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1 Parc National
National Park, protected natural area. There are six National Parks in Metropolitan France: French National Parks are characterised by their structure, since they are divided into two areas. At the centre of the Park lies a highly protected area, where visitors are discouraged, known as the heart (Coeur du Parc); outside this heart lies the peripheral area (called Aire d'Adhésion), which people are free to visit at leisure.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Parc National
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2 Front National
, FNExtreme right-wing and xenophobic political party, founded by Jean Marie Le Pen in 1972. The party is strongly Eurosceptic, anti-immigration, and traditionalist; party members, including Le Pen, have been prosecuted for racist remarks, negationism, and the downplaying of war-crimes.The Front National has been a significant force in French politics since the 1980's, particularly where they have been aided by proportional representation. They won 10 seats at the European Parliament in 1984, and then 35 seats in the French general election of 1986, after François Mitterrand introduced a degree of proportional representation into the voting system. PR was quickly dropped again after this, and the FN has never since had more than a single Député. However, in European elections, where PR has remained, the FN has continued to pick up seats, most recently with 7 in the 2004 election.In 1995, the Front National won municipal elections in three towns in the south of France, Orange, Vitrolles and Marignane, in "triangular" second rounds for which neither the socialists (PS) nor the main conservative party would withdraw their candidates.Perhaps the FN's most visible success was that of its leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, in the 2002 Presidential election, when he obtained second place in the first round, thus securing a place in the runoff. It is interesting to note that in this second round, which was a massive victory for Jacques Chirac, le Pen took less than 1% more of the vote than in the first round.The high profile of the FN in French politics surprises many foreign observers, but it is not really a surprise in a country with a fragmented party political structure. France's biggest mainstream political parties have a tradition of instrumentalising whatever means possible in order to damage their opponents, and for a long time French left-wing parties have sought to portray the Front National as the natural ally of other conservative parties. Yet by blurring the distinction between this far right party other mainstream conservative parties, they paradoxically helped to legitimise the FN. Mitterrand's introduction of PR into the voting system for general elections in 1984, which propelled the FN into the limelight, was actually intended to stop the mainstream conservative parties from winning. The policy backfired, since the conservatives won anyway, and the FN obtained its own "group" in the French parliament.Currently (2008) the FN is in decline. The party has lost voters to other right-wing parties, and has had to sell off its flagship headquarters building in Neuilly-sur-Seine, in order to pay its debts. See Political Parties in FranceDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Front National
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3 Office national des forêts
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4 sécurité sociale
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5 coq gaulois
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6 assemblée
assemblée [asɑ̃ble]feminine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The term Assemblée nationale has been used to refer to the lower house of the French parliament since 1946, though the old term « la Chambre des députés » is sometimes still used. Its members are elected in the « élections législatives » for a five-year term. It has similar legislative powers to the House of Commons in Britain and the House of Representatives in the United States. Sittings of the Assemblée nationale are public, and take place in a semicircular amphitheatre (l'Hémicycle) in the Palais Bourbon. → DÉPUTÉ ÉLECTION* * *asɑ̃ble1) ( foule) gathering; Religion2) ( réunion convoquée) meeting3) Politique ( groupe élu) assembly•Phrasal Verbs:* * *asɑ̃ble nf1) (= réunion) meeting2) (= public, assistance) gathering3) POLITIQUE assemblyl'Assemblée nationale — the National Assembly (of France)
4) RELIGION* * *assemblée nf1 ( foule) gathering; Relig assemblée (de fidèles) congregation; une grande or nombreuse assemblée a large gathering; à la fureur de l'assemblée to the fury of those present;2 ( réunion convoquée) meeting; se réunir en assemblée to assemble for a meeting; convoquer une assemblée générale/extraordinaire to call a general/an extraordinary meeting;l'Assemblée européenne the European Assembly; assemblée générale, AG general meeting; assemblée générale ordinaire ordinary general meeting; assemblée générale extraordinaire extraordinary general meeting; l'Assemblée nationale the French National Assembly.ⓘ Assemblée nationale The lower house of the French parliament, in which 577 députés are elected for a five-year term. A member, who must be at least 23 years old, has to be elected by at least 50% of the votes cast and, if necessary, a second round of voting is held to ensure this. Party affiliation is indicated by a député's allocation to a seat within a left-right gradation in the semi-circular chamber. The Assemblée nationale passes laws, votes on the Budget, and questions ministers (who cannot be députés).[asɑ̃ble] nom féminin2. [réunion] meetingassemblée générale/annuelle general/annual meetingassemblée (générale) ordinaire/extraordinaire ordinary/extraordinary (general) meeting3. POLITIQUE [élus]assemblée fédérale [en Suisse] (Swiss) federal assembly4. [bâtiment]l'Assemblée ≃ the HouseThe National Assembly is the lower house of the French Parliaments. Its members (the députés) are elected in the élections législatives held every five years. -
7 SNCF
SNCF [εsεnseεf]feminine noun( = Société nationale des chemins de fer français) French national railway company* * *
I
The state-owned rail company, with access also to private finance, founded in 1937. Its remit covers the full range of rail transport services from small local trains to the high speed TGV. TGV
II ɛsɛnseɛfnom féminin (abbr = Société nationale des chemins de fer français) French national railway company* * *ɛsɛnseɛf abr nfSociété nationale des chemins de fer français French national railways* * *SNCF nf (abbr = Société nationale des chemins de fer français) French national railway company. -
8 marseillais
marseillais, e [maʀsεjε, εz]1. adjectiveof or from Marseilles2. masculine noun, feminineMarseillais(e) inhabitant or native of Marseilles3. feminine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The Marseillaise has been France's national anthem since 1879. The words of the « Chant de guerre de l'armée du Rhin », as the song was originally called, were written to an anonymous tune by an army captain called Rouget de Lisle in 1792. Adopted as a marching song by the Marseille battalion, it was finally popularized as the Marseillaise.* * *marseillaise maʀsɛjɛ, ɛz adjectif of Marseillesune histoire marseillaise — ≈ a tall story
* * *maʀsɛjɛ, ɛz marseillais, -e1. adjMarseilles modif2. nfthe French national anthem* * *( féminin marseillaise) [marsɛjɛ, ɛz] adjectif————————————————Marseillaise nom fémininThe French national anthem, most likely written by Rouget de Lisle, was sung for the first time in 1792 by a group of revolutionaries as they arrived in Paris from Marseilles. It became the national song in 1795. -
9 hémicycle
hémicycle [emisikl]masculine nouna. semicircleb. ( = salle) amphitheatre* * *emisikl* * *emisikl nm(forme, bâtiment) semicircle, POLITIQUEl'hémicycle — the benches (in French parliament)
* * *hémicycle nm ( de théâtre) semicircular auditorium; ( salle quelconque) semicircular room; l'hémicycle (de l'Assemblée nationale) the benches of the French National Assembly.[emisikl] nom masculin1. [espace en demi-cercle] semicircle2. [salle garnie de gradins] semicircular amphitheatrea. POLITIQUE [salle] the benches ou chamber of the French National Assemblyb. [Assemblée] the French National Assembly -
10 sécurité
sécurité [sekyʀite]1. feminine nouna. ( = absence de danger) safety ; ( = absence de troubles) security• être/se sentir en sécurité to be/feel safeb. ( = mécanisme) safety catch• de sécurité [dispositif] safety2. compounds► la sécurité civile emergency services dealing with natural disasters, bomb disposal etc► la Sécurité sociale (pour la santé) ≈ the National Health Service (Brit), ≈ Medicaid (US) ; (pour vieillesse etc) ≈ the Social Security, ≈ Medicare (US)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The French public welfare system is financed by compulsory contributions paid directly from salaries and by employers. It covers essential health care, pensions and other basic benefits. In many cases, costs not covered by the Sécurité sociale may be met by a « mutuelle ». The deficit of the Sécurité sociale, popularly known as the « trou de la Sécurité sociale », has reached massive proportions in recent years, and efforts to stabilize the situation include an extra contribution from salaries, paid at source, called the « CRDS » « contribution au remboursement de la dette sociale ». → MUTUELLE* * *sekyʀitede sécurité — [système, forces] security; [dispositif, zone] safety; [raisons, problème] of security (après n)
se sentir en sécurité — to feel secure ou safe
Phrasal Verbs:* * *sekyʀite nf1) (= situation) safetyOn ne se sent pas en sécurité dans ce quartier. — You don't feel safe in this neighbourhood.
2) (mesures) security3) (= personnel de sécurité) securityIl s'est fait refuser l'entrée par la sécurité de l'établissement. — Security refused him entry to the establishment.
* * *sécurité nf ( absence de risques d'agression) security; ( absence de danger fortuit) safety; pour votre sécurité for your own safety; assurer la sécurité de ( contre des agresseurs) to ensure the security of; (contre un accident, un sinistre) to ensure the safety of; sécurité civile/publique civil/public security; en toute sécurité [travailler, voyager, se baigner] in complete safety; la sécurité matérielle/financière material/financial security; sécurité de l'emploi job security; de sécurité [système, forces, services] security; [dispositif, garantie, zone] safety; [raisons, question, problème] of security ( après n); règles or consignes de sécurité safety regulations; avoir une impression de sécurité to feel secure; être/se sentir en sécurité to be/to feel secure ou safe (auprès de with).sécurité routière road safety; sécurité sociale, SS French national health and pensions organization.ⓘ Sécurité sociale The national system for provision of sickness, maternity, child, unemployment, old-age and housing benefits. All workers make contributions in régimes or classifications of membership.[sekyrite] nom féminin1. [protection d'une personne - physique] safety, security ; [ - matérielle, affective etc] security2. [surveillance - de bâtiments, d'installations] security3. ARMEMENT [d'un tank, d'un navire] safety catch ou mechanism————————de sécurité locution adjectivale[dispositif, mesure] safety (modificateur)————————en sécurité locution adjectivaleêtre/se sentir en sécurité to be/to feel safe————————en sécurité locution adverbialeen toute sécurité locution adverbiale————————Sécurité sociale nom féminin1. [système] French social security system2. [organisme] ≃ DSS (UK)The Sécu, as it is popularly known, created in 1945-46, provides public health benefits, pensions, maternity leave etc. These benefits are paid for by obligatory insurance contributions ( cotisations) made by employers ( cotisations patronales) and employees ( cotisations salariales). Many French people have complementary health insurance provided by a mutuelle, which guarantees payment of all or part of the expenses not covered by the Sécurité sociale. -
11 EDF
EDF [ədeεf]feminine noun( = Électricité de France) l'EDF the French Electricity Board* * *œdeɛfnom féminin (abbr = Électricité de France) French electricity board* * *ədeɛf abr nfÉlectricité de France French national electricity board* * *EDF nf (abbr = Électricité de France) French Electricity Company. -
12 INSEE
INSEE [inse]masculine noun( = Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) French national institute of economic and statistical information* * *inse abr nmInstitut national de la statistique et des études économiques national institute of statistical and economic information* * *INSEE nm (abbr = Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) French national institute of statistics and economic studies.ⓘ INSEE The main government statistics office which carries out surveys and compiles the monthly price index.nom propre masculin,Insee nom propre masculin [inse] (abréviation de Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) -
13 ressortissant
ressortissant, e [ʀ(ə)sɔʀtisɑ̃, ɑ̃t]masculine noun, feminine noun* * *ressortissante ʀ(ə)sɔʀtisɑ̃, ɑ̃t nom masculin, féminin national* * *ʀ(ə)sɔʀtisɑ̃, ɑ̃t nm/f ressortissant, -e* * *ressortissant, ressortissante nm,f national; ressortissant français/étranger French/foreign national., ressortissante [rəsɔrtisɑ̃, ɑ̃t] nom masculin, nom féminin -
14 perchoir
perchoir [pεʀ∫waʀ]masculine noun* * *pɛʀʃwaʀnom masculin1) lit, fig perch2) (colloq) Politique Speaker's Chair* * *pɛʀʃwaʀ nm1) perch2) fig presidency of the French National Assembly* * *perchoir nm2 ○ Pol Speaker's Chair; au perchoir in the Speaker's chair.[pɛrʃwar] nom masculin1. [pour les oiseaux] perch[pour la volaille] roost2. POLITIQUEraised platform for the seat of the President of the French National Assembly -
15 IGN
iʒeɛn abr nmInstitut géographique national French national geographical institute* * *IGN nm (abbr = Institut géographique national) organization responsible for producing maps of France; une carte de l'IGN ≈ an OS map.Created in 1940, this state agency is responsible for the official map of France. It keeps a geographical database and publishes large scale maps. It is organized into regional offices and sponsors a school which trains 200 students a year. -
16 SOFRES
SOFRES [sɔfʀεs]feminine noun( = Société française d'enquêtes par sondage) French public opinion poll institute* * *sɔfʀɛs abr nfSociété française d'enquête par sondage French national market and opinion research institute, MORI, (Market and Opinion Research Institute)* * *SOFRES nf (abbr = Société française d'enquêtes par sondage) French national institute for market research and opinion polls.nom propre féminin, -
17 Le Pen, Jean-Marie
(adj Lepéniste)Born 1928.Founder and long-time leader of the right-wing Front National (FN) (National Front) party. In his youth, le Pen was involved with a number of extreme right-wing youth movements, and enjoyed a reputation as a brawler. A lawyer by training, le Pen served with the Foreign Legion in Algeria during the war for Algerian independence. He was first elected to the French parliament in 1956, at the age of 28, on a right-wing populist ticket. In 1972, his rise to national prominence began after he created the National Front party. Campaigning on an anti-immigration and anti-European Union platform, the FN picked up seats in municipal, regional, parliamentary and European elections. Le Pen himself was elected to the European parliament in 1984; then in 1986 he was re-elected to the French National Assembly, along with 33 other FN deputies, when proportional representation was (briefly) introduced into the election process. Since 1994, he has always been reelected to the European Parliament.Le Pen's most remarkable achievement, however, was in 2002, when, as a candidate in the Presidential election, he scored 16.86% of the vote, becoming one of the two candidates to go through to the second round - where he lost heavily to Jacques Chirac..During his turbulent life, Le Pen has had a number of run-ins with the law, including the following examples and several more. In 1971 he was found guilty of "apologies for war crimes". In 1987 he received the first of several condemnations for inciting racial hatred. In the same year, he caused outrage by sugggesting that the Auschwitz gas chambers were merely "a detail of history". In 1991 he was condemned for "banalising crimes against humanity". In 2008 he was condemned to a suspended prison sentence for apologising for war crimes and denying crimes against humanity.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Le Pen, Jean-Marie
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18 CNES
CNES nm (abbr = Centre national d'études spatiales) French national centre for space research.nom propre masculin, -
19 Comédie-Française
Comédie-Française [kɔmedifrɑ̃sεz]feminine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━This historic theatre company, also known as « le Théâtre-Français » or just « le Français », is particularly associated with Molière. It was founded in 1680. It has a mainly classical repertoire, though contemporary plays are also staged.* * *Comédie-Française nf la Comédie-Française the Comédie-Française.ⓘ Comédie-Française The oldest national theatre company, dating back to 1680, with premises in Paris, but also performing on tour.III[kɔmedifrɑ̃sɛz] nom propre fémininThis state-subsidised company dates back to the seventeenth century; the theatre itself, officially called le Théâtre-Français or le Français, is situated in the rue de Richelieu in Paris. Its repertoire consists mainly of classical works, although modern plays are sometimes staged. -
20 loterie
loterie [lɔtʀi]feminine noun* * *lɔtʀinom féminin ( avec lots) raffle; ( de fête foraine) tombola GB, raffle US; ( à grande échelle) lotteryjouer à la loterie — to have a go (colloq) on the lottery
* * *lɔtʀi nf1) (nationale) lottery, (= tombola) raffleJ'ai gagné cet ours en peluche dans une loterie. — I won this teddy in a raffle.
2) fig lottery* * *loterie nf ( avec lots) raffle; ( de fête foraine) tombola GB, raffle US; ( à grande échelle) lottery; jouer/gagner à la loterie to have a go○ at/to win on the lottery; cet examen est une vraie loterie this exam is a real lottery.[lɔtri] nom fémininla Loterie nationale the (French) national lottery ou sweepstake2. [hasard] lottery
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