65: aliquem in aliam partem, to bring or gain over, Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2; so,

Drusum in partes,

Tac. A. 4, 60:

civitatem ad regem,

Liv. 42, 44, 3:

aliquem in suam sententiam,

id. 5, 25, 1; cf.

also: rem ad Poenos,

id. 24, 2, 8; 23, 8, 2:

res ad Philippum,

id. 32, 19, 2:

ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret,

draw off, divert, Sall. C. 7, 7.—

To drag, lead, bring:

plures secum in eandem calamitatem,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

Lucanos ad defectionem,

Liv. 25, 16, 6:

quo fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur,

Verg. A. 5, 709: ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt, Cleanth. ap. Sen. Ep. 107, 11.—

To draw to, i. e. appropriate, refer, ascribe, set down to, etc.:

atque egomet me adeo cum illis una ibidem traho,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 166: St. Quid quod dedisti scortis? Le. Ibidem una traho, id. ib. 2, 4, 10:

hi numero avium regnum trahebant,

drew to their side, laid claim to, claimed, Liv. 1, 7, 1; cf.:

qui captae decus Nolae ad consulem trahunt,

id. 9, 28, 6:

omnia non bene consulta in virtutem trahebantur,

were set down to, referred, attributed, Sall. J. 92, 2:

ornatum ipsius (ducis) in superbiam,

Tac. H. 2, 20:

cuncta Germanici in deterius,

id. A. 1, 62 fin.:

fortuita ad culpam,

id. ib. 4, 64:

id ad clementiam,

id. ib. 12, 52; cf.:

aliquid in religionem,

Liv. 5, 23, 6:

cur abstinuerit spectaculo ipse, varie trahebant,

Tac. A. 1, 76 fin.:

in se crimen,

Ov. M. 10, 68:

spinas Traxit in exemplum,

adopted, id. ib. 8, 245. —

To drag, distract, etc.:

quae meum animum divorse trahunt,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

trahi in aliam partem mente atque animo,

Caes. B. C. 1, 21:

Vologeses diversas ad curas trahebatur,

Tac. A. 15, 1.—

To weigh, ponder, consider:

belli atque pacis rationes trahere,

Sall. J. 97, 2; cf. id. ib. 84, 4: trahere consilium, to form a decision or determination, id. ib. 98, 3.—

To get, obtain, derive: qui majorem ex pernicie et peste rei publicae molestiam traxerit, who has derived, i. e. has received, suffered, Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1:

qui cognomen ex contumeliā traxerit,

id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:

nomen e causis,

Plin. 15, 14, 15, § 51:

inde nomen,

id. 36, 20, 38, § 146:

nomen ab illis,

Ov. M. 4, 291:

originem ab aliquo,

to derive, deduce, Plin. 5, 24, 21, § 86; 6, 28, 32, § 157:

scio ab isto initio tractum esse sermonem,

i. e. has arisen, Cic. Brut. 6, 21: facetiae, quae multum ex vero traxere, drew, i. e. they were founded largely on truth, Tac. A. 15, 68; cf.:

multum ex moribus (Sarmatarum) traxisse,

id. G. 46, 2.—

Of time, to protract, drag out, linger:

afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,

Verg. A. 2, 92; so,

vitam,

Phaedr. 3, 7, 12; 4, 5, 37; Plin. 28, 1, 2, § 9:

traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem,

was bringing on the night, Ov. M. 1, 219: verba, to drag, i. e. to utter with difficulty, Sil. 8, 79.—

To draw out, in respect of time; to extend, prolong, lengthen; to protract, put off, delay, retard (cf.:

prolato, extendo): sin trahitur bellum,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2; cf. Liv. 5, 10, 7; Sall. J. 23, 2:

trahere omnia,

to interpose delays of all kinds, id. ib. 36, 2; Ov. M. 12, 584:

pugnam aliquamdiu,

Liv. 25, 15, 14:

dum hoc naturae Corpus... manebit incolume, comitem aevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet,

Vell. 2, 66, 5:

obsidionem in longius,

Quint. 1, 10, 48; cf.:

rem de industriā in serum,

Liv. 32, 35, 4:

omnia,

id. 32, 36, 2:

jurgiis trahere tempus,

id. 32, 27, 1:

tempus, Auct. B. Alex. 38, 2: moram ficto languore,

Ov. M. 9, 767:

(legati) querentes, trahi se a Caesare,

that they were put off, delayed, Suet. Tib. 31 fin.; so,

aliquem sermone, quousque, etc.,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 1:

Marius multis diebus et laboribus consumptis anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne inceptum,

Sall. J. 93, 1.—

Rarely neutr., to drag along, to last, endure. si quis etiam in eo morbo diutius traxit, Cels. 2, 8 med.:

decem annos traxit ista dominatio,

Flor. 4, 2, 12.—Hence, tractus, a, um, P. a., drawn on, i. e. proceeding continuously, flowing, fluent, of language:

genus orationis fusum atque tractum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 15, 64:

in his (contione et hortatione) tracta quaedam et fluens expetitur,

id. Or. 20, 66.—

Subst.: tractum, i, n., any thing drawn out at length.

A flock of wool drawn out for spinning:

tracta de niveo vellere dente,

Tib. 1, 6, 80.—

A long piece of dough pulled out in making pastry, Cato, R. R. 76, 1; 76, 4; Apic. 2, 1; 4, 3; 5, 1 al.—Called also tracta, ae, f., Plin. 18, 11, 27, § 106.

vĕl, conj. and adv. [old imv. of volo] prop., will, choose, take your choice; hence,

As disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion (while aut introduces an absolute or essential opposition; cf. Madv. Gr. § 436; Zumpt, Gr. § 339; Fischer, Gr. § 383).

Singly.

In gen., or (if you will), or else, or (at your pleasure), or (at least), or (it is indifferent), or (what is the same thing), etc.:

dic igitur me passerculum... haedillum me tuom dic esse vel vitellum,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 77: viginti minis? Ba. Utrum vis, vel quater quinis minis, id. Ps. 1, 3, 111:

lege vel tabellas redde,

id. ib. 1, 1, 29:

in solem ponito vel sine sale in defrutum condito,

Cato, R. R. 7: orabant (sc. Ubii), ut sibi auxilium ferret... vel... exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret, or at least, i. e. or, if he preferred it, Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum vel urbem appellaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 41:

in unius voluntate vel moribus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 51:

in unā urbe vel in hac ipsā,

id. ib. 3, 10, 17:

constituere vel conservare,

id. ib. 2, 38, 64:

in ardore caelesti, qui aether vel caelum nominatur,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

transfer idem ad modestiam vel temperantiam,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 60; cf. Madv. ad id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

unum illud extimescebam, ne quid turpiter facerem, vel dicam, jam effecissem,

id. Att. 9, 7, 1: haec neque confirmare argumentis neque refellere in animo est;

ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem,

Tac. G. 3.—

Esp.

With potius, to correct or make more precise what has been said, or rather:

ex hoc populo indomito vel potius immani,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

post obitum vel potius excessum Romuli,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53:

cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit,

id. Lig. 7, 22:

vide quid licentiae nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae,

id. ib. 8, 23:

ludorum plausus vel testimonia potius,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 36:

quam valde ille reditu vel potius reversione meā laetatus!

id. Att. 16, 7, 5; id. Phil. 13, 9, 19:

novem tibi orbibus, vel potius globis conexa sunt omnia,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

plurimas vel potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes contulit,

Quint. 10, 1, 109.—In climax after a negative:

tu certe numquam in hoc ordine vel potius numquam in hac urbe mansisses,

Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 38.—

So corrective, without potius:

sed haec tu melius vel optime omnium,

Cic. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

clariore vel plane perspicua,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 55; id. Lael. 12, 41:

Capua ab duce eorum Capye, vel. quod propius vero est, a campestri agro appellata,

Liv. 4, 37, 1:

cum P. Decius se in Samnium vel in Etruriam proficisci paratum esse ostendisset,

id. 10, 26, 4.—Esp. in the phrase vel dicam, or let me rather say, or rather:

quando enim nobis, vel dicam aut oratoribus bonis aut poëtis, ullus... ornatus defuit?

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10; id. Brut. 57, 207; id. Cael. 31, 75; id. Phil. 2, 12, 30; id. Att. 9, 7, 1; Suet. Calig. 13.—So intensive, or I may even say (cf. II. A. 3. infra):

omnes binos consules, vel dicam amplius, omnia nomina,

Varr. L. L. 8, p. 106 Bip.:

a plerisque vel dicam ab omnibus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 3; id. Brut. 70, 246.—

Vel etiam, or even:

ut expositio quarundam rerum gestarum vel etiam fabulosarum,

Quint. 4, 3, 12. —

= aut, or else.

With an alternative necessary consequence:

id autem nec nasci potest nec mori, vel concidat omne caelum omnisque natura consistat necesse est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 Tischer ad loc.:

vel tu ne faceres tale in adulescentiā,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 22.—

In gen. ( poet. and post class.):

si copias armatorum... secum expenderent, vincendum illā acie vel cadendum esse,

Tac. A. 14, 35:

mortem omnibus ex naturā aequalem oblivione apud posteros vel gloriă distingui,

id. H. 1, 21; cf. id. A. 14, 61; 14, 62:

quod imperium variā sorte laetum rei publicae aut atrox, principibus prosperum vel exitio fuit,

id. H. 2, 1 init.; 2, 10; 2, 68; cf. Ov. M. 9, 624 sq.; 15, 601 sq.—

In a subordinate alternative after aut:

nec aut tibi ipsi aut huic Secundo vel huic Apro ignotas,

Tac. Or. 28:

ne contra Gai quidem aut Claudii vel Neronis... domum,

id. H. 2, 76:

abscedens in hortos aut Tusculanum vel Antiatem in agrum,

id. A. 14, 3 init.:

dementiae quoque judicia aut propter id quod factum est aut propter id quod adhuc fieri vel non fieri potest instituuntur,

Quint. 7, 4, 29.—

As co-ordinate.

Vel... vel, either... or, be it... or; in gen. (class.; but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive, that is, where one must be right and the other wrong, aut... aut is used; v. infra, and cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27): sed hic numquis adest? Pa. Vel adest vel non, i. e. just as you please, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 28 Brix ad loc.:

paucis me misit ad eam... vel ut ducentos Philippos reddat aureos, vel ut hinc eat secum,

id. Bacch. 4, 1, 18 sq.:

ubi illic biberit, vel servato meum modum vel ego dabo,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 37:

vel tu me vende, vel face quod tibi lubet,

id. Pers. 3, 1, 70:

nunc quamobrem huc sum missa, amabo, vel tu mihi ajas, vel neges,

id. Rud. 2, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 44:

Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros... existimabant, vel vi coacturos, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

ut (Romani) vel sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 7:

vel sumptuosae vel desidiosae illecebrae,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8:

in omni vel officio vel sermone sollers,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

maximum virtutis vel documentum, vel officium,

id. ib. 1, 20, 33:

pace vel Quirini vel Romuli dixerim,

id. Off. 3, 10, 42:

erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi,

id. Mil. 5, 13; 7, 20; id. Leg. 3, 14, 32; id. Lig. 6, 17; id. Deiot. 1, 1; 5, 13; id. Brut. 69, 242:

animus vel bello vel paci paratus,

Liv. 1, 1, 8:

hunc ordinem ex censu descripsit vel paci decorum vel bello,

id. 1, 42, 5: Etruriam et Samnium provincias esse;

utram mallet eligeret: suo exercitu se vel in Etruriā vel in Samnio rem gesturum,

id. 10, 19, 9:

gladioque ruptis omnibus loris, oraculi sortem vel elusit vel implevit,

Curt. 3, 1, 18:

nihil illo fuisset excellentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus,

Nep. Alcib. 1, 1; 2, 1; id. Milt. 3, 4.—

Connected with aut, but not corresponding to it (cf. infra, 2. e.):

num aut tuum aut cujusquam nostrum nomen vel Caucasum hunc transcendere potuit vel illum Gangem transnatare?

Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 22:

ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius?

id. Sen. 16, 57:

si velim scribere quid aut legere aut canere vel voce vel fidibus, aut geometricum quiddam aut physicum aut dialecticum explicare, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 59, 122.—

Esp.

With weakened disjunctive force (nearly = et... et). quemadmodum ille vel Athenis vel Rhodi se doctissimorum hominum sermonibus dedisset, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 3:

multos sine ratione, sine litteris, quā vel inpudentia vel fames duxit, ruentes,

Quint. 2, 20, 2:

affectus vel illos mites vel hos concitatos in suā potestate habuisse,

id. 10, 1, 48: eadem quaestio potest eundem vel accusatorem facere vel reum, id. 3, 6, 18: et nundina vetera ex ordine instituit, vel dies vel tempora, Lampr Alex. Sev. 43: pestilentia tanta exstiterat vel Romae, vel Achaicis urbibus, ut, etc., Treb. Gall. 5.—

More than twice, either... or... or, etc. tu vel suda, vel peri algu, vel tu aegrota, vel vale, Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 24:

hance tu mihi vel vi vel clam vel precario Fac tradas: meā nil re fert, dum potiar modo,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

vel in tempestate, vel in agris, vel in corporibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

vel quod ita vivit vel quod ita rem publicam gerit vel quod ita factus est,

id. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

vel spectator laudum tuarum vel particeps vel socius vel minister consiliorum,

id. Fam. 2, 7, 2; id. Red. Quir. 9, 23;

so eight times,

id. Rep. 1, 3, 6. —

The second (or last) vel strengthened,

By etiam:

quae vel ad usum vitae vel etiam ad ipsam rem publicam conferre possumus,

or even, Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 30; so id. ib. 1, 29, 45; 2, 1, 1; cf.:

ut vel ea defendam, quae Pompejus velit, vel taceam, vel etiam ad nostra me studia referam litterarum,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 3.—

By vero etiam:

in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis, vel vero etiam negotiis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4.—

By omnino: haec vel ad odium, vel ad misericordiam, vel omnino ad animos judicum movendos ex iis quae sunt ante posita, sumentur ( or in general), Cic. Part. Or. 36, 128.—

Rarely after a negative = neque, nor:

neque satis Bruto... vel tribunis militum constabat, quid agerent,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14.—

In irregular construction, without the second vel:

utrumque est in his, quod ab hoc oratore abhorreat: vel quod omnis, qui sapientes non sint, insanos esse dicunt... accedit quod, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 65; id. Att. 11, 7, 5; cf. esp. Lucr. 5, 383 sqq. Munro ad loc. —

Vel... vel = aut... aut:

habere ea, quae secundum naturam sint, vel omnia vel plurima et maxima,

i. e. so nearly all that the difference is unimportant, Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27; cf.

Madv. ad loc.: cum bonā quidem spe, ut ait idem, vel vincendi vel in libertate moriendi,

id. Att. 7, 9, 4.—For vel... vel, in a subordinate alternative after aut, v. the examples under I. B. 1. b. supra.—

Vel, correl. with aut (post-Aug. and rare):

verborum quoque vis ac proprietas confirmatur vel praesumptione... aut reprehensione,

Quint. 9, 2, 18:

voces... aut productione tantum vel correptione mutatae,

id. 9, 3, 69 (but the line Ov. M. 1, 546, is spurious); so,

aut... aut... vel: ut aut de nomine aut scripto et sententiā vel ratiocinatione quaeratur,

Quint. 3, 6, 72:

aut... aut... aut... aut... vel,

id. 8, 6, 68 sq.; cf.:

ubi regnat Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Erimarchus,

Juv. 3, 120.

As intens. particle (prop. ellipt., implying an alternative the first member of which is omitted, something else or even this, etc.).

In gen., or even, if you will, or indeed, or... itself, even, assuredly, certainly.

With subst.:

tum opsonium autem pol vel legioni sat est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 24; id. Capt. 1, 2, 23; id. Curc. 5, 2, 13:

ita me di ament, vel in lautumiis, vel in pistrino mavelim Agere aetatem, Quam, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 5: Ep. Si arte poteris accubare. Ge. Vel inter cuneos ferreos, id. Stich. 4, 2, 39:

vel rex semper maxumas Mihi agebat gratias,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 7:

sed tamen vel regnum malo quam liberum populum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 34, 46:

isto quidem modo vel consulatus vituperabilis est,

id. Leg. 3, 10, 23:

cum se vel principes ejus consilii fore profiterentur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37:

vel Priamo miseranda manus,

Verg. A. 11, 259:

ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae,

Juv. 3, 5:

facile me paterer vel illo ipso acerrimo judice quaerente vel apud Cassianos judices... pro Sex. Roscio dicere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 85:

populus Romanus auctoritatem suam vel contra omnes defendere potest,

even if necessary, id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63:

id se probaturum vel ipso Verginio judice,

Liv. 3, 44, 10:

belli necessitatibus eam patientiam non adhibebimus, quam vel lusus ac voluptas elicere solet?

id. 5, 6, 3:

timebant ne Romana plebs... vel cum servitute pacem acciperet,

even if it should involve their enslavement, id. 2, 9, 5.—

With adjj.: Ch. Pax, te tribus verbis volo. Sy. Vel trecentis, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 122: Ca. Ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo... Ba. Animo bono es. Vel sex mensis opperibor, id. Ps. 1, 3, 89; cf.: jam hercle vel ducentae [p. 1964] minae, id. ib. 1, 3, 68;

1, 3, 111: hoc ascensu vel tres armati quamlibet multitudinem arcuerint,

Liv. 9, 24, 7: Ph. Dane suavium? Di. Immo vel decem, Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 22:

ego illum eunuchum, si opus sit, vel sobrius,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 26:

si sit opus, vel totum triduom,

id. ib. 2, 1, 17:

haec sunt omnia ingenii vel mediocris,

Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 119.—

With verbs: namque edepol quamvis desubito vel cadus vorti potest, may even be turned over, i. e. will be empty, Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 39:

ubi ego hinc abiero, vel occidito,

if you will, even, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 93:

per me vel stertas licet, inquit Carneades, non modo quiescas,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93:

ut ipsis sententiis, quibus proluserunt, vel pugnare possint,

id. de Or. 2, 80, 325:

cum vel abundare debeam, cogor mutuari,

id. Att. 15 15, 3—

With pronn.:

videndum erit, quid quisque vel sine nobis aut possit consequi aut non possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 18, 59:

existiment quod velint, ac vel hoc intellegant,

id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:

est tibi ex his ipsis qui assunt bella copia, vel ut a te ipso ordiare,

especially as you can begin with yourself, id. Rep. 2, 40, 67.—

With superlatives, to denote the highest possible degree, the very; the utmost; the most...possible.

With adjj.: hoc invenisset unum ad morbum illum homini vel bellissimum, the very loveliest, the most beautiful possible, Lucil. ap. Non. 527, 28:

vidi in dolore podagrae ipsum vel omnium maximum Stoicorum Posidonium,

Cic. Fragm. ib. 32:

hoc in genere nervorum vel minimum, suavitatis autem est vel plurimum,

the very least... the utmost possible, id. Or. 26, 91:

quarum duarum (civitatum) si adessent (legationes), duo crimina vel maxima minuerentur,

id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 14:

patre meā sententiā vel eloquentissimo temporibus illis,

the most eloquent possible, id. de Or. 2, 23, 98:

quod erat ad obtinendam potentiam nobilium vel maximum, vehementer id retinebatur,

id. Rep. 2, 32, 56:

cujus (sc. Hannibalis) eo tempore vel maxima apud regem auctoritas erat,

Liv. 36, 41, 2:

vident unum senatorem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 46:

fora templaque occupabantur, ut vel exspectatissimi triumphi laetitia praecipi posset,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51:

sed vel potentissima apud Amphictyonas aequi tractatio est,

Quint. 5, 10, 118; 11, 1, 81.—

With advv.:

vel studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15:

cum Sophocles vel optime scripserit Electram,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

vel maxime confirmare,

id. N. D. 2, 65, 162; so,

vel maxime,

id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; id. de Or. 1, 8, 32; id. Att. 9, 12, 3; Quint. 1, 3, 12; 4, 3, 4.—

In adding an instance implying that other instances might be mentioned at will, or this one; for instance, for example, as for example, in particular:

Per pol quam paucos reperias Fideles amatores... Vel hic Pamphilus jurabat quotiens Bacchidi, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 3:

vel heri in vino quam inmodestus fuisti,

id. Heaut. 3, 3, 7: nullast tam facilis res quin difficilis siet Quom invitus facias;

vel me haec deambulatio... ad languorum dedit,

id. ib. 4, 6, 1:

sed suavis accipio litteras, vel quas proxime acceperam, quam prudentis!

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 1:

cujus innumerabilia sunt exempla, vel Appii majoris illius, qui, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 70, 284.—

Concessive.

With superlatives, perhaps:

adulescens vel potentissimus nostrae civitatis,

Cic. Rosc. A. 2, 6:

domus vel optima Messanae, notissima quidem certe,

the best known, at any rate, if not the finest, id. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3.—

= saltem, at least:

quā re etsi minus veram causam habebis, tamen vel probabilem aliquam poteris inducere,

Cic. Fam. 11, 22, 2:

plurimi semetipsos exhortantur vel aliquas partes earum (scientiarum) addiscere, quamvis universas percipere non possint,

Col. 11, 1, 11:

ac, ni flexisset animos, vel Aegypti praefecturam concedi sibi oraret,

Suet. Ner. 47:

ut messe vel unā releves colla perusta,

Mart. 10, 12, 5; Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 8; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 43.