lūcus

in-fĕro, intŭli, illātum, inferre, v. a., to carry, bring, put, or throw into or to a place (class.); constr. with in and acc., ad, or the dat.

Lit.

With in and acc.: in equum, to bring or set upon a horse, Caes. B. G. 6, 29:

coronam in curiam,

Liv. 44, 14, 3:

Scipio lecticula in aciem inlatus,

id. 24, 42, 5:

in portum quinqueremes,

id. 28, 17, 5; cf. id. 26, 21, 6; 10, 2, 13:

arma in Italiam,

Nep. Ham. 4, 2:

bello in provinciam illato,

Cic. Fam. 15, 2, 1; id. Sest. 27, 58; Liv. 9, 25, 2.—

With dat.:

semina arvis,

Tac. A. 11, 54:

fontes urbi,

id. ib. 11, 13; cf.: pedem aliquo, to go or proceed to a place, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39:

spolia opima templo,

id. 4, 20.—

With ad:

scalas ad moenia,

to set against the walls, Liv. 32, 24, 5.—

Absol.:

inferri mensam secundam jussi,

to be served up, Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120:

gressus,

Verg. G. 4, 360.—

To throw upon, apply to any thing; esp. of fire, to set fire to:

tectis et templis ignes inferre conati sunt,

to set fire to, Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 22; cf.:

aliquid in ignem,

Caes. B. G. 6, 18.—

In partic.

To bring to a place for burial, to bury, inter:

ne quis sepulcra deleat, neve alienum inferat,

Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 64:

reliquias ejus majorum tumulis inferri jussit,

Just. 11, 15.—

To furnish, pay (a tribute or tax):

tributum alicui,

Col. 1, 1, 11:

vicesimam,

Plin. Pan. 39, 6:

septingenta milia aerario inferenda,

id. Ep. 2, 11, 20.—

To give in, enter (an account):

sumptum civibus,

Cic. Fl. 19, 45:

rationes falsas,

id. ib. 9, 20:

rationibus,

to bring into account, Col. 1, 7, 7:

aliquid in rationes,

Dig. 34, 3, 12.—

Milit.: signa (arma) in hostem, or hosti, to bear the standards against the enemy, to attack, make an attack upon:

conversa signa in hostes inferre,

to wheel about and attack, Caes. B. G. 2, 26; Liv. 6, 29, 2; 9, 27, 12; saep. with dat.:

trepidantibus inferunt signa Romani,

id. 3, 18, 8; 8, 30, 7; Curt. 8, 14, 15:

signa patriae urbi,

Cic. Fl. 2, 5; Liv. 28, 3, 13; so,

inferre arma,

Nep. Dat. 6, 5:

pedem,

to advance, attack, Liv. 10, 33, 4; so,

gradum: gradum acrius intulere Romani,

id. 35, 1, 9:

bellum alicui,

to make war upon, to wage war against, Cic. Pis. 34:

bellum Italiae,

id. Att. 9, 1, 3:

bellum contra patriam,

id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:

arma,

to begin a war, commence hostilities, Liv. 1, 30, 8.—

Se, to betake one ' s self to, repair to, go into, enter, esp. with the accessory notion of haste and rapidity.— With dat.: visa vi quadam sua inferunt sese hominibus noscitanda, present, offer themselves, Gell. 19, 1, 15:

lucus erat, quo se Numa sine arbitris inferebat,

Liv. 1, 21, 3:

se foribus,

Verg. A. 11, 36:

se flammae,

Vell. 2, 74.—With a play upon I. b, supra:

me inferre Veneri vovi jam jentaculum (cf. the context),

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 72.—With in and acc.: se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen, to rush upon, expose one ' s self to, Cic. Balb. 10, 25:

cum se in mediam contionem intulisset,

Liv. 5, 43, 8; 4, 33, 7; 7, 17, 5; 24, 16, 1 al. — Absol.:

viden' ignavum, ut se inferat!

how he struts! how proudly he walks! Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 54:

ut magnifice infert sese,

id. Ps. 4, 1, 7:

atque etiam se ipse inferebat,

presented himself, came unbidden, Cic. Caecin. 5; Liv. 2, 30, 13; 22, 5, 5; Tac. H. 4, 66; id. Agr. 37; Curt. 4, 12, 14 al.—

Trop.

In gen., to bring forward, introduce; to produce, make, excite, occasion, cause, inflict:

in re severa delicatum aliquem inferre sermonem,

Cic. Off. 1, 40, 144:

mentionem,

to make mention, to mention, Liv. 4, 1, 2:

spem alicui,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25:

quam maximum terrorem hostibus,

id. ib. 7, 8:

alicui injuriam,

id. ib. 54; Val. Max. 8, 1, 6; cf.:

injuriis in socios nostros inferendis,

Cic. Sest. 27, 58:

calamitatem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

turpitudines,

Cic. Phil. 14, 3, 9:

crimen proditionis alicui,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106:

periculum civibus,

id. Sest. 1, 2:

probrum castis, labem integris, infamiam bonis,

id. Cael. 18, 42:

moram et impedimentum alicui rei,

id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:

mortem alicui per scelus,

id. Mil. 7, 17:

pestilentiam agris,

Liv. 5, 14, 3: vim vitae suae, to lay violent hands upon one ' s self, Vell. 2, 45:

vim et manus alicui,

Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 21:

vim alicui,

Tac. A. 15, 5; Suet. Claud. 16; 37:

vulnera hostibus,

to give wounds to, to wound, Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

delectari criminibus inferendis,

Cic. Lael. 18, 65:

litem capitis in aliquem,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

alicui crimen proditionis,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106: judicium, to judge (post-class.), Dig. 5, 2, 4:

prima peregrinos obscena pecunia mores intulit,

Juv. 6, 299. —

In partic., to conclude, infer, draw an inference, Cic. Inv. 1, 47, 87; Quint. 5, 11, 27.

jacto, āvi, ātum (jactarier, Lucr. 6, 556; Enn. Tr. 130), 1, v. freq. a. [jacio], to throw, cast, hurl.

Lit.:

semen,

to scatter, Varr. R. R. 1, 42:

semina per undas,

Ov. M. 4, 748:

jactato flore tegente vias,

id. Tr. 4, 2, 50:

irrita sacrilega jactas incendia dextra,

id. M. 14, 539:

hastas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 316:

vestem argentumque de muro,

Caes. B. G. 7, 47:

lapides vacuum in orbem,

Verg. G. 1, 62:

cinerem per agros,

id. ib. 1, 81:

se muris in praeceps,

Curt. 5, 6, 7;

of casting a net: rete,

Dig. 19, 1, 12;

also of dicethrowing: talos arripio, jacto basilicum,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 79; cf.:

numerosque manu jactabat eburnos,

Ov. A. A. 2, 203; id. ib. 3, 355; Suet. Aug. 71.—

Transf.

To throw or toss about; to shake, flourish:

crura,

Lucr. 4, 991:

brachia in numerum,

id. 4, 769:

manus,

Quint. 11, 3, 179; 10, 3, 21:

umeros,

id. 11, 3, 130:

tinnula manu,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 38:

tintinnabulum,

Phaedr. 2, 7, 5:

onerosa pallia,

Juv. 6, 236:

cerviculam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19, § 49:

nisi se suo more jactavisset,

i. e. to make gestures, id. Brut. 60, 217:

cum multum se Curio ex more jactasset,

Quint. 11, 3, 129:

exsultare immoderateque jactari,

Cic. Div. 1, 29, 60:

corpus in suo sanguine,

to wallow, Ov. M. 10, 721:

videntes,

Verg. G. 2, 355:

a facie manus,

to throw kisses, Juv. 3, 106; cf.: jactare basia, id. 4, 118:

oculos,

Lucr. 4, 1133:

lumina,

Ov. H. 3, 11:

jugum,

i. e. to be restless, rebellious, Juv. 13, 22.—

To drive hither and thither, to drive about:

cum adversā tempestate in alto jactarentur,

Cic. Inv. 2, 31, 95; Ov. H. 17, 235; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 15; Ov. Tr. 3, 2, 15:

ut Aeneas pelago... omnia circum Litora jactetur,

Verg. A. 1, 668; 10, 48; 1, 182:

jactati aequore toto Troes,

id. ib. 1, 29; Ov. M. 11, 441 al.:

si quando, ut fit, jactor in turba, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 7, 17:

jactatur domi suae homo honestissimus,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

aestu febrique jactari,

id. Cat. 1, 13.—So of the sea:

ut jactetur aqua,

Lucr. 6, 553:

cito mutata est jactati forma profundi,

Ov. H. 19, 77:

aequora,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 57.—

To throw away:

merces,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 43:

arma,

Liv. 9, 12; Curt. 3, 3, 9.—Esp., to throw overboard, throw into the sea, Dig. 47, 2, 43, § 10; 14, 2, 4, § 2:

jactatur rerum utilium pars maxima,

Juv. 12, 52.—

To throw out, emit, spread:

luna suam jactat de corpore lucem,

Lucr. 5, 576:

voces per umbram,

Verg. A. 2, 768.—

Trop.

To torment, disquiet, disturb:

jactor, crucior, agitor, stimulor,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 4:

nolo te jactari diutius,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 59:

ipsa velut navis jactor,

Ov. H. 21, 41:

jactari morbis,

Lucr. 3, 507:

clamore et convicio,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5:

aliquem,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45.—

Jactare se or jactari, not to be firm, to waver, Cic. Tusc. 4, 10.—Of money, to fluctuate in value:

jactabatur temporibus illis nummus sic, ut nemo posset scire, quid haberet,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 80. —

To consider, examine, discuss:

pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18:

multa totā die in concilio variis jactata sermonibus erant,

i. e. discussed, not decided, Liv. 1, 50, 3:

pectore curas,

Verg. A. 1, 227:

jactari magis quam peragi accusatio ejus poterat,

discussed without a conclusion, to no purpose, Liv. 10, 46, 16.—

To discuss, mention, intimate, pronounce, throw out, utter, speak, say, name, propose a thing:

rem jactare sermonibus,

Liv. 8, 29:

ultro citroque,

id. 7, 9:

jactamus jam pridem omnis te Roma beatum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 18:

talia jactanti, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 102:

jactatum in condicionibus nequiquam de Tarquiniis in regnum restituendis,

Liv. 2, 13, 3:

hanc autem jactari magis causam quam veram esse,

to be rather the pretext than the true reason, id. 5, 53, 2.—

To throw or fling out threats, etc.:

jactare et opponere terrorem,

Cic. Sest. 23, 52:

minas,

id. Quint. 14, 47:

probra in quempiam,

Liv. 29, 9; cf.:

convicia,

Prop. 3, 8, 11.—

To boast of, vaunt a thing:

ostentare honorem aetatis, jactare urbanam gratiam et dignitatem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 83:

ingenium,

Quint. 3, 1, 3:

genus et nomen,

Hor. C. 1, 14, 13:

regna et virtutem,

Ov. H. 16, 81:

quo te jactas creatum,

id. M. 9, 23; Curt. 8, 1, 23.—

With se, to talk boastfully of one's self, to boast, make an ostentatious display.

Absol.:

intolerantius se jactare,

Cic. de Or. 2, 52, § 209:

non jactandi mei causā,

Quint. Decl. 268.—

With dat.:

se alicui,

to boast of one's self to a person, Ov. H. 12, 175:

se Iliae querenti ultorem,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 18; Liv. 35, 49, 3:

ipse cum se jactaret amicae,

Juv. 1, 62.—

With in or simple abl.:

cum in eo se in contione jactavisset,

Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus jactet Apollo,

Verg. E. 6, 73.—

With de:

jactat se jamdudum de Calidio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 46.—

With gen.:

se justitiae,

Hier. Ep. 23, 34. —

With two acc.:

se jactare formosum,

Phaedr. 3, 8, 6.—

To carry one's self confidently or conceitedly:

qui antea solitus esset jactare se magnificentissime in illo loco,

Cic. Att. 2, 21, 3.—

To be officious or active in, to give one's self up to, devote one's self to a thing:

jactare se in causis centumviralibus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 173:

nostrum hoc tempus aetatis forensi labore jactari,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5:

in qua (re publica) tu non valde te jactas,

id. Fam. 2, 15, 3:

se actionibus tribuniciis,

Liv. 3, 1.—

Se in pecuniis, to be prodigal of one's money, Cic. Cat. 2, 9.—Hence, jactans, antis, P. a., boasting, bragging, boastful, vainglorious.

Lit.: insolens, arrogans, jactans, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 322, 13:

epistolae jactantes et gloriosae,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9:

neque vereor ne jactantior videar, etc.,

id. ib. 9, 23; so Verg. A. 6, 815: jactantior hic paulo est, Hor. S. 1, 3, 50.—With gen.:

tumidus ae sui jactans,

Quint. 11, 1, 50:

plebis jactantissimus amator,

Spart. Hadr. 17.—

Transf., proud, noble, splendid:

septemgemino jactantior aethera pulset Roma jugo,

Stat. S. 4, 1, 6; Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 1.— Adv.: jactanter, boastfully, ostentatiously:

minae jactanter sonantes,

Amm. 27, 2, 3; Prud. Ham. 170.— Comp.:

jactantius maerere,

Tac. A. 2, 77:

litteras componere,

id. H. 3, 53; Prud. Ham. 170.

laetus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. root prī-, to cheer; prētis, joy, love; cf. Gr. praüs, praios; Germ. Friede, Freude; cf. also Latin gentile name, Plaetorius], joyful, cheerful, glad, gay, joyous, rejoicing, pleased, delighted, full of joy.

Lit., constr. absol., with de, the gen., the inf., or acc. and inf.

Absol.:

laeti atque erecti,

Cic. Font. 11, 33:

alacres laetique,

id. Sest. 1, 1:

vultus,

id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

dies laetissimi,

id. Lael. 3, 12.—In neutr. plur. as subst.:

litterae tuae partim laeta partim tristia continent,

Plin. Ep. 5, 9, 1.—

With de:

laetus est de amica,

Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 45.—

With gen.:

laetus animi et ingenii,

Vell. 2, 93, 1; Tac. A. 2, 26:

laborum,

Verg. A. 11, 73:

irae,

Sil. 17, 308.—

With inf.:

laetus uterque Spectari superis,

Sil. 9, 453.—

With acc. and inf.:

laetus sum, fratri obtigisse quod volt,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 4, 1:

laeta est abs te (donum) datum esse,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 2.—

Transf.

Doing a thing with joy, cheerful, ready, willing:

senatus supplementum etiam laetus decreverat,

Sall. J. 84, 3:

descendere regno,

Stat. Th. 2, 396:

fatebere laetus nec surdum esse, etc.,

Juv. 13, 248.—

Delighting or taking pleasure in a thing; with abl. or inf.

With abl.:

et laetum equino sanguine Concanum,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 34:

laetus stridore catenae,

Juv. 14, 23:

plantaribus horti,

id. 13, 123.—

With inf.:

et ferro vivere laetum Vulgus,

Sil. 9, 223.—

Pleased, satisfied with any thing; delighting in; with abl.:

classis Romana haudquaquam laeta praedā rediit,

Liv. 27, 31:

contentus modicis, meoque laetus,

Mart. 4, 77, 2.—With gen.:

laeta laborum,

Verg. A. 11, 73:

laetissimus viae,

indulging to the full, Sil. 17, 308.—

Pleasing, pleasant, grateful:

omnia erant facta hoc biduo laetiora,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1:

laetique nuntii vulgabantur,

Tac. A. 1, 5:

vitium laetissimi fructus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62, 156:

virtus haud laeta tyranno,

Val. Fl. 1, 30:

militibus id nomen,

Tac. H. 4, 68.—

Favorable, propitious, prosperous:

venti,

Val. Fl. 4, 31:

sors,

id. 4, 540:

bellum,

Sil. 10, 552; Plaut. Am. prol. 2:

saecula,

Verg. A. 1, 605:

exta,

Suet. Caes. 77:

cujus (proelii) initium ambiguum, finis laetior,

Tac. A. 12, 40.—

Fortunate, auspicious, lucky:

prodigium,

Plin. 11, 37, 77, § 197:

augurium,

Tac. H. 1, 62:

laeta et congruentia exta,

id. ib. 2, 4:

omina,

Petr. 122.—

Joyous in appearance, delightful, pleasing, beautiful:

vite quid potest esse cum fructu laetius, tum aspectu pulchrius?

Cic. de Sen. 15, 53:

segetes,

Verg. G. 1, 1:

lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine,

id. A. 1, 275:

ferarum exuviis,

Ov. M. 1, 475:

indoles,

Quint. 2, 4, 4:

colles frondibus laeti,

Curt. 5, 4, 9.—

In partic., in econom. lang., fertile, rich, of soil:

ager,

Varr. R. R. 1, 23:

laeta Clitumni pascua,

Juv. 12, 13.—Of cattle, fat:

glande sues laeti redeunt,

Verg. G. 2, 520.—

Abundant, copious:

laeta magis pressis manabunt flumina mammis,

Verg. G. 3, 310; 3, 494:

lucus laetissimus umbrae,

id. A. 1, 441.—Of style, etc., rich, copious, agreeable:

nitidum quoddam genus est verborum et laetum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 81.—Of the author:

(Homerus) laetus ac pressus,

Quint. 10, 1, 46.—

Pleasant, agreeable:

dicendi genus tenue laetioribus numeris corrumpere,

Quint. 9, 4, 17.—In neutr. sing., adverbially:

laetumque rubet,

with joy, with pleasure, Stat. Ach. 1, 323.— Hence, adv.: laetē, joyfully, gladly, cheerfully.

Lit. (class.):

auctorem senatus exstinctum laete atque insolenter tulit,

Cic. Phil. 9, 3, 7:

laete an severe dicere,

Quint. 8, 3, 40.— Comp., Vell. 2, 45, 3:

neque refert cujusquam Punicas Romanasve acies laetius extuleris,

more eagerly, Tac. A. 4, 33:

aliquid ausi laetius aut licentius,

Quint. 2, 4, 14.— Sup.:

laetissime gaudere,

Gell. 3, 15, 2.—

Transf., fruitfully, abundantly, luxuriantly:

seges laete virens,

Plin. 33, 5, 27, § 89.— Comp.:

truncus laetius frondet,

more fruitfully, more luxuriantly, Col. 5, 9, 10; cf. Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130.—

Lightly, not severely, without seriousness:

si quis putet nos laetius fecisse quam orationis severitas exigat,

Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 6.

laetus, i, m., in late Lat., a foreign bondman who received a piece of land to cultivate, for which he paid tribute to his master, a serf, Amm. 20, 8, 13; Eum. Pan. 21, 1.—Hence,

laeta, ōrum, n., the land so cultivated, Cod. Th. 7, 20, 10.—

laetĭcus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a laetus: laeticae terrae, Cod. Th. 13, 11, 9.

mĕphītis, is, f., a noxious, pestilential exhalation from the ground, mephitis.

Lit.:

saevamque exhalat opaca mephitim,

Verg. A. 7, 84:

sulphureae,

Pers. 3, 99.—

Personified: Mĕphītis ( Mĕfi-tis), is, f., a goddess who averts pestilential exhalations, Tac. H. 3, 34; Plin. 2, 93, 95, § 208; Inscr. Orell. 1795; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 7, 84:

lucus Mephitis,

Varr. L. L. 5, 7, § 49 Müll.: aedes, Paul. ex Fest. 351, 3.

mĕphītis, is, f., a noxious, pestilential exhalation from the ground, mephitis.

Lit.:

saevamque exhalat opaca mephitim,

Verg. A. 7, 84:

sulphureae,

Pers. 3, 99.—

Personified: Mĕphītis ( Mĕfi-tis), is, f., a goddess who averts pestilential exhalations, Tac. H. 3, 34; Plin. 2, 93, 95, § 208; Inscr. Orell. 1795; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 7, 84:

lucus Mephitis,

Varr. L. L. 5, 7, § 49 Müll.: aedes, Paul. ex Fest. 351, 3.

nĕmus, ŏris, n. [root nem-, distribute; Gr. nemô, nomos; cf. nemos, pasturage, and Lat. Numa, numerus], = nemos, a wood with open glades and meadows for cattle, a wood with much pasture-land, a grove; poet., a wood in gen. (cf.: saltus, silva, lucus).

Lit.:

cras foliis nemus Multis tempestas Sternet,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 9:

multos nemora silvaeque commovent,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 114: in nemore Pelio, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.):

montium custos nemorumque (Diana),

Hor. C. 3, 22, 1:

gelidum,

id. ib. 1, 1, 30:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

nemus arboribus densum,

Ov. F. 6, 9:

nemorum avia,

id. M. 1, 479:

nemora in domibus sacros imitantia lucos,

Tib. 3, 3, 15:

sacri fontis nemus,

Juv. 3, 17.—

In partic., a heath or grove consecrated to a divinity:

Angitiae nemus,

Verg. A. 7, 759.—Also alone: Nĕmus, the sacred grove of Diana at Aricia, where Cæsar had a villa, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5; cf.:

tabulam pictam in nemore Dianae posuit,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; v. nemorensis, II. B.—

Poet. transf., a tree:

nemora alta,

Luc. 1, 453; Mart. 9, 62, 9; cf. Verg. G. 2, 401.—Also, wood:

strictum acervans nemore congesto aggerem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1216.

nĕmus, ŏris, n. [root nem-, distribute; Gr. nemô, nomos; cf. nemos, pasturage, and Lat. Numa, numerus], = nemos, a wood with open glades and meadows for cattle, a wood with much pasture-land, a grove; poet., a wood in gen. (cf.: saltus, silva, lucus).

Lit.:

cras foliis nemus Multis tempestas Sternet,

Hor. C. 3, 17, 9:

multos nemora silvaeque commovent,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 114: in nemore Pelio, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.):

montium custos nemorumque (Diana),

Hor. C. 3, 22, 1:

gelidum,

id. ib. 1, 1, 30:

nemorum saltus,

Verg. E. 6, 56:

nemus arboribus densum,

Ov. F. 6, 9:

nemorum avia,

id. M. 1, 479:

nemora in domibus sacros imitantia lucos,

Tib. 3, 3, 15:

sacri fontis nemus,

Juv. 3, 17.—

In partic., a heath or grove consecrated to a divinity:

Angitiae nemus,

Verg. A. 7, 759.—Also alone: Nĕmus, the sacred grove of Diana at Aricia, where Cæsar had a villa, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 5; cf.:

tabulam pictam in nemore Dianae posuit,

Plin. 35, 7, 33, § 52; v. nemorensis, II. B.—

Poet. transf., a tree:

nemora alta,

Luc. 1, 453; Mart. 9, 62, 9; cf. Verg. G. 2, 401.—Also, wood:

strictum acervans nemore congesto aggerem,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1216.

nĭger, gra, grum ( gen. fem. nigraï, Lucr. 4, 537; comp. nigrior, Ov. H. 18, 7), adj., black, sable, dark, dusky (cf.: ater, pullus).

Lit.:

quae alba sint, quae nigra, dicere,

Cic. Div. 2, 3, 9:

quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses,

Verg. E. 2, 16:

hederae nigrae,

id. G. 2, 258:

silvae (= umbrosae),

Hor. C. 1, 21, 7:

frons,

id. ib. 4, 4, 58:

collis,

id. ib. 4, 12, 11:

lucus,

Ov. F. 3, 295 (for which atrum nemus, Verg. A. 1, 165):

caelum pice nigrius,

Ov. H. 18, 7:

nigerrimus Auster,

i. e. causing darkness, Verg. G. 3, 278; so,

venti,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 7:

Eurus,

id. Epod. 10, 5:

nigros efferre maritos,

i. e. killed by poison, Juv. 1, 71; cf.:

pocula nigra,

poisoned, Prop. 2, 20, 68 (3, 23, 10).—Prov.: facere candida de nigris;

nigra in candida vertere,

to turn black into white, Juv. 3, 29; cf. Ov. M. 11, 315.— Subst.: nĭgrum, i, n., a black spot, Ov. A. A. 1, 291.—

Trop.

Of or pertaining to death:

nigrorumque memor, dum licet, ignium (= lugubris rogi),

of the funeral pile, Hor. C. 4, 12, 26:

hora,

Tib. 3, 5, 5:

dies,

the day of death, Prop. 2 (3), 19, 19:

Juppiter niger,

i. e. Pluto, Sen. Herc. Oet. 1705.—

Sad, mournful:

domus,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 18; Val. Fl. 3, 404.—

Unlucky, ill-omened: huncine solem Tam nigrum surrexe mihi? Hor. S. 1, 9, 72; Prop. 2, 21, 38 (3, 25, 4): lapis, the spot in the Comitium where Romulus or one of his adherents was slain, Paul. ex Fest. p. 177 Müll.—

Of character, black, bad, wicked:

Phormio, nec minus niger, nec minus confidens, quam ille Terentianus est Phormio,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 27:

hic niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 85.

Nĭger, gri, m., a Roman surname:

Aquilius Niger,

Suet. Aug. 11.

Nĭger, gris, m., a river in Africa, Mart. Cap. 6, § 673; v. Nigris.

nĭger, gra, grum ( gen. fem. nigraï, Lucr. 4, 537; comp. nigrior, Ov. H. 18, 7), adj., black, sable, dark, dusky (cf.: ater, pullus).

Lit.:

quae alba sint, quae nigra, dicere,

Cic. Div. 2, 3, 9:

quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses,

Verg. E. 2, 16:

hederae nigrae,

id. G. 2, 258:

silvae (= umbrosae),

Hor. C. 1, 21, 7:

frons,

id. ib. 4, 4, 58:

collis,

id. ib. 4, 12, 11:

lucus,

Ov. F. 3, 295 (for which atrum nemus, Verg. A. 1, 165):

caelum pice nigrius,

Ov. H. 18, 7:

nigerrimus Auster,

i. e. causing darkness, Verg. G. 3, 278; so,

venti,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 7:

Eurus,

id. Epod. 10, 5:

nigros efferre maritos,

i. e. killed by poison, Juv. 1, 71; cf.:

pocula nigra,

poisoned, Prop. 2, 20, 68 (3, 23, 10).—Prov.: facere candida de nigris;

nigra in candida vertere,

to turn black into white, Juv. 3, 29; cf. Ov. M. 11, 315.— Subst.: nĭgrum, i, n., a black spot, Ov. A. A. 1, 291.—

Trop.

Of or pertaining to death:

nigrorumque memor, dum licet, ignium (= lugubris rogi),

of the funeral pile, Hor. C. 4, 12, 26:

hora,

Tib. 3, 5, 5:

dies,

the day of death, Prop. 2 (3), 19, 19:

Juppiter niger,

i. e. Pluto, Sen. Herc. Oet. 1705.—

Sad, mournful:

domus,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 18; Val. Fl. 3, 404.—

Unlucky, ill-omened: huncine solem Tam nigrum surrexe mihi? Hor. S. 1, 9, 72; Prop. 2, 21, 38 (3, 25, 4): lapis, the spot in the Comitium where Romulus or one of his adherents was slain, Paul. ex Fest. p. 177 Müll.—

Of character, black, bad, wicked:

Phormio, nec minus niger, nec minus confidens, quam ille Terentianus est Phormio,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 27:

hic niger est, hunc tu, Romane, caveto,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 85.

Nĭger, gri, m., a Roman surname:

Aquilius Niger,

Suet. Aug. 11.

Nĭger, gris, m., a river in Africa, Mart. Cap. 6, § 673; v. Nigris.

obscūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. sku, to cover, akin to Gr. skeuê, skutos, kutos; cf.: scutum, cutis], dark, darksome, dusky, shady, obscure (class.).

Lit.: unde (Acherunte) animae excitantur obscurā umbrā, in dark, shadowy forms, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; so,

umbra,

Verg. A. 6, 453:

donec in obscurum coni conduxit acumen,

the obscure point of the cone, Lucr. 4, 431:

lucus,

Verg. A. 9, 87:

antrum,

Ov. M. 4, 100:

convalles,

Verg. A. 6, 139:

tabernae,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf. Liv. 10, 1, 5: aliae res obnoxiosae nocte in obscurā latent, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 16 (17), 10 (Trag. v. 341 Vahl.):

nox,

Verg. A. 2, 420; cf.:

per occasum solis, jam obscurā luce,

Liv. 24, 21:

caelum,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15:

nimbus,

Verg. A. 12, 416:

nubes,

id. G. 4, 60:

ferrugo,

i. e. black, id. ib. 1, 467:

dentes,

Juv. 6, 145.— Poet.: funda, dark, i. e. invisible, Val. Fl. 6, 193; cf.

mamma,

i. e. hidden, covered, id. 3, 52, 6:

aquae,

i. e. turbid, Ov. F. 4, 758.— Subst.: obscūrum, i, n., dim light, twilight:

in obscuro, advesperascente die,

Vulg. Prov. 7, 9; but commonly the dark, darkness, obscurity:

sub obscurum noctis,

Verg. G. 1, 478:

lumen,

i. e. darkness visible, Sall. J. 21, 2.— obscū-rum, adverb.:

obscurum nimbosus dissidet aër,

Luc. 5, 631.—

Transf., to the person who is in the dark, darkling, unseen:

ibant obscuri solā sub nocte per umbram,

Verg. A. 6, 268:

obscurus in ulvā Delitui,

id. ib. 2, 135.—

Trop.

In gen., dark, obscure, indistinct, unintelligible:

Heraclitus... Clarus ob obscuram linguam,

Lucr. 1, 639: valde Heraclitus obscurus (cf. the Gr. appellation of Heraclitus, ho skoteinos), Cic. Div. 2, 64, 133:

quid? poëta nemo, nemo physicus obscurus?

id. ib.:

obscurā de re tam lucida pango carmina,

Lucr. 1, 933; 4, 8:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

reperta Graiorum,

Lucr. 1, 136:

obscurum et ignotum jus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 177:

cur hoc tam est obscurum atque caecum?

id. Agr. 2, 14, 35:

nolo plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā expectatione haerere,

uncertain, id. ib. 2, 25, 66.— Comp., Quint. 11, 3, 60.— Sup.:

videre res obscurissimas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 153.— Subst.:

causae in obscuro positae,

Cels. 1 praef. —

In partic., rhet. t. t.: obscurum genus causae, obscure, i. e. intricate, involved, Gr. dusparakolouthêton, Cic. Inv. 1, 15, 20:

(causae privatae) sunt multo saepe obscuriores,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 100.—

Not known, unknown, not recognized:

forma,

Ov. M. 3, 475:

P Ilas,

i. e. disguised, under another form, id. ib. 6, 36.—Esp. of rank and station, obscure, ignoble, mean, low:

non est obscura tua in me benevolentia,

Cic. Fam. 13, 70: Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius, * Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

Pompeius humili atque obscuro loco natus,

of an obscure, ignoble family, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181:

obscuris orti majoribus,

from obscure ancestors, id. Off. 1, 32, 116:

clarus an obscurus,

Quint. 5, 10, 26; cf.:

si nobilis obscurum se vocet,

id. 11, 1, 21; 2, 3, 9:

non obscurus professor et auctor,

id. 2, 15, 36:

natus haud obscuro loco,

Sall. C. 23, 1.— Neutr. absol.:

in obscuro vitam habere,

Sall. C. 51, 12:

vitam per obscurum transmittere,

in obscurity, Sen. Ep. 19, 3:

saepe mandatum initio litis in obscuro est,

kept back, Gai. Inst. 4, 84.—

Of character, close, secret, reserved:

obscurus et astutus homo,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 5 (for which:

sin me astutum et occultum lubet fingere,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 8):

plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 94:

Tiberium obscurum adversus alios, sibi uni incautum intectumque efficeret,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

obscurum odium,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.— Comp.:

natura obscurior,

Tac. Agr. 42.— Adv.: ob-scūrē, darkly, obscurely (class.).

Lit.: aut nihil superum aut obscure admodum cernimus, very darkly, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 474, 28.—

Trop.

Of speech, darkly, obscurely, indistinctly:

dicta,

Quint. 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 79.— Comp.:

quae causa dicta obscurius est,

Quint. 8, 2, 24.— Sup.:

obscurissime particulā uti, Cell. 17, 13, 5: non obscurissime dicere (opp. planissime),

id. 11, 16, 9.—

Of birth, obscurely, ignobly, meanly (perh. only post-class.):

obscure natus,

Macr. S. 7, 3:

obscurissime natus,

Amm. 29, 1, 5.—

Covertly, closely, secretly:

malum obscure serpens,

Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 6:

tacite obscureque perire,

id. Quint. 15, 50:

non obscure ferre aliquid,

id. Clu. 19, 54; cf. id. Par. 6, 1, 45; Hirt. B. G. 8, 54.— Comp.:

ceteri sunt obscurius iniqui,

more secretly, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2.— Sup.:

avertere aliquid de publico quam obscurissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53.

obscūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. sku, to cover, akin to Gr. skeuê, skutos, kutos; cf.: scutum, cutis], dark, darksome, dusky, shady, obscure (class.).

Lit.: unde (Acherunte) animae excitantur obscurā umbrā, in dark, shadowy forms, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; so,

umbra,

Verg. A. 6, 453:

donec in obscurum coni conduxit acumen,

the obscure point of the cone, Lucr. 4, 431:

lucus,

Verg. A. 9, 87:

antrum,

Ov. M. 4, 100:

convalles,

Verg. A. 6, 139:

tabernae,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf. Liv. 10, 1, 5: aliae res obnoxiosae nocte in obscurā latent, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 16 (17), 10 (Trag. v. 341 Vahl.):

nox,

Verg. A. 2, 420; cf.:

per occasum solis, jam obscurā luce,

Liv. 24, 21:

caelum,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15:

nimbus,

Verg. A. 12, 416:

nubes,

id. G. 4, 60:

ferrugo,

i. e. black, id. ib. 1, 467:

dentes,

Juv. 6, 145.— Poet.: funda, dark, i. e. invisible, Val. Fl. 6, 193; cf.

mamma,

i. e. hidden, covered, id. 3, 52, 6:

aquae,

i. e. turbid, Ov. F. 4, 758.— Subst.: obscūrum, i, n., dim light, twilight:

in obscuro, advesperascente die,

Vulg. Prov. 7, 9; but commonly the dark, darkness, obscurity:

sub obscurum noctis,

Verg. G. 1, 478:

lumen,

i. e. darkness visible, Sall. J. 21, 2.— obscū-rum, adverb.:

obscurum nimbosus dissidet aër,

Luc. 5, 631.—

Transf., to the person who is in the dark, darkling, unseen:

ibant obscuri solā sub nocte per umbram,

Verg. A. 6, 268:

obscurus in ulvā Delitui,

id. ib. 2, 135.—

Trop.

In gen., dark, obscure, indistinct, unintelligible:

Heraclitus... Clarus ob obscuram linguam,

Lucr. 1, 639: valde Heraclitus obscurus (cf. the Gr. appellation of Heraclitus, ho skoteinos), Cic. Div. 2, 64, 133:

quid? poëta nemo, nemo physicus obscurus?

id. ib.:

obscurā de re tam lucida pango carmina,

Lucr. 1, 933; 4, 8:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

reperta Graiorum,

Lucr. 1, 136:

obscurum et ignotum jus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 177:

cur hoc tam est obscurum atque caecum?

id. Agr. 2, 14, 35:

nolo plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā expectatione haerere,

uncertain, id. ib. 2, 25, 66.— Comp., Quint. 11, 3, 60.— Sup.:

videre res obscurissimas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 153.— Subst.:

causae in obscuro positae,

Cels. 1 praef. —

In partic., rhet. t. t.: obscurum genus causae, obscure, i. e. intricate, involved, Gr. dusparakolouthêton, Cic. Inv. 1, 15, 20:

(causae privatae) sunt multo saepe obscuriores,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 100.—

Not known, unknown, not recognized:

forma,

Ov. M. 3, 475:

P Ilas,

i. e. disguised, under another form, id. ib. 6, 36.—Esp. of rank and station, obscure, ignoble, mean, low:

non est obscura tua in me benevolentia,

Cic. Fam. 13, 70: Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius, * Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

Pompeius humili atque obscuro loco natus,

of an obscure, ignoble family, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181:

obscuris orti majoribus,

from obscure ancestors, id. Off. 1, 32, 116:

clarus an obscurus,

Quint. 5, 10, 26; cf.:

si nobilis obscurum se vocet,

id. 11, 1, 21; 2, 3, 9:

non obscurus professor et auctor,

id. 2, 15, 36:

natus haud obscuro loco,

Sall. C. 23, 1.— Neutr. absol.:

in obscuro vitam habere,

Sall. C. 51, 12:

vitam per obscurum transmittere,

in obscurity, Sen. Ep. 19, 3:

saepe mandatum initio litis in obscuro est,

kept back, Gai. Inst. 4, 84.—

Of character, close, secret, reserved:

obscurus et astutus homo,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 5 (for which:

sin me astutum et occultum lubet fingere,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 8):

plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 94:

Tiberium obscurum adversus alios, sibi uni incautum intectumque efficeret,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

obscurum odium,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.— Comp.:

natura obscurior,

Tac. Agr. 42.— Adv.: ob-scūrē, darkly, obscurely (class.).

Lit.: aut nihil superum aut obscure admodum cernimus, very darkly, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 474, 28.—

Trop.

Of speech, darkly, obscurely, indistinctly:

dicta,

Quint. 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 79.— Comp.:

quae causa dicta obscurius est,

Quint. 8, 2, 24.— Sup.:

obscurissime particulā uti, Cell. 17, 13, 5: non obscurissime dicere (opp. planissime),

id. 11, 16, 9.—

Of birth, obscurely, ignobly, meanly (perh. only post-class.):

obscure natus,

Macr. S. 7, 3:

obscurissime natus,

Amm. 29, 1, 5.—

Covertly, closely, secretly:

malum obscure serpens,

Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 6:

tacite obscureque perire,

id. Quint. 15, 50:

non obscure ferre aliquid,

id. Clu. 19, 54; cf. id. Par. 6, 1, 45; Hirt. B. G. 8, 54.— Comp.:

ceteri sunt obscurius iniqui,

more secretly, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2.— Sup.:

avertere aliquid de publico quam obscurissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53.

palmāris, e, adj. [1. palma].

A hand's-breadth, or palm, in length, width, etc.:

virgulae,

Varr. R. R. 1, 35:

spatia,

Col. 8, 3; 11, 3:

scrobes,

Pall. 3, 24:

palmarem in minutiem contrahi,

Arn. 6, 204.—

Of palms, full of palms, palm-:

lucus,

Amm. 24, 4, 7.—

Trop., that merits the palm or prize, excellent (class.):

statua,

Cic. Phil. 6, 5, 15:

sententia,

id. N. D. 1, 8, 20: dea, the goddess of victory, because she is represented with a palm-branch, App. M. 2, p. 116, 2.

păvĭdus, a, um, adj. [paveo], trembling, quaking, fearful, terrified, alarmed, timid, timorous (perhaps not in Cic.).

Lit.:

timida atque pavida,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 49; Lucr. 5, 973:

castris se pavidus tenebat,

Liv. 3, 26:

matres,

Verg. A. 2, 489:

miles,

Tac. A. 2, 23:

pavidus semper atque anxius,

Suet. Dom. 4:

lepus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 35:

aves,

Ov. F. 1, 400:

pavida ex somno mulier,

startled out of her sleep, Liv. 1, 58, 3:

ad omnes suspiciones pavidus,

Tac. H. 2, 68:

oppidani pavidi, ne jam facta in urbem via esset, fossam ducere instituunt,

Liv. 37, 7, 7.— Comp.: quos pavidiores accepimus, Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 144.— Sup.:

intra mens pavidissima,

Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 27; Sil. 10, 65.—

With gen.:

nandi pavidus,

Tac. H. 4, 14:

offensionum non pavidus,

id. A. 4, 38:

maris,

Luc. 8, 811:

lucis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 293:

leti,

id. ib. 1076.—

With inf. ( poet.):

Carthalo non pavidus fetas mulcere leaenas,

Sil. 1, 406.—

In neutr. adverbially:

pavidum blandita,

with fear, timorously, Ov. M. 9, 568.—

Transf.

Accompanied with fear or anxiety, anxious, disturbed:

pavidum murmur,

Luc. 5, 255:

furtum,

id. 2, 168:

fuga,

Sil. 13, 133:

quies pavida imaginibus,

Suet. Calig. 50. —

That produces fear, fearful, terrible, dreadful:

metus,

Ov. F. 1, 16:

lucus,

Stat. Th. 5, 567.— Adv.: păvĭdē, with fear, fearfully, timorously (rare):

timefactae religiones effugiunt animo pavide,

Lucr. 2, 45:

fugere,

Liv. 5, 39:

dicere,

Quint. 11, 3, 49.