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101 repris
repris [ʀ(ə)pʀi]masculine noun* * *ʀ(ə)pʀinom masculin invariable* * *ʀ(ə)pʀi pp repris, -eSee:* * *( féminin reprise) [rəpri, iz] participe passé→ link=reprendre reprendrerepris nom masculinreprise nom féminin1. [d'une activité, d'un dialogue] resumptionreprise des hostilités hier sur le front oriental hostilities resumed on the eastern front yesterdayla reprise du travail a été votée à la majorité the majority voted in favour of going back ou returning to workune reprise des affaires an upturn ou a recovery in business activity3. [rachat]deux hommes sont candidats à la reprise de la chaîne two men have put in an offer to take over ou to buy out the channelnous ne faisons pas de reprise goods cannot be returned ou exchangedil m'offre une reprise de 2 000 euros pour ma vieille voiture he'll give me 2,000 euros as a trade-in ou in part exchange (UK) for my old car5. [entre locataires] payment made to an outgoing tenant (when renting property)la reprise comprend l'équipement de la cuisine the sum due to the former tenant includes the kitchen equipmentils demandent une reprise de 1 500 euros they're asking 1,500 euros for furniture and fittings (UK) ou for the furnishingsÉQUITATION [leçon] riding lesson[cavaliers] riding teamà la reprise, la Corée menait 2 à 0 FOOTBALL Korea was leading 2-0 when the game resumed after halftime ou at the start of the second half[dans le tissu] mend9. DROITdroit de reprise right of repossession ou reentry————————reprises nom féminin plurielà maintes reprises on several ou many occasionsà trois ou quatre reprises three or four times, on three or four occasions -
102 acciaio
"steel;Stahl"* * *m (pl -ai) steelacciaio inossidabile stainless steel* * *acciaio s.m.1 steel: acciaio dolce, low carbon (o mild, o soft) steel; acciaio duro, hard steel; acciaio forgiato, fucinato, forged steel; acciaio in lingotti, ingot steel; acciaio inossidabile, stainless steel; acciaio laminato, rolled steel; acciaio legato, speciale, alloy (o compound) steel; acciaio al nichel, nickel steel; acciaio semidolce, medium carbon steel; acciaio stampato, pressed steel; acciaio temprabile, hardenable steel; acciaio temprato, hardened steel // blu acciaio, steel blue; lamiera di acciaio, sheet steel; lana d'acciaio, steel wool; profilato d'acciaio, structural steel; struttura d'acciaio, steel work* * *1.nervi d'acciaio — fig. nerves of steel, steely nerves
2.avere uno sguardo d'acciaio — fig. to be steely-eyed
aggettivo invariabile* * *acciaiopl. -ai /at't∫ajo, ai/I sostantivo m.steel; posate d'acciaio steel cutlery; questa padella è d'acciaio this pan is made of steel; nervi d'acciaio fig. nerves of steel, steely nerves; avere uno sguardo d'acciaio fig. to be steely-eyedgrigio acciaio steel greyacciaio inossidabile stainless steel; acciaio temperato tempered steel. -
103 subject
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] be a subject of conversation[Swahili Word] -vuma[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] vumi, vumilivu, kivumi, mvumi, mvumo, uvumi, uvumilivu------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] subject[English Plural] subjects[Swahili Word] isimu[Swahili Plural] isimu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Arabic[Terminology] grammar[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] subject[English Plural] subjects[Swahili Word] raia[Swahili Plural] maraia[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6an------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] subject[English Plural] subjects[Swahili Word] maudhui[Swahili Plural] maudhui[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6/6[Derived Language] Arabic[English Definition] those things which are discussed in a particular work[Swahili Definition] masuala yanayozungumziwa katika kazi yoyote[English Example] the chief subject of this novel is the struggle of salvation of a woman against a man who had hardened[Swahili Example] maudhui makuu ya riwaya hii yamejikita kwenyeharakati za ukombozi wa mwanamke dhidi yamfume-dume ulio sugu (http://www.mkukinanyota.com/educational2.html Mkuki na Nyota Online)[Terminology] literary------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] subject (of study)[English Plural] subjects[Swahili Word] msomo[Swahili Plural] misomo[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] soma V------------------------------------------------------------ -
104 chayir
1. knotty, knotted, gnarled (wood); hardened (from work) 2. bot. Bermuda grass. oq chayir cat’s foot, pussy toes -
105 насквозь
•To obtain good heating efficiency, this ratio is usually 3:1 when the work is to be heated all the way through and 10:1 when it is to be surface hardened.
* * *Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > насквозь
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106 region
область; зона- barrier region
- base region
- cellularly solidified region
- collector region
- defect-free region
- doped underlying region
- emitter region
- hardened region
- Hertzian region
- interface region
- intrinsic region
- laser thermally annealed regions
- normal region
- N-region
- operating region
- parameter region
- patterned annealed region
- P-region
- single-contact region
- stability region
- work region
- working regionEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > region
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107 skin
1) оболочка; наружная обшивка2) поверхностный слой; плёнка•- grinding skin
- outer skin
- work-hardened skinEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > skin
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108 slideway
1) направляющая ( станка); направляющая планка•- arm slideways
- axial slideways
- ball slideways
- bed slideways
- column slideway
- double-vee slideways
- dovetail slideway
- flat slideway
- half-floating slideways
- hand-scraped slideway
- integrally cast slideways
- knee slideways
- linear slideway
- machine slideways
- metal-to-metal slideways
- nonstick slideway
- overarm slideways
- plain slideways
- plastic-coated slideways
- plastics slideways
- pretensioned antifriction slideways
- prismatic slideway
- reference slideway
- right-hand and left-hand column slideways
- rotary slideway
- saddle slideways
- slide base slideways
- spindle head slideways
- square slideway
- table slideways
- through-hardened slideways
- V slideway
- vee slideway
- vee-and-flat slideway
- work steady slidewaysEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > slideway
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109 line
линия; цепь ( боевой порядок) ; линия фронта; развернутый строй; позиция; ( оборонительный) рубеж; проводная связь; провод, кабель; отмечаться по основному направлению— assault starting line— ASW line— bomb safety line— cable communication line— hot line— launching line— line one— lines of communications— O-O line— secured line— target sighting line -
110 target
объект; цель; мишень; задача; задание; норма; заданный показатель [срок]; конечный пункт; пункт назначения; заданное значение; норматив ( боевой подготовки) ; программировать траекторию ( ракеты) ; нацеливать; прицеливать; ставить задачу на удар [стрельбу] по цели; наводить; подготавливать огонь; приводить ( оружие) к нормальному бою, пристреливать; определять разнобой ( орудий) ; засекать ( цель) ;flare drop tow(ed) target — буксируемая мишень, отстреливающая ИК ловушки
pass the target (to) — передавать цель (напр. в другой сектор)
— aerial training target— hardened target— heat contrast target— interdiction-type target— pay off target— personnel-type target— prone silhouette target— scheduled nuclear target— shore-based target— towed target -
111 form
[fɔːm] 1. сущ.1) форма; внешний вид; внешнее очертаниеThe cookies were in the form of squares. — Печенья были квадратной формы.
Syn:This coat really fits one's form. — Это пальто действительно хорошо сидит.
Syn:3)а) форма, видabridged / condensed form — сокращённая форма, сокращённый вариант
convenient / handy form — удобная форма
- take the form ofThe book came out in abridged form. — Книга издана в сокращённом виде.
Syn:б) лингв. форма- colloquial form
- combining form
- diminutive form
- free form
- inflectional form
- obsolete form
- plural form
- singular form
- surface form
- underlying formв) мат. формаname form — лог. называющая форма
4) вид, разновидностьThe ant is a form of insect. — Муравей - это вид насекомых.
Ice is water in another form. — Лёд - это вода в ином виде.
Syn:6) иск. вид, форма; композицияYou paint well, but your work lacks form. — С красками у тебя всё в порядке, но твоя картина плохо построена.
In painting colour is subordinate to form. — В живописи цвет подчиняется форме.
Syn:7) установленный порядок, церемония, этикет, обряд; формальность- as a matter of formThey didn't follow the traditional form of the marriage service. — Они не придерживались традиционной церемонии бракосочетания.
- in due form
- in proper formSyn:8)Syn:б) бланк, образец, форма; анкетаto fill in a form брит., to fill out a form амер., to fill up a form уст. — заполнить бланк
tax return form — амер. бланк декларации о доходах
9) манеры, поведениеgood / proper form — хороший тон, хорошие манеры
bad form — дурной тон, плохие манеры
in full / great form — со всеми церемониями, по всей форме
It's bad form to come late to a formal reception. — На официальную встречу опаздывать неприлично.
Syn:The horse is in form. — Лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам.
She was in superb form today. — Она была сегодня в превосходной форме.
If she's in form, she can win the match easily. — Если она будет в форме, она легко выиграет матч.
Syn:11) разг. весёлость, живость, хорошее настроениеHe was in great form after his breakfast. — Он был в прекрасном настроении после завтрака.
Syn:12) судимость, "полицейское досье"You can get at least a five for getting captured with a shooter especially if you've got a bit of form behind you. — Ты можешь получить по крайней мере пять лет за ношение огнестрельного оружия, особенно, если за тобой есть судимости.
There's loads of form written down on my conviction card. — В моём досье записана масса судимостей.
13) скамьяSyn:14)а) тех. модель; (литейная) формаWhen the cement has hardened, the form is removed. — Когда цемент затвердел, форма удаляется.
Syn:б) амер.; = formeв) стр. опалубка••2. гл.1)а) придавать форму; строить, создавать (по образцу, модели; в соответствии с чем-л.)to form of / out of / from smth. — делать, создавать из чего-л. (какого-л. материала)
to form into smth. — придавать форму чего-л.
state formed along republican lines — государство, созданное в соответствии с республиканскими идеями
Syn:б) принимать форму, вид- form layers- form strataв) ( form into) воен. строить, строиться ( в определённом порядке)The soldiers formed into battle order. — Солдаты выстроились в боевом порядке.
2)а) воспитывать, вырабатывать, формировать (характер, качества, стиль)mind formed by classical education — ум, сформированный классическим образованием
to form one's style on / upon good models — вырабатывать свой стиль на хороших образцах
Syn:б) строить (поведение по какому-л. образцу)3) приобретатьHe formed the habit of peering over his glasses. — У него выработалась привычка смотреть поверх очков.
He formed no friends. — Он не приобрёл друзей.
Syn:4)а) составлять, образовыватьThe sofa is formed of three separate sections. — Диван составлен из трёх отдельных секций.
Yeomen and tradesmen formed the bulk of the insurgents. — Мелкие землевладельцы и торговцы составили основу повстанцев.
б) включать в себя, содержать•Syn:5)а) организовывать, формировать, образовыватьThey formed an army out of rabble. — Они создали армию из сброда.
We were commanded to form ourselves into a ring. — Нам приказали встать в круг.
Syn:б) организовываться, формироватьсяThe dancers formed a line. — Танцоры выстроились в ряд.
Each column of soldiers marched away as soon as it formed. — Как только солдаты выстраивались в колонну, она тут же выступала.
Syn:6)а) создавать, составлятьHenry VIII was the first English king to form a gallery of pictures. — Генрих VIII был первым английским королём, создавшим картинную галерею.
Syn:б) создавать, вырабатывать, формулировать (план, мнение и т. п.)в) возникать, создаваться, образовыватьсяFog forms in the valleys. — Туман возникает в долинах.
A sheet of ice had formed in front of Proctor's house. — Перед домом Проктора образовалась ледяная корка.
Syn:7) лингв. образовыватьThe verbs of the strong conjugation form the past tense by a change of the root vowel. — Глаголы, относящиеся к сильному спряжению, образуют прошедшее время изменением корневой гласной.
8) тех. формоватьSyn:9) ( form into) преим. страд. включать как часть (чего-л.)The new train will be formed into the regular timetable from next Monday. — Со следующего понедельника новый поезд будет включён в регулярное расписание.
•- form up -
112 reinforcement
1) арматура (железобетона, железокирпича)2) армирование; укрепление, усиление•- reinforcement of weld - agent of reinforcement - assembling reinforcement - bar reinforcement - bar-mat reinforcement - bent reinforcement - bent-up reinforcement - bridge reinforcement - cable reinforcement - compression reinforcement - compressive reinforcement - concrete reinforcement - confinement reinforcement - diagonal reinforcement - dispersed reinforcement - distribution steel reinforcement - double reinforcement - double-layer reinforcement - end-anchored reinforcement - fabric reinforcement - flake reinforcement - flexible reinforcement - glass-fibre reinforcement - gripped reinforcement - hooped reinforcement - ring or mesh reinforcement - iron reinforcement - lateral reinforcement - load-bearing reinforcement - longitudinal reinforcement - main reinforcement - marginal reinforcement - masonry reinforcement - mesh reinforcement - negative reinforcement - negative moment reinforcement - nonprestressed reinforcement - nylon reinforcement - particular reinforcement - pitch reinforcement - positive reinforcement - positive moment reinforcement - prefabricated reinforcement - prestressed reinforcement - principal reinforcement - ribbon reinforcement - rigid reinforcement - secondary reinforcement - shear reinforcement - shrinkage and temperature reinforcement - single-layer reinforcement - spiral reinforcement - steel reinforcement - steel-mash reinforcement - stiff reinforcement - strand reinforcement - string reinforcement - structural reinforcement - tendon reinforcement - tensile reinforcement - tension reinforcement - three-dimensional reinforcement - transverse reinforcement - two-way reinforcement - web reinforcement - weld reinforcement - wire reinforcement - wire-mesh reinforcement - wire-rope reinforcementto tension reinforcement — натягивать, напрягать арматуру
* * *1. арматура ( железобетона)2. усиление; армирование ( строительных конструкций)- anticrack reinforcementreinforcement misplaced in concrete — неправильное расположение арматуры в бетоне [в железобетонном элементе]
- auxiliary reinforcement
- balanced reinforcement
- bar reinforcement
- bar-mat reinforcement
- beam reinforcement
- binding reinforcement
- bottom reinforcement
- carbon fiber reinforcement
- cold-drawn wire reinforcement
- cold-worked steel reinforcement
- compression reinforcement
- congested reinforcement
- connecting reinforcement
- crack control reinforcement
- crimped steel fiber reinforcement
- crosswise reinforcement
- deformed reinforcement
- distribution reinforcement
- effective reinforcement
- epoxy coated reinforcement
- erection reinforcement
- expanded metal reinforcement
- fabric reinforcement
- fiber reinforcement
- four-way reinforcement
- glass-fiber reinforcement
- grid reinforcement
- handling reinforcement
- hard-drawn wire reinforcement
- heavy-edge reinforcement
- helical reinforcement
- high-strength reinforcement
- high-tensile reinforcement
- high-yield strength reinforcement
- hoop reinforcement
- lateral reinforcement
- main reinforcement
- mesh reinforcement
- mild steel reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- nonprestressed reinforcement
- polypropylene fiber reinforcement
- positive reinforcement
- principal reinforcement
- rail steel reinforcement
- rod reinforcement
- secondary reinforcement
- shear reinforcement
- shrinkage reinforcement
- spiral reinforcement
- standardized prefabricated reinforcement
- steel reinforcement
- steel fiber reinforcement
- stiff reinforcement
- strand reinforcement
- string reinforcement
- temperature reinforcement
- tension reinforcement
- top reinforcement
- torsion reinforcement
- transverse reinforcement
- twin-twisted bar reinforcement
- two-way reinforcement
- untensioned reinforcement
- web reinforcement
- welded reinforcement
- work hardened steel reinforcement -
113 вспомогательный материал
1. физ. accessory material2. auxiliary materialгерметизирующий материал — sealing material; encapsulant; potting compound
заправочный материал — fettling material; make-up material
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > вспомогательный материал
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114 σκληρός
-ά,-όν + A 14-12-12-11-10=59 Gn 21,11.12; 42,7.30; 45,5most often with neg. connotation; hard (of work) Ex 1,14; hard, difficult 1 Sm 1,15; hard to accept (of words) Gn 21,11; stiff Dt 31,27; harsh (of sound) Zph 1,14; sharp (of wind) Prv 27,16; severe (of battle) 2 Sm 2,17; thick (of darkness) Is 5,30; stubborn (of pers.) Nm 16,26, see also Gn 49,3; hard, hardened (of pers.) Jb 9,4*Is 8,12 σκληρόν hard-השׁק for MT רשׁק conspiracy; *Zph 1,14 σκληρὰ (τέτακται) (is made) harsh-(םשׂ) צרה for MT (םשׁ) צרח cries (there); *Jb 22,21 γενοῦ δὴ σκληρός be hard-השׁק cpr. Jb 9,4 for MT (עמו ־נא)הסכן סכן acquaint yourself (with him)Cf. HARL 1986a, 307(Gn 49,3); HEATER 1982 74(Jb 22,21); SEELIGMANN 1948 106(Is 8,12); SHIPP 1979,503; SPICQ 1982, 606-610; →NIDNTT; SCHLEUSNER -
115 heart
heart [hɑ:t]1 noun∎ he has a weak heart il est cardiaque, il a le cœur malade;∎ to have a heart condition souffrir du cœur, être cardiaque;∎ figurative her heart leapt son cœur bondit;∎ figurative her heart sank elle eut un serrement de cœur;∎ my heart sinks every time I think about leaving j'ai un pincement au cœur ou un serrement de cœur chaque fois que je pense au départ;∎ literary two hearts that beat as one deux cœurs qui battent à l'unisson;∎ British he sat there, his heart in his boots il était là, la mort dans l'âme;∎ her heart was in her mouth as she watched elle regardait en retenant son souffle(b) (seat of feelings, love) cœur m;∎ to have a big heart avoir très bon cœur;∎ he has a heart of gold/of stone il a un cœur d'or/de pierre;∎ it does my heart good to see them together cela me réchauffe le cœur de les voir ensemble;∎ to lose one's heart to sb donner son cœur à qn, tomber amoureux de qn;∎ to win sb's heart gagner le cœur de qn;∎ her words went straight to his heart ses paroles lui sont allées droit au cœur;∎ the letter was written straight from the heart la lettre était écrite du fond du cœur;∎ to have one's heart set on sth s'être mis qch dans la tête;∎ he has his heart set on winning il veut à tout prix gagner;∎ they have their heart set on that house ils ont jeté leur dévolu sur cette maison;∎ they have your welfare at heart ils ne pensent qu'à ton bien, c'est pour ton bien qu'ils font cela;∎ they have everything their hearts could desire ils ont tout ce qu'ils peuvent désirer;∎ literary my heart's desire is to see Rome again mon plus cher désir est ou ce que je désire le plus au monde c'est de revoir Rome;∎ she hardened or steeled her heart against him elle s'est endurcie contre lui;∎ affairs or matters of the heart affaires fpl de cœur;∎ to wear one's heart on one's sleeve montrer ou laisser paraître ses sentiments(c) (innermost thoughts) fond m;∎ in his heart of hearts au fond de lui-même ou de son cœur, en son for intérieur;∎ in my heart I knew it was true au fond de moi-même je savais que c'était la vérité;∎ there's a woman/a man after my own heart voilà une femme/un homme selon mon cœur;∎ I thank you from the bottom of my heart or with all my heart je vous remercie du fond du cœur ou de tout mon cœur;∎ do you love him? - with all my heart vous l'aimez? - de tout mon cœur;∎ to take sth to heart prendre qch à cœur;∎ she takes criticism too much to heart elle prend les critiques trop à cœur;∎ don't take it to heart ne le prenez pas trop à cœur;∎ she opened or poured out her heart to me elle m'a dévoilé son cœur(d) (disposition, humour)∎ to have a change of heart changer d'avis(e) (interest, enthusiasm)∎ I worked hard but my heart wasn't in it j'ai beaucoup travaillé mais je n'avais pas le cœur à l'ouvrage ou le cœur n'y était pas;∎ I can tell that your heart isn't in it je vois bien que tu n'y tiens pas tellement;∎ to eat/drink to one's heart's content manger/boire tout son soûl;∎ she read to her heart's content elle a lu tout son soûl;∎ a subject close to one's heart un sujet qui tient à cœur;∎ she puts her heart or she throws herself heart and soul into her work elle se donne à son travail corps et âme∎ to lose heart perdre courage, se décourager;∎ take heart! courage!;∎ she took heart from the fact that others shared her experience elle était encouragée par le fait que d'autres partageaient son expérience;∎ the prospect of winning the prize put new heart into them la perspective de gagner le prix leur a redonné du courage ou du cœur (au ventre);(g) (compassion) cœur m;∎ he has no heart il n'a pas de cœur, il manque de cœur;∎ she didn't have the heart to refuse, she couldn't find it in her heart to refuse elle n'a pas eu le courage ou le cœur de refuser;∎ can you find it in your heart to forgive me? est-ce que vous pourrez jamais me pardonner?;∎ her heart's in the right place elle a bon cœur;∎ have a heart! pitié!;∎ to be all heart être plein de bonne volonté;∎ ironic you're all heart tu es charmant!∎ the heart of the matter le fond du problème;∎ the speaker went straight to the heart of the matter le conférencier est allé droit au cœur du sujet ou du problème;∎ the law strikes at the heart of the democratic system la loi porte atteinte aux fondements du régime démocratique;∎ in the heart of the financial district au centre ou au cœur du quartier financier;∎ in the heart of winter en plein hiver, au cœur de l'hiver;∎ in the heart of the forest au cœur ou au beau milieu ou au fin fond de la forêt, en pleine forêt;∎ American the Heart of Dixie = surnom donné à l'Alabama(i) (of cabbage, celery, lettuce) cœur m; (of tree) cœur m, vif m; (of artichoke) cœur m, fond m; (of cable) âme f, mèche f;∎ to play a heart jouer un ou du cœur;∎ hearts are trumps atout cœur;∎ have you got any hearts? avez-vous du cœur?∎ a pattern of little red hearts un motif de petits cœurs rouges;∎ she had drawn hearts all over the letter elle avait dessiné des cœurs sur toute la lettre∎ she clutched him to her heart elle l'a serré contre sa poitrine ou sur son cœurau fond;∎ at heart she was a good person elle avait un bon fond;∎ my sister's a gypsy at heart ma sœur est une bohémienne dans l'âme;∎ to feel sad at heart avoir le cœur triste;∎ to be sick at heart avoir la mort dans l'âmepar cœur;∎ to learn/to know sth by heart apprendre/savoir qch par cœurCards = jeu de cartes dont l'objet est de faire des plis ne comprenant ni des cœurs ni la dame de pique►► Medicine heart attack crise f cardiaque;∎ to have a heart attack avoir une crise cardiaque, faire un infarctus;∎ figurative she nearly had a heart attack when she heard about it en apprenant la nouvelle, elle a failli avoir une attaque;Medicine heart disease maladie f de cœur, maladie f cardiaque;∎ heart disease is on the increase les maladies de cœur ou cardiaques sont en augmentation;∎ smoking increases the incidence of heart disease le tabagisme augmente le taux de maladies de cœur ou cardiaques;Medicine heart failure (condition) défaillance f cardiaque; (cessation of heartbeat) arrêt m du cœur;∎ figurative I nearly had heart failure when they told me I'd got the job j'ai failli me trouver mal ou avoir une syncope quand ils m'ont dit que j'avais le poste;Medicine heart murmur souffle m au cœur;Botany heart of palm cœur m de palmier;heart patient cardiaque mf;Marketing heart share préférence f;heart surgeon chirurgien(enne) m,f cardiologue;Medicine heart surgery chirurgie f du cœur;Medicine heart trouble (UNCOUNT) maladie f du cœur, troubles mpl cardiaques;∎ to have or to suffer from heart trouble souffrir du cœur, être cardiaque -
116 tough
tough [tʌf](a) (resilient → person) solide, résistant, robuste; (→ meat) dur, coriace; (→ animal, plant) résistant, robuste; (→ substance, fabric) solide, résistant;∎ you have to be tough to make it here il faut être solide pour s'en tirer ici;∎ she's tough enough to win elle a assez d'endurance pour gagner;∎ British he's as tough as old boots il est coriace;∎ this steak is as tough as old boots ce n'est pas du bifteck, c'est de la semelle(b) (difficult) dur, pénible;∎ a tough problem un problème épineux;∎ it's tough on him c'est un coup dur pour lui;∎ she made it tough for him elle lui a mené la vie dure;∎ that's a tough act to follow c'est difficile de faire mieux;∎ I gave them a tough time je leur en ai fait voir de toutes les couleurs;∎ they had a tough time when their parents died ils en ont connu de dures quand leurs parents sont morts;∎ it's tough work c'est un travail pénible;∎ she had a tough life elle n'a pas eu une vie facile;∎ he had a tough time passing the exam il a eu du mal à réussir son examen;∎ Wall Street is a tough environment Wall Street est un milieu très dur∎ a tough economic policy une politique économique draconienne;∎ a tough boss un patron sévère;∎ to get tough with sb se montrer dur avec qn;∎ the boss takes a tough line with people who are late le patron ne plaisante pas avec les retardataires;∎ she's a tough person to deal with elle ne fait pas de concessions;∎ familiar he's a tough cookie il n'est pas commode;∎ familiar they're tough customers ce sont des durs à cuire(d) (rough, hardened) dur;∎ a tough criminal un criminel endurci;∎ familiar a real tough guy un vrai dur;∎ stay out of the tough neighbourhoods évitez les quartiers dangereux∎ that's really tough ça, c'est vraiment vache;∎ it's tough for him, great for us c'est dur pour lui, mais génial pour nous;∎ tough luck! pas de pot!;∎ that's your tough luck! tant pis pour vous!2 adverb∎ familiar to talk/act tough jouer au dur∎ to tough it out tenir bon4 nounfamiliar dur(e) m,f►► tough love = attitude stricte adoptée vis-à-vis d'un drogué, d'un alcoolique etc, dans le but de l'aider à se désaccoutumer -
117 Gillette, King Camp
[br]b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.[br]Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.[br]Bibliography"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).Further ReadingObituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.LRD / IMcN -
118 Williams, Thomas
[br]b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Walesd. 29 November 1802 Bath, England[br]Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.[br]Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.[br]Further ReadingJ.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.ASD -
119 metal
1. металлacid-resistant metal — кислотостойкий [кислотоупорный] металл
added metal — ( легирующая) присадка
aerospace metal — металл для авиационно-космической техники, авиационно-космический металл
alkali metal — щелочной металл
alkaline-earth metal — щелочноземельный металл
alloying metal — легирующий металл
antifriction metal — антифрикционный сплав, подшипниковый металл
austenitic filler metal — аустенитная присадочная сталь
boronized metal — борированный металл
boron-reinforced metal — металл, армированный бором
brazing filler metal — присадочный металл для пайки, твёрдый припой
carbide-whisker-strengthened metal — металл, упрочнённый нитевидными кристаллами карбида
cellular metal — металл с пористой структурой, пенометалл
ceramic metal — металлокерамический сплав, кермет, металлокерамика
ceramic-clad metal — металл, покрытый керамикой
ceramic-fiber-reinforced metal — металл, армированный керамическим волокном
clad metal — 1) плакированный металл 2) металл для плакирования [металлизации]
clad refractory metal — плакированный тугоплавкий металл
coated metal — металл с покрытием, покрытый металл
compact metal — 1) компактный металл 2) металл, полученный методом порошковой металлургии
composite metal — 1) композиционный металл 2) биметалл
controlled-porosity metal — металл с контролируемой пористостью
coolant metal — металл-охладитель, металлический теплоноситель
corrosion-resistant metal — коррозионно-стойкий металл
detaclad metal — металл, плакированный методом взрыва
dispersion-strengthened metal — дисперсно-упрочнённый металл
dual-functioning liquid metal — двухфункциональный жидкий металл
earth metal — щелочноземельный металл
electrocladding refractory metal — электроплакированный тугоплавкий металл
electron metal — электрон ( сплав на магниевой основе)
eutectic metal — эвтектический металл
exotic metal — экзотический металл
explosion-bonded-clad metal — металл, плакированный взрывом
ferromagnetic metal — ферромагнитный металл
fiber-reinforced metal — металл, армированный волокном [нитью]
fiber-strengthened metal — металл, упрочнённый волокном [нитью]
fibrous metal — волокнистый металл
filament-reinforced metal — металл, армированный волокном [нитью]
filled metal — наполненный металл
filler metal — присадочный металл
fine metal — рафинированный [чистый] металл
foamed metal — пенистый металл, пенометалл
fusible metal — легкоплавкий металл
glass-fiber-reinforced metal — металл, армированный стекловолокном
graphite-filament-reinforced metal — металл, армированный графитовым волокном
heat-resistant metal — теплостойкий металл
high-ductility metal — 1) высокопластичный металл 2) ковкий металл
high-melting-point metal — металл с высокой точкой плавления, тугоплавкий металл
high-purity metal — металл с высокой степенью чистоты
high-strength metal — высокопрочный металл
high-temperature metal — жаростойкий [жаропрочный] металл
high-temperature oxidation resistant metal — металл, стойкий к окислению в условиях высоких температур
high-temperature wear resistant metal — металл, износостойкий в условиях высоких температур
infiltrated metal — пропитанный металл
low-density metal — лёгкий металл
low-melting-point metal — металл с низкой точкой плавления, легкоплавкий металл
low-temperature wear resistant metal — металл, износостойкий в условиях низких температур
matrix metal — 1) основной металл ( сплава) 2) матричный [связующий] металл ( в композиционном материале) 3) цементирующий металл
metal-coated metal — металл, покрытый металлом
metal lided metal — металлидированный металл
mish metal — миш-металл ( пирофорный сплав)
monel metal — монель-металл ( коррозионно-стойкий никелево-медный сплав)
muntz metal — мунц-металл ( медно-цинковый сплав)
noble metal — благородный [драгоценный] металл
non-ferrous metal — цветной металл
non-porous metal — непористый металл
oxidation-resistant metal — металл, стойкий к окислению
oxide-dispersed metal — металл, упрочнённый дисперсными частицами окисла; металл, дисперсно-упрочнённый частицами окисла
oxide-dispersion-strengthened metal — металл, дисперсно-упрочнённый частицами окисла; металл, упрочнённый дисперсными частицами окисла
oxide-fiber reinforced metal — металл, армированный [упрочнённый] волокнами окисла
oxide-fiber strengthened metal — металл, упрочнённый [армированный] волокнами окисла
oxide-whisker reinforced metal — металл, армированный нитевидными кристаллами окисла
particle-dispersion strengthened metal — металл, упрочнённый ( дисперсными) частицами
plastic-clad metal — металл, плакированный пластмассой
plastic-coated metal — металл, покрытый пластмассой
powdered metal — порошкообразный металл, металлический порошок
powdery metal — металлический порошок, порошкообразный металл
precoated metal — металл с предварительным покрытием, предварительно покрытый металл
preplated metal — предварительно покрытый металл, металл с предварительным покрытием
protective-coated metal — металл с защитным покрытием
rare metal — редкий металл
rare-earth metal — редкоземельный металл
reactive metal — реактивный [химически активный] металл
recrystallized metal — рекристаллизованный металл
refractory metal — тугоплавкий металл
reinforced metal — армированный [упрочнённый] металл
reinforcement metal — армирующий [упрочняющий] металл
sintered metal — спечённый металл
sintered non-ferrous powder metal — цветной металл из спечённого порошка
space-age metal — металл для космической техники
sponge metal — 1) пористый [губчатый] металл 2) металлическая губка
stainless-steel-clad metal — металл, плакированный нержавеющей сталью
structural metal — конструкционный металл
superconducting metal — сверхпроводящий металл, сверхпроводник
superplasticity metal — металл с высокой пластичностью, высокопластичный металл
temperature-sensitive metal — теплочувствительный металл
textured metal — текстурированный металл
transition metal — металл переходной группы
ultrahigh-purity metal — металл сверхвысокой чистоты
unstainable metal — нержавеющий металл
vacuum-melted metal — металл вакуумной плавки
vinyl-laminated metal — металл, покрытый винилопластом
welding filler metal — присадочный металл для сварки
whisker-reinforced metal — металл, армированный [упрочнённый] нитевидными кристаллами
whisker-strengthened metal — металл, упрочнённый [армированный] нитевидными кристаллами
wire-reinforced metal — металл, армированный проволокой
work-hardened metal — деформационно-упрочнённый металл
wrought metal — деформируемый металл
yellow metal — латунь типа 60\/40, мунц-металл
English-Russian dictionary of aviation and space materials > metal
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120 קשי
קשי, קָשָׁה(b. h.) to be stiff, hard, difficult. Y.Ber.I, 2c top קָשְׁתָה על דעתך this is difficult according to (not reconcilable with) thy opinion; ib. למהא״ל קשתה (not קשתיה) why did he say to him, it is difficult?V. קָשֶׁה. Pi. קִישָּׁה (קִישְּׁתָה, with לילד or without) to have hard labor in travailing. Ḥull.IV, 1 בהמה המְקַשּׁה לרלדוכ׳ if an animal is in labor, and, v. עוּבָּר. Nidd.IV, 4 קִשְּׁתָה שלשהוכ׳ if she was in pain for three days within eleven days; Tosef. ib. V, 8 קִישֵּׁת, קִשֵּׁת. Ib. 10; a. fr.(Gen. R. s. 61 שהיו מקשיןוכ׳, read: מקישין, v. נָקַש. Hif. הִקְשָׁה 1) to stiffen, harden. Nidd.13b המַקְשֶׁה עצמווכ׳ he who causes erection wilfully. Ex. R. s. 11 הרשע הזהה׳ את לבווכ׳ this wicked (Pharaoh) hardened his heart against the first three signs; a. e. 2) to become hard. Y.Pes.VI, 35b top שסופו להַקְשוֹת which gets hard in the course of time. Shebi. II, 10 אם הִקְשוּוכ׳ (Y. ed. a. Bart. הוּקְשוּ Hof.) if they became hard (dry) and unfit for man to eat before New Year. (Y. ib. 34a bot. הקשו a. הוקשו). 3) to be severe. Gen. R. s. 19, opp. ריתה, v. רָתָה. Hof. הוּקְשֶׁה 1) to become hard, v. supra. 2) to be found hard, distasteful. Tanḥ. Shlaḥ 5; Num. R. s. 16 ה׳ הדבר והרעוכ׳ the thing was distasteful to and displeased his father. Hithpa. הִתְקַשֶּׁה, Nithpa. נִתְקַשֶּׁה 1) to suffer severely (in travailing). Gen. R. s. 84 נִתְקַשֵׁת אמווכ׳ his mother was in hard labor at his birth. 2) to become hard, stiff. Tosef.Nidd.VI, 4 משיִתְקַשוּ, v. קִשְׁקֵש I, a. II. Gen. R. s. 98, a. שנִתְקַשֵּׁיתָה, v. קַשְׁיוּת. 3) to find ones self in difficulty, to be perplexed, unable to understand or remember. Num. R. s. 15 beg. נ׳ משה במעשהוכ׳ Moses found the work of the candlestick more difficult to understand than ; כיוןשנ׳ אמרוכ׳ when he still could not remember it, the Lord said Ib.10>; Tanḥ. Bhaʿăl. 6 נִתְקַשֵּׁיתִי לעשותה I could not understand how to do it: Ib. נ׳ על משה it was too difficult for Moses; a. fr. 4) to be reluctant, strive against. Tanḥ. Shmoth 18 כמה נ׳ יונה שלאוכ׳ how hard did Jonah strive not to go on his mission. Deut. R. s. 9 מִתְקַשֶּׁה כנגדו (the sun) refused to obey; a. e. 5) to make ones self obnoxious. Gen. R. s. 61; Yalk. Chr. 1073 (play on יקשן, Gen. 25:2) שהיו מִתְקַשִׁין בעולם they were obnoxious to the world (were hard to deal with); (Midr. Till. to Ps. 92 ed. Bub. שהיו בני אדם קשין).
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