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1 kathaṁ
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2 कथम्
kathámind. (fr. 2. ka), how? in what manner? whence?
(e.g.. kathametat, how is that?
kathamidānīm, how now? what is now to be done?
kathammārâ̱tmaketvayiviṡvāsaḥ, how can there be reliance on thee of murderous mind?
kathamutsṛijyatvāṉgaccheyam, how can I go away deserting you?
kathambuddhvābhavishyatisā, how will she be when she awakes?
kathammṛityuḥ, prabhavativedavidām, whence is it that death has power over those that know the Veda?
kathamavagamyate, whence is it inferred?);
sometimes katham merely introduces an interrogation
(e.g.. kathamātmānaṉnivedayāmikathaṉvâ̱tmâ̱pahāraṉkaromi, shall I declare myself orᅠ shall I withdraw?)
katham is often found in connection with the particles
iva, nāma, nu, svid, which appear to generalize the interrogation (how possibly? how indeed? etc.);
with nu it is sometimes = kimu, orᅠ kutas (e.g.. katkaṉnu, how much more! nakathaṉnu, how much less!) katham is often connected, like kim, with the particles cana, cid, andᅠ api, which give an indefinite sense to the interrogative (e.g.. kathaṉcana, in any way, some how;
scarcely, with difficulty;
nakathaṉcana, in no way at all;
kathaṉcit, some how orᅠ other, by some means orᅠ other, in any way, with some difficulty, scarcely, in a moderate degree, a little;
nakathaṉcit, not at all, in no way whatever;
nakathaṉcidna, in no way not i.e. most decidedly;
yathākathaṉcit, in any way whatsoever;
kathaṉcidyadijīvati, it is with difficulty that he lives;
kathamapi, some how orᅠ other, with some difficulty, scarcely a little;
kathamapina, by no means, not at all) RV. etc.;
according to lexicographers katham is a particle implying amazement;
surprise;
pleasure;
abuse
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3 आच्छिद्य
ā-cchidyaind. p. cutting off etc.;
interrupting (e.g.. a tale, kathām) Kathās. ;
setting aside;
in spite of (acc.), not with standing R. II, 24, 33; 57, 20.
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4 क
ka1) the first consonant of the alphabet, andᅠ the first guttural letter (corresponding in sound to k in keep orᅠ king)
ká
andᅠ cf. the following words in which the interrogative base ka appears,
katama, katara, kati, katham, kadā, karhi, kā, etc.),
who? which? what?
In its declension ka follows the pronoun tad except in nom. acc. sing. neut.,
where kim has taken the place of kad orᅠ kat in classical Sanskṛit;
but the old form kad is found in the Veda ( seeᅠ Gram. 227);
+ cf. Zd. ka, kô, kâ̱, kat;
Gk. πόθεν, πῶς, (Ion. κόθεν, κῶς,) τίς, τί;
Lat. quis, quid;
Lith. kas ká;
Goth. hvas, hvô, hva,
Angl. Sax. hwā, hwaet;
Eng. who, what
The interrogative sentence introduced by ka is often terminated by iti
(e.g.. kasyasaputraitikathyatām, let it be said, « whose son is he?»),
but iti may be omitted andᅠ the sentence lose its direct interrogative character
(e.g.. kasyasaputronajñāyate, it is not known whose son he is)
ka with orᅠ without 1. as may express « how is it possible that?», « what power have I, you, they, etc.?»
(e.g.. kemamadhanvino'nye, what can the other archers do against me?
keāvāmparitrātum, what power have we to rescue you?)
ka is often connected with a demonstrative pron.
(e.g.. ko'yamāyāti, who comes here?)
orᅠ with the potential (e.g.. kohariṉnindet, who will blame Hari?)
ka is sometimes repeated
(e.g.. kaḥko'tra, who is there?
kānkān, whom? whom? i.e. which of them? cf. Gram. 54),
andᅠ the repetition is often due to a kind of attraction
(e.g.. keshāṉkiṉṡāstramadhyayanīyam, which book is to be read by whom?
Gram. 836. a)
When kim is connected with the inst. c. of a noun orᅠ with the indecl. participle it may express « what is gained by doing so, etc.?»
(= ko'rthas);
(e.g.. kiṉvilambena, what is gained by delay?
kimbahunā, what is the use of more words?
dhanenakiṉyonadadāti, what is the use of wealth to him who does not give?
with inst. andᅠ gen.,
nīrujaḥkimaushadhaiḥ, what is the use of medicine to the healthy?)
ka is often followed by the particles iva, u, nāma, nu, vā, svid,
some of which serve merely to generalize the interrogation
(e.g.. kimivaetad, what can this be?
kauṡravat, who can possibly hear?
konāmajānāti, who indeed knows?
konvayam, who, pray, is this?
kiṉnukāryam, what is to be done?
kovādevādanyaḥ, who possibly other than a god?
kasyasvidhṛidayaṉnâ̱sti, of what person is there no heart?)
ka is occasionally used alone as an indefinite pronoun, especially in negative sentences
(e.g.. nakasyakovallabhaḥ, no one is a favourite of any one;
nâ̱nyojānātikaḥ, no one else knows;
kathaṉsaghātayatikam, how does he kill any one?)
Generally, however, ka is only made indefinite when connected with the particles ca, caná, cid, vā, andᅠ ápi, in which case ka may sometimes be preceded by the relative ya
(e.g.. yekeca, any persons whatsoever;
yasyaikasyaicadevatāyai, to any deity whatsoever;
yānikānicamitrāṇi, any friends whatsoever;
yatkiṉca, whatever)
The particle cana, being composed of ca andᅠ na, properly gives a negative force to the pronoun
(e.g.. yasmādindrādṛitekiṉcana, without which Indra there is nothing),
but the negative sense is generally dropped
(e.g.. kaṡcana, any one;
nakaṡcana, no one), andᅠ a relative is sometimes connected with it (e.g.. yatkiṉcana, anything whatsoever). Examples of cid with the interrogative are common;
vā andᅠ api are not so common, but the latter is often found in classical Sanskṛit (e.g.. kaṡcid, any one;
kecid, some;
nakaṡcid, no one;
nakiṉcidapi, nothing whatsoever;
yaḥkaṡcid, any one whatsoever;
kecit - kecit, some - others;
yasminkasminvādeṡe, in any country whatsoever;
nako'pi, no one;
nakimapi, nothing whatever). ka may sometimes be used, like 2. kad, at the beginning of a compound. seeᅠ ka-pūya, etc.
3) m. (according to native authorities) N. of Prajāpati orᅠ of a Prajāpati
VS. XX, 4; XXII, 20 TS. I ṠBr. etc.. ;
of Brahman MBh. I, 32 BhP. III, 12, 51; XII, 13, 19; 20 ;
of Daksha BhP. IX, 10, 10 ;
of Vishṇu L. ;
of Yama L. ;
of Garuḍa;
the soul Tattvas. ;
a particular comet VarBṛS. ;
the sun L. ;
fire L. ;
splendour, light L. ;
air L. ;
a peacock L. ;
the body L. ;
time L. ;
wealth L. ;
sound L. ;
a king L. ;
= kāma-granthi (?);
(am) n. happiness, joy, pleasure ChUp. IV, 10, 5 Nir. etc.. ;
water MaitrS. I, 10, 10 ṠBr. X Yājñ. etc.. ;
the head;
hair, a head of hair L. ;
( alsoᅠ regarded as ind.;
cf. 1. kam.)
4) a Taddhita affix (much used in forming adjectives;
it may alsoᅠ be added to nouns to express diminution, deterioration, orᅠ similarity e.g.. putraka, a little son;
aṡvaka, a bad horse orᅠ like a horse)
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5 कथं
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6 कथा
kathā1) f. conversation, speech, talking together ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. Mn. etc.;
talk, mention;
( kākathā <with gen. orᅠ more commonly with loc. andᅠ sometimes with prati), what should one say of? how should one speak of? e.g.. eko'pikṛicchrādvartetabhūyasāṉtukathai ͡vakā, even one person would live with difficulty, what should one say of many? i.e. how much more many? Kathās. IV, 123 ;
kākathābāṇa-saṉdhāne, what mention of fitting the arrow? i.e. what necessity for fitting the arrow? Ṡak. 53 a);
story, tale, fable MBh. R. Hit. etc.;
a feigned story, tale (as one, of the species of poetical composition) Sāh. 567 Kāvyâd. ;
Story (personified) Kathās. ;
(in log.) discussion, disputation Sarvad. ;
kathā́2) ind. (Ved. for kathám Pāṇ. 5-3, 26)
how? whence? why? RV. AV. VIII, 1, 16 TS. etc.. ;
(yathā́kathā́ca, in any way whatsoever ṠBr. IV);
sometimes merely a particle of interrogation
(e.g.. kathā́ṡṛiṇoti.. índraḥ, does Indra hear? RV. IV, 23, 3 ;
kathā́-kathā́, whether- orᅠ? TS. II, 6, 1, 7)
- कथाकोश
- कथाकौतुक
- कथाक्रम
- कथाचण
- कथाछल
- कथाजव
- कथादि
- कथानुराग
- कथान्त
- कथान्तर
- कथापीठ
- कथाप्रबन्ध
- कथाप्रसङ्ग
- कथाप्राण
- कथामात्र
- कथामुख
- कथामृतनिधि
- कथायोग
- कथारम्भ
- कथाराम
- कथार्णव
- कथालक्षण
- कथालाप
- कथावतार
- कथावली
- कथावशेष
- कथावशेषीभू
- कथाविरक्त
- कथाशेष
- कथासंग्रह
- कथासरित्सागर
- कथोदय
- कथोद्घात
- कथोपकथन
- कथोपाख्यान
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7 कथ्
kathcl. 10. P. (ep. alsoᅠ Ā.) kathayati (- te) aor. acakathat (Pāṇ. 7-4, 93 Kāṡ.) andᅠ acīkathat ( Vop.),
to converse with any one (instr., sometimes with saha) MBh. ;
to tell, relate, narrate, report, inform, speak about, declare, explain, describe (with acc. of the thing orᅠ person spoken about) MBh. R. Ṡak. etc.;
to announce, show, exhibit, bespeak, betoken Mn. XI, 114 Ṡak. 291, 4 Suṡr. etc.. ;
to order, command Pañcat. 57, 22 ;
to suppose, state MBh. III, 10668 Mn. VII, 157:
Pass. kathyate, to be called, be regarded orᅠ considered as, pass for Pañcat. Hit. etc.;
fr. katham, « to tell the how» ;
+ cf. Goth. qvithan;
Old High Germ. quethan andᅠ quedan;
Eng. quoth andᅠ quote
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8 चन
caná( caná SV.) ind. andᅠ not, alsoᅠ not, even not, not even (this particle is placed after the word to which it gives force;
a preceding verb is accentuated Pāṇ. 8-1, 57 ;
in Vedic language it is generally, but not always, found without any other neg. particle, whereas in the later language another neg. is usually added e.g.. ā́paṡcanápráminantivratáṉvāṉ, « not even the waters violate your ordinance» RV. II, 24, 12 ;
nấhavivyācapṛithivī́canấinaṉ, « the earth even does not contain him», III, 36, 4 ;
in class. Sanskṛit it is only used after the interrogatives
ká, katará, katamá, katham, kád, kadā́, kim, kútas, kva,
making them indefinite) RV. AV. etc.;
alsoᅠ RV. I, 139, 2; VI, 26, 7; VIII, 78, 10.
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9 प्रवृत्
pra-vṛitĀ. - vartate, (ep. alsoᅠ P. - ti), to roll orᅠ go onwards (as a carriage), be set in motion orᅠ going ChUp. MBh. etc.;
to set out, depart, betake one's self MBh. R. etc.;
to proceed ( vartmanā, orᅠ - ni, on a path;
apathena, on a wrong path) Kāv. Kathās. ;
to come forth, issue, originate, arise, be produced, result, occur, happen, take place VS. Br. MBh. etc.;
to commence, begin to (inf.), set about, engage in, be intent upon orᅠ occupied with (dat. loc., orᅠ artham ifc.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to proceed against, do injury to (loc.) MBh. R. Ragh. ;
to debauch ( anyo'nyam, « one another») MBh. ;
to act orᅠ proceed according to orᅠ with (instr. orᅠ abl.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to behave orᅠ conduct one's self towards, deal with (loc.) ib. ;
to hold good, prevail ib. ;
to continue, keep on (pr. p.) Hariv. Sarvad. ;
to be, exist MārkP. ;
to serve for, conduce to (dat., orᅠ artham ifc.) Sarvad. ;
to mean, be used in the sense of (loc.) ib. ;
to let any one (gen.) have anything (acc.) MBh.:
Caus. - vartayati, to cause to turn orᅠ roll, set in motion RV. etc. etc.;
to throw, hurl, Pour forth RV. MaitrS. ;
to send Prab. ;
to set on foot, circulate, diffuse, divulge MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to introduce, appoint, instal ib. ;
to produce, create, accomplish, devise, invent, perform, do, make ib. (with setum to erect a dam;
with vyayakarma, to effect expenditure;
with loka-yātrām, to transact the business of life;
with kathām, to relate a story);
to exhibit, show, display R. BhP. ;
to undertake, begin KātyṠr. MBh. etc.;
to use, employ Bhaṭṭ. ;
to induce any one to do anything, betray into (loc.) Kathās. ;
to proceed against (loc.) MBh. ;
pra-vṛítf. (?) VS. XV, 9.
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10 व्यतिसृ
vy-ati-sṛionly ind. p. - sṛitya, prob. « in each case, on every occasion» MBh. XII, 4402 ;
( gurumanu-sṛitya Nīlak.):
Caus. - sārayati (with kathām),
to converse Divyâ̱v.
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