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  • 1 Cody, Colonel Samuel Franklin

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. probably 6 March 1861 Texas, USA
    d. 7 August 1913 Farnborough, England
    [br]
    American (naturalised British) aviation pioneer who made the first sustained aeroplane flight in Britain.
    [br]
    "Colonel" Cody was one of the most colourful and controversial characters in aviation history. He dressed as a cowboy, frequently rode a horse, and appeared on the music-hall stage as a sharpshooter. Cody lived in England from 1896 and became a British subject in 1909. He wrote a melodrama, The Klondyke Nugget, which was first performed in 1898, with Cody as the villain and his wife as the heroine. It was a great success and Cody made enough money to indulge in his hobby of flying large kites. Several man-lifting kites were being developed in the mid-1890s, primarily for military observation purposes. Captain B.S.F. Baden-Powell built multiple hexagonal kites in England, while Lawrence Hargrave, in Australia, developed a very successful boxkite. Cody's man-lifting kites were so good that the British Government engaged him to supply kites, and act as an instructor with the Royal Engineers at the Balloon Factory, Farnborough. Cody's kites were rather like a box-kite with wings and, indeed, some were virtually tethered gliders. In 1905 a Royal Engineer reached a record height of 2,600 ft (790 m) in one of Cody's kites. While at Farnborough, Cody assisted with the construction of the experimental airship "British Army Dirigible No. 1", later known as Nulli Secundus. Cody was on board for the first flight in 1907. In the same year, Cody fitted an engine to one of his kites and it flew with no one on board; he also built a free-flying glider version. He went on to build a powered aeroplane with an Antoinette engine and on 16 October 1908 made a flight of 1,390 ft (424 m) at Farnborough; this was the first real flight in Britain. During the following years, Cody's large "Flying Cathedral" became a popular sight at aviation meetings, and in 1911 his "Cathedral" was the only British aeroplane to complete the course in the Circuit of Britain Contest. In 1912 Cody won the first British Military Aeroplane competition (a similar aeroplane is preserved by the Science Museum, London). Unfortunately, Cody and a passenger were killed when his latest aeroplane crashed at Farnborough in 1913; because Cody was such a popular figure at Farnborough, the tree to which he sometimes tethered his aeroplane was preserved as a memorial.
    Later, there was a great controversy over who the first person to make an aeroplane flight in Britain was, as A.V. Roe, Horatio Phillips and Cody had all made hops before October 1908; most historians, however, now accept that it was Cody. Cody's title of'Colonel' was unofficial, although it was used by King George V on one of several visits to see Cody's work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Cody gave a lecture to the (Royal) Aeronautical Society which was published in their
    Aeronautical Journal, London, January 1909.
    Further Reading
    P.B.Walker, 1971, Early Aviation at Farnborough, 2 vols, London (an authoritative source).
    A.Gould Lee, 1965, The Flying Cathedral, London (biography). G.A.Broomfield, 1953, Pioneer of the Air, Aldershot (a less-reliable biography).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Cody, Colonel Samuel Franklin

  • 2 make

    I n AmE sl

    We ran a make on her. She's got two priors — Мы установили ее личность. У нее два привода

    The make didn't come through until after she was released — Ориентировка на нее пришла после того, как ее выпустили

    We got a make on his prints — В нашей картотеке есть отпечатки его пальцев, по которым мы установили его личность

    II vi

    Sorry, I couldn't make your party last night — Извините, я вчера не смог к вам прийти

    Do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? — Как ты думаешь, такой широкий стол пройдет в дверь?

    It's improbable that she would ever make the big time — Маловероятно, что она когда-нибудь вырвется на столичную сцену

    I suppose somebody's got to make an army — Я думаю, что кому-то нужно служить в армии

    I think he will make a good teacher — Я думаю, из него выйдет хороший учитель

    The news reporter Steven Greene made news himself recently when he got married at Birmingham Registry Office — Газетчик Стивен Грин сам стал объектом внимания, когда сочетался браком в загсе города Бирмингема

    10) vulg

    Now sit on the potty and make, dear — Садись на горшок и какай

    III vt

    What do you make the time? — Сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?

    Things aren't as bad as he makes them — Положение не так уж безнадежно, как он это представляет

    I make it nearly five years since I saw him — Я думаю, что я не видел его уже пять лет

    How large do you make the audience? — Сколько, по-вашему, здесь зрителей?

    I make the distance about seventy miles — Я думаю, что миль семьдесят будет

    But what really made the evening was the charm of the young hostess — Но то, что придавало вечеру особое настроение, так это очарование молодой хозяйки

    "When shall we meet again, Saturday or Sunday?" "Let's make it Saturday" — "Когда мы встретимся снова, в субботу или воскресенье?" - "Давай в субботу"

    I'll make it for five o'clock, okay? — Я договорюсь на пять часов, хорошо?

    This sports job can make twice the speed of your buggy — Этот спортивный автомобиль может развить скорость в два раза больше, чем твоя тачка

    6) AmE sl

    He made me the minute he saw me — Он меня узнал, как только увидел

    I tailed him. He made me and tried to throw me off — Я потел следом за ним. Он засек меня и попытался оторваться

    We tried to make him down at the station but came up with nothing — Мы пытались опознать его на станции, но не смогли

    7) AmE sl

    I don't make you, kid — Я тебя не понимаю, парень

    8) AmE sl

    Half the airlines personnel regard it as a permanent assignment to try to make her — Половина персонала воздушных линий считают своей обязанностью добиться ее расположения

    In the next room the girls were talking about their problems of making some of the smooth boys — В соседней комнате девочки обсуждали вопрос, как закадрить некоторых красивых мальчиков

    Don't never speak to strange men who you don't know nothing about as they may get you wrong and think you are trying to make them — Никогда не заговаривай с незнакомыми мужчинами, а то они могут неправильно тебя понять и подумают, что ты пытаешься завести с ними знакомство

    He's been pretending that he made her when they went camping — Он намекал, что трахнул ее, когда они ходили в поход

    Make me, she sighed — "Трахни меня", - сказала она со вздохом

    He made the landlady of the house so that meant plenty of food for him and me — Он переспал с хозяйкой дома, и поэтому о еде мы могли не беспокоиться

    Man, don't you know how Napoleon managed to make all those broads? He drank Calisay — Ты разве не знаешь, как Наполеону удавалось трахать всех этих баб? Он ведь пил "Калисэ"

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > make

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 make

    1. I
    the ebb was making начинался отлив; the tide making we weighed anchor во время прилива мы бросили якорь
    2. II
    1) make in some manner this toy makes easily эту игрушку легко сделать: hay ought to make well [in this drying breeze] [на таком сухом ветерке] сено должно хорошо просушиться /сохнуть/
    2) make somewhere make upstream (downstream) идти /плыть/ вверх (вниз) по течению
    3) make in some manner the tide is making fast вода быстро прибывает; winter is making earnestly наступает настоящая зима
    4) make in some manner make well (poorly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. зарабатывать; he always makes pretty handsomely он всегда недурно зарабатывает
    3. III
    1) make smth. make machines (tools, paper, chairs, hats, etc.) делать /производить/ машины и т. д., make bricks делать /обжигать/ кирпичи; make a boat (a bridge, a house, a road, etc.) (подстроить лодку и т. д.: make a dress (a coat, a blouse, etc.) делать /шить/ платье и т. д.; make a film снимать фильм: make lunch (jelly, a good supper, etc.) делать /готовить/ завтрак и т. д., make coffee варить кофе; make tea заварить чай; make bread (ис-)печь хлеб; make a garden (a park, flower-beds, etc.) разбивать сад и т. д.; make hay косить траву: make a path делать /прокладывать/ дорожку: where will they make a camp? где они раскинут /разобьют/ лагерь?; make beds стелить /заправлять/ постели; make a fire разжигать камин или раскладывать костер; make nests вить гнезда; beavers make their holes бобры роют норы
    2) make smth. make one's reputation (one's name) создать себе репутацию (имя); make smb.'s character формировать чей-л. характер; make one's own life строить свой собственную жизнь, самостоятельно строить свой жизнь; make haste торопиться; make progress делать успехи; make preparations делать приготовления; make plans разрабатывать / вынашивать/ планы; he is making plans to go away он собирается /намеревается/ уехать; who made this ridiculous rule? кто придумал это глупое правило?; make war вести войну, воевать; are they willing to make peace? a) они согласны заключить мир?; б) они готовы примириться? || make a stand занимать принципиальную позицию: make love а) ухаживать; говорить ласковые слова; б) ласкать, заниматься любовью
    3) make smb., smth. one big deal made the young man молодой человек добился успеха благодаря лишь всего одной крупной сделке; hard work made him он добился успеха упорным трудом; wars made and unmade this country эта страна возвеличилась благодаря войнам, и они же привели ее к гибели; industry has made Manchester Манчестер превратился в важный центр благодаря развитию промышленности
    4) make smth. make trouble (a fuss, a mess, etc.) создавать неприятности и т. д.; he made a terrible to-do он устроил ужасный скандал; don't make noise не делай шума, не шуми; make a change (a disturbance, a panic, etc.) вызывать изменение и т. д., make mischief а) наносить вред; б) шалить, безобразничать; this makes a great difference это совсем другое дело; it makes no difference это ничего не меняет. это все равно; make a great hit coll. иметь огромный успех
    5) make smth. make eighty miles (five kilometres, etc.) сделать / пройти/ восемьдесят миль и т. д.; make twenty knots идти со скоростью двадцать узлов; make good time а) идти /двигаться/ с хорошей скоростью; б) sport. показать хорошее время
    6) make smth. соll. make port (harbour, home, land, one's destination, etc.) добираться до /достигать/ порта и т. д., he's tired out, he'll never make the summit он уже выдохся, ему ни за что не добраться до вершины; make the tram (the bus, the next flight, etc.) успевать на /поймать/ трамвай и т. д.; I had hoped to get to the meeting but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it я надеялся попасть на собрание, но в последнюю минуту понял, что не успею
    7) make smth. make good grades получать хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score получить больше всего очков; who made the score? кто выиграл /победил/?; I doubt whether he will make much сомневаюсь, чтобы он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он многого добьется; those plants will not make much, the soil is too poor эти растения не пойдут /не будут хорошо расти/, здесь плохая почва; do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? вы думаете такой ширины стол пройдет в дверь?; make the team (the best-seller list, the first ten, etc.) попасть в команду и т. д.; this news made the front page это известие поместили на первой полосе [газеты] || make it добиться успеха; make one's point доказать свою течку зрения; has he made his point? понятно, что он хотел сказать?
    8) make smth. make a good salary (three pounds a week, a profit, etc.) получать хорошее жалованье и т. д.; make a living зарабатывать на жизнь; make money а) зарабатывать деньги; б) разбогатеть; make a fortune приобрести состояние; make a loss потерпеть /понести/ убыток; make smb. make friends приобрести /завеете/ друзей; make enemies нажить врагов
    9) make smth. one hundred pence make a pound сто пенсов составляют фунт; twelve inches make one foot в одном футе двенадцать дюймов; that makes 40 cents you owe me итак, ты мне должен сорок центов; this made his tenth novel это был уже его десятый роман; how many people make a quorum? сколько человек требуется /необходимо/ для кворума?; how many players make а, football team? сколько человек в футбольной команде?; will you make one of the party? не составите ли вы нам компанию?, не присоединитесь ли вы к нам?; "mouse" makes "mice" in the plural множественное число от "mouse" - "mice"
    10) make smth. make a will (a deal of transfer, a promissory note, a bill of exchange, etc.) составлять завещание и т. д.; make a list составлять список; make a report написать отчет, подготовить доклад; make a contract (a bargain, an agreement, etc.) заключать /подписывать/ контракт и т. д.
    11) semiaux make smth. make a stop остановиться, сделать остановку; make a landing сделать посадку; make a pause сделать паузу; make a move а) стронуться с места, двинуться; it's ten o'clock, it's time we made a move уже десять часов, нам пора двигаться / отправляться/; don't make a move! ни с места!, не двигаться!; б) сделать ход; make a start начать; make a good start положить хорошее начало; make an early start рано отправиться в путь; make a jump прыгнуть; make a sign сделать /подать/ знак; make a bow поклониться; make a curtsey сделать книксен; make a call а) нанести короткий визит; I have to make a few calls мне надо забежать в несколько мест: б) позвонить по телефону; let me make a call first разрешите мне сначала позвонить по телефону; make a trip совершать /предпринимать/ поездку; make a speech произнести речь, выступить с речью; make an offer /а proposition/ внести предложение, предложить; make a proposal сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж; make an answer /а reply/ дать ответ, ответить; make a denial отклонять; опровергать, помещать опровержение; make a joke отпустить шутку; make a complaint (по)жаловаться; make a vow дать клятву, поклясться; make a choice выбирать, делать выбор; make a mistake сделать /допустить/ ошибку, ошибиться; make inquiries наводить справки; make a sacrifice приносить жертву, жертвовать; make room /place/ подвинуться, освободить место; make way освободить дорогу /путь/, отойти в сторону; make a face скорчить рожу, гримасничать
    12) aux make smb. make a lawyer (a good teacher, a bad farmer, a waiter, an excellent husband, etc.) быть хорошим юристом и т. д., he makes a good carpenter он хороший плотник: he made a very poor musician из него получился очень плохой музыкант; one good verse doesn't make a poet одно хорошее стихотворение еще не дает права называться поэтом; he and his cousin would make a handsome couple он и его кузина составляют прекрасную пару; make smth. cold tea makes an excellent drink холодный чай make прекрасный напиток; dry wood makes a good fire сухое дерево хорошо горит; that makes a good answer! вот хороший ответ!; this makes no sense в этом нет никакого смысла; это бессмысленно; these plays (their letters to each other, etc.) make pleasant reading эти пьесы и т. д. приятно читать; his adventures make all exciting story рассказ о его приключениях слушаешь с волнением
    4. IV
    1) make smth. in some manner make smth. quickly (eventually, inevitably, unhesitatingly, etc.) делать что-л. быстро и т. д.; make smth. lawfully (scientifically. delicately, persistently, etc.) делать /осуществлять/ что-л. на законных основаниях и т. д.
    2) make some distance in some time make 200 miles an hour (ten miles a day, etc.) делать двести миль в час и т. д.; we made only three miles that day в тот день мы прошли /проделали/ только три мили; some airplanes can make over 500 miles an hour скорость некоторых самолетов превышает пятьсот миль в час
    3) make smth. at some time he will never make much он никогда не добьется успеха
    4) make sonic money in some time make L 2000 a year зарабатывать /получать/ две тысячи фунтов в год; how much money do you make a week (a month, a year, etc.)? сколько [денег] вы получаете /зарабатываете/ в неделю и т. д.?
    5. V
    1) make smb. smth. make him a new toy (her a dress, the children a swing in the garden, etc.) сделать ему /для него/ новую игрушку и т. д., make her a cup of tea приготовь /подай/ ей чашку чаю
    2) make smth. smth. make it a rule взять [что-л.] за правило; he made it a rule to get up early он взял себе за правило рано вставать; make it one's business считать это своим делом; don't make cheating a practice не привыкай обманывать; he made a certificate his object он поставил себе целью получить диплом
    3) make smb. smb. make smb. one's heir (him king, a page knight, him a teacher, etc.) сделать кого-л. своим наследником и т. д., make a priest a bishop возвести священника в сан епископа; make smb. a judge (one's spokesman, one's special envoy, etc.) назначать кого-л. судьей и т. д., they made him chairman его выбрали председателем; make a colonel general присвоить /дать/ полковнику звание генерала; произвести полковника в генералы; make smb. a duke (a peer, etc.) дать /пожаловать/ кому-л. титул герцога и т. д., he intended to make his son a barrister (a soldier, a carpenter, etc.) он хотел, чтобы его сын стал адвокатом и т. д.; he made her his wife он сделал ее своей женой, он женился на ней; make smb. prisoner взять кого-л. в плен; make oneself a martyr сделать из себя мученика, пойти на муки; make this character an important person (Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision, Shylock a tragic figure, her a figure of fun, etc.) делать из этого персонажа значительную личность и т. д.
    4) make smth. smth. add one more egg and make it a round dozen прибавь еще одно яйцо, и будет /получится/ дюжина
    5) make it smth. shall we make it Tuesday? договоримся на вторник?; can you come at six? - make it half past вы можете прийти в шесть? - Лучше условимся на половину седьмого; I shall make it tomorrow я договорись на завтра
    6) make smth. smth. make the distance about 70 miles полагать /считать/, что расстояние равно примерно семидесяти милям; I make the total about L 50 по-моему, общая сумма составит фунтов пятьдесят; how large do you make the crowd? как вы думаете, сколько в этой толпе человек?; what do you make the time? сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?; what time do you make it? - I make it half past four сколько сейчас времени, по-вашему? - Мне кажется, что сейчас примерно половина пятого
    7) semiaux make smb. smth. make smb. an offer (one or two attractive proposals, a bid for the antique table, etc.) сделать кому-л. какое-л. предложение и т. д.; I made her a present of the vase я подарил ей эту вазу; he made me a sign он сделал /подал/ мне знак; she made him a face она скорчила ему рожу
    8) 0 make smb. smb. she will make him a good wife (a good mother, a loyal friend, etc.) она будет ему хорошей женой и т. д.; make smb. smth. this cloth will make me a good suit из этого отреза мне выйдет хороший костюм
    6. VI
    1) make smb., smth. be of some nudity his upbringing made him selfish воспитание сделало его эгоистом; her eyes made her beautiful глаза делали ее прекрасной; he was trying to make himself agreeable он старался быть приятным; we shall try to make your stay here agreeable мы постараемся [сделать так], чтобы ваш визит сюда доставил вам удовольствие; make oneself responsible взять на себя ответственность; make children immune against this disease создать /выработать/ у детей иммунитет против /к/ этой болезни; this portrait makes him too old на портрете он выглядит гораздо старше [, чем он есть на самом деле]; this opera made him immortal эта опера принесла ему бессмертие; make his novels (the song, this new theory, the actress, etc.) popular (famous) сделать его романы и т. д. популярными, создать /принести/ популярность (славу) его романам и т. д.; don't stand about doing nothing - make yourself useful не стойте без дела, помогите [нам]; you've made my nose too big вы нарисовали мне слишком большей нос; make smb., smth. be in some state make smb. happy (rich, poor, etc.) сделать кого-л. счастливым и т. д., make the prisoners free освободить заключенных; make oneself comfortable удобно устроиться; they are coming, make yourselves ready они приближаются, будьте готовы; she is seeing it for the first time, we must make her ready такое она увидит впервые, надо ее подготовить; make smb. angry рассердить кого-л.; her answers made him furious ее ответы взбесили его: make smb. sick a) вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; what made you sick? отчего вам стало плохо?; б) coll. раздражать кого-л.: your questions make me sick мне надоели ваши вопросы, меня тошнит от ваших вопросов; hot weather makes some people sleepy в жару некоторых людей клонит ко сну; it will make you ridiculous in their eyes это выставит вас в смешном свете в их глазах; make it flat сплющить что-л. || make it worth smb.'s while компенсировать кому-л. что-л.; if you help me with this job I'll make it worth your while если вы поможете мне в этом [деле], я в долгу не останусь / вы не будете внакладе/: make oneself (one's point) clear ясно излагать свои мысли (аргументы)
    2) make smb. be in some state what makes you so late? что вас так задержало?, отчего вы так опоздали?; it made her more careful после этого она стала осторожнее
    7. VII
    1) make smb., smth. do smth. make smb. stop (go, laugh, cry, sign a statement, repeat a story, fall asleep, etc.) заставить кого-л. остановиться и т. д.: they made me feel ashamed они меня смутили; make smb. understand а) заставить кого-л. понять; б) дать кому-л. понять; don't make me do it не вынуждай меня это делать / к этому/; I can make him believe anything I choose я могу убедить его в чем угодно; it makes me think you are right это убеждает меня в вашей правоте; I can't make anyone hear не могу достучаться или дозваться, дозвониться к кому-л.; make an engine start завести мотор; make the kettle boil вскипятить чайник; make water boil довести воду до кипения; I can't make the fire burn никак не могу разжечь костер или развести огонь; what makes the grass grow so quickly? отчего трава растет так быстро?; the wind made the bells ring колокольчики звенели на ветру: onions make our eyes smart от лука [у нас] щиплет глаза; his account made our hair stand on end от его рассказа у нас волосы встали дыбом || make smth. do обходиться чем-л.: there is not much money but I'll make it do денег немного, но я постараюсь, чтобы их хватило; I shall have to make this coat do for a bit longer придется еще немного походить в старом пальто id make both ends meet сводить концы с концами
    2) make smb. do smth. most of the chronicles make the king die in 1026 согласно большинству хроник король умер в тысяча двадцать шестом году; some scholars make Homer come from one city, others from another ученые спорят о месте рождения Гомера
    8. IX
    make smth., smb. done make the results (the news, his arrival, the invention, etc.) known обнародовать результаты и т. д., сообщить о результатах и т. д., make smth. felt сделать что-л. ощутимым; make oneself known а) назвать себя; б) заставить о себе говорить, заявить о себе, добиться известности; make him known to my father познакомить его с моим отцом, представить его моему отцу; make oneself understood ясно изъясняться; сан you make yourself understood in English? вас понимают, когда вы говорите по-английски?; he couldn't make himself /his voice/ heard above the noise of the traffic он не мог перекричать уличный шум, его не было слышно из-за уличного шума; we must make him respected необходимо вызвать к нему уважение /заставить людей уважать его/
    9. XI
    1) be made somewhere be made in England (in France, etc.) производиться /выпускаться/ в Англии и т. д. ; made in USSR сделано в СССР; be made in a factory производиться /делаться/ на фабрике; be made of (with, from, into) smth. be made of wood (of silk, of plastic, etc.) быть [сделанным] из дерева и т. д., this cloth is made of cotton эта ткань делается из хлопка; what is this made of? из чего это сделано?; а bow is made of stick and string лук делается из палки и бечевки; cheese is made from milk (cereal is made from grain, rubber is made from sap, etc.) сыр делают из молока и т. д., gas is made from coal газ производят из каменного угля; wool is made into cloth из шерсти делают /ткут/ ткань; grapes are made into raisins из винограда сушат изюм; the skin of the walrus is made into leather из шкуры моржа выделывают кожу; their food is always made with garlic в пищу они всегда добавляют чеснок; I like my coffee made with milk я люблю кофе [приготовленный] с молоком; be made for smb., smth. these houses are made for our workers эти дома построены для наших рабочих; this hat was made for you эту шляпку сделали [специально] для вас; this car is made for speed эти автомашины производятся специально для скоростной езды; be made with /by/ smth. this can be made with a knife это можно сделать ножом; this tool is made by a very intricate process изготовление этого инструмента сопряжено с большими сложностями; this thing is made by hand (by machinery) эту вещь делают вручную (на машине); be made by smb., smth. this was made by my friend это сделал (построил, создал и т. п.) мой друг; these experiments are made by robots эти опыты выполняют роботы; this grotto was not made by nature, it was made by man это не естественный грот, он создан человеком || be made to order (to measure) быть сделанным /сшитым/ на заказ; all his clothes are made to order он шьет все свои вещи [у портного], он делает все свои вещи на заказ id be made of different stuff быть совсем другим человеком, make быть сделанным из другого теста; let them all see what you are made of пусть все видят, что ты за человек /чего ты стоишь/; а first-class job was made of his house его дом прекрасно отремонтировали
    2) be made the decision is made решение вынесено; be made at some time unless a move is made very soon, it will be too late если в ближайшее время что-либо не сделают, будет слишком поздно; be made by smb. the first move was made by my brother первый шаг сделал мой брат; be made of smth. effective use was made of this money эти деньги были потрачены с пользой; be made for smth. these rules were made for a special purpose эти правила были составлены с особой целью; be made to do smth. the regulations were made to protect children эти правила созданы /выработаны/ для защиты детей || note should be made следует обратить внимание; а careful note should be made of what he says нужно внимательно отнестись /прислушаться/ к тому, что он говорит
    3) be made smb. he was made commander-in-chief (general manager, president of the club, a judge, etc.) его назначили главнокомандующим и т. д., he was made an officer его произвели в офицеры; he was made a knight он был посвящен в рыцари; he was made prisoner его взяли в плен; be made by smb., smth. the recommendation was made by the committee эта рекомендация была предложена комиссией; the writer was made by his first book с первой же книги его признали настоящим писателем; be made for smb. they are made for each other они созданы друг для друга
    4) be made to be of some state be made known придать гласность; the results are to be made known on application результаты сообщают, если подано соответствующее заявление; the full story was never made public все подробности этой истории так и не стали достоянием общественности; be made about smth., smb. much fuss has been made about it (about the affair, about her, etc.) вокруг этого и т. д. была поднята большая шумиха; be made to do smth. the pupil was made to write his biography (to speak up, to stay after lessons, etc.) ученика заставили написать свою биографию и т. д.; the crowd was made to disperse толпу разогнали; these two statements cannot be made to agree эти два заявления противоречат друг другу
    5) be made on (out of, by, etc.) smth. how much will be made on the business? какой доход будет получен от этого предприятия /даст это предприятие/?; а good deal of capital will be made out of this это принесет солидный капитал: I have по desire for money that has been made by dishonest means я не хочу брать деньги, заработанные нечестным путем
    6) be made of smth. nothing could be made of the scribble in his note books (of her note, of his mumbling, etc,) ничего нельзя было понять из каракулей в его тетради и т. д.
    7) be made with smb. a treaty has been made with other countries был заключен договор с другими странами
    10. XII
    have smth. made for smth. I must have a coat made for the winter мне нужно отдать сшить зимнее пальто
    11. XIII
    1) || make believe делать вид; he made believe to work hard (to throw a ball, not to know anything, etc.) он делал вид, что он усердно работает и т. д., make believe to be a scholar воображать себя ученым
    2) semiaux make to do smth. he made to go он хотел было уйти; he made to stop me он попытался было остановить меня; he made to snatch her bag он рванулся вперед, чтобы вы хватить у нее сумку
    3) · make do with (without, on) smth. I will have to make do with cold meat for dinner (with a very short holiday, with an old wireless set, etc.) мне придется довольствоваться холодным мясом вместо обеда и т. д.; I shall have to make do without a coat придется мне обойтись без пальто; I don't know how she makes do on so small an income не знаю, как она сводит концы с концами при таком небольшом заработке; I shall make do on biscuits and cheese сыра и галет мне будет достаточно
    12. XV
    1) || make good coll. добиться успеха; I never believed that he would make good я никогда не верил, что он чего-нибудь добьется; talent and education are necessary to make good in this field чтобы добиться успеха в этой области, необходимы талант и образование
    2) || make good smth. оправдывать что-л.; he made good his promise он выполнил /сдержал/ свое обещание; she made good her claims она доказала справедливость или законность своих притязаний: you will have to make good your boast тебе придется доказать, что это не пустое хвастовство; make good its title tic) be ranked as an independent science обосновать /доказать/ свое право считаться самостоятельной наукой; make good the damage (the shortage, the loss, etc.) возмещать убытки и т. д. ; any money that you cannot account for you will have to make good тебе придется возместить /вернуть/ все деньги, за которые ты не сумеешь отчитаться
    3) 0 || make sure /certain/ быть уверенным или удостовериться; have you made sure of the facts (of the timetable, of the results, etc.)? вы проверили факты и т. д.?, вы убеждены в правильности фактов и т. д.?; if you want to make sure of a seat you had better book in advance если вы хотите наверняка иметь билет, закажите его заранее / заблаговременно/; first they made sure of him сначала они [проверили его и] убедились в его надежности; I want to make sure of catching her (of getting there in time, of having a good seat, of his answering the letter, etc.) я хочу быть уверенным, что застану ее и т. д.,make sure that the letter was delivered (that the doors are locked, that there is no one here, etc.) убедиться, что письмо доставлено и т. д.; will you please make sure that they are all here? проверьте, пожалуйста, все ли она пришли; I made certain that he would do so я был уверен, что он так и поступит; make bold осмеливаться; make bold to ask a favour (to call on you, to express my opinion, etc.) осмелиться просить об одолжении и т. д.; I make bold to say that he knows nothing about it осмелюсь утверждать, что он ничего об этом не знает; make light of smth. не придавать чему-л. особого значения; she made light of her troubles (of this accident, of a situation, of other people's illness, etc.) она легко относится к своим неприятностям и т. д., она особенно не переживает из-за своих неприятностей и т. д.; make ready подготовиться; make merry веселиться; make merry over his victory радоваться /веселиться/ по случаю его победы; make free with smth. пользоваться чем-л., не стесняясь
    13. XVI
    1) make after smb. make after the fox (after the rabbit, after the escaped convict, etc.) броситься /пуститься/ преследовать лису и т. д., she made after him like a mad woman она как безумная бросилась за ним; in the morning we made after them утром мы пустились за ними вслед; make at smb. he gave a shout and made at me он издал крик и (на)бросился на меня; the dog made at the postman собака накинулась на почтальона; the angry woman made at me with her umbrella рассерженная женщина (накинулась на меня с зонтиком; make for /toward/ smb., smth. make for the crowd (for the sea, for the nearest town, toward a distant hill, for home, etc.) двигаться по направлению /направляться/ к толпе и т. д., he quickly made for /toward/ the door он бросился к двери; she made for the sound of guns она пошла туда, откуда раздавались выстрелы; the dog made for the robber собака бросилась за грабителем; make for the open sea направиться в открытое море
    2) make on smth. coll. make on this business (on shares, on oil, etc.) заработать на этом деле и т. д., he made pretty handsomely on that bargain он неплохо заработал /нажился/ на этой сделке
    3) 0 make for smth. make for better understanding between countries ( for the happiness of all, for a friendly atmosphere in the club, for peace, for stability of marriage, etc.) способствовать лучшему взаимопониманию между странами и т. д.; does early rising make for good health? полезно ли для здоровья рано вставать?; that weather makes for optimism в такую погоду и настроение хорошее; new facts made for the prisoner's acquittal новые факты ускорили вынесение /помогли вынесению/ оправдательного приговора заключенному; make against smth. experience makes against this assertion опыт опровергает это утверждение; your behaviour makes against your chance of success ваше поведение не способствует /мешает/ вашему успеху
    14. XXI1
    1) make smth. out of /from, of, with/ smth. make bottles out of glass (bricks of clay, flour from wheat, a box out of a bit of mahogany, etc.) делать бутылки из стекла и т. д., make wreaths of daisies плести венки из маргариток; make a megaphone of one's hands сложить руки рупором; the cake was spoilt as she made it with a bad egg торт был испорчен, так как она положила в тесто несвежее яйцо; what do you make with flour (with the eggs, with these things, etc.)? что вы делаете из муки и т. д.?; what will you make with all these flowers? что вы будете делать с таким количеством цветов?; what can you make out of this stuff? что ты можешь сделать / сшить/ из этого материала?; make smth. in smth. make a hole in the ground выкопать яму в земле; make a gap in the hedge проделать лаз /дыру/ в изгороди; it made a hole /а dent/ in my savings (in my reserves, in smb.'s finances, etc.) от этого пострадали мои сбережения и т. д., make smth. for smth. make an opening for the wires сделать входное отверстие для проводов; make a hole for a tree выкопать яму под дерево; he made a bookcase for his apartment он сам сделал в своей квартире книжный шкаф; make smth. into smth. make milk into cheese and butter (hide into leather, wood into pulp, etc.) перерабатывать молоко на масло и сыр и т. д.; make these huts into temporary houses (it into a stock company, the desert into a garden, etc.) превращать эти хижины во временное жилье и т. д., make these books into bundles связать книги в пачки; make a story into a play переделать повесть в пьесу
    2) make smth. of smb. make an example of smb. ставить кого-л. в пример; make fun of smb. подшучивать или издеваться над кем-л.; make a laughing-stock of smb. сделать кого-л. посмешищем, выставлять кого-л. в смешном виде; make a fool /an ass/ of him (of her husband, etc.) делать из него и т. д. дурака; make a fool (a beast, a pig, etc.) of oneself вести себя как дурак и т. д., make a nuisance of oneself надоедать /докучать, досаждать/ кому-л.; make an exhibition /а spectacle, a show/ of oneself привлекать к себе внимание; make smth. of smth. make a profession of smth. сделать что-л. своей профессией; make a business of politics заниматься политикой профессионально; make a parade / a show/ of one's talents щеголять /кичиться/ своими талантами; make a boast of smth. хвастаться / хвалиться/ чем-л.; make a secret of smth. делать из чего-л. тайну /секрет/; he was asked to help but he made a hash /a muddle, a mess/ of everything его просили помочь, а он все испортил; make hell of smb.'s life превратить чью-л. жизнь в ад; make a note of his telephone number записать номер его телефона; make notes of a lecture записать лекцию; you must make a mental note of what he is saying вы должны запомнить /взять на заметку/, что он говорят; don't make a habit of it смотри, чтобы это не превратилось в привычку; make the most of smth. максимально использовать что-л.; make the best of one's delay (of this scanty information, of his absence, etc.) наилучшим образом /наиболее эффективно/ использовать задержку и т. д.; make a good thing of it извлечь из этого пользу; make good use of this opportunity воспользоваться предоставившейся возможностью; make a good (a bad) job of smth. хорошо (плохо) справиться с чем-л.; make smth. for smb., smth. make a name for oneself стать известным; make a reputation for oneself создать себе репутацию; make allowance (s) for circumstances (for smb.'s inexperience, for her age, etc.) делать скидку на обстоятельства и т. д.; make arrangements for a meeting (for a party, for a dance, for their departure, etc.) подготовить собрание и т. д., make much for the peace of the world много сделать для сохранения мира; make smb., smth. with smb. make friends with smb. подружиться с кем-л., наладить с кем-л. дружеские отношения; а quarrel with smb. поссориться с кем-л.; make peace with smb. помириться с кем-л.; make smth. in (on, etc.) smth., smb. make a name in the world снискать мировую славу, приобрести известность во всем мире; make an impression on smb. производить на кого-л. впечатление; make war upon smb., smth. a) идти войной на кого-л., что-л.; б) вести войну с кем-л., чем-л. || make love to smb. а) ласкать кого-л., заниматься любовью с кем-л., б) ухаживать за кем-л.; говорить кому-л. ласковые слова
    3) make smb. of smb. his parents want to make a doctor (a lawyer, a soldier, an actor, etc.) of their son родители хотят, чтобы их сын стал врачом и т. д., make a man of him сделать из него человека; make a friend of her children подружиться с ее детьми; make a friend of an enemy превратить врага в друга; make smb. into smb. make them into slaves (him into a bully, her into a sophisticated hostess, etc.) превратить их в /сделать из них/ рабов и т. д.
    4) make smth. over smth. make a fuss (a row, a scandal, etc.) over smth. поднимать шум и т. д. по какому-л. поводу; make a to-do over a trifle поднимать шумиху из-за пустяка
    5) make smth. for smth. make a dash for the open window (a bolt for the door, a bee-line for the gates, etc.) броситься к открытому окну и т. д., make smth. to smth. make one's way to the station (to the river, to the house, back to the tower, etc.) пойти /направиться/ к станции и т. д., make smth. by smth. make the crossing by ferry переправиться на пароме; make smth. at smb. make a grab at him попытаться схватить его || it's time we were making tracks for home нам уже пора повернуть к дому
    6) make some distance in some time we made the whole distance in ten days мы прошли весь путь /покрыли все расстояние/ за десять дней; we've made 80 miles since noon с полудня мы проделали восемьдесят миль
    7) make smth. in some time the train will make Moscow in five hours поезд будет в Москве через пять часов
    8) make smth. at /in/ smth. make good grades at school получать [в школе] хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score in the match получать в этом матче больше всех очков /самый лучший результат/; make one's way in the world преуспеть, добиться успеха || coll. he'll make it through college ему удастся окончить колледж; he made six towns on this trip во время этой поездки он посетил шесть городов /побывал в шести городах/
    9) make smth. by (out of, from, in, etc.) smth. make a good deal by it хорошо на этом заработать; make much profit out of this undertaking извлекать большую выгоду из этого предприятия; he made a great fortune out of tea он составил большое состояние на торговле чаем; make a great deal of money in oil много заработать на нефти; make a living from literary work зарабатывать [на жизнь] литературным трудом; make a loss on the transaction потерпеть /понести/ убытки на этой сделке
    10) make smth. of smth., smb. read this letter and tell me what you make of it прочтите это письмо и скажите, как вы его расцениваете; what do you make of the new assistant? какое у тебя впечатление /что ты думаешь/ о новом помощнике?; make much of this article ( of her work, of this man, etc.) быть высокого мнения об этой статье и т. д., newspapers made much of his achievements газеты превозносили его успехи; she makes too much of the boy уж слишком она носится с этим мальчиком; make little of smth., smb. относиться пренебрежительно к чему-л., кому-л., не считаться с чем-л., кем-л.; he made little of his feat он принижал значение своего героического поступка
    11) make smth. of smth. I could make nothing of his words (of all this scribble, of her letter, etc.) я ничего не мог понять из его слов и т. д., его слова были мне совершенно непонятны и т. д., you will make more of it than I вы в этом лучше разберетесь [, чем я]; I can make no sense of what he says я не вижу никакого смысла в том, что он говорит; what are we to make of his behaviour? как нам следует /нам прикажете/ понимать его поведение?
    12) make smth. with smb. they made a bargain with him они заключили с ним сделку || make a settlement on smb. распорядиться имуществом в пользу кого-л.
    13) semiaux make smth. for smb. make room for smb. [подвинуться и] дать кому-л. место; can you make room for one more man? найдется место еще для одного человека?; make way for others посторониться, дать дорогу другим; make smth. at smb. he made a face at them он состроил им рожу; don't make eyes at him не строй ему глазки
    14) 0 make smth. in some time he will make a sergeant in six months через шесть месяцев он станет сержантом
    15. XXII
    1) make smth. of doing smth. make a practice of working in his garden in the morning (of helping others, of doing his exercises in front of an open window, etc.) взять за правило по утрам работать в его саду и т. д.; he makes a practice of cheating он всегда обманывает; make a point of being on time у него принцип make не опаздывать /быть пунктуальным/; she made it a point of being very patient with these children она особенно старалась быть терпеливой с этими детьми
    2) make smth. by doing smth. make one's living by giving piano lessons (by writing books for children, by selling flowers, etc.) зарабатывать на жизнь уроками игры на фортепиано и т. д.; she makes money by nursing она зарабатывает деньги, ухаживая за больными; she made her name by writing memoirs она прославилась своими мемуарами
    16. XXIV1
    || make it as smb. coll. добиться успеха, будучи кем-л.; I wanted to make it as a writer мне хотелось добиться успеха на писательском поприще
    17. XXVI
    make smth. [that]... this makes the fifth time you've failed this examination ты уже [в] пятый раз проваливаешься на этом экзамене

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make

  • 5 over

    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb
    1) (outward and downward) hinüber
    2) (so as to cover surface)

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    it rolled over and over — es rollte und rollte

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    children of 12 and over — Kinder im Alter von zwölf Jahren und darüber

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    I ache all over — mir tut alles weh

    be shaking all over — am ganzen Körper zittern

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    5) (on account of) wegen
    6) (engaged with) bei

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    9) (in comparison with)
    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    the pub over the road — die Wirtschaft auf der anderen Straßenseite od. gegenüber

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    ['əuvə] 1. preposition
    1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) über
    2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) über
    3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) über
    4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) über
    5) (about: a quarrel over money.) wegen
    6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) durch
    7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) während
    8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) über
    2. adverb
    1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)
    2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)
    3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)
    4) (downwards: He fell over.)
    5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)
    6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)
    7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
    3. adjective
    (finished: The affair is over now.) über
    4. noun
    ((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) das Over
    5. as part of a word
    1) (too (much), as in overdo.) über...
    2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) ober...
    3) (covering, as in overcoat.) über...
    4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) um...
    5) (completely, as in overcome.) über...
    •
    - academic.ru/117784/over_again">over again
    - over all
    - over and done with
    * * *
    [ˈəʊvəʳ, AM ˈoʊvɚ]
    I. adv inv, pred
    1. (across) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber
    come \over here komm hierher
    why don't you come \over for dinner on Thursday? kommt doch am Donnerstag zum Abendessen zu uns
    he is flying \over from the States tomorrow er kommt morgen aus den Staaten 'rüber fam
    I've got a friend \over from Canada this week ich habe diese Woche einen Freund aus Kanada zu Besuch
    to move [sth] \over [etw] [beiseite] rücken
    I've got a friend \over in Munich ein Freund von mir lebt in München
    \over the sea in Übersee
    \over there dort [drüben]
    3. (another way up) auf die andere Seite
    the dog rolled \over onto its back der Hund rollte sich auf den Rücken
    to turn sth \over etw umdrehen
    to turn a page \over [eine Seite] umblättern
    \over and \over [immer wieder] um sich akk selbst
    the children rolled \over and \over down the gentle slope die Kinder kugelten den leichten Abhang hinunter
    to fall \over hinfallen
    to knock sth \over etw umstoßen
    ▪ to be \over vorbei [o aus] sein
    the game was \over by 5 o'clock das Spiel war um 5 Uhr zu Ende
    it's all \over between us zwischen uns ist es aus
    that's all \over now damit ist es jetzt vorbei
    to be all \over bar the shouting so gut wie gelaufen sein fam
    to get sth \over with etw abschließen
    to get sth \over and done with etw hinter sich akk bringen
    6. AVIAT, TELEC over, Ende
    \over and out Ende [der Durchsage] fam
    [left] \over übrig
    there were a few sandwiches left \over ein paar Sandwiches waren noch übrig
    to read sth \over etw durchlesen
    to talk sth \over etw durchsprechen
    to think sth \over etw überdenken
    the world \over überall auf der Welt
    all \over ganz und gar
    that's him all \over typisch er
    I was wet all \over ich war völlig durchnässt
    10. AM (again) noch einmal
    all \over alles noch einmal
    I'll make you write it all \over ich lasse dich alles noch einmal schreiben
    to say everything twice \over alles zweimal sagen; five times \over fünfmal hintereinander
    \over and \over immer [o wieder und] wieder
    I've done all I can. it's now over to you ich habe alles getan, was ich konnte. jetzt bist du dran
    12. RADIO, TV
    and now it's \over to John Regis for his report wir geben jetzt weiter an John Regis und seinen Bericht
    now we're going \over to Wembley for commentary zum Kommentar schalten wir jetzt hinüber nach Wembley
    13. (more) mehr
    people who are 65 and \over Menschen, die 65 Jahre oder älter sind
    14.
    ▶ to give \over die Klappe halten sl
    ▶ to have one \over the eight BRIT einen sitzen haben fam
    ▶ to hold sth \over etw verschieben
    II. prep
    1. (across) über + akk
    he spilled wine \over his shirt er goss sich Wein über sein Hemd
    he looked \over his newspaper er schaute über seine Zeitung hinweg
    the village is just \over the next hill das Dorf liegt hinter dem nächsten Hügel
    the diagram is \over the page das Diagramm ist auf der nächsten Seite
    \over the way [or road] BRIT auf der anderen Straßenseite, gegenüber
    they live just \over the road from us sie wohnen uns gegenüber auf der anderen Straßenseite
    3. (above) über + dat
    he sat there, bent \over his books er saß da, über seine Bücher gebeugt
    to have a roof \over one's head ein Dach über dem Kopf haben
    4. (everywhere) [überall] in + dat; (moving everywhere) durch + akk
    all \over überall in + dat
    she had blood all \over her hands sie hatte die Hände voll Blut
    you've got mustard all \over your face du hast Senf überall im Gesicht
    all \over the country im ganzen Land
    we travelled all \over the country wir haben das ganze Land bereist
    all \over the world auf der ganzen Welt
    to be all \over sb (sl) von jdm hingerissen sein
    to show sb \over the house jdm das Haus zeigen
    5. (during) in + dat
    , während + gen
    shall we talk about it \over a cup of coffee? sollen wir das bei einer Tasse Kaffee besprechen?
    gentlemen are asked not to smoke \over dinner die Herren werden gebeten, während des Essens nicht zu rauchen
    she fell asleep \over her homework sie nickte über ihren Hausaufgaben ein
    \over the last few months in den letzten Monaten
    \over the summer den Sommer über
    \over the years mit den Jahren
    6. (more than, longer than) über + akk
    this shirt cost me \over £50! dieses Hemd hat mich über 50 Pfund gekostet!
    they are already 25 million dollars \over budget sie haben das Budget bereits um 25 Millionen Dollar überzogen
    he will not survive \over the winter er wird den Winter nicht überstehen
    \over and above über + akk... hinaus
    she receives an extra allowance \over and above the usual welfare payments sie bekommt über die üblichen Sozialhilfeleistungen hinaus eine zusätzliche Beihilfe
    \over and above that darüber hinaus
    7. (through)
    he told me \over the phone er sagte es mir am Telefon
    we heard the news \over the radio wir hörten die Nachricht im Radio
    8. (in superiority to) über + akk
    he has authority \over thirty employees er hat dreißig Mitarbeiter unter sich
    she has a regional sales director \over her sie untersteht einem Gebietsvertriebsleiter
    a colonel is \over a sergeant in the army ein Colonel steht über einem Sergeant in der Armee
    her husband always did have a lot of influence \over her ihr Mann hat schon immer einen großen Einfluss auf sie gehabt
    9. (about) über + akk
    there's no point in arguing \over it es hat keinen Sinn, darüber zu streiten
    don't fret \over him — he'll be alright mach dir keine Sorgen um ihn — es wird ihm schon gutgehen
    we've been \over this before — no TV until you've done your homework das hatten wir doch alles schon — kein Fernsehen bis du deine Hausaufgaben gemacht hast
    10. (past) über + akk... hinweg
    he's not fully recovered but he's certainly \over the worst er ist zwar noch nicht wieder ganz gesund, aber er hat das Schlimmste überstanden
    to be/get \over sb über die Trennung von jdm hinweg sein/kommen
    to be \over an obstacle ein Hindernis überwunden haben
    11. MATH (in fraction) durch + akk
    48 \over 7 is roughly 7 48 durch 7 ist ungefähr 7
    2 \over 5 zwei Fünftel
    * * *
    ['əʊvə(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (indicating motion) über (+acc)

    he spilled coffee over it — er goss Kaffee darüber, er vergoss Kaffee darauf

    2) (indicating position = above, on top of) über (+dat)

    if you hang the picture over the desk — wenn du das Bild über dem Schreibtisch aufhängst or über den Schreibtisch hängst

    3) (= on the other side of) über (+dat); (= to the other side of) über (+acc)

    the house over the road —

    when they were over the river — als sie über den Fluss hinüber waren

    4) (= in or across every part of) in (+dat)

    they came from all over England —

    you've got ink all over you/your hands — Sie/Ihre Hände sind ganz voller Tinte

    5) (= superior to) über (+dat)

    he has no control over his urges/his staff — er hat seine Triebe/seine Angestellten nicht unter Kontrolle

    6) (= more than, longer than) über (+acc)

    that was well over a year ago — das ist gut ein Jahr her, das war vor gut einem Jahr

    7) (in expressions of time) über (+acc); (= during) während (+gen), in (+dat)

    over the summer we have been trying... — während des Sommers haben wir versucht...

    over the (past) years I've come to realize... — im Laufe der (letzten) Jahre ist mir klar geworden...

    8)

    they talked over a cup of coffee —

    let's discuss that over dinner/a beer — besprechen wir das beim Essen/bei einem Bier

    9)
    10) (= about) über (+acc)

    it's not worth arguing over —

    11)
    2. adv
    1) (= across) (away from speaker) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber; (= on the other side) drüben

    they swam over to us —

    he took the fruit over to his mother when the first man is over the second starts to climb/swim — er brachte das Obst zu seiner Mutter hinüber wenn der Erste drüben angekommen ist, klettert/schwimmt der Zweite los

    I just thought I'd come over — ich dachte, ich komme mal rüber (inf)

    he is over here/there — er ist hier/dort drüben

    and now over to our reporter in Belfast — und nun schalten wir zu unserem Reporter in Belfast um

    and now over to Paris where... — und nun (schalten wir um) nach Paris, wo...

    he went over to the enemy — er lief zum Feind über

    2)

    you've got dirt all over — Sie sind voller Schmutz, Sie sind ganz schmutzig

    I'm wet all over — ich bin völlig nass

    3)

    (indicating movement from one side to another, from upright position) to turn an object over (and over) — einen Gegenstand (immer wieder) herumdrehen

    he hit her and over she went — er schlug sie, und sie fiel um

    4) (= ended) film, first act, operation, fight etc zu Ende; romance, summer vorbei, zu Ende

    the danger was over — die Gefahr war vorüber, es bestand keine Gefahr mehr

    5)

    over and over (again) — immer (und immer) wieder, wieder und wieder

    must I say everything twice over! — muss ich denn immer alles zweimal sagen!

    6) (= excessively) übermäßig, allzu
    7) (= remaining) übrig

    there was no/a lot of meat (left) over — es war kein Fleisch mehr übrig/viel Fleisch übrig

    7 into 22 goes 3 and 1 over — 22 durch 7 ist 3, Rest 1

    8)

    (= more) children of 8 and over —

    all results of 5.3 and over — alle Ergebnisse ab 5,3 or von 5,3 und darüber

    9) (TELEC)

    come in, please, over — bitte kommen, over

    over and out — Ende der Durchsage; (Aviat) over and out

    3. n (CRICKET)
    6 aufeinanderfolgende Würfe
    * * *
    over [ˈəʊvə(r)]
    A präp
    1. (Grundbedeutung) über (dat oder akk)
    2. (Lage) über (dat):
    3. (Richtung, Bewegung) über (akk), über (akk) … hin, über (akk) … (hin)weg:
    the bridge over the Danube die Brücke über die Donau;
    he escaped over the border er entkam über die Grenze;
    he will get over it fig er wird darüber hinwegkommen
    4. durch:
    5. Br über (dat), jenseits (gen), auf der anderen Seite von (oder gen):
    over the sea in Übersee, jenseits des Meeres;
    over the street ( oder road) auf der anderen Straßenseite;
    over the way gegenüber
    6. über (dat), bei:
    he fell asleep over his work er schlief über seiner Arbeit ein;
    over a cup of tea bei einer Tasse Tee
    7. über (akk), wegen:
    8. (Herrschaft, Autorität, Rang) über (dat oder akk):
    be over sb über jemandem stehen;
    reign over a kingdom über ein Königreich herrschen;
    he set him over the others er setzte ihn über die anderen
    9. vor (dat):
    preference over the others Vorzug vor den andern
    10. über (akk), mehr als:
    over a week über eine Woche, länger als eine Woche;
    over and above zusätzlich zu, außer ( → B 13)
    11. über (akk), während:
    over the years im Laufe der Jahre;
    over many years viele Jahre hindurch
    12. durch:
    he went over his notes er ging seine Notizen durch
    B adv
    1. hinüber…, darüber…:
    2. hinüber… (to zu):
    3. fig über…, zur anderen Seite oder Partei:
    they went over to the enemy sie liefen zum Feind über
    4. herüber…:
    come over!
    5. drüben:
    over by the tree drüben beim Baum;
    over in Canada (drüben) in Kanada;
    a) da drüben,
    b) US umg (drüben) in Europa;
    over against gegenüber (dat) (a. fig im Gegensatz od im Vergleich zu)
    6. (genau) darüber:
    7. darüber(…), über…(-decken etc):
    paint sth over etwas übermalen
    a) über…(-geben etc)
    b) über…(-kochen etc)
    9. (oft in Verbindung mit Verben)
    a) um…(-fallen, -werfen etc)
    b) herum…(-drehen etc)
    10. durch(weg), von Anfang bis (zum) Ende:
    one foot over ein Fuß im Durchmesser;
    covered (all) over with red spots ganz oder über und über mit roten Flecken bedeckt;
    a) in der ganzen Welt,
    b) durch die ganze Welt
    11. (gründlich) über…(-legen, -denken etc)
    12. nochmals, wieder:
    (all) over again nochmal, (ganz) von vorn;
    over and over again immer (u. immer) wieder;
    do sth over etwas nochmals tun;
    ten times over zehnmal hintereinander
    13. darüber, mehr:
    children of ten years and over Kinder ab 10 Jahren;
    10 ounces and over 10 Unzen und mehr;
    over and above außerdem, obendrein, überdies ( → A 10)
    14. übrig:
    15. (zeitlich, im Deutschen oft unübersetzt)
    a) ständig
    b) länger:
    we stayed over till Monday wir blieben bis Montag
    16. zu Ende, vorüber, vorbei:
    over! (Funksprechverkehr) over!, kommen!;
    all over ganz vorbei;
    all over with erledigt, vorüber;
    it’s all over with him es ist aus und vorbei mit ihm, er ist endgültig erledigt umg;
    all over and done with total erledigt
    C adj
    1. ober(er, e, es), Ober…
    2. äußer(er, e, es), Außen…
    3. überzählig, überschüssig, übrig
    D s Überschuss m:
    over of exports Exportüberschuss
    * * *
    1.
    ['əʊvə(r)]adverb

    draw/board/cover over — zuziehen/-nageln/-decken

    3) (with motion above something)

    climb/look/jump over — hinüber- od. (ugs.) rüberklettern/-sehen/-springen

    4) (so as to reverse position etc.) herum

    switch over — umschalten [Programm, Sender]

    5) (across a space) hinüber; (towards speaker) herüber

    he swam over to us/the other side — er schwamm zu uns herüber/hinüber zur anderen Seite

    over here/there — (direction) hier herüber/dort hinüber; (location) hier/dort

    they are over [here] for the day — sie sind einen Tag hier

    ask somebody over [for dinner] — jemanden [zum Essen] einladen

    [come in, please,] over — übernehmen Sie bitte

    7) (in excess etc.)

    be [left] over — übrig [geblieben] sein

    9 into 28 goes 3 and 1 over — 28 geteilt durch neun ist gleich 3, Rest 1

    it's a bit over — (in weight) es ist ein bisschen mehr

    8) (from beginning to end) von Anfang bis Ende

    over and over [again] — immer wieder

    9) (at an end) vorbei; vorüber

    be over — vorbei sein; [Aufführung:] zu Ende sein

    10)

    all over — (completely finished) aus [und vorbei]; (in or on one's whole body etc.) überall; (in characteristic attitude) typisch

    that is him/something all over — das ist typisch für ihn/etwas

    11) (overleaf) umseitig
    2. preposition
    1) (above) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    2) (on) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)
    3) (in or across every part of) [überall] in (+ Dat.); (to and fro upon) über (+ Akk.); (all through) durch

    all over — (in or on all parts of) überall in (+ Dat.)

    she spilt wine all over her skirt — sie hat sich (Dat.) Wein über den ganzen Rock geschüttet

    4) (round about) (indicating position) über (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) über (+ Akk.)

    take trouble over something — sich (Dat.) mit etwas Mühe geben

    over work/dinner/a cup of tea — bei der Arbeit/beim Essen/bei einer Tasse Tee

    7) (superior to, in charge of) über (+ Akk.)

    have command/authority over somebody — Befehlsgewalt über jemanden/Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    be over somebody — (in rank) über jemandem stehen

    8) (beyond, more than) über (+ Akk.)

    it's been over a month since... — es ist über einen Monat her, dass...

    10) (out and down from etc.) über (+ Akk.)
    11) (across) über (+ Akk.)

    be over the worst — das Schlimmste hinter sich (Dat.) od. überstanden haben

    12) (throughout, during) über (+ Akk.)

    stay over Christmas/the weekend/Wednesday — über Weihnachten/das Wochenende/bis Donnerstag bleiben

    * * *
    adj.
    aus adj.
    vorbei adj.
    übermäßig adj. prep.
    hinüber präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > over

  • 6 come

    come [kʌm]
    venir ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) se produire ⇒ 1 (e) exister ⇒ 1 (h) devenir ⇒ 1 (i) en venir à ⇒ 1 (j)
    (pt came [keɪm], pp come [kʌm])
    ∎ she won't come when she's called elle ne vient pas quand on l'appelle;
    ∎ here come the children voici les enfants qui arrivent;
    ∎ here he comes! le voilà qui arrive!;
    ∎ it's stuck - ah, no, it's coming! c'est coincé - ah, non, ça vient!;
    ∎ coming! j'arrive!;
    ∎ come here! venez ici!; (to dog) au pied!;
    ∎ come to the office tomorrow passez ou venez au bureau demain;
    ∎ he came to me for advice il est venu me demander conseil;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong person vous vous adressez à la mauvaise personne;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong place vous vous êtes trompé de chemin, vous faites fausse route;
    ∎ if you're looking for sun, you've come to the wrong place si c'est le soleil que vous cherchez, il ne fallait pas venir ici;
    ∎ come with me (accompany) venez avec moi, accompagnez-moi; (follow) suivez-moi;
    ∎ please come this way par ici ou suivez-moi s'il vous plaît;
    ∎ I come this way every week je passe par ici toutes les semaines;
    ∎ American come and look, come look venez voir;
    ∎ familiar come and get it! à la soupe!;
    ∎ he came whistling up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en sifflant;
    ∎ a car came hurtling round the corner une voiture a pris le virage à toute vitesse;
    ∎ to come and go (gen) aller et venir; figurative (pains, cramps etc) être intermittent;
    ∎ people are constantly coming and going il y a un va-et-vient continuel;
    ∎ fashions come and go la mode change tout le temps;
    ∎ after many years had come and gone après bien des années;
    ∎ familiar I don't know whether I'm coming or going je ne sais pas où j'en suis;
    ∎ you have come a long way vous êtes venu de loin; figurative (made progress) vous avez fait du chemin;
    ∎ the computer industry has come a very long way since then l'informatique a fait énormément de progrès depuis ce temps-là;
    ∎ also figurative to come running arriver en courant;
    ∎ we could see him coming a mile off on l'a vu venir avec ses gros sabots;
    ∎ figurative you could see it coming on l'a vu venir de loin, c'était prévisible;
    ∎ proverb everything comes to him who waits tout vient à point à qui sait attendre
    (b) (as guest, visitor) venir;
    ∎ can you come to my party on Saturday night? est-ce que tu peux venir à ma soirée samedi?;
    ∎ I'm sorry, I can't come (je suis) désolé, je ne peux pas venir;
    ∎ would you like to come for lunch/dinner? voulez-vous venir déjeuner/dîner?;
    ∎ I can only come for an hour or so je ne pourrai venir que pour une heure environ;
    ∎ come for a ride in the car viens faire un tour en voiture;
    ∎ she's come for her money elle est venue prendre son argent;
    ∎ I've got people coming (short stay) j'ai des invités; (long stay) il y a des gens qui viennent;
    ∎ Angela came and we had a chat Angela est venue et on a bavardé;
    ∎ they came for a week and stayed a month ils sont venus pour une semaine et ils sont restés un mois;
    ∎ he couldn't have come at a worse time il n'aurait pas pu tomber plus mal
    (c) (arrive) venir, arriver;
    ∎ to come in time/late arriver à temps/en retard;
    ∎ I've just come from the post office j'arrive de la poste à l'instant;
    ∎ we came to a small town nous sommes arrivés dans une petite ville;
    ∎ the time has come to tell the truth le moment est venu de dire la vérité;
    ∎ to come to the end of sth arriver à la fin de qch;
    ∎ I was coming to the end of my stay mon séjour touchait à sa fin;
    ∎ there will come a point when… il viendra un moment où…;
    ∎ when you come to the last coat of paint… quand tu en seras à la dernière couche de peinture…;
    ∎ (reach) her hair comes (down) to her waist ses cheveux lui arrivent à la taille;
    ∎ the mud came (up) to our knees la boue nous arrivait ou venait (jusqu') aux genoux
    (d) (occupy specific place, position) venir, se trouver;
    ∎ the address comes above the date l'adresse se met au-dessus de la date;
    ∎ my birthday comes before yours mon anniversaire vient avant ou précède le tien;
    ∎ a colonel comes before a lieutenant un colonel a la préséance sur un lieutenant;
    ∎ Friday comes after Thursday vendredi vient après ou suit jeudi;
    ∎ that speech comes in Act 3/on page 10 on trouve ce discours dans l'acte 3/à la page 10;
    ∎ the fireworks come next le feu d'artifice est après;
    ∎ what comes after the performance? qu'est-ce qu'il y a après la représentation?
    (e) (occur, happen) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ when my turn comes, when it comes to my turn quand ce sera (à) mon tour, quand mon tour viendra;
    ∎ such an opportunity only comes once in your life une telle occasion ne se présente qu'une fois dans la vie;
    ∎ he has a birthday coming son anniversaire approche;
    ∎ there's a storm coming un orage se prépare;
    ∎ success was a long time coming la réussite s'est fait attendre;
    ∎ take life as it comes prenez la vie comme elle vient;
    ∎ Christmas comes but once a year il n'y a qu'un Noël par an;
    ∎ Bible it came to pass that… il advint que…;
    ∎ come what may advienne que pourra, quoi qu'il arrive ou advienne
    ∎ the idea just came to me one day l'idée m'est soudain venue un jour;
    ∎ suddenly it came to me (I remembered) tout d'un coup, je m'en suis souvenu; (I had an idea) tout d'un coup, j'ai eu une idée;
    ∎ I said the first thing that came into my head or that came to mind j'ai dit la première chose qui m'est venue à l'esprit;
    ∎ the answer came to her elle a trouvé la réponse
    ∎ writing comes naturally to her écrire lui est facile, elle est douée pour l'écriture;
    ∎ a house doesn't come cheap une maison coûte ou revient cher;
    ∎ the news came as a shock to her la nouvelle lui a fait un choc;
    ∎ her visit came as a surprise sa visite nous a beaucoup surpris;
    ∎ it comes as no surprise to learn he's gone (le fait) qu'il soit parti n'a rien de surprenant;
    ∎ he's as silly as they come il est sot comme pas un;
    ∎ they don't come any tougher than Big Al on ne fait pas plus fort que Big Al;
    ∎ it'll all come right in the end tout cela va finir par s'arranger;
    ∎ the harder they come the harder they fall plus dure sera la chute
    (h) (be available) exister;
    ∎ this table comes in two sizes cette table existe ou se fait en deux dimensions;
    ∎ the dictionary comes with a magnifying glass le dictionnaire est livré avec une loupe
    (i) (become) devenir;
    ∎ it was a dream come true c'était un rêve devenu réalité;
    ∎ to come unhooked se décrocher;
    ∎ to come unravelled se défaire;
    ∎ the buttons on my coat keep coming undone mon manteau se déboutonne toujours
    (j) (+ infinitive) (indicating gradual action) en venir à, finir par; (indicating chance) arriver;
    ∎ she came to trust him elle en est venue à ou elle a fini par lui faire confiance;
    ∎ we have come to expect this kind of thing nous nous attendons à ce genre de chose maintenant;
    ∎ how did you come to lose your umbrella? comment as-tu fait pour perdre ton parapluie?;
    ∎ how did the door come to be open? comment se fait-il que la porte soit ouverte?;
    ∎ (now that I) come to think of it maintenant que j'y songe, réflexion faite;
    ∎ it's not much money when you come to think of it ce n'est pas beaucoup d'argent quand vous y réfléchissez
    (k) (be owing, payable)
    ∎ I still have £5 coming (to me) on me doit encore 5 livres;
    ∎ there'll be money coming from her uncle's will elle va toucher l'argent du testament de son oncle;
    ∎ he got all the credit coming to him il a eu tous les honneurs qu'il méritait;
    ∎ familiar you'll get what's coming to you tu l'auras cherché ou voulu;
    ∎ familiar he had it coming (to him) il ne l'a pas volé
    ∎ a smile came to her lips un sourire parut sur ses lèvres ou lui vint aux lèvres
    ∎ how come? comment ça?;
    ∎ familiar come again? quoi?;
    ∎ American how's it coming? comment ça va?;
    ∎ come to that à propos, au fait;
    ∎ I haven't seen her in weeks, or her husband, come to that ça fait des semaines que je ne l'ai pas vue, son mari non plus d'ailleurs;
    ∎ if it comes to that, I'd rather stay home à ce moment-là ou à ce compte-là, je préfère rester à la maison;
    ∎ don't come the fine lady with me! ne fais pas la grande dame ou ne joue pas à la grande dame avec moi!;
    ∎ don't come the innocent! ne fais pas l'innocent!;
    ∎ British familiar you're coming it a bit strong! tu y vas un peu fort!;
    ∎ British familiar don't come it with me! (try to impress) n'essaie pas de m'en mettre plein la vue!; (lord it over) pas la peine d'être si hautain avec moi!;
    ∎ the days to come les prochains jours, les jours qui viennent;
    ∎ the battle to come la bataille qui va avoir lieu;
    ∎ Religion the life to come l'autre vie;
    ∎ in times to come à l'avenir;
    ∎ for some time to come pendant quelque temps;
    ∎ that will not be for some time to come ce ne sera pas avant quelque temps
    ∎ (by) come tomorrow/Tuesday you'll feel better vous vous sentirez mieux demain/mardi;
    ∎ I'll have been here two years come April ça fera deux ans en avril que je suis là;
    ∎ come the revolution you'll all be out of a job avec la révolution, vous vous retrouverez tous au chômage
    ∎ come, come!, come now! allons!, voyons!
    4 noun
    vulgar (semen) foutre m
    (a) (occur) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ it came about that… il arriva ou il advint que…;
    ∎ how could such a mistake come about? comment une telle erreur a-t-elle pu se produire?;
    ∎ the discovery of penicillin came about quite by accident la pénicilline a été découverte tout à fait par hasard
    (b) Nautical (wind) tourner, changer de direction; (ship) virer de bord
    (a) (walk, travel across → field, street) traverser;
    ∎ as we stood talking she came across to join us pendant que nous discutions, elle est venue se joindre à nous
    ∎ to come across well/badly (at interview) faire une bonne/mauvaise impression, bien/mal passer; (on TV) bien/mal passer;
    ∎ he never comes across as well on film as in the theatre il passe mieux au théâtre qu'à l'écran;
    ∎ he came across as a total idiot il donnait l'impression d'être complètement idiot
    ∎ the author's message comes across well le message de l'auteur passe bien;
    ∎ her disdain for his work came across le mépris qu'elle avait pour son travail transparaissait
    (d) familiar (do as promised) s'exécuter□, tenir parole□
    (person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (thing) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came across an interesting problem on a été confrontés à ou on est tombés sur un problème intéressant;
    ∎ she reads everything she comes across elle lit tout ce qui lui tombe sous la main
    familiar (give → information) donner□, fournir□ ; (→ help) offrir□ ; (→ money) raquer, se fendre de;
    ∎ he came across with the money he owed me il m'a filé le fric qu'il me devait;
    (pursue) poursuivre;
    ∎ he came after me with a stick il m'a poursuivi avec un bâton
    (a) (encouraging, urging)
    ∎ come along, drink your medicine! allez, prends ou bois ton médicament!;
    ∎ come along, we're late! dépêche-toi, nous sommes en retard!
    (b) (accompany) venir, accompagner;
    ∎ she asked me to come along (with them) elle m'a invité à aller avec eux ou à les accompagner
    (c) (occur, happen) arriver, se présenter;
    ∎ an opportunity like this doesn't come along often une telle occasion ne se présente pas souvent;
    ∎ don't accept the first job that comes along ne prenez pas le premier travail qui se présente;
    ∎ he married the first woman that came along il a épousé la première venue
    (d) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser;
    ∎ the patient is coming along well le patient se remet bien;
    ∎ the work isn't coming along as expected le travail n'avance pas comme prévu;
    ∎ how's your computer class coming along? comment va ton cours d'informatique?
    (object → come to pieces) se démonter; (→ break) se casser; (project, policy) échouer;
    ∎ to come apart at the seams (garment) se défaire aux coutures;
    ∎ the book came apart in my hands le livre est tombé en morceaux quand je l'ai pris;
    ∎ figurative under pressure he came apart sous la pression il a craqué
    (attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;
    ∎ he came at me with a knife il s'est jeté sur moi avec un couteau;
    ∎ figurative questions came at me from all sides j'ai été assailli de questions
    (a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ come away from that door! écartez-vous de cette porte!;
    ∎ I came away with the distinct impression that all was not well je suis reparti avec la forte impression que quelque chose n'allait pas;
    ∎ he asked her to come away with him (elope) il lui a demandé de s'enfuir avec lui; British (go on holiday) il lui a demandé de partir avec lui
    (b) (separate) partir, se détacher;
    ∎ the page came away in my hands la page m'est restée dans les mains
    (a) (return) revenir;
    ∎ he came back with me il est revenu avec moi;
    ∎ to come back home rentrer (à la maison);
    ∎ figurative the colour came back to her cheeks elle reprit des couleurs;
    ∎ we'll come back to that question later nous reviendrons à cette question plus tard;
    ∎ to come back to what we were saying pour en revenir à ce que nous disions
    ∎ it's all coming back to me tout cela me revient (à l'esprit ou à la mémoire);
    ∎ her name will come back to me later son nom me reviendra plus tard
    (c) (reply) répondre; American (retort) rétorquer, répliquer;
    ∎ they came back with an argument in favour of the project ils ont répondu par un argument en faveur du projet
    (d) (recover) remonter;
    ∎ he came back strongly in the second set il a bien remonté au deuxième set;
    ∎ they came back from 3-0 down ils ont remonté de 3 à 0
    (e) (become fashionable again) revenir à la mode; (make comeback) faire un come-back
    Law (of person) comparaître devant; (of case) être entendu par
    brouiller, éloigner;
    ∎ he came between her and her friend il l'a brouillée avec son amie, il l'a éloignée de son amie;
    ∎ we mustn't let a small disagreement come between us nous n'allons pas nous disputer à cause d'un petit malentendu
    ➲ come by
    (stop by) passer, venir
    (acquire → work, money) obtenir, se procurer; (→ idea) se faire;
    ∎ jobs are hard to come by il est difficile de trouver du travail;
    ∎ how did you come by this camera/those bruises? comment as-tu fait pour avoir cet appareil-photo/ces bleus?;
    ∎ how did she come by all that money? comment s'est-elle procuré tout cet argent?;
    ∎ how on earth did he come by that idea? où est-il allé chercher cette idée?
    (descend → ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ mountain) descendre, faire la descente de
    (a) (descend → from ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ from mountain etc) descendre, faire la descente; (plane → crash) s'écraser; (→ land) atterrir;
    ∎ to come down to breakfast descendre déjeuner ou prendre le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ come down from that tree! descends de cet arbre!;
    ∎ they came down to Paris ils sont descendus à Paris;
    ∎ hem-lines are coming down this year les jupes rallongent cette année;
    ∎ he's come down in the world il a déchu;
    ∎ you'd better come down to earth tu ferais bien de revenir sur terre ou de descendre des nues
    (b) (fall) tomber;
    ∎ rain was coming down in sheets il pleuvait des cordes;
    ∎ the ceiling came down le plafond s'est effondré
    (c) (reach) descendre;
    ∎ the dress comes down to my ankles la robe descend jusqu'à mes chevilles;
    ∎ her hair came down to her waist les cheveux lui tombaient ou descendaient jusqu'à la taille
    (d) (decrease) baisser;
    ∎ he's ready to come down 10 percent on the price il est prêt à rabattre ou baisser le prix de 10 pour cent
    (e) (be passed down) être transmis (de père en fils);
    ∎ this custom comes down from the Romans cette coutume nous vient des Romains;
    ∎ the necklace came down to her from her great-aunt elle tient ce collier de sa grand-tante
    (f) (reach a decision) se prononcer;
    ∎ the majority came down in favour of/against abortion la majorité s'est prononcée en faveur de/contre l'avortement;
    ∎ to come down on sb's side décider en faveur de qn
    (g) (be removed) être défait ou décroché;
    ∎ that wallpaper will have to come down il va falloir enlever ce papier peint;
    ∎ the Christmas decorations are coming down today aujourd'hui, on enlève les décorations de Noël;
    ∎ the tree will have to come down (be felled) il faut abattre cet arbre;
    ∎ these houses are coming down soon on va bientôt démolir ces maisons
    (h) British University obtenir son diplôme
    (i) familiar drugs slang redescendre
    (a) (rebuke) s'en prendre à;
    ∎ the boss came down hard on him le patron lui a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ one mistake and he'll come down on you like a ton of bricks si tu fais la moindre erreur, il te tombera sur le dos
    ∎ they came down on me to sell the land ils ont essayé de me faire vendre le terrain□
    (amount) se réduire à, se résumer à;
    ∎ it all comes down to what you want to do tout cela dépend de ce que vous souhaitez faire;
    ∎ it all comes down to the same thing tout cela revient au même;
    ∎ that's what his argument comes down to voici à quoi se réduit son raisonnement
    (become ill) attraper;
    ∎ he came down with a cold il s'est enrhumé, il a attrapé un rhume
    (present oneself) se présenter;
    ∎ more women are coming forward as candidates davantage de femmes présentent leur candidature;
    ∎ the police have appealed for witnesses to come forward la police a demandé aux témoins de se faire connaître
    ∎ the townspeople came forward with supplies les habitants de la ville ont offert des provisions;
    ∎ he came forward with a new proposal il a fait une nouvelle proposition;
    ∎ Law to come forward with evidence présenter des preuves
    venir;
    ∎ she comes from China elle vient ou elle est originaire de Chine;
    ∎ to come from a good family être issu ou venir d'une bonne famille;
    ∎ this word comes from Latin ce mot vient du latin;
    ∎ this wine comes from the south of France ce vin vient du sud de la France;
    ∎ this passage comes from one of his novels ce passage est extrait ou provient d'un de ses romans;
    ∎ that's surprising coming from him c'est étonnant de sa part;
    ∎ a sob came from his throat un sanglot s'est échappé de sa gorge;
    ∎ familiar I'm not sure where he's coming from je ne sais pas très bien ce qui le motive□
    (a) (enter) entrer; (come inside) rentrer;
    ∎ come in! entrez!;
    ∎ they came in through the window ils sont entrés par la fenêtre;
    ∎ come in now, children, it's getting dark rentrez maintenant, les enfants, il commence à faire nuit;
    ∎ British familiar Mrs Brown comes in twice a week (to clean) Madame Brown vient (faire le ménage) deux fois par semaine
    (b) (plane, train) arriver
    ∎ she came in second elle est arrivée deuxième
    (d) (be received → money, contributions) rentrer;
    ∎ there isn't enough money coming in to cover expenditure l'argent qui rentre ne suffit pas à couvrir les dépenses;
    ∎ how much do you have coming in every week? combien touchez-vous ou encaissez-vous chaque semaine?
    (e) Press (news, report) être reçu;
    ∎ news is just coming in of a riot in Red Square on nous annonce à l'instant des émeutes sur la place Rouge
    ∎ come in car number 1, over j'appelle voiture 1, à vous;
    ∎ come in Barry Stewart from New York à vous, Barry Stewart à New York
    (g) (become seasonable) être de saison; (become fashionable) entrer en vogue;
    ∎ when do endives come in? quand commence la saison des endives?;
    ∎ leather has come in le cuir est à la mode ou en vogue
    ∎ to come in handy or useful (tool, gadget) être utile ou commode; (contribution) arriver à point;
    ∎ these gloves come in handy or useful for driving ces gants sont bien commodes ou utiles pour conduire
    (i) (be involved) être impliqué; (participate) participer, intervenir;
    ∎ where do I come in? quel est mon rôle là-dedans?;
    ∎ this is where the law comes in c'est là que la loi intervient;
    ∎ he should come in on the deal il devrait participer à l'opération;
    ∎ I'd like to come in on this (conversation) j'aimerais dire quelques mots là-dessus ou à ce sujet
    (j) (tide) monter
    (be object of → abuse, reproach) subir;
    ∎ to come in for criticism être critiqué, être l'objet de critiques;
    ∎ the government came in for a lot of criticism over its handling of the crisis le gouvernement a été très critiqué pour la façon dont il gère la crise;
    ∎ to come in for praise être félicité
    (be given a part in) prendre part à;
    ∎ they let him come in on the deal ils l'ont laissé prendre part à l'affaire
    (a) (inherit) hériter de; (acquire) entrer en possession de;
    ∎ to come into some money (inherit it) faire un héritage; (win it) gagner le gros lot;
    ∎ they came into a fortune (won) ils ont gagné une fortune; (inherited) ils ont hérité d'une fortune
    (b) (play a role in) jouer un rôle;
    ∎ it's not simply a matter of pride, though pride does come into it ce n'est pas une simple question de fierté, bien que la fierté joue un certain rôle;
    ∎ money doesn't come into it! l'argent n'a rien à voir là-dedans!
    résulter de;
    ∎ what will come of it? qu'en adviendra-t-il?, qu'en résultera-t-il?;
    ∎ no good will come from or of it ça ne mènera à rien de bon, il n'en résultera rien de bon;
    ∎ let me know what comes of the meeting faites-moi savoir ce qui ressortira de la réunion;
    ∎ that's what comes from listening to you! voilà ce qui arrive quand on vous écoute!
    (a) (fall off → of rider) tomber de; (→ of button) se détacher de, se découdre de; (→ of handle, label) se détacher de; (of tape, wallpaper) se détacher de, se décoller de; (be removed → of stain, mark) partir de, s'enlever de
    (b) (stop taking → drug, medicine) arrêter de prendre; (→ drink) arrêter de boire;
    ∎ to come off the pill arrêter (de prendre) la pilule
    (c) (climb down from, leave → wall, ladder etc) descendre de;
    ∎ to come off a ship/plane débarquer d'un navire/d'un avion;
    ∎ I've just come off the night shift (finished work) je viens de quitter l'équipe de nuit; (finished working nights) je viens de finir le travail de nuit
    (d) Football (field) sortir de
    ∎ oh, come off it! allez, arrête ton char!
    (a) (rider) tomber; (button) se détacher, se découdre; (handle, label) se détacher; (stain, mark) partir, s'enlever; (tape, wallpaper) se détacher, se décoller;
    ∎ the handle came off in his hand la poignée lui est restée dans la main
    (c) (fare, manage) s'en sortir, se tirer de;
    ∎ you came off well in the competition tu t'en es bien tiré au concours;
    ∎ to come off best gagner
    (d) familiar (happen) avoir lieu□, se passer□ ; (be carried through) se réaliser□ ; (succeed) réussir□ ;
    ∎ did the game come off all right? le match s'est bien passé?;
    ∎ my trip to China didn't come off mon voyage en Chine n'a pas eu lieu;
    ∎ his plan didn't come off son projet est tombé à l'eau
    (e) Cinema & Theatre (film, play) fermer
    (a) (follow) suivre;
    ∎ I'll come on after (you) je vous suivrai
    (b) (in imperative) come on! (with motion, encouraging, challenging) vas-y!, allez!; (hurry) allez!; familiar (expressing incredulity) tu rigoles!;
    ∎ come on Scotland! allez l'Écosse!;
    ∎ come on in/up! entre/monte donc!;
    ∎ oh, come on, for goodness sake! allez, arrête!
    (c) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser, venir bien;
    ∎ how is your work coming on? où en est votre travail?;
    ∎ my roses are coming on nicely mes rosiers se portent bien;
    ∎ her new book is coming on quite well son nouveau livre avance bien;
    ∎ he's coming on in physics il fait des progrès en physique
    (d) (begin → illness) se déclarer; (→ storm) survenir, éclater; (→ season) arriver;
    ∎ as night came on quand la nuit a commençé à tomber;
    ∎ it's coming on to rain il va pleuvoir;
    ∎ I feel a headache/cold coming on je sens un mal de tête qui commence/que je m'enrhume
    (e) (start functioning → electricity, gas, heater, lights, radio) s'allumer; (→ motor) se mettre en marche; (→ utilities at main) être mis en service;
    ∎ has the water come on? y a-t-il de l'eau?
    (f) (behave, act)
    ∎ don't come on all macho with me! ne joue pas les machos avec moi!;
    ∎ familiar you came on a bit strong tu y es allé un peu fort
    (g) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène; (play) être joué ou représenté;
    ∎ his new play is coming on on va donner sa nouvelle pièce
    (a) (proceed to consider) aborder, passer à;
    ∎ I want to come on to the issue of epidemics je veux passer à la question des épidémies
    ∎ she was coming on to me in a big way elle me draguait à fond
    (a) (exit, go out socially) sortir;
    ∎ as we came out of the theatre au moment où nous sommes sortis du théâtre;
    ∎ would you like to come out with me tonight? est-ce que tu veux sortir avec moi ce soir?;
    ∎ figurative if he'd only come out of himself or out of his shell si seulement il sortait de sa coquille
    (b) (make appearance → stars, sun) paraître, se montrer; (→ flowers) sortir, éclore; figurative (→ book) paraître, être publié; (→ film) paraître, sortir; (→ new product) sortir;
    ∎ to come out in a rash (person) se couvrir de boutons, avoir une éruption;
    ∎ his nasty side came out sa méchanceté s'est manifestée;
    ∎ I didn't mean it the way it came out ce n'est pas ce que je voulais dire
    (c) (be revealed → news, secret) être divulgué ou révélé; (→ facts, truth) émerger, se faire jour;
    ∎ as soon as the news came out dès qu'on a su la nouvelle, dès que la nouvelle a été annoncée
    (d) (be removed → stain) s'enlever, partir; (colour → fade) passer, se faner; (→ run) déteindre;
    ∎ when do your stitches come out? quand est-ce qu'on t'enlève tes fils?
    ∎ to come out strongly (for/against) se prononcer avec vigueur (pour/contre);
    ∎ the governor came out against/for abortion le gouverneur s'est prononcé (ouvertement) contre/pour l'avortement;
    ∎ familiar to come out (of the closet) (homosexual) révéler (publiquement) son homosexualité□, faire son come-out
    (f) British (on strike) se mettre en ou faire grève
    (g) (emerge, finish up) se tirer d'affaire, s'en sortir; (in competition) se classer;
    ∎ the government came out of the deal badly le gouvernement s'est mal sorti de l'affaire;
    ∎ everything will come out fine tout va s'arranger;
    ∎ I came out top in maths j'étais premier en maths;
    ∎ to come out on top gagner
    (h) (go into society) faire ses débuts ou débuter dans le monde
    ∎ this sum won't come out je n'arrive pas à résoudre cette opération
    ∎ the pictures came out well/badly les photos étaient très bonnes/n'ont rien donné;
    ∎ the house didn't come out well la maison n'est pas très bien sur les photos
    (k) Computing (exit) sortir;
    ∎ to come out of a document sortir d'un document
    (amount to) s'élever à
    ∎ to come out in spots or a rash avoir une éruption de boutons
    (say) dire, sortir;
    ∎ what will he come out with next? qu'est-ce qu'il va nous sortir encore?;
    ∎ he finally came out with it il a fini par le sortir
    (a) (move, travel in direction of speaker) venir;
    ∎ at the party she came over to talk to me pendant la soirée, elle est venue me parler;
    ∎ do you want to come over this evening? tu veux venir à la maison ce soir?;
    ∎ his family came over with the early settlers sa famille est arrivée ou venue avec les premiers pionniers;
    ∎ I met him in the plane coming over je l'ai rencontré dans l'avion en venant
    (b) (stop by) venir, passer
    ∎ they came over to our side ils sont passés de notre côté;
    ∎ he finally came over to their way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à leur avis
    ∎ her speech came over well son discours a fait bon effet ou bonne impression;
    ∎ he came over as honest il a donné l'impression d'être honnête;
    ∎ he doesn't come over well on television il ne passe pas bien à la télévision;
    ∎ her voice comes over well sa voix passe ou rend bien
    (e) familiar (feel) devenir□ ;
    ∎ he came over all funny (felt ill) il s'est senti mal tout d'un coup, il a eu un malaise; (behaved oddly) il est devenu tout bizarre;
    ∎ to come over dizzy être pris de vertige;
    ∎ to come over faint être pris d'une faiblesse
    affecter, envahir;
    ∎ a change came over him un changement se produisit en lui;
    ∎ a feeling of fear came over him il a été saisi de peur, la peur s'est emparée de lui;
    ∎ what has come over him? qu'est-ce qui lui prend?
    (a) (make a detour) faire le détour;
    ∎ we came round by the factory nous sommes passés par ou nous avons fait le détour par l'usine
    (b) (stop by) passer, venir
    (c) (occur → regular event)
    ∎ don't wait for Christmas to come round n'attendez pas Noël;
    ∎ when the championships/elections come round au moment des championnats/élections;
    ∎ the summer holidays will soon be coming round again bientôt, ce sera de nouveau les grandes vacances
    (d) (change mind) changer d'avis;
    ∎ he finally came round to our way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à notre avis;
    ∎ they soon came round to the idea ils se sont faits à cette idée;
    ∎ (change to better mood) don't worry, she'll soon come round ne t'en fais pas, elle sera bientôt de meilleure humeur
    (e) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi; (get better) se remettre, se rétablir;
    ∎ she's coming round after a bout of pneumonia elle se remet d'une pneumonie
    (f) Nautical venir au vent
    ∎ his sense of conviction came through on voyait qu'il était convaincu;
    ∎ her enthusiasm comes through in her letters son enthousiasme se lit dans ses lettres;
    ∎ your call is coming through je vous passe votre communication;
    ∎ you're coming through loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq;
    ∎ figurative his message came through loud and clear son message a été reçu cinq sur cinq
    (b) (be granted, approved) se réaliser;
    ∎ did your visa come through? avez-vous obtenu votre visa?;
    ∎ my request for a transfer came through ma demande de mutation a été acceptée
    (c) (survive) survivre, s'en tirer
    ∎ he came through for us il a fait ce qu'on attendait de lui□ ;
    ∎ did he come through on his promise? a-t-il tenu parole?□ ;
    ∎ they came through with the documents ils ont fourni les documents□ ;
    ∎ he came through with the money il a rendu l'argent comme prévu□
    (a) (cross) traverser; figurative (penetrate) traverser;
    ∎ we came through marshland nous sommes passés par ou avons traversé des marais;
    ∎ the rain came through my coat la pluie a traversé mon manteau;
    ∎ water is coming through the roof l'eau s'infiltre par le toit
    ∎ they came through the accident without a scratch ils sont sortis de l'accident indemnes;
    ∎ I'm sure you will come through this crisis je suis sûr que tu te sortiras de cette crise;
    ∎ she came through the exam with flying colours elle a réussi l'examen avec brio
    ➲ come to
    (a) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi
    (b) Nautical (change course) venir au vent, lofer; (stop) s'arrêter
    ∎ when it comes to physics, she's a genius pour ce qui est de la physique, c'est un génie;
    ∎ when it comes to paying you can't see anyone for dust quand il faut payer, il n'y a plus personne
    (b) (amount to) s'élever à, se monter à;
    ∎ how much did dinner come to? à combien s'élevait le dîner?;
    ∎ her salary comes to £750 a month elle gagne 750 livres par mois;
    ∎ the plan never came to anything le projet n'a abouti à rien;
    ∎ that nephew of yours will never come to anything ton neveu n'arrivera jamais à rien
    (c) figurative (arrive at, reach)
    ∎ now we come to questions of health nous en venons maintenant aux questions de santé;
    ∎ he got what was coming to him il n'a eu que ce qu'il méritait;
    ∎ to come to a conclusion arriver à une conclusion;
    ∎ to come to power accéder au pouvoir;
    ∎ what is the world or what are things coming to? où va-t-on ?;
    ∎ what are things coming to when there aren't even enough hospital beds available? où va-t-on s'il n'y a pas assez de lits dans les hôpitaux?;
    ∎ I never thought it would come to this je ne me doutais pas qu'on en arriverait là;
    ∎ let's hope it won't come to that espérons que nous n'en arrivions pas là
    (a) (assemble) se réunir, se rassembler; (meet) se rencontrer;
    ∎ the two roads come together at this point les deux routes se rejoignent à cet endroit
    ∎ everything came together at the final performance tout s'est passé à merveille pour la dernière représentation□
    (a) (be subjected to → authority, control) dépendre de; (→ influence) tomber sous, être soumis à;
    ∎ the government is coming under pressure to lower taxes le gouvernement subit des pressions visant à réduire les impôts
    (b) (be classified under) être classé sous;
    ∎ that subject comes under "current events" ce sujet est classé ou se trouve sous la rubrique "actualités"
    (a) (move upwards) monter; (moon, sun) se lever
    ∎ I come up to town every Monday je viens en ville tous les lundis;
    ∎ they came up to Chicago ils sont venus à Chicago;
    ∎ to come up for air (diver) remonter à la surface; figurative (take break) faire une pause;
    ∎ she came up the hard way elle a réussi à la force du poignet;
    ∎ Military an officer who came up through the ranks un officier sorti du rang
    (c) (approach) s'approcher;
    ∎ to come up to sb s'approcher de qn, aborder qn;
    ∎ the students came up to him with their questions les étudiants sont venus le voir avec leurs questions;
    ∎ it's coming up to five o'clock il est presque cinq heures;
    ∎ coming up now on Channel 4, the seven o'clock news et maintenant, sur Channel 4, le journal de sept heures;
    ∎ familiar one coffee, coming up! et un café, un!
    (d) (plant) sortir, germer;
    ∎ my beans are coming up nicely mes haricots poussent bien
    (e) (come under consideration → matter) être soulevé, être mis sur le tapis; (→ question, problem) se poser, être soulevé; Law (→ accused) comparaître; (→ case) être entendu;
    ∎ that problem has never come up ce problème ne s'est jamais posé;
    ∎ the question of financing always comes up la question du financement se pose toujours;
    ∎ the subject came up twice in the conversation le sujet est revenu deux fois dans la conversation;
    ∎ your name came up twice on a mentionné votre nom deux fois;
    ∎ she comes up for re-election this year son mandat prend fin cette année;
    ∎ my contract is coming up for review mon contrat doit être révisé;
    ∎ to come up before the judge or the court (accused) comparaître devant le juge; (case) être entendu par la cour;
    ∎ her case comes up next Wednesday elle passe au tribunal mercredi prochain
    (f) (happen unexpectedly → event) survenir, surgir; (→ opportunity) se présenter;
    ∎ to deal with problems as they come up traiter les problèmes au fur et à mesure;
    ∎ she's ready for anything that might come up elle est prête à faire face à toute éventualité;
    ∎ I can't make it, something has come up je ne peux pas venir, j'ai un empêchement;
    ∎ I'll let you know if anything comes up (if I find further information) s'il y a du nouveau, je vous tiendrai au courant; (anything that is suitable) je vous tiendrai au courant si je vois quelque chose qui vous convienne
    (g) (intensify → wind) se lever; (→ light) s'allumer; (→ sound) s'intensifier;
    ∎ when the lights came up at the interval lorsque les lumières se rallumèrent à l'entracte
    ∎ everything she eats comes up (again) elle vomit ou rejette tout ce qu'elle mange
    (i) (colour, wood etc)
    ∎ the colour comes up well when it's cleaned la couleur revient bien au nettoyage
    (j) familiar (win) gagner□ ;
    ∎ did their number come up? (in lottery) ont-ils gagné au loto?; figurative est-ce qu'ils ont touché le gros lot?
    (be confronted with) rencontrer;
    ∎ they came up against some tough competition ils se sont heurtés à des concurrents redoutables
    (find unexpectedly → person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (→ object) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came upon the couple just as they were kissing nous avons surpris le couple en train de s'embrasser
    (a) (reach) arriver à;
    ∎ the mud came up to their knees la boue leur montait ou arrivait jusqu'aux genoux;
    ∎ she comes up to his shoulder elle lui arrive à l'épaule;
    ∎ we're coming up to the halfway mark nous atteindrons bientôt la moitié
    ∎ his last book doesn't come up to the others son dernier livre ne vaut pas les autres;
    ∎ to come up to sb's expectations répondre à l'attente de qn;
    ∎ the play didn't come up to our expectations la pièce nous a déçus
    (offer, propose → money, loan) fournir; (think of → plan, suggestion) suggérer, proposer; (→ answer) trouver; (→ excuse) trouver, inventer;
    ∎ they came up with a wonderful idea ils ont eu une idée géniale;
    ∎ what will she come up with next? qu'est-ce qu'elle va encore inventer?
    ⓘ Come on down! Il s'agit de la formule consacrée du jeu télévisé The Price is Right (dont l'équivalent français est Le Juste prix) qui débuta en 1957 aux États-Unis, et dans les années 80 en Grande-Bretagne. L'animateur de l'émission prononçait ces paroles ("Descendez!") pour inviter les membres du public sélectionnés pour participer au jeu à venir le rejoindre sur la scène. Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule plaisamment pour dire à quelqu'un d'approcher ou bien pour indiquer à quelqu'un qui doit prononcer un discours ou se produire sur scène qu'il est temps de prendre place.
    ⓘ Come up and see me sometime... Cette formule fut utilisée pour la première fois par Mae West dans le film de 1933 She Done Him Wrong (dont le titre français est Lady Lou); la citation exacte était en fait Why don't you come up sometime, see me? ("Pourquoi est-ce que tu ne monterais pas un de ces jours, pour me voir?"). Il s'agit de l'archétype de l'invitation au badinage. Encore aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en imitant l'air canaille de Mae West.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > come

  • 7 to

    [tu:, tu, tə] prep
    1) ( moving towards) in +akk, nach +dat, zu +dat;
    she walked over \to the window sie ging [hinüber] zum Fenster [o ans Fenster];
    \to the right/ left nach rechts/links;
    there \to the right dort rechts;
    he's standing \to the left of Adrian er steht links neben Adrian;
    \to the north/ south nördlich/südlich;
    twenty miles \to the north of the city zwanzig Meilen nördlich der Stadt;
    the suburbs are \to the west of the city die Vororte liegen im Westen der Stadt;
    parallel \to the x axis parallel zur x-Achse;
    we're going \to town wir gehen/fahren in die Stadt;
    \to the mountains in die Berge;
    \to the sea ans Meer;
    \to the park in den Park;
    from here \to the station von hier [bis] zum Bahnhof;
    the way \to the town centre der Weg ins Stadtzentrum;
    they go \to work on the bus sie fahren mit dem Bus zur Arbeit;
    I'm going \to a party/ concert ich gehe auf eine Party/ein Konzert;
    she has to go \to a meeting now sie muss jetzt zu einem Meeting [gehen];
    we moved \to Germany last year wir sind letztes Jahr nach Deutschland gezogen;
    he flew \to the US er flog in die USA;
    she's never been \to Mexico before sie ist noch nie [zuvor] in Mexiko gewesen;
    my first visit \to Africa mein erster Aufenthalt in Afrika;
    this is a road \to nowhere! diese Straße führt nirgendwohin!
    2) ( attending regularly) zu +dat, in +dat;
    she goes \to kindergarten sie geht in den Kindergarten;
    he goes \to college er geht zur Hochschule [o studiert an der Hochschule];
    do you go \to church? gehst du in die Kirche?;
    I go \to the gym twice a week ich gehe zweimal wöchentlich in die Turnhalle
    3) ( inviting to) zu +dat;
    an invitation \to a wedding eine Einladung zu einer Hochzeit;
    I've asked them \to dinner ich habe sie zum Essen eingeladen;
    she took me out \to lunch yesterday sie hat mich gestern zum Abendessen ausgeführt [o eingeladen];
    4) ( in direction of) auf +akk;
    she pointed \to a distant spot on the horizon sie zeigte auf einen fernen Punkt am Horizont;
    to have one's back \to sth/sb etw/jdm den Rücken zudrehen;
    back \to front verkehrt herum
    5) ( in contact with) an +dat;
    they were dancing cheek \to cheek sie tanzten Wange an Wange;
    she put her hand \to his breast sie legte die Hand auf seine Brust;
    she clasped the letter \to her bosom sie drückte den Brief an ihren Busen
    6) ( attached to) an +akk;
    tie the lead \to the fence mache die Leine am Zaun fest;
    they fixed the bookshelves \to the wall sie brachten die Bücherregale an der Wand an;
    stick the ads \to some paper klebe die Anzeigen auf ein Blatt Papier
    7) ( with indirect object) mit +dat;
    I lent my bike \to my brother ich habe meinem Bruder mein Fahrrad geliehen;
    give that gun \to me gib mir das Gewehr;
    he is married \to his cousin Emma er ist mit seiner Kusine Emma verheiratet;
    I told that \to Glyn ich habe das Glyn erzählt;
    you should show that rash \to the doctor du solltest den Ausschlag dem Arzt zeigen;
    what have they done \to you? was haben sie dir [an]getan?;
    children are often cruel \to each other Kinder sind oft grausam zueinander;
    who's the letter addressed \to? an wen ist der Brief gerichtet [o adressiert] ?;
    her knowledge proved useful \to him ihr Wissen erwies sich als hilfreich für ihn;
    I am deeply grateful \to my parents ich bin meinen Eltern zutiefst dankbar;
    a threat \to world peace eine Bedrohung des Weltfriedens [o für den Weltfrieden];
    they made a complaint \to the manager sie reichten beim Geschäftsleiter eine Beschwerde ein
    8) ( with respect to) zu +dat;
    and what did you say \to that? und was hast du dazu gesagt?;
    he finally confessed \to the crime er gestand schließlich das Verbrechen;
    this is essential \to our strategy dies ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Strategie;
    ( in response) auf +akk;
    a reference \to Psalm 22:18 ein Verweis auf Psalm 22:18;
    her reply \to the question ihre Antwort auf die Frage;
    and what was her response \to that? und wie lautete ihr Antwort darauf?
    9) ( belonging to) zu +dat;
    the keys \to his car seine Autoschlüssel;
    the top \to this pen die Kappe zu diesem Stift;
    she has a mean side \to her sie kann auch sehr gemein sein;
    there is a very moral tone \to this book dieses Buch hat einen sehr moralischer Ton;
    there's a funny side \to everything alles hat auch seine komische Seite
    10) ( compared to) mit +dat;
    I prefer beef \to seafood ich ziehe Rindfleisch Meeresfrüchten vor;
    frogs' legs are comparable \to chicken Froschschenkel sind mit Hühnerfleisch vergleichbar;
    a colonel is superior \to a sergeant ein Oberst ist ein höherer Dienstgrad als ein Unteroffizier;
    she looked about thirty \to his sixty gegenüber seinen sechzig Jahren wirkte sie wie dreißig;
    [to be] nothing \to sth nichts im Vergleich zu etw dat [sein];
    her wage is nothing \to what she could earn ihr Einkommen steht in keinem Vergleich zu dem, was sie verdienen könnte
    11) ( in scores) zu +dat;
    Paul beat me by three games \to two Paul hat im Spiel drei zu zwei gegen mich gewonnen;
    Manchester won three \to to one Manchester hat drei zu eins gewonnen
    12) ( until) bis +dat, zu +dat;
    I read up \to page 100 ich habe bis Seite 100 gelesen;
    unemployment has risen \to almost 8 million die Arbeitslosigkeit ist auf fast 8 Millionen angestiegen;
    count \to 20 bis 20 zählen;
    it's about fifty miles \to New York es sind [noch] etwa fünfzig Meilen bis New York
    he converted \to Islam er ist zum Islam übergetreten;
    his expression changed from amazement \to joy sein Ausdruck wechselte von Erstaunen zu Freude;
    the change \to the metric system der Wechsel zum metrischen System;
    her promotion \to department manager ihre Beförderung zur Abteilungsleiterin;
    the meat was cooked \to perfection das Fleisch war perfekt zubereitet [worden];
    he drank himself \to death er trank sich zu Tode;
    she nursed me back \to health sie hat mich [wieder] gesund gepflegt;
    smashed \to pieces in tausend Stücke geschlagen;
    she was close \to tears sie war den Tränen nahe;
    he was thrilled \to bits er freute sich wahnsinnig
    14) ( to point in time) bis +dat;
    the shop is open \to 8.00 p.m. der Laden hat bis 20 Uhr geöffnet;
    we're in this \to the end wir führen dies bis zum Ende;
    and \to this day... und bis auf den heutigen Tag...;
    it's only two weeks \to your birthday! es sind nur noch zwei Wochen bis zu deinem Geburtstag!
    from... \to... von... bis...;
    from beginning \to end von Anfang bis Ende;
    from morning \to night von Kopf bis Fuß;
    front \to back von vorne bis hinten, von allen Seiten;
    I read the document front \to back ich habe das Dokument von vorne bis hinten gelesen;
    he's done everything from snowboarding \to windsurfing er hat von Snowboarden bis Windsurfen alles [mal] gemacht;
    from simple theft \to cold-blooded murder vom einfachen Diebstahl bis zum kaltblütigen Mord
    16) ( Brit) ( in clock times) vor +dat in Southern Germany bis +dat;
    it's twenty \to six es ist zwanzig vor sechs
    17) ( causing) zu +dat;
    \to my relief/ horror/ astonishment zu meiner Erleichterung/meinem Entsetzen/meinem Erstaunen;
    much \to her surprise zu ihrer großen Überraschung
    18) ( according to) für +akk;
    \to me, it sounds like he's ending the relationship für mich hört sich das an, als ob er die Beziehung beenden wollte;
    that outfit looks good \to me das Outfit gefällt mir gut;
    if it's acceptable \to you wenn Sie einverstanden sind;
    this would be \to your advantage das wäre zu deinem Vorteil, das wäre für dich von Vorteil;
    does this make any sense \to you? findest du das auf irgendeine Weise einleuchtend?;
    fifty pounds is nothing \to him fünfzig Pfund bedeuten ihm nichts;
    what's it \to you? ( fam) was geht dich das an?
    19) ( serving) für +akk;
    as a personal trainer \to the rich and famous als persönlicher Trainer der Reichen und Berühmten;
    they are hat makers \to Her Majesty the Queen sie sind Hutmacher Ihrer Majestät, der Königin;
    economic adviser \to the president Wirtschaftsberater des Präsidenten; film ( next to)
    she was Ophelia \to Olivier's Hamlet sie spielte die Ophelia neben Oliviers Hamlet
    20) ( in honour of) auf +akk;
    here's \to you! auf dein/Ihr Wohl!;
    \to the cook! auf den Koch/die Köchin!;
    the record is dedicated \to her mother die Schallplatte ist ihrer Mutter gewidmet;
    I propose a toast \to the bride and groom ich bringe einen Toast auf die Braut und den Bräutigam aus;
    a memorial \to all the soldiers who died in Vietnam ein Denkmal für alle im Vietnamkrieg gefallenen Soldaten
    21) ( per)
    the car gets 25 miles \to the gallon das Auto verbraucht eine Gallone auf 25 Meilen;
    three parts oil \to one part vinegar drei Teile Öl auf einen Teil Essig;
    the odds are 2 \to 1 that you'll lose die Chancen stehen 2 zu 1, dass du verlierst
    22) ( as a result of) von +dat;
    she awoke \to the sound of screaming sie erwachte von lautem Geschrei;
    he left the stage \to the sound of booing er ging unter den Buhrufen von der Bühne;
    I like exercising \to music ich trainiere gern zu [o mit] Musik;
    I can't dance \to this sort of music ich kann zu dieser Art Musik nicht tanzen;
    the band walked on stage \to rapturous applause die Band zog unter tosendem Applaus auf die Bühne
    23) ( roughly) bis +dat;
    thirty \to thirty-five people dreißig bis fünfunddreißig Leute
    ten \to the power of three zehn hoch drei
    PHRASES:
    that's all there is \to it das ist schon alles;
    there's not much [or nothing] \to it das ist nichts Besonderes, da ist nichts Besonderes dabei in forming infinitives
    she agreed \to help sie erklärte sich bereit zu helfen;
    I'll have \to tell him ich werde es ihm sagen müssen;
    I don't expect \to be finished any later than seven ich denke, dass ich spätestens um sieben fertig sein werde;
    sadly she didn't live \to see her grandchildren leider war es ihr nicht vergönnt, ihre Enkel noch zu erleben;
    I have \to go on a business trip ich muss auf eine Geschäftsreise;
    the company is \to pay over £500,000 die Firma muss über £500.000 bezahlen;
    he's going \to write his memoirs er wird seine Memoiren schreiben;
    I have some things \to be fixed ich habe einige Dinge zu reparieren;
    Blair \to meet with Putin Blair trifft Putin;
    be about \to do sth gerade etw tun wollen, im Begriff sein etw zu tun
    she was told \to have the report finished by Friday sie wurde gebeten, den Bericht bis Freitag fertig zu stellen;
    he told me \to wait er sagte mir, ich solle warten;
    I asked her \to give me a call ich bat sie, mich anzurufen;
    we asked her \to explain wir baten sie, es uns zu erklären;
    you've not \to do that du sollst das nicht tun;
    that man is not \to come here again der Mann darf dieses Haus nicht mehr betreten;
    young man, you're \to go to your room right now junger Mann, du gehst jetzt auf dein Zimmer
    3) ( expressing wish) zu;
    I need \to eat something first ich muss zuerst etwas essen;
    I'd love \to live in New York ich würde liebend [o nur zu] gern in New York leben;
    would you like \to dance? möchten Sie tanzen?;
    that child ought \to be in bed das Kind sollte [schon] im Bett sein;
    I want \to go now ich möchte jetzt gehen;
    I need \to go to the bathroom ich muss noch einmal zur [o auf die] Toilette;
    do you want \to come with us? willst du [mit uns] mitkommen?;
    I'd love \to go to France this summer ich würde diesen Sommer gern nach Frankreich fahren
    are you going tonight? - I'm certainly hoping \to gehst du heute Abend? - das hoffe ich sehr;
    would you like to go and see the Russian clowns? - yes, I'd love \to möchtest du gern die russischen Clowns sehen? - ja, sehr gern;
    can you drive? - yes I'm able \to but I prefer not \to kannst du Auto fahren? - ja, das kann ich, aber ich fahre nicht gern
    it's not likely \to happen es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht, das wird wohl kaum geschehen;
    I was afraid \to tell her ich hatte Angst, es ihr zu sagen;
    he's able \to speak four languages er spricht vier Sprachen;
    she's due \to have her baby sie soll bald ihr Baby bekommen;
    I'm afraid \to fly ich habe Angst vorm Fliegen;
    she's happy \to see you back sie ist froh, dass du wieder zurück bist;
    I'm sorry \to hear that es ist tut mir leid, das zu hören;
    easy \to use leicht zu bedienen;
    languages are fun \to learn Sprachenlernen macht Spaß;
    it is interesting \to know that es ist interessant, das zu wissen;
    three months is too long \to wait drei Monate zu warten ist zu lang;
    I'm too nervous \to talk right now ich bin zu nervös, um jetzt zu sprechen
    I'm going there \to see my sister ich gehe dort hin, um meine Schwester zu treffen;
    she's gone \to pick Jean up sie ist Jean abholen gegangen;
    my second attempt \to make flaky pastry mein zweiter Versuch, einen Blätterteig zu machen;
    they have no reason \to lie sie haben keinerlei Grund zu lügen;
    I have the chance \to buy a house cheaply ich habe die Gelegenheit, billig ein Haus zu kaufen;
    something \to eat etwas zu essen;
    the first person \to arrive die erste Person, die ankam [o eintraf];
    Armstrong was the first man \to walk on the moon Armstrong war der erste Mann, der je den Mond betrat
    we tried \to help wir versuchten zu helfen;
    \to make this cake, you'll need... für diesen Kuchen braucht man...;
    he managed \to escape es gelang ihm zu entkommen
    I don't know what \to do ich weiß nicht, was ich tun soll;
    I don't know where \to begin ich weiß nicht, wo ich anfangen soll;
    she was wondering whether \to ask David about it sie fragte sich, ob sie David deswegen fragen sollte;
    can you tell me how \to get there? könne Sie mir sagen, wie ich dort hinkomme?
    \to tell the truth [or \to be truthful] um die Wahrheit zu sagen;
    \to be quite truthful with you, Dave, I never really liked the man ich muss dir ehrlich sagen, Dave, ich konnte diesen Mann noch nie leiden;
    \to be honest um ehrlich zu sein
    he looked up \to greet his guests er blickte auf, um seine Gäste zu begrüßen;
    she reached out \to take his hand sie griff nach seiner Hand;
    they turned around \to find their car gone sie drehten sich um und bemerkten, dass ihr Auto verschwunden war adv
    inv zu;
    to push [or pull] the door \to die Tür zuschlagen;
    to come \to zu sich dat kommen;
    to set \to sich akk daranmachen ( fam)
    they set \to with a will, determined to finish the job sie machten sich mit Nachdruck daran, entschlossen, die Arbeit zu Ende zu bringen

    English-German students dictionary > to

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