incitement

calcar, āris, n. [for carcar; cf. Sanscr. kar, wound; and Lat. calx].

Lit., a spur as worn on the heel:

calcaria dicta, quia in calce hominis ligantur, ad stimulandos equos,

Isid. Orig. 20, 16, 6 (class. in prose and poetry;

esp. freq. trop.): calcari quadrupedem agitare,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 118: incendere equum calcaribus, to spur one ' s horse, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48; so,

concitare,

Liv. 2, 6, 8; Curt. 7, 4, 18:

stimulare,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 9:

subdere equo calcaria,

Liv. 2, 20, 2; Curt. 3, 13, 8; 7, 2, 4:

calcaribus subditis,

Liv. 4, 19, 4; 4, 33, 7; Curt. 4, 16, 6:

equi fodere calcaribus armos,

Verg. A. 6, 881:

calcaribus auferre equum,

Sil. 10, 280.—

Trop., spur, stimulus, incitement: calcaribus ictus amoris, *Lucr. 5, 1074:

dicebat Isocrates se calcaribus in Ephoro, contra autem in Theopompo frenis uti solere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 36:

alter frenis eget, alter calcaribus,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12; cf. id. Brut. 56, 204; Quint. 2, 8, 11; 10, 1, 74: anticipate atque addite calcar, Varr. ap. Non. p. 70, 13; * Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 217:

immensum gloria calcar habet,

Ov. P 4, 2, 36.—So also of the driving winds: ventus calcar admovere, Varr. ap. Non. p. 451, 29.—Prov.:

addere calcaria sponte currenti,

to spur a willing horse, Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 1.—

Transf., the spur on the leg of the cock, Col. 8, 2, 8.

fax, făcis (also in the nom. sing. ‡ faces, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 9 Müll.; gen. plur.: facum, acc. to Charis. p. 113 P., but without example), f. [root bhā, to shine; cf. favilla], a torch, firebrand, flambeau, link, orig. of pine or other resinous wood.

Lit. (syn.: taeda, funale, cerĕus, candela, lucerna, laterna): alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus jaciebant, * Caes. B. G. 7, 24, 4; Liv. 22, 16, 7:

ambulare cum facibus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 52:

malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32; cf.:

ego faces jam accensas ad hujus urbis incendium exstinxi,

id. Pis. 2, 5:

servi in tecta nostra cum facibus immissi,

id. Att. 14, 10, 1; cf.:

faces incendere,

id. Phil. 2, 36, 91:

si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

ardentem facem praeferre,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 74:

castris inicere,

Tac. H. 4, 60;

subdere urbi,

Curt. 5, 7, 4:

faces ferro inspicare,

Verg. G. 1, 292; cf.:

facis incidere,

Plin. 18, 26, 63, § 233:

dilapsam in cineres facem,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 28.—At weddings, the torch carried before the bride on the way to her home, usually made of white-thorn (Spina alba) or pine, the nuptial torch: spina, nuptiarum facibus auspicatissima, Masur. ap. Plin. 16, 18, 30, § 75; Fest. s. v. patrimi, p. 245; s. v. rapi, p. 289 Müll.; Varr. ap. Non. 112, 27; id. ap. Serv. Verg. E. 8, 29; Plaut. Cas. 1, 30; Cat. 61, 98 sq.; Verg. E. 8, 29; Ov. M. 10, 6; Stat. Th. 2, 259 al.;

hence, nuptiales,

Cic. Clu. 6, 15; Liv. 30, 13, 12:

maritae,

Ov. H. 11, 101:

legitimae,

Luc. 2, 356.—Cf. Anthon's Dict. of Antiq. p. 434, and v. infra. Torches were also carried in funeral processions, Verg. A. 11, 142; Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 17; Ov. F. 2, 561; id. H. 21, 172; Sen. Tranq. 11; id. Vit. Beat. fin.; id. Ep. 222;

and in the Eleusinian mysteries,

Juv. 15, 140.—An attribute of Cupid, Tib. 2, 1, 82; Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 16; Ov. M. 1, 461; 10, 312 al.;

of the Furies,

Verg. A. 7, 337; Ov. M. 4, 482; 508; 6, 430; Quint. 9, 3, 47 al.—

Transf.

On account of the use of torches at weddings ( poet.), a wedding, marriage:

face nuptiali digna,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 33; cf.:

te face sollemni junget sibi,

Ov. M. 7, 49.—And referring at the same time to the funeral torch:

viximus insignes inter utramque facem,

i. e. between marriage and death, Prop. 4 (5), 11, 46.—

The light of the heavenly bodies ( poet.):

dum roseā face sol inferret lumina caelo,

Lucr. 5, 976; cf.:

Phoebi fax, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18: canentes Rite crescentem face Noctilucam,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 38:

aeterna fax,

i. e. the sun, Sen. Thyest. 835.—

A fiery meteor, fire-ball, shooting-star, comet:

noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,

Lucr. 5, 1191; cf.:

nocturnasque faces caeli, sublime volantes,

id. 2, 206:

emicant et faces non nisi cum decidunt visae, etc.,

Plin. 2, 26, 25, § 96:

tum facibus visis caelestibus, tum stellis iis, quas Graeci cometas, nostri cincinnatas vocant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Cat. 3, 8, 18; Liv. 41, 21, 13; 29, 14, 3; Verg. A. 2, 694; Ov. M. 15, 787; Luc. 1, 528; Petr. 122; Sen. Oet. 232.—

Of lightning:

facem flammantem dirigere,

Val. Fl. 1, 569; id. 4, 671. —

Of the eyes:

oculi, geminae, sidera nostra, faces,

Prop. 2, 3, 14:

has ego credo faces, haec virginis ora Dianae,

Val. Fl. 5, 380; cf.:

tranquillaeque faces oculis et plurima vultu materinest,

Stat. Ach. 1, 164.—

Prima fax (noctis), early torchlight, immediately after dark (post-class.); cf.:

luminibus accensis, Auct. B. Afr. 89: tempus diei occiduum, mox suprema tempestas, hoc est diei novissimum tempus: deinde vespera: ab hoc tempore prima fax dicitur, deinde concubia, etc.,

Macr. S, 1, 3 fin.; Gell. 3, 2, 11; 18, 1 fin.; App. M. 2, p. 119, 20.

Trop.

That which illuminates, makes conspicuous ( poet.):

incipit parentum nobilitas facem praeferre pudendis,

Juv. 8, 139; cf. Sall. J. 80.—

That which inflames or incites, incitement, stimulus, cause of ruin, destruction (freq. and class.):

cum corporis facibus inflammari soleamus ad omnes fere cupiditates eoque magis incendi, quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 44:

me torret face mutua Calais,

flame of love, Hor. C. 3, 9, 13; cf.:

iraï fax,

Lucr. 3, 303:

dicendi faces,

flames, fires of eloquence, Cic. de Or. 2, 51, 205; cf.:

alicui quasi quasdam verborum faces admovere,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4:

alicui acriores ad studia dicendi faces subdere,

Quint. 1, 2, 25 Spald.:

hortator studii causaque faxque mei,

guide, leader, Ov. Pont. 1, 7, 28; and: incitator et fax omnium, Prud. steph. 10, 67:

subicere faces invidiae alicujus,

Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

flagrantibus jam militum animis velut faces addere,

Tac. H. 1, 24:

acerrimam bello facem praetulit,

id. ib. 2, 86:

(rogationes promulgavit) duas faces novantibus res ad plebem in optimates accendendam,

Liv. 32, 38, 9:

inde faces ardent, a dote,

Juv. 6, 139: adolescentulo ad libidinem facem praeferre, i. e. to be a leader or guide, Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 13:

Antonius omnium Clodi incendiorum fax,

instigator, id. Phil. 2, 19, 48; cf.:

fax accusationis et origo,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 3:

fax hujus belli (Hannibal),

Liv. 21, 10, 11; Vell. 2, 25, 3:

dolorum cum admoventur faces,

Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37; cf. id. Tusc. 2, 25, 61:

(dolor) ardentes faces intentat,

id. ib. 5, 27, 76:

quae (Agrippinae) Gaium et Domitium Neronem principes genuere totidem facis generis humani,

destroyers, Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45.— Absol.:

cum his furiis et facibus, cum his exitiosis prodigiis (i e. Gabinio et Pisone),

Cic. Har. Resp. 2, 4.

impulsus ( inp-), a, um, Part., from impello.

impulsus ( inp-), ūs, m. [impello], a pushing or striking against.

Lit., an outward pressure or shock, an impulse (class.; most freq. in abl. sing.):

impulsu scutorum,

Cic. Caecin. 15, 43:

orbium,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

quae (natura) a primo impulsu moveatur,

id. ib. 6, 25 fin.:

is ardor non alieno impulsu, sed sua sponte movetur,

id. N. D. 2, 12, 32: ventus, qui inferiora repentinis impulsibus quatit, App. de Mundo, p. 62.—

Trop., incitement, instigation, influence (class.):

ubi duxere impulsu vostro, vostro impulsu easdem exigunt,

Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 45; cf. ib. 4, 4, 65:

ipsos non negare, ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 37, 107; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 161:

impulsu patrum,

id. Rep. 2, 10:

ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret,

Caes. B. G. 5, 25, 4:

impulsu patrum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 26:

qui simili impulsu aliquid commiserint,

id. Inv. 2, 5, 19:

oratio pondere modo et impulsu proeliatur,

Quint. 9, 1, 20:

temeritatis subiti et vehementes impulsus,

Val. Max. 9, 8.

incĭtāmentum, i, n. [id.], an incitement, inducement, incentive.

In abstr. with gen. or ad: et periculorum et laborum, * Cic. Arch. 10, 23:

educandi,

Plin. Pan. 27, 1:

turbarum,

Amm. 21, 12 al.:

ad honeste moriendum,

Curt. 9, 5, 4; so,

ad incessendum,

id. 3, 11, 5.— With quo and comp.:

inclinatio senatus incitamentum Tiberio fuit quo promptius adversaretur,

Tac. A. 2, 38.— In plur.:

incitamenta irarum,

Tac. A. 1, 55:

victoriae,

id. Agr. 32:

spei,

Curt. 4, 14, 1 al. —

In concr., of persons (in Tac.):

Sextia uxor, quae incitamentum mortis et particeps fuit,

that instigated, Tac. A. 6, 29 fin. —In plur.:

acerrima seditionum ac discordiae incitamenta interfectores Galbae,

id. H. 2. 23.

incĭtātĭo, ōnis, f. [incito], an inciting, incitement in an act. and pass. sense (Ciceron.).

Act., an inciting, rousing, instigating:

languentis populi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 35:

acris et vehemens,

id. ib. 2, 43, 183.—

Pass., violent motion, rapidity, vehemence, ardor, energy.

Lit.:

qui (sol) tanta incitatione fertur, ut, celeritas ejus quanta sit, ne cogitari quidem possit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 82:

ejaculari incitatione,

Scrib. Comp. 84.—

Trop.: est quaedam animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter innata omnibus, * Caes. B. C. 3, 92, 3:

mentis,

Cic. Div. 1, 40, 89:

sic evolavit oratio, ut ejus vim atque incitationem aspexerim,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 161.

impulsus ( inp-), a, um, Part., from impello.

impulsus ( inp-), ūs, m. [impello], a pushing or striking against.

Lit., an outward pressure or shock, an impulse (class.; most freq. in abl. sing.):

impulsu scutorum,

Cic. Caecin. 15, 43:

orbium,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

quae (natura) a primo impulsu moveatur,

id. ib. 6, 25 fin.:

is ardor non alieno impulsu, sed sua sponte movetur,

id. N. D. 2, 12, 32: ventus, qui inferiora repentinis impulsibus quatit, App. de Mundo, p. 62.—

Trop., incitement, instigation, influence (class.):

ubi duxere impulsu vostro, vostro impulsu easdem exigunt,

Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 45; cf. ib. 4, 4, 65:

ipsos non negare, ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 37, 107; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 161:

impulsu patrum,

id. Rep. 2, 10:

ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret,

Caes. B. G. 5, 25, 4:

impulsu patrum,

Cic. Rep. 6, 26:

qui simili impulsu aliquid commiserint,

id. Inv. 2, 5, 19:

oratio pondere modo et impulsu proeliatur,

Quint. 9, 1, 20:

temeritatis subiti et vehementes impulsus,

Val. Max. 9, 8.

irrītātĭo ( inr-), ōnis, f. [1. irrito], an incitement, incentive, provocative, irritation, stimulant (not ante-Aug.).

Physical: tenesmos est irritatio ultimae partis directi intestini, Scrib. 142 init.:

tamquam edendi irritationes quasdam repertas esse,

Gell. 7, 16, 6.—

Of the feelings or passions.

In gen.:

ad amicitiam naturalis irritatio,

Sen. Ep. 9, 17:

vinum multum... irritationem et iram facit,

Vulg. Sir. 31, 38.—With gen. subj.:

(feminae) nullis conviviorum irritationibus corruptae,

Tac. G. 19.— With gen. obj.:

inesse irritationem animis commutandi sedes,

a restless desire, Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6, 5.—

Esp., wrath, anger, irritation:

animorum,

Liv. 31, 14, 6.