-
1 màkъ
màkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `poppy'Page in Trubačev: XVII 149-151Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:mák `poppy' [m o]Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:mȁk `poppy' [m o], mȁka [Gens], màka [Gens];Čak. mȁk (Vrgada) `poppy' [m o], makȁ [Gens]Slovene:màk `poppy' [m o], máka [Gens]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ?Lithuanian:aguonà `poppy' [f ā] 2;mãguonė (dial.) `poppy' [f ē] 1 \{1\}Latvian:Old Prussian:IE meaning: poppyCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 698Comments: The Germanic forms show grammatischer Wechsel as well as an alternation *ā: a. The vocalism, which could reflect PIE *eh₁: h₁, does not match the ā of the Greek and the Slavic forms, which leads us to assume that the vowel alternation arose when at a comparatively late stage the root māk- was borrowed into Germanic (cf. Kluge 1989, 484). The Lithuanian and Latvian forms are usually considered borrowings from Germanic, whereas OPr. moke may have been borrowed from Polish. The Estonian and Livonian forms must be borrowings from Baltic, probably Latvian. It is generally agreed upon that ultimately we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European (Mediterranean?) origin.Other cognates:Dor. μά̑κων `poppy' [f];Notes:\{1\} Besides, we find the variants maguona and magūna. The forms with m are restricted to the area around Klaipėda. \{2\} I have found the variants magùona2, magana, magane and magūne. \{3\} The initial m of the word for `poppy' was apparently lost in Lithuanian but not in Latvian. The Lithuanian dialect forms with m- may be due to the influence of the (Latvian) language of the fishermen of the Couronian Isthmus (cf. Būga RR III: 320). Sabaliauskas suggests dissimilatory loss of m, parallel to the loss of r in arotai: rarotai, akrūtas: rakrūtas, Latv. ruodere: uodere, ūk̨eris (1960, 71-72). \{4\} The first element means `sleep', cf. Nw. dial. vale `deep sleep', Sw. dial. valbjörn `Schlafdorn'. -
2 olьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
3 elьxa
olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82Russian:ol'xá `alder' [f ā];ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:Bulgarian:elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-Lithuanian:al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1Latvian:àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂IE meaning: alderCertainty: -Page in Pokorny: 302-303Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).Other cognates:OIc. ǫlr `alder', jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively. -
4 orь̀lъ
orь̀lъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `eagle'Page in Trubačev: XXXII 232-234Old Church Slavic:Russian:orël `eagle' [m o], orlá [Gens]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:òrao `eagle' [m o]Slovene:órǝɫ `eagle' [m o], órla [Gens]Bulgarian:orél `eagle' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: or-il-o-;; er-el-io-Lithuanian:erẽlis `eagle' [m jo] 2 \{1\}Latvian:ḕrglis `eagle' [m jo]Old Prussian:arelie `eagle'Certainty: +Comments: The e- of the East Baltic forms is a good example of "Rozwadowski's change". It doesn't seem very plausible that within Slavic only the Low Sorbian forms would show the effect of this phenomenon.Other cognates:OIc. ǫrn `eagle';Notes:\{1\} The variant arẽlis is limited to the area where e- becomes a- (Būga RR II: 508). -
5 ȁsenь
ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'Page in Trubačev: I 79-80Russian:jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]Czech:jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovak:jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]Polish:jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];Old Polish:jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovincian:jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]Slovene:jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]Bulgarian:jásen `ash-tree' [m o];ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-Lithuanian:úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1Latvian:Old Prussian:woasis (EV) `ash-tree'Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-IE meaning: ash-treeComments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).Other cognates:Alb. ah `beech'Notes:\{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588). -
6 ȁsenъ
ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'Page in Trubačev: I 79-80Russian:jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]Czech:jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovak:jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]Polish:jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];Old Polish:jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]Slovincian:jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]Slovene:jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]Bulgarian:jásen `ash-tree' [m o];ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-Lithuanian:úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1Latvian:Old Prussian:woasis (EV) `ash-tree'Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-IE meaning: ash-treeComments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).Other cognates:Alb. ah `beech'Notes:\{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588). -
7 ešče
ešče Grammatical information: adv. Proto-Slavic meaning: `still, yet'Page in Trubačev: VI 32-33Old Church Slavic:Russian:eščë `still, yet' [adv];Czech:ještě `still, yet' [adv]Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:jȍšt(e) `still, yet' [adv];Čak. jošćȅ (Vrgada) `still, yet' [adv];Čak. jȍš (Orbanići) `still, yet' [adv]Slovene:šè `still, yet' [adv];ščè `still, yet' [adv];íšče `still, yet' [adv]Bulgarian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₁eske(h₁)Other cognates:Skt. áchā `to' [prep., pvb.];Arm. c` `to, till' [prep.] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} In Russian dialects forms with e- occur alongside forms with o-. This variation is already found in Old Russian. \{2\} Forms such as SCr. jȍšte, Bulg. (dial.) jóšte and Sln. (dial.) išče result from the accretion of *i `and'. The *o-variants in this word are attested in a remarkably large area. The alternative etymologies contain a deictic element *edʰ- or *et- (see ESSJa s.v.).
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