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1 inculco
inculco, āre, āvi, ātum [in + calco] - tr. - - Lebaigue P. 615 et P. 616. [st1]1 [-] fouler. - Col. 2, 20, 1; 11, 3, 34. [st1]2 [-] fourrer, intercaler. - Cic. Off. 1, 111; Or. 50. - ἀρχέτυπον crebris locis inculcatum, Cic. Att. 16, 3, 1: original enrichi de nombreuses additions. - inculcare lanam morsibus canis, Plin. 29, 32: bourrer de la laine dans les blessures faites par les morsures d'un chien. [st1]3 [-] faire pénétrer dans [avec dat.]. - inculcare aliquid oculis, animis, Cic. Nat. 1, 108: faire entrer dans les yeux, dans les esprits. - Graeci se inculcant auribus nostris, Cic. de Or. 2, 19: les Grecs cherchent à envahir nos oreilles, veulent s'imposer à nos oreilles. [st1]4 [-] inculquer. - id quod traditur, vel etiam inculcatur, Cic. de Or. 1, 127: ce qu'on enseigne ou même que l'on inculque. - inculcatum est Metello + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 3, 156: on a fait pénétrer dans l'esprit de Métellus que. - inculcare ut, Cic. Vat. 26: suggérer de.* * *inculco, āre, āvi, ātum [in + calco] - tr. - - Lebaigue P. 615 et P. 616. [st1]1 [-] fouler. - Col. 2, 20, 1; 11, 3, 34. [st1]2 [-] fourrer, intercaler. - Cic. Off. 1, 111; Or. 50. - ἀρχέτυπον crebris locis inculcatum, Cic. Att. 16, 3, 1: original enrichi de nombreuses additions. - inculcare lanam morsibus canis, Plin. 29, 32: bourrer de la laine dans les blessures faites par les morsures d'un chien. [st1]3 [-] faire pénétrer dans [avec dat.]. - inculcare aliquid oculis, animis, Cic. Nat. 1, 108: faire entrer dans les yeux, dans les esprits. - Graeci se inculcant auribus nostris, Cic. de Or. 2, 19: les Grecs cherchent à envahir nos oreilles, veulent s'imposer à nos oreilles. [st1]4 [-] inculquer. - id quod traditur, vel etiam inculcatur, Cic. de Or. 1, 127: ce qu'on enseigne ou même que l'on inculque. - inculcatum est Metello + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 3, 156: on a fait pénétrer dans l'esprit de Métellus que. - inculcare ut, Cic. Vat. 26: suggérer de.* * *Inculco, inculcas, inculcare. Entrejecter quelque chose parmi d'aultres, et la presser ou fouler pour faire entrer, Chaucher dedens.\Inculcare munus. Seneca. Fourrer, et faire prendre comme par force.\Tradere et inculcare aliquid. Cic. Repeter et redire souvent une mesme chose, Inculquer.\Inculcasti etiam vt G. Pisonem nominaret. Cic. Tu luy as mis en teste que, etc.\Inculcatum est Metello, te aratores euertisse. Cic. On luy a tant mis en la teste, qu'on ne luy scauroit oster. B.\Tradita atque inculcata libertas. Brut. Ciceroni. Accoustumee, Laquelle on ha de ses ancestres, et en laquelle on a esté nourri.\Inculcare animis. Ci. Mettre à force en l'esprit, Mettre en la teste.\Qui se inculcant auribus nostris. Cic. Qui maulgré qu'en ayons se meslent et se fourrent parmi nous à disputer, Il fault qu'on les escoute bon gré mal gré. -
2 inculcō
inculcō āvī, ātus, āre [in+calco], to tread in, tread down; hence, in discourse, to force in, drag in: Graeca verba: inculcata invenias inania verba, i. e. superfluous.—To force upon, impress on, inculcate, insist: id quod inculcetur, percipere: oculis imagines: se auribus nostris, intrude: inculcatum est Metello, te aratores evertisse: ut nominaret, etc* * *inculcare, inculcavi, inculcatus Vforce upon, impress, drive home -
3 inculco
in-culco, āvī, ātum, āre [ calco ]1) втаптывать, утаптывать ( aream Col); вдавливать, заделывать ( semen paviculā Col); затаптывать ( foramen cinere Pall); набивать ( lanam alicui rei PM)2) вставлять, вводить, включать, вплетать (verba Graeca, sc. sermoni C)3)а) внедрять, запечатлевать ( aliquid memoriae alicujus Q); вдалбливать, внушать (aliquid alicui C etc.)inculcatum est Metello, Apronium aratores evertisse C — Метелл убеждён, что Апроний разорил земледельцевб) навязывать (alicui aliquid и aliquem C, Sen)se alicujus auribus i. C — заставлять кого-л. слушать себя -
4 inculco
in-culco, āvī, ātum, āre (in u. calco), I) eintreten, festtreten, -rammen, 1) im allg.: aream, Colum.: lapides, Colum.: obrutum semen paviculā, Colum. – 2) festtretend mit etwas bedecken = zutreten, foramen cinere, Pallad.: quidquid nimis inculcatum obsitumque aliquā re erat, Gell. – II) in etw. hineinrammen, -pressen, -stopfen, A) eig.: 1) im allg.: pannos, Colum.: lanam morsibus caninis (in die Wunde von einem Hundebisse), Plin.: farcimina comminutis inculcata pulmonibus, Arnob.: conciclā inculcatus pullus, Apic. – 2) insbes., in die Rede einschieben, einschalten, bes. im üblen Sinne = einzwängen, einflicken, einschachteln, verba Graeca, Cic.: leviora, Cic.: inania verba, Cic. – prägn., ἀρχέτυπον crebris locis inculcatum mit Zusätzen bereichert, Cic. ad Att. 16, 3, 1. – B) übtr.: 1) dem Gedächtnisse recht einprägen, einschärfen, eintrichtern, einbleuen, einkauen, alqd memoriae iudicis, Quint.: inculcatae pueris persuasiones, Quint.: tradatur vel etiam inculcetur, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., inculcatum est Metello et Velleio te aratores evertisse, Timarch. epist. in Cic. Verr. 3, 156: mit folg. ut u. Konj., inculcarisne, ut C. Pisonem, generum meum, nominaret? Cic. Vat. 26. – 2) einer Sache od. Pers. aufdrängen, aufdringen, imagines oculis, Cic.: se alcis auribus, Cic.: libertatem, Cic. ep. ad Brut.: auctorem suum ingerere et inculcare, Sen.
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5 inculco
in-culco, āvī, ātum, āre (in u. calco), I) eintreten, festtreten, -rammen, 1) im allg.: aream, Colum.: lapides, Colum.: obrutum semen paviculā, Colum. – 2) festtretend mit etwas bedecken = zutreten, foramen cinere, Pallad.: quidquid nimis inculcatum obsitumque aliquā re erat, Gell. – II) in etw. hineinrammen, -pressen, -stopfen, A) eig.: 1) im allg.: pannos, Colum.: lanam morsibus caninis (in die Wunde von einem Hundebisse), Plin.: farcimina comminutis inculcata pulmonibus, Arnob.: conciclā inculcatus pullus, Apic. – 2) insbes., in die Rede einschieben, einschalten, bes. im üblen Sinne = einzwängen, einflicken, einschachteln, verba Graeca, Cic.: leviora, Cic.: inania verba, Cic. – prägn., ἀρχέτυπον crebris locis inculcatum mit Zusätzen bereichert, Cic. ad Att. 16, 3, 1. – B) übtr.: 1) dem Gedächtnisse recht einprägen, einschärfen, eintrichtern, einbleuen, einkauen, alqd memoriae iudicis, Quint.: inculcatae pueris persuasiones, Quint.: tradatur vel etiam inculcetur, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., inculcatum est Metello et Velleio te aratores evertisse, Timarch. epist. in Cic. Verr. 3, 156: mit folg. ut u. Konj., inculcarisne, ut C. Pisonem, generum meum, nominaret? Cic. Vat. 26. – 2) einer Sache od. Pers. aufdrängen, aufdringen, imagines oculis, Cic.: se alcis auribus, Cic.: libertatem, Cic. ep. ad Brut.: auctorem suum ingerere et————inculcare, Sen. -
6 inculco
to crowd in, press in, trample in / impress upon -
7 inculco
in-culco, āvi, ātum, āre, v. a. [in-calco], to tread in, tread down (class., esp. in the trop. signif.).I.Lit., to tread down, ram [p. 930] down:II.aliquid,
Col. 2, 20, 1:semen obrutum pavicula,
id. 11, 3, 34.—Trop.A.To stuff, press, or force in:B.Graeca verba,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111:leviora,
id. Or. 15, 50; id. Att. 16, 3, 1; Col. 6, 12, 2.—To force upon, to impress on or inculcate in:A.id quod tradatur, vel etiam inculcetur, posse percipere animo,
Cic. de Or. 1, 28, 127; cf. Quint. 3, 1, 6; Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 2:vos non modo oculis imagines, sed etiam animis inculcatis: tanta est impunitas garriendi,
Cic. N. D. 1, 38, 108 fin.:firmissima quaeque memoriae judicis,
Quint. 6, 4, 5; cf.judicibus,
id. 11, 3, 130:quibusdam offeram, quibusdam etiam inculcabo,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1:inculcatum est Metello, te aratores evertisse,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 67, § 156: se, to obtrude one ' s self upon:Graeci, qui se inculcant auribus nostris,
id. de Or. 2, 5, 19.— Hence, part. pass.: inculcātus, a, um, pressed, stuffed, or crammed in (class.).Lit.:B.lana morsibus canis,
Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 32:lapides,
Col. 8, 15, 3.—Trop., mixed or foisted in:inania verba,
Cic. Or. 69, 250: archetupon crebris locis inculcatum et refectum, emphasized by additions, id. Att. 16, 3, 1.— Hence, inculcātē, adv., forcibly (late Lat.); comp.: inculcatius, Aug. cont. Julian. V. 16, 63. -
8 culcita
culcita, ae, f. (altind. kurcá-ḥ), (in Hdschrn. auch culcitra geschr., s. Orelli Cic. Tusc. 3, 46. Oudend. Suet. Tib. 54. – nach Varro LL. 5, 167 u. Paul. ex Fest. 50, 8 von calco = inculco), der mit Federn, Wolle, Haaren usw. fest ausgestopfte Sack als Lager, das Kissen, die Matratze, das Polster, cubicularis, Macr.: plumea, Varro fr. u. Cic.: modica, Suet.: culcita, quae resistit corpori, Sen.: institae (Gurte), quibus sponda (Bettstelle) culcitam ferebat, Petron: alqm collocare in culcita plumea, Cic.: culcita in terra iacet, ego in culcita, Sen.: vom Lager in Vogelbehältern, Varro. – scherzh., gladium faciam culcitam eumque incumbam, werde das Schwert zum Kopfkissen nehmen, d.h. mich entleiben, Plaut. Cas. 307.
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9 inculcate
inculcātē, Adv. (inculcatus v. inculco), dringend, nachdrücklich, inculcatius commendare, Augustin. serm. 162, 2.
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10 inculcatio
inculcātio, ōnis, f. (inculco), das Einprägen, Tert. apol. 39.
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11 inculcator
inculcātor, ōris, m. (inculco), I) der Niedertreter, diaboli, Tert. adv. gnost. 6. – II) der Einschärfer, rationis, Cassiod. var. 12, 1, 5.
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12 culcita
culcita, ae, f. (altind. kurcá-ḥ), (in Hdschrn. auch culcitra geschr., s. Orelli Cic. Tusc. 3, 46. Oudend. Suet. Tib. 54. – nach Varro LL. 5, 167 u. Paul. ex Fest. 50, 8 von calco = inculco), der mit Federn, Wolle, Haaren usw. fest ausgestopfte Sack als Lager, das Kissen, die Matratze, das Polster, cubicularis, Macr.: plumea, Varro fr. u. Cic.: modica, Suet.: culcita, quae resistit corpori, Sen.: institae (Gurte), quibus sponda (Bettstelle) culcitam ferebat, Petron: alqm collocare in culcita plumea, Cic.: culcita in terra iacet, ego in culcita, Sen.: vom Lager in Vogelbehältern, Varro. – scherzh., gladium faciam culcitam eumque incumbam, werde das Schwert zum Kopfkissen nehmen, d.h. mich entleiben, Plaut. Cas. 307. -
13 inculcate
inculcātē, Adv. (inculcatus v. inculco), dringend, nachdrücklich, inculcatius commendare, Augustin. serm. 162, 2.Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > inculcate
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14 inculcatio
inculcātio, ōnis, f. (inculco), das Einprägen, Tert. apol. 39.Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > inculcatio
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15 inculcator
inculcātor, ōris, m. (inculco), I) der Niedertreter, diaboli, Tert. adv. gnost. 6. – II) der Einschärfer, rationis, Cassiod. var. 12, 1, 5.Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > inculcator
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16 A
1.A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:II.A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.III.In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.A.Short a is changed,1., into long a —a.In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,b.In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).c.In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)2.Short a is changed into é or ē—a.Into é.(α).Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).(β).Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.(γ).In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).b.Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).3.Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)(α).before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —(β).Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).b.ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.c. d.In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.4. a.Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).b.Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).5.Short a is changed into ŭ —a.In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).b.In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.c.ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).B. 1. 2.Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)IV.Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.V.The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).VI.Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.B.ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.1.The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.2.In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.3. 4.The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.5.Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.VII.In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.A.Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).B.Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—1.Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.2.Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.3.Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.4.Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.5. 6.Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.C.Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.2.As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;3.so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.a, prep.=ab, v. ab.4.ā, interj.=ah, v. ah. -
17 a
1.A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:II.A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,
Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,
Quint. 1, 5, 61.The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.III.In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.A.Short a is changed,1., into long a —a.In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,b.In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).c.In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)2.Short a is changed into é or ē—a.Into é.(α).Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).(β).Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.(γ).In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).b.Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).3.Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)(α).before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —(β).Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).b.ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.c. d.In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.4. a.Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).b.Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).5.Short a is changed into ŭ —a.In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).b.In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.c.ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).B. 1. 2.Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)IV.Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.V.The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).VI.Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.B.ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.1.The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.2.In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.3. 4.The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.5.Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.VII.In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.A.Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).B.Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—1.Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.2.Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.3.Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.4.Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.5. 6.Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.C.Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.2.As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;3.so also A. A. A.,
ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.a, prep.=ab, v. ab.4.ā, interj.=ah, v. ah. -
18 inculcatio
inculcātĭo, ōnis, f. [inculco], an inculcating (late Lat.), Tert. Apol. 39.
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