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1 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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2 case
1. n случай; обстоятельство; положение, обстоятельстваin any case — во всяком случае; при любых обстоятельствах
in the case of — в отношении, что касается
it is not the case — это не так; дело не в этом, ничего подобного
is it the case that he has lost his job? — правда ли, что он лишился работы?
such being the case — в таком случае, если дело обстоит так; поскольку это так
such is the case with us — вот в каком мы положении, вот как обстоит дело с нами
as the case may be — в зависимости от обстоятельств ; смотря по обстоятельствам
as the case stands — при данном положении дел; в настоящих условиях
as the case may require — как могут потребовать обстоятельства; по мере надобности
the case with me is the reverse — у меня наоборот, а у меня не так
2. n доводы, доказательства, аргументы, соображения; аргументацияthere is the strongest case for self-government — есть самые веские соображения в пользу самоуправления
3. n судебное делоa leading case, a case in precedent — судебный прецедент
a case of circumstantial evidence — дело, в основу которого положены косвенные доказательства
case for defence — дело, выигранное защитой
4. n судебная практикаto commence a case — возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело
to carry a case — проводить судебное дело, судебный процесс
landmark case — дело, являющееся вехой в судебной практике
case material — материалы судебных дел, судебной практики
5. n доводы, аргументация по делуthe case for the prosecution — часть уголовного процесса, охватывающая все относящиеся к обвинению действия
6. n казус; судебный прецедентcase for trial — дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению
to process a case — вести дело; вести судебный процесс
later case — судебное дело, рассмотренное впоследствии
7. n судебное решение8. n лицо, находящееся под наблюдением, под надзором; больной, пациент, исследуемый9. n заболевание, случайpriority case — случай, требующий срочной медицинской помощи
the notorious case — пресловутое дело, прогремевший случай
extreme case — предельный случай; экстремальная ситуация
10. n клиент11. n грам. падеж12. n редк. состояниеout of case — в плохом состоянии, нездоровый, не в форме
13. n сл. «тип», чудак14. n вчт. регистр клавиатуры15. n вчт. оператор выбора16. v амер. сл. рассматривать; высматривать; присматриватьсяhe cased the house before robbing it — прежде чем совершить ограбление, он тщательно осмотрел дом
17. n ящик; коробка; ларец; контейнер18. n сумка; чемодан; дорожный несессер19. n футляр; чехол20. n ножны21. n покрышка; оболочка22. n корпус23. n тех. картер; камера24. n тех. оболочка; кожух25. n кассета26. n воен. гильза27. n набор, комплект28. n витрина; застеклённый стендexhibition case — выставочный шкаф; выставочная витрина
29. n горка30. n книжный шкаф31. n стр. коробка32. n наволочканаборная касса:
33. n полигр. переплётная крышкаСинонимический ряд:1. action (noun) action; appeal; cause; dispute; lawsuit; litigation; patient; process; suit; trial2. argument (noun) argument; claim; debate3. bag (noun) bag; suitcase; valise4. condition (noun) circumstance; condition; contingency; plight; position; predicament; situation; state; status5. container (noun) box; carton; chest; coffer; container; cover; crate; receptacle6. eccentric (noun) character; eccentric; oddball; oddity; original; quiz; zombie7. hull (noun) hull; husk; pod; shell; shuck; skin8. instance (noun) case history; event; eventuality; example; illustration; incident; instance; matter; occurrence; phenomenon; precedent; representative; sample; sampling; specimen9. jacket (noun) jacket; sheath; wrapper10. order (noun) estate; order; repair; shape11. point (noun) point; reasonАнтонимический ряд: -
3 Epistemology
1) Beyond Psychophysiology and Sociology and History of Science There Is Nothing for Epistemology to DoIf we have psychophysiology to cover causal mechanisms, and the sociology and history of science to note the occasions on which observation sentences are invoked or dodged in constructing and dismantling theories, then epistemology has nothing to do. (Rorty, 1979, p. 225)But I think that at this point it may be more useful to say rather that epistemology still goes on, though in a new setting and a clarified status. Epistemology, or something like it, simply falls into place as a chapter of psychology and hence of natural science. It studies a natural phenomenon, viz, a physical human subject. This human subject is accorded a certain experimentally controlled input-certain patterns of irradiation in assorted frequencies, for instance-and in the fullness of time the subject delivers as output a description of the three-dimensional external world and its history. The relation between the meager input and the torrential output is a relation that we are prompted to study for somewhat the same reasons that always prompted epistemology; namely, in order to see how evidence relates to theory, and in what ways one's theory of nature transcends any available evidence. (Quine, quoted in Royce & Rozeboom, 1972, p. 18)3) The Assumption That Cognitive Psychology Has Epistemological Import Can Be ChallengedOnly the assumption, that one day the various taxonomies put together by, for example, Chomsky, Piaget, Leґvi-Strauss, Marx, and Freud will all flow together and spell out one great Universal Language of Nature... would suggest that cognitive psychology had epistemological import. But that suggestion would still be as misguided as the suggestion that, since we may predict everything by knowing enough about matter in motion, a completed neurophysiology will help us demonstrate Galileo's superiority to his contemporaries. The gap between explaining ourselves and justifying ourselves is just as great whether a programming language or a hardware language is used in the explanations. (Rorty, 1979, p. 249)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Epistemology
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4 sample
ˈsɑ:mpl
1. сущ.
1) а) образец, образчик, экземпляр to distribute, hand out ( free) samples ≈ раздавать образцы floor sample ≈ товар, потерявший товарный вид free sample ≈ бесплатный образец, экземпляр б) проба (часто для научного или медицинского исследования) they took samples of my blood ≈ у меня взяли кровь на пробу ∙ Syn: pattern
1., specimen
2) пример, образец ( о нематериальных сущностях) Syn: example, illustration, instance
1.
3) мат.;
стат. выборка We based our analysis on a random sample of more than 200 people. ≈ Наш анализ опирается на исследование случайной выборки, состоящей из более чем 200 человек.
4) модель, шаблон
2. прил. представляющий собой образец, пример sample questions ≈ примерные вопросы (напр., к экзамену)
3. гл.
1) а) брать образцы или пробы;
особ. определять качество на основе анализа отдельного образца Syn: test
2. б) пробовать на вкус, дегустировать( блюда, напитки) Syn: taste
2.
2) испытывать, пробовать a good chance to sample a different way of life ≈ неплохой шанс попробовать изменить образ жизни Syn: try
2.
3) представлять собой образец, образчик;
служить образчиком (чего-л.)
4) снабжать образцами (особ. какой-л. продукции) to sample the dealers with new articles ≈ снабдить торговых представителей образцами новых товаров образец, образчик;
проба - fine * прекрасный образчик - a book of *s альбом образцов - *s of air for analysis пробы воздуха для анализа - to sell by * продавать по образцам - up to *, equal to * соответствующий образцу - below /not up to, not equal to/ * не соответствующи образцу - as per * (коммерческое) согласно образцу - representative * характерный образец - * bottle пробная бутылка - * tea образец чая - * operation order( военное) примерный боевой приказ образец, пример - a * of courage образец смелости - to give a * of one's knowledge продемонстрировать свою образованность шаблон, модель (статистика) выборка, замер, выборочная совокупность - * census выборочная перепись - * unit единица выборки - representative * репрезентативная /представительная/ выборка отбирать образцы или пробы пробовать, испытывать - it was the first time I had *d camp life тогда я впервые испытал лагерную /походную/ жизнь adequate ~ образец, соответствующий требованиям biased ~ стат. необъективная выборка biased ~ стат. пристрастная выборка biased ~ смещенная выборка biased ~ стат. смещенная выборка bivariate ~ двумерная выборка blood ~ образец крови ~ образец, образчик;
book of samples альбом образцов censored ~ цензурированная выборка cluster ~ стат. групповой выбор commercial ~ (not for sale) торговый образец товара не для продажи counter ~ конкурирующий образец free ~ бесплатный образец judgment ~ преднамеренный выбор large ~ большая выборка lot ~ выборка из партии moderate-sized ~ выборка умеренного объема multicensored ~ многократно цензурированная выборка multiphase ~ многофазная выборка multipurpose ~ многоцелевая выборка multistage ~ многоступенчатая выборка nongrouped ~ негруппированная выборка normal ~ нормальная выборка ordered ~ упорядоченная выборка probability ~ вероятностная выборка proportionate ~ пропорциональная выборка purposive ~ преднамеренная выборка quality ~ выборочный уровень качества quasi-random ~ квазислучайная выборка quota ~ пропорциональная выборка quota ~ стат. пропорциональная выборка random ~ образец, взятый по схеме случайного отбора random ~ произвольная выборка random ~ случайная выборка random ~ случайный отбор reference ~ контрольный образец replicate ~ повторная выборка representative ~ представительная выборка representative ~ репрезентативная выборка sample брать пробы ~ выборка ~ выборочная партия( товара, изделий) ~ выборочная партия ~ stat. выборочная совокупность ~ замер ~ образец, образчик;
book of samples альбом образцов ~ образец ~ образец товара ~ образчик ~ отбирать образцы, брать образчик или пробу ~ отбирать образцы ~ отбирать образцы или пробы ~ проба ~ пробовать, испытывать ~ производить выборку ~ шаблон, модель ~ шаблон ~ of data вчт. набор данных ~ of no value stat. непредставительная выборка ~ of no value stat. нерепрезентативная выборка single ~ однократная выборка singly censored ~ однократно цензурированная выборка small ~ малая выборка small ~ theory теория малых выборок stratified ~ районированная выборка stratified ~ расслоенная выборка stratified ~ типическая выборка systematic ~ систематическая выборка systematical ~ систематическая выборка test ~ образец для испытаний test ~ опытный образец test ~ пробный образец three-stage ~ трехступенчатая выборка trade ~ образец товара truncated ~ усеченная выборка two-stage ~ двухступенчатая выборка unbiased ~ беспристрастная выборка unbiased ~ несмещенная выборка unbiased ~ объективная выборка uncensored ~ нецензурированная выборка unordered ~ неупорядоченная выборка unrepresentative ~ непредставительная выборка unrepresentative ~ нерепрезентативная выборка unsolicited ~ образец, высланный без запроса -
5 label
1. сущ.1) торг. ярлык, этикетка, бирка, наклейкаSee:advertising label, mercantile label, social label, fairtrade label, bar code label, identification label, quality label, private label, body label, brand label, grade label, gummed label, tie-on label, descriptive label, approved label, recognizable label, recipe label, price label, mailing label, label copy, label printer2) торг., пат. (фирменная) марка (фирменное название розничного торговца, модельера, производителя одежды и т. п.); разг. лейблSyn:3) соц. ярлык, клеймо, категория (термин, обозначающий классификацию людей, напр., домохозяйка, мать-одиночка, законодатель моды и т. п.)See:4) т. граф. метка (число, символ, слово и т. п., приписанные вершине, ребру или дуге графа и играющие идентифицирующую роль)2. гл.1) торг. прикреплять ярлык [этикетку\]; навешивать бирку; маркировать (ставить марку/клеймо на каком-л. товаре, изделии)The Fair Trading Act does not require all products to be labelled with a place of origin. — Закон "О честной торговле" не требует, чтобы на все товары была прикреплена этикетка с указанием места их производства.
See:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Fur Products Labeling Act, labelling machine, ingredient labeling2) общ. относить к какой-л. категории; навешивать ярлык ( в переносном смысле)to label smb. as dumb/as smart — считать кого-л. глупым/умным, относить кого-л. к глупым/умным
One instance of negative behavior is not enough evidence to label an employee as negative. — Одного примера негативного поведения недостаточно, чтобы отнести работника к категории отрицательных.
See:
* * *
ярлык: наклейка, этикетка или другая форма маркировки товара, указывающая его содержание (состав), имя и страну производителя, дату производства и др. информацию, которая обычно установлена законом или решением правительства.* * *товарная этикетка, наклейка -
6 piece
pi:s
1. noun1) (a part of anything: a piece of cake; He examined it carefully piece by piece (= each piece separately).) trozo, pedazo2) (a single thing or example of something: a piece of paper; a piece of news.) pedazo (de papel); una (noticia)3) (a composition in music, writing (an article, short story etc), drama, sculpture etc: He wrote a piece on social reform in the local newspaper.) pieza4) (a coin of a particular value: a five-pence piece.) moneda5) (in chess, draughts and other games, a small shape made of wood, metal, plastic etc that is moved according to the rules of the game.) pieza•
2. adjective(done etc in this way: He has a rather piecemeal way of working.) poco sistemático- go all to pieces- go to pieces
- in pieces
- piece together
- to pieces
piece n1. trozo2. pedazo / añicotr[piːs]2 (part, component) pieza, parte nombre femenino3 (coin) moneda4 (in board games) ficha5 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL pieza6 (in newspaper) artículo7 (item, example of) pieza■ a piece of jewellery una joya, una alhaja■ a piece of land un terreno, una parcela\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin one piece (unharmed) sano,-a y salvo,-ato be a piece of cake ser pan comidoto break something in pieces hacer algo pedazosto fall to pieces hacerse pedazosto give somebody a piece of one's mind decirle cuatro verdades a alguiento pull something/somebody to pieces destrozar algo/a alguien, criticar duramente algo/a alguien, hacer trizas algo/a alguiento pick up the pieces volver a empezar, rehacer su vidato say one's piece decir su parteto take something to pieces desmontar algo1) patch: parchar, arreglar2)to piece together : construir pieza por piezapiece n1) fragment: trozo m, pedazo m2) component: pieza fa three-piece suit: un traje de tres piezas3) unit: pieza fa piece of fruit: una (pieza de) fruta4) work: obra f, pieza f (de música, etc.)n.• cacho s.m.• cuarto s.m.• fragmento s.m.• parcela s.f.• pedazo s.m.• pieza s.f.• retal s.m.• retazo s.m.• trozo s.m.v.• juntar las piezas de v.• remendar v.piːs1)a) (part of something broken, torn, cut, divided) pedazo m, trozo mshe ripped the letter into pieces — rompió la carta en pedacitos, hizo trizas la carta
a piece of land — un terreno, una parcela
to come o fall to pieces — hacerse* pedazos
in one piece: they got back in one piece volvieron sanos y salvos; I dropped it, but it's still in one piece se me cayó, pero está intacto; to be a piece of cake (colloq) ser* pan comido; to go to pieces ( be very upset) quedar deshecho or destrozado; ( break down) perder* el control; to pick up the pieces: he gets himself into trouble and expects me to pick up the pieces se mete en líos y después pretende que yo le saque las castañas del fuego; he's trying to pick up the pieces of his life está tratando de rehacer su vida; to pull something/somebody to pieces destrozar* algo/a alguien; to say one's piece — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, opinar
b) ( component) pieza f, parte fhe's taken the clock to pieces — ha desarmado or desmontado el reloj
a three-piece suit — un traje de tres piezas, un terno
2) ( item)to be a nasty piece of work — (esp BrE colloq) ser* una basura or (fam) una porquería
to give somebody a piece of one's mind — cantarle las cuarenta or decirle* cuatro verdades a alguien
3)a) ( Mus)b) ( Journ) artículo mc) ( Art) pieza f4) ( coin) moneda f, pieza f5) ( in board games) ficha f, pieza f; ( in chess) figura f•Phrasal Verbs:[piːs]1. N1) (=fragment) trozo m, pedazo m•
to come to pieces — hacerse pedazos, romperse•
to fall to pieces — caerse a pedazos, romperse•
my watch lay in pieces on the pavement — mi reloj quedó destrozado en la acera, mi reloj quedó en la acera hecho pedazos•
a piece of sth, a piece of bread — un trozo or un pedazo de pana piece of cake — una porción or un trozo de tarta
another piece of cake? — ¿quieres más tarta?
a piece of cheese/glass — un trozo de queso/cristal
a piece of paper — un trozo or una hoja de papel, un papel
a piece of string — un trozo de cuerda, un cabo
•
(all) in one piece, the vase is still in one piece — el jarrón sigue intacto•
to smash (sth) to pieces, the glass fell off the table and smashed to pieces — el vaso se cayó de la mesa y se hizo añicosI smashed the vase to pieces — rompí el jarrón en mil pedazos, hice el jarrón añicos
the boat was smashed to pieces on the rocks — el barco se estrelló contra las rocas y se hizo añicos
- go to piecesshe went to pieces when Arnie died — quedó deshecha or hecha pedazos cuando Arnie murió
every time he's faced with a problem he goes to pieces — cada vez que se ve ante un problema se desquicia or el pánico se apodera de él
- give sb a piece of one's mindhe got a piece of my mind — le dije cuatro verdades, le canté las cuarenta *
to pick up the pieces —
they always leave me to pick up the pieces — siempre me toca sacarles las castañas del fuego, siempre dejan que sea yo el que pague los platos rotos
action 1., 4), nasty 1., 4), thrillshe never picked up the pieces after her fiancé died — nunca logró superar la muerte de su prometido, nunca rehizo realmente su vida después de la muerte de su prometido
2) (=part, member of a set) pieza f•
piece by piece — pieza por or a pieza•
it comes to pieces — se desmonta, es desmontable•
(all) of a piece, Dostoyevsky's life and work are of a piece — la vida y las obras de Dostoyevsky son uno y lo mismo•
Amy was putting the pieces together now — ahora Amy estaba juntando or atando los cabos•
to take sth to pieces — desmontar or desarmar algo3) (as suffix)•
a three-piece suite — un juego de sofá y dos butacas, un tresillo (Sp)4) (=item)history, land 1., 2)•
to sell sth by the piece — vender algo suelto5) (=instance)6) (=composition) (Press) artículo m; (Mus, Art, Theat) pieza f- say one's piecemuseum, party 3., period 2.7) (Mil)9) (=coin) moneda f10) (US)* (=distance)11) † * offensive (=woman) tipa * f, tía f (Sp) *a nice little piece — una tía buena (Sp) *, una tipaza *
2.CPDpiece of research N — trabajo m de investigación
a piece of research on the effects of the drug — un trabajo de investigación sobre los efectos del fármaco
piece rate N — (Comm) tarifa f por pieza
they are on piece rates — les pagan por pieza or a destajo
* * *[piːs]1)a) (part of something broken, torn, cut, divided) pedazo m, trozo mshe ripped the letter into pieces — rompió la carta en pedacitos, hizo trizas la carta
a piece of land — un terreno, una parcela
to come o fall to pieces — hacerse* pedazos
in one piece: they got back in one piece volvieron sanos y salvos; I dropped it, but it's still in one piece se me cayó, pero está intacto; to be a piece of cake (colloq) ser* pan comido; to go to pieces ( be very upset) quedar deshecho or destrozado; ( break down) perder* el control; to pick up the pieces: he gets himself into trouble and expects me to pick up the pieces se mete en líos y después pretende que yo le saque las castañas del fuego; he's trying to pick up the pieces of his life está tratando de rehacer su vida; to pull something/somebody to pieces destrozar* algo/a alguien; to say one's piece — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, opinar
b) ( component) pieza f, parte fhe's taken the clock to pieces — ha desarmado or desmontado el reloj
a three-piece suit — un traje de tres piezas, un terno
2) ( item)to be a nasty piece of work — (esp BrE colloq) ser* una basura or (fam) una porquería
to give somebody a piece of one's mind — cantarle las cuarenta or decirle* cuatro verdades a alguien
3)a) ( Mus)b) ( Journ) artículo mc) ( Art) pieza f4) ( coin) moneda f, pieza f5) ( in board games) ficha f, pieza f; ( in chess) figura f•Phrasal Verbs: -
7 dissection
noun1) (cutting into pieces) Zerlegung, die2) (Med., Biol.) Präparation, die* * *[-ʃən]noun die Sektion* * *dis·sec·tion[dɪˈsekʃən, daɪ-]nit was just a casual comment — it wasn't meant for \dissection! es war nur so eine Bemerkung — wir brauchen das jetzt nicht Stunden auszudiskutieren* * *[dI'sekSən]n1) (= act) (of plant) Präparation f; (of animal) Sektion f; (fig, of report, theory) Zergliederung f2) (= plant or animal dissected) Präparat nt* * *dissection [-kʃn] s1. Zergliederung f:a) Zerlegung fb) fig (genaue) Analyse2. MED Sezieren n3. BOT, MED, ZOOLa) Präparierung fb) Präparat n4. WIRTSCH Aufgliederung f (von Konten etc)* * *noun1) (cutting into pieces) Zerlegung, die2) (Med., Biol.) Präparation, die* * *n.Zergliederung f. -
8 pick
I noun1) (for breaking up hard ground, rocks, etc.) Spitzhacke, die; (for breaking up ice) [Eis]pickel, der2) see academic.ru/75575/toothpick">toothpick3) (Mus.) Plektrum, dasII 1. noun1) (choice) Wahl, dietake your pick — du hast die Wahl
she had the pick of several jobs — sie konnte zwischen mehreren Jobs [aus]wählen
have [the] first pick of something — als erster aus etwas auswählen dürfen
2) (best part) Elite, die2. transitive verbthe pick of the fruit — etc. die besten Früchte usw
2) (select) auswählen; aufstellen [Mannschaft]pick one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig [s]einen Weg suchen
pick and choose — sich (Dat.) aussuchen
pick one's time [for something] — den Zeitpunkt [für etwas] festlegen
3) (clear of flesh)pick the bones [clean] — [Hund:] die Knochen [sauber] abnagen
4)pick somebody's brains [about something] — jemanden [über etwas (Akk.)] ausfragen od. (ugs.) ausquetschen
5)pick one's nose/teeth — in der Nase bohren/in den Zähnen [herum]stochern
6)he had his pocket picked — er wurde von einem Taschendieb bestohlen
7)pick a lock — ein Schloss knacken (salopp)
8)3. intransitive verbpick to pieces — (fig.): (criticize) kein gutes Haar lassen an (+ Dat.) (ugs.)
pick and choose [too much] — [zu] wählerisch sein
Phrasal Verbs:- pick at- pick off- pick on- pick out- pick up* * *I 1. [pik] verb1) (to choose or select: Pick the one you like best.) auswählen2) (to take (flowers from a plant, fruit from a tree etc), usually by hand: The little girl sat on the grass and picked flowers.) pflücken4) (to unlock (a lock) with a tool other than a key: When she found that she had lost her key, she picked the lock with a hair-pin.) knacken2. noun1) (whatever or whichever a person wants or chooses: Take your pick of these prizes.) die Auswahl2) (the best one(s) from or the best part of something: These grapes are the pick of the bunch.) der/die/das Beste•- pickpocket- pick-up
- pick and choose
- pick at
- pick someone's brains
- pick holes in
- pick off
- pick on
- pick out
- pick someone's pocket
- pick a quarrel/fight with someone
- pick a quarrel/fight with
- pick up
- pick up speed
- pick one's way II [pik] noun((also (British) pickaxe, (American) pickax - plural pickaxes) a tool with a heavy metal head pointed at one or both ends, used for breaking hard surfaces eg walls, roads, rocks etc.) die Spitzhacke* * *[pɪk]I. nto have first \pick die erste Wahl habento have one's \pick of sth sich dat etw aussuchen könnento take one's \pick sich dat etw aussuchenthe \pick of the furniture die besten Möbelthe \pick of this year's racehorses is Gandy Dancer Gandy Dancer ist dieses Jahr der Star unter den Rennpferdenthe \pick of the bunch der/die/das Bestewith \picks and shovels mit Hacke und SpatenII. vt1. (select)▪ to \pick sb/sth jdn/etw aussuchen [o auswählen]we \picked the loveliest puppy [for ourselves] wir suchten uns den hübschesten Welpen ausyou \picked a fine time to lose your wallet! da hast du dir ja genau den richtigen Zeitpunkt ausgesucht, um deine Brieftasche zu verlieren! ironshe \picked her way down the steps sie ging vorsichtig die Treppe hinunterthey \picked their way through the mud sie bahnten sich ihren Weg durch den Schlammthere are many good reasons to \pick Washington es gibt viele gute Gründe, sich für Washington zu entscheidento \pick a winner eine gute Wahl treffento \pick and choose sth mit etw dat sehr wählerisch sein3. (harvest)▪ to \pick sth etw pflückento \pick an apple off the tree einen Apfel vom Baum pflückento \pick grapes Trauben lesento \pick mushrooms Pilze sammeln4. (scratch)don't \pick your sore! lass deine Wunde in Ruhe!, kratz nicht!stop \picking your spots! hör auf, an deinen Pickeln herumzudrücken!to \pick one's nose in der Nase bohrento \pick one's teeth [sich dat] in den Zähnen herumstochern5. (gnaw)to \pick a bone einen Knochen abnagento \pick sth clean etw sauber abnagen6. (take)he \picked the knife from [or out of] the drawer er nahm das Messer aus der Schubladethe beetles need to be \picked off the trees die Käfer müssen von den Bäumen heruntergesammelt werdenI \picked a piece of fluff off my suit ich entfernte einen Fussel von meinem Anzugto \pick pockets Taschendiebstahl begehenhe \picked the pockets of unsuspecting tourists der Taschendieb beklaute die nichts ahnenden Touristen▪ to \pick sth etw zupfen8.▶ to \pick sb's brain[s] jdn genau befragen▶ to \pick holes in sth etw auseinandernehmen▶ to \pick a lock ein Schloss aufbrechenIII. vi1. (be choosy) aussuchento \pick and choose sich dat der/die/das Beste herauspicken2. (toy with)▪ to \pick at one's food in seinem Essen herumstochern3. (scratch)* * *[pɪk]1. n1) (= pickaxe) Spitzhacke f, Picke f, Pickel m; (MOUNTAINEERING) Eispickel m; (= toothpick) Zahnstocher m3)(= choice)
she could have her pick of any man in the room — sie könnte jeden Mann im Raum habentake your pick! — such dir etwas/einen etc aus!
See:→ bunch2. vt1) (= choose) (aus)wählento pick sb to do sth — jdn auswählen, etw zu tun
to pick a winner (lit) — den Sieger erraten; (fig)
to pick one's words — seine Worte mit Bedacht wählen
you really pick your times, don't you? (iro) — du suchst dir aber auch immer den günstigsten Augenblick aus! (iro)
to pick one's way through sth —
he knows how to pick 'em (inf) — er hat den richtigen Riecher (inf)
2) (= pull bits off, make holes in) jumper, blanket etc zupfen an (+dat); spot, scab kratzen an (+dat); hole (with fingers, instrument) bohren; (with beak) picken, hackento pick one's nose — sich (+dat) in der Nase bohren
to pick one's teeth — sich (dat) in den Zähnen herumstochern
to pick a lock —
to pick a bone (with fingers) (with teeth, beak) — einen Knochen abzupfen einen Knochen abnagen
to pick sth to pieces (lit) — etw zerzupfen; (fig) kein gutes Haar an etw (dat) lassen, etw verreißen
to pick holes in sth (fig) — etw bemäkeln; in argument, theory etw in ein paar Punkten widerlegen
to pick a fight or quarrel (with sb) —
to pick sb's brains ( about sth) — jdn (nach etw) ausfragen
See:→ bone3) (= pluck) flowers, fruit pflücken; (= pick out and remove) fleas, splinter etc entfernen (from von)4) (US: pluck) chicken etc rupfen3. vi1) (= choose) wählen, aussuchen2) (esp US on guitar etc) zupfen* * *pick1 [pık]A s1. TECHa) Spitz-, Kreuzhacke f, Picke f, Pickel m2. Hacken n, Schlag m3. Auswahl f, Wahl f:have one’s pick of auswählen können aus;take your pick suchen Sie sich etwas aus, Sie haben die Wahl;he was our pick unsere Wahl fiel auf ihn4. Auslese f, (der, die, das) Beste:5. TYPO Spieß m (mitdruckendes Ausschlussstück)B v/t1. aufhacken, -picken3. Körner aufpicken4. auflesen, sammeln5. Blumen, Obst pflücken:he picked her a few flowers er pflückte ihr ein paar Blumen6. Beeren abzupfen7. Gemüse verlesen, säubern8. US Hühner etc rupfen9. Wolle zupfen12. den Grind etc (mit den Fingernägeln) abkratzenpick one’s nose in der Nase bohren, popeln umg;pick one’s teeth in den Zähnen (herum)stochern14. umg lustlos essen, herumstochern in (dat)16. einen Streit vom Zaun brechen:pick a quarrel with sb mit jemandem anbändeln oder Streit suchen17. fig (sorgfältig) auswählen, aussuchen:you’ve picked the wrong time du hast dir die falsche Zeit ausgesucht;b) fig sich durchlavieren;pick a winner fig das große Los ziehen;pick one’s words seine Worte (sorgfältig) wählen19. MUS US Saiten zupfen, Banjo etc spielenC v/i1. hacken, picke(l)n2. lustlos essen, im Essen herumstochern3. sorgfältig wählen:a) wählerisch sein,b) sich bei der Auswahl Zeit lassenpick2 [pık]A v/t Weberei: Schützen werfenB sa) Schützenschlag m (Bewegung des Weberschiffchens)b) Schuss m (einzelner Querfaden)* * *I noun1) (for breaking up hard ground, rocks, etc.) Spitzhacke, die; (for breaking up ice) [Eis]pickel, der3) (Mus.) Plektrum, dasII 1. noun1) (choice) Wahl, dieshe had the pick of several jobs — sie konnte zwischen mehreren Jobs [aus]wählen
have [the] first pick of something — als erster aus etwas auswählen dürfen
2) (best part) Elite, die2. transitive verbthe pick of the fruit — etc. die besten Früchte usw
1) pflücken [Blumen]; [ab]ernten, [ab]pflücken [Äpfel, Trauben usw.]2) (select) auswählen; aufstellen [Mannschaft]pick the or a winner/the winning horse — auf den Sieger/das richtige od. siegreiche Pferd setzen
pick one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig [s]einen Weg suchen
pick and choose — sich (Dat.) aussuchen
pick one's time [for something] — den Zeitpunkt [für etwas] festlegen
pick the bones [clean] — [Hund:] die Knochen [sauber] abnagen
4)pick somebody's brains [about something] — jemanden [über etwas (Akk.)] ausfragen od. (ugs.) ausquetschen
5)pick one's nose/teeth — in der Nase bohren/in den Zähnen [herum]stochern
6)7)pick a lock — ein Schloss knacken (salopp)
8)3. intransitive verbpick to pieces — (fig.): (criticize) kein gutes Haar lassen an (+ Dat.) (ugs.)
pick and choose [too much] — [zu] wählerisch sein
Phrasal Verbs:- pick at- pick off- pick on- pick out- pick up* * *(tools) n.Spitzhacke f. n.abpflücken v.aufpicken v.auswählen v.picken v.wählen v.zupfen v. -
9 statement
statement ['steɪtmənt]∎ a written/policy statement une déclaration écrite/de principe;∎ can you back that statement up? pouvez-vous confirmer cette déclaration?;∎ to put out or to issue or to make a statement about sth émettre un communiqué concernant qch;∎ the chairman was asked to withdraw his statement le président a été prié de retirer sa déclaration;∎ a statement to the effect that… une déclaration selon laquelle…;∎ figurative the film is making a statement il y a un message dans ce film;∎ figurative someone who wears jeans to a wedding reception is making a statement quelqu'un qui va à un mariage en jeans veut faire comprendre quelque chose(b) (act of stating → of theory, opinions, policy, aims) exposition f; (→ of problem) exposé m, formulation f; (→ of facts, details) exposé m, compte-rendu m;∎ to call him a thief is nothing more than a statement of fact le traiter de voleur est une simple constatation∎ to make a statement to the police faire une déposition dans un commissariat de police;∎ to take sb's statement prendre la déposition de qn;∎ a sworn statement une déposition faite sous serment(e) Linguistics affirmation f►► Accountancy statement of account état m ou relevé de compte;Commerce, Finance & Banking statement of affairs (in bankruptcy) bilan m de liquidation;statement of assets and liabilities relevé m des dettes actives et passives;Law statement of claim demande f introductive d'instance;statement of expenses état m ou relevé m des dépenses;Insurance statement of loss certificat m d'avarie
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