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61 Paul, Robert William
[br]b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, Englandd. 28 March 1943 London, England[br]English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.[br]Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.Bibliography17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.Further ReadingObituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.BC / GW -
62 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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63 liabilities
1. юр. відповідальність; обов'язок; заборгованість; борг; зобов'язання; 2. рі пасив; пасив за відрахуванням власного капіталу; пасив за відрахуванням інвестованих власником коштів; заборгованість; зобов'язання; грошове зобов'язання1. правове зобов'язання або обов'язок сплатити позику (loan), рахунок-фактуру (invoice) чи ін. борги, відшкодувати збитки тощо; 2. зобов'язання (debt) окремої особи, організації, установи тощо, які заносяться до балансового звіту (balance sheet) на рахунок пасивів; ♦ за пасивом є два види зобов'язань: короткострокові (current liabilities) і довгострокові (non-current liabilities)═════════■═════════acceptance liabilities зобов'язання за акцептами; accrued liabilities нараховані зобов'язання • неоплачені витрати; business liabilities торговельні зобов'язання; capital liabilities зобов'язання за основним капіталом; carrier's liabilities відповідальність перевізника; contingent liabilities умовне зобов'язання • потенційне зобов'язання; contract liabilities контрактні зобов'язання; corporate liabilities зобов'язання корпорації; current liabilities; deferred liabilities відстрочене зобов'язання • відтерміноване зобов'язання; deferred income tax liabilities відстрочена заборгованість за податком на доходи; deposit liabilities зобов'язання за депозитом; direct liabilities безумовне зобов'язання; double liabilities подвійне зобов'язання; employer's liabilities відповідальність працедавця; estimated liabilities підраховане зобов'язання; estimated tax liabilities розрахункові зобов'язання з оподаткування • розрахункова сума податку; external liabilitiesies зовнішні зобов'язання • зовнішня заборгованість • пасив за зовнішними операціями; financial liabilities фінансове зобов'язання • фінансова заборгованість; fixed liabilitiesies довгострокові зобов'язання; floating liabilitiesies короткострокові зобов'язання; foreign liabilitiesies закордонні зобов'язання; full liabilities повна відповідальність; government liabilities відповідальність держави; gross liabilitiesies загальна сума пасиву; income tax liabilities загальна сума податку, яка підлягає виплаті; indirect liabilities умовне зобов'язання • другорядна відповідальність; individual liabilities особиста відповідальність; insurance liabilities страхова відповідальність; internal liabilitiesies внутрішні зобов'язання; joint liabilities спільна відповідальність • сукупне зобов'язання; joint and several liabilities сукупне і роздільне зобов'язання; legal liabilities юридична відповідальність бухгалтера • договірне зобов'язання; licensee's liabilitiesies зобов'язання ліцензіата; licensor's liabilities відповідальність ліцензіата; limited liabilities обмежена відповідальність; liquid liabilitiesies ліквідні зобов'язання • ліквідна заборгованість; long-term liabilities довгострокові зобов'язання; maximum liabilities максимальна відповідальність; minimum liabilities мінімальна відповідальність; net liabilities сума зобов'язань за відрахуванням вартості легко реалізованого майна; net foreign liabilities сальдо зовнішньої заборгованості країни; noncontractual liabilities позадоговірна відповідальність; non-current liabilitiesies довгострокові зобов'язання; nondeposit liabilities недепозитне зобов'язання; nostro liabilitiesies зобов'язання за рахунками ностро; note liabilitiesies зобов'язання за випущеними банкнотами; off-balance sheet liabilities позабалансове зобов'язання; outstanding liabilitiesies невиконані зобов'язання; payroll liabilitiesies заборгованість із заробітної плати; personal liabilities особиста відповідальність; primary liabilities первинне зобов'язання; prime liabilities основна відповідальність; product liabilities відповідальність за якість випущеної продукції; public liabilities відповідальність за збитки, спричинені споживачам; secondary liabilities непрямі зобов'язання; secured liabilities забезпечене зобов'язання • зобов'язання, забезпечене заставою активів; short-term liabilitiesies короткострокові зобов'язання; stated liabilities заявлені зобов'язання; tax liabilitiesies заборгованість за податковим платежем; total liabilitiesies загальна сума зобов'язань; trade liabilitiesies кредиторська заборгованість; unlimited liabilities необмежена відповідальність (акціонера)═════════□═════════liabilities account рахунок пасиву; liabilities category категорія зобов'язання; liabilities certificate сертифікат заборгованості • свідоцтво про заборгованість; liabilities clause пункт про зобов'язання • пункт про відповідальність; liabilities commitment боргове зобов'язання; liabilities exemption звільнення від відповідальності; liabilities for compensation відповідальність за компенсацію; liabilities for damages відповідальність за збитки; liabilities for debts боргова відповідальність; liabilities for loss відповідальність за збиток; liabilities for negligence відповідальність за недбалість; liabilitiesies for settlements обов'язок за розрахунком; liabilities indemnity зобов'язання відшкодувати збитки; liabilities infringement порушення відповідальності; liabilities insurance страхування громадянської відповідальності; liabilities in tort відповідальність за громадянське правопорушення; liabilities item стаття пасиву; liabilities limit обмеження відповідальності; liabilities method методика дебіторського боргу; liabilities of an acceptor відповідальність акцептанта; liabilities of an accountant юридична відповідальність бухгалтера; liabilitiesies of a bank зобов'язання банку; liabilities of a carrier відповідальність перевізника; liabilities of a drawer відповідальність трасанта; liabilities of a producer відповідальність виробника; liabilities on a bill відповідальність за векселем; liabilities to accept delivery обов'язок прийняти доставлену продукцію; liabilitiesies to creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами; liabilities to duty обов'язок платити мито; liabilitiesies to preferred creditors зобов'язання перед першочерговими кредиторами; liabilitiesies to secured creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами, які одержали забезпечення від боржника; liabilitiesies to shareholders зобов'язання перед акціонерами; liabilitiesies to stockholders зобов'язання перед акціонерами; liabilitiesies to unsecured creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами, які не одержали забезпечення від боржника; liabilitiesies under a contract зобов'язання за договором; to accept liabilities брати/взяти на себе відповідальність; to accrue liabilitiesies нараховувати/нарахувати заборгованість; to carry as liabilities заносити/занести в пасив балансового звіту; to discharge liabilitiesies виконувати/виконати зобов'язання; to discharge from liabilitiesies звільняти/звільнити від зобов'язань; to disclaim liabilities знімати/зняти із себе відповідальність; to establish liabilities доводити/довести відповідальність; to exclude liabilities виключати/виключити відповідальність; to exempt liabilities звільняти/звільнити від відповідальності; to extend liabilities продовжувати/продовжити зобов'язання; to incur liabilitiesies влазити/влізти в борги; to limit liabilities обмежувати/обмежити відповідальність; to meet liabilitiesies виконувати/виконати зобов'язання; to modify liabilitiesies змінювати/змінити зобов'язання; to repudiate liabilities відмовлятися/відмовитися від відповідальностіliabilities²: assets²; liabilities² ‡ liabilities² (387); liabilities² ‡ financial statements (385)* * *зобов'язання; відповідальність; пасиви; залучені кошти -
64 liability
1. юр. відповідальність; обов'язок; заборгованість; борг; зобов'язання; 2. рі пасив; пасив за відрахуванням власного капіталу; пасив за відрахуванням інвестованих власником коштів; заборгованість; зобов'язання; грошове зобов'язання1. правове зобов'язання або обов'язок сплатити позику (loan), рахунок-фактуру (invoice) чи ін. борги, відшкодувати збитки тощо; 2. зобов'язання (debt) окремої особи, організації, установи тощо, які заносяться до балансового звіту (balance sheet) на рахунок пасивів; ♦ за пасивом є два види зобов'язань: короткострокові (current liabilities) і довгострокові (non-current liabilities)═════════■═════════acceptance liabilities зобов'язання за акцептами; accrued liabilities нараховані зобов'язання • неоплачені витрати; business liabilities торговельні зобов'язання; capital liabilities зобов'язання за основним капіталом; carrier's liability відповідальність перевізника; contingent liability умовне зобов'язання • потенційне зобов'язання; contract liabilities контрактні зобов'язання; corporate liability зобов'язання корпорації; current liabilities; deferred liability відстрочене зобов'язання • відтерміноване зобов'язання; deferred income tax liability відстрочена заборгованість за податком на доходи; deposit liability зобов'язання за депозитом; direct liability безумовне зобов'язання; double liability подвійне зобов'язання; employer's liability відповідальність працедавця; estimated liability підраховане зобов'язання; estimated tax liability розрахункові зобов'язання з оподаткування • розрахункова сума податку; external liabilityies зовнішні зобов'язання • зовнішня заборгованість • пасив за зовнішними операціями; financial liability фінансове зобов'язання • фінансова заборгованість; fixed liabilityies довгострокові зобов'язання; floating liabilityies короткострокові зобов'язання; foreign liabilityies закордонні зобов'язання; full liability повна відповідальність; government liability відповідальність держави; gross liabilityies загальна сума пасиву; income tax liability загальна сума податку, яка підлягає виплаті; indirect liability умовне зобов'язання • другорядна відповідальність; individual liability особиста відповідальність; insurance liability страхова відповідальність; internal liabilityies внутрішні зобов'язання; joint liability спільна відповідальність • сукупне зобов'язання; joint and several liability сукупне і роздільне зобов'язання; legal liability юридична відповідальність бухгалтера • договірне зобов'язання; licensee's liabilityies зобов'язання ліцензіата; licensor's liability відповідальність ліцензіата; limited liability обмежена відповідальність; liquid liabilityies ліквідні зобов'язання • ліквідна заборгованість; long-term liabilities довгострокові зобов'язання; maximum liability максимальна відповідальність; minimum liability мінімальна відповідальність; net liabilities сума зобов'язань за відрахуванням вартості легко реалізованого майна; net foreign liability сальдо зовнішньої заборгованості країни; noncontractual liability позадоговірна відповідальність; non-current liabilityies довгострокові зобов'язання; nondeposit liability недепозитне зобов'язання; nostro liabilityies зобов'язання за рахунками ностро; note liabilityies зобов'язання за випущеними банкнотами; off-balance sheet liability позабалансове зобов'язання; outstanding liabilityies невиконані зобов'язання; payroll liabilityies заборгованість із заробітної плати; personal liability особиста відповідальність; primary liability первинне зобов'язання; prime liability основна відповідальність; product liability відповідальність за якість випущеної продукції; public liability відповідальність за збитки, спричинені споживачам; secondary liability непрямі зобов'язання; secured liability забезпечене зобов'язання • зобов'язання, забезпечене заставою активів; short-term liabilityies короткострокові зобов'язання; stated liability заявлені зобов'язання; tax liabilityies заборгованість за податковим платежем; total liabilityies загальна сума зобов'язань; trade liabilityies кредиторська заборгованість; unlimited liability необмежена відповідальність (акціонера)═════════□═════════liability account рахунок пасиву; liability category категорія зобов'язання; liability certificate сертифікат заборгованості • свідоцтво про заборгованість; liability clause пункт про зобов'язання • пункт про відповідальність; liability commitment боргове зобов'язання; liability exemption звільнення від відповідальності; liability for compensation відповідальність за компенсацію; liability for damages відповідальність за збитки; liability for debts боргова відповідальність; liability for loss відповідальність за збиток; liability for negligence відповідальність за недбалість; liabilityies for settlements обов'язок за розрахунком; liability indemnity зобов'язання відшкодувати збитки; liability infringement порушення відповідальності; liability insurance страхування громадянської відповідальності; liability in tort відповідальність за громадянське правопорушення; liability item стаття пасиву; liability limit обмеження відповідальності; liability method методика дебіторського боргу; liability of an acceptor відповідальність акцептанта; liability of an accountant юридична відповідальність бухгалтера; liabilityies of a bank зобов'язання банку; liability of a carrier відповідальність перевізника; liability of a drawer відповідальність трасанта; liability of a producer відповідальність виробника; liability on a bill відповідальність за векселем; liability to accept delivery обов'язок прийняти доставлену продукцію; liabilityies to creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами; liability to duty обов'язок платити мито; liabilityies to preferred creditors зобов'язання перед першочерговими кредиторами; liabilityies to secured creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами, які одержали забезпечення від боржника; liabilityies to shareholders зобов'язання перед акціонерами; liabilityies to stockholders зобов'язання перед акціонерами; liabilityies to unsecured creditors зобов'язання перед кредиторами, які не одержали забезпечення від боржника; liabilityies under a contract зобов'язання за договором; to accept liability брати/взяти на себе відповідальність; to accrue liabilityies нараховувати/нарахувати заборгованість; to carry as liability заносити/занести в пасив балансового звіту; to discharge liabilityies виконувати/виконати зобов'язання; to discharge from liabilityies звільняти/звільнити від зобов'язань; to disclaim liability знімати/зняти із себе відповідальність; to establish liability доводити/довести відповідальність; to exclude liability виключати/виключити відповідальність; to exempt liability звільняти/звільнити від відповідальності; to extend liability продовжувати/продовжити зобов'язання; to incur liabilityies влазити/влізти в борги; to limit liability обмежувати/обмежити відповідальність; to meet liabilityies виконувати/виконати зобов'язання; to modify liabilityies змінювати/змінити зобов'язання; to repudiate liability відмовлятися/відмовитися від відповідальностіliabilities²: assets²; liabilities² ‡ liabilities² (387); liabilities² ‡ financial statements (385) -
65 price
1. n1) цена
- acceptable price
- accounting price
- accurate price
- acquisition price
- actual price
- adjustable prices
- adjusted price
- administered price
- advanced price
- advertized price
- after price
- after hours price
- agreed price
- agreed-upon price
- aggregate price
- agricultural product prices
- all-in price
- all-round price
- American Selling Price
- anticipated price
- applicable price
- approximate price
- arm's length price
- asked price
- asking price
- attractive price
- average price
- bargain price
- base price
- basic price
- basic point price
- basis price
- bedrock price
- benchmmark price
- best price
- best-performing share prices
- bid price
- black market price
- blanket price
- bona fide selling price
- bond price
- book price
- boom price
- bottom price
- B-share prices
- budget price
- buy-back price
- buyers' price
- buying price
- calculative price
- call price
- carry-over price
- cash price
- catalogue price
- ceiling price
- cheap price
- clearing price
- close prices
- closing price
- closing share price
- coming out price
- commodity price
- common price
- comparable prices
- comparative prices
- competitive price
- competitor's price
- constant price
- consumer prices
- contracted price
- cost price
- cutthroat price
- daily settlement price
- dealer price
- decontrolled prices
- delivered price
- demand price
- derived target price
- determined price
- differential prices
- dirt cheap price
- disbursing price
- discounted price
- distress price
- domestic price
- dropping prices
- dual price
- entry-preventing price
- equation price
- equilibrium price
- equitable price
- equity price
- escalating prices
- escalation prices
- escalator prices
- established price
- estimated price
- estimated total price
- euro price
- exact price
- exceptional price
- excessive price
- exchange price
- exclusive price
- exercise price
- exhaust price
- existing price
- exorbitant price
- external prices
- extra price
- factor price
- factory price
- factory gate price
- factory list price
- fair price
- falling prices
- fancy price
- farm prices
- farm commodity prices
- farm produce prices
- favourable price
- final price
- firm price
- first price
- fixed price
- flat price
- flexible prices
- floor price
- fluctuating price
- foreign price
- forward price
- free market price
- full-cost price
- gilt prices
- global price
- going price
- going market price
- gross price
- grower's price
- guaranteed price
- guideline price
- guiding price
- half price
- hard prices
- heavy price
- high price
- highest price
- hire price
- hire purchase price
- home price
- home market price
- House price
- huge price
- identical price
- implicit price
- import price
- inbound price
- increased price
- individual price
- individual price of production
- individual cost price
- inflated prices
- initial price
- inside price
- internal price
- intervention price
- invoiced price
- irregular prices
- issue price
- item price
- itemized price
- job prices
- just price
- keen price
- kerb prices
- knockdown price
- knockout price
- laid-down price
- land price
- landed price
- last price
- leading price
- limit price
- limited price
- listed price
- live market price
- livestock price
- loaded price
- local price
- local market price
- loco price
- low price
- lowest price
- lump-sum price
- making-up price
- manufacturer's price
- manufacturing price
- marginal price
- markdown price
- marked price
- market price
- market-determined price
- marrying price
- maximum price
- mean price
- median price
- median home prices
- medium price
- mercantile price
- middle price
- minimum price
- moderate price
- monopoly price
- national price
- natural price
- negotiable price
- negotiated price
- net price
- new prices
- nominal price
- nonflexible price
- normal price
- normalized price
- notional price
- offered price
- offering price
- offer of issue price
- official price
- open price
- opening price
- option price
- option price of shares
- original price
- output price
- outside price
- overestimated price
- overhead price
- package price
- packing price
- parity price
- peak price
- pegged price
- piece price
- popular prices
- posted price
- preferential price
- pre-increase price
- preliminary price
- premium price
- present price
- prevailing prices
- probate price
- procurement price
- producer's price
- prohibitive price
- public offering price
- published price
- purchase price
- purchasing price
- put price
- put-and-call price
- quantity price
- quoted price
- raw material price
- real price
- realization price
- reasonable price
- receding prices
- receiving price
- recent prices
- recommended price
- redemption price
- reduced price
- reference price
- regular price
- relative prices
- remunerative price
- rent price
- replacement price
- resale price
- reservation price
- reserve price
- reserved price
- retail price
- revised price
- rising prices
- rock-bottom price
- ruinous price
- ruling price
- sale price
- seasonal price
- sagging price
- saleable price
- secondhand price
- security price
- sellers' price
- selling price
- sensitive prices
- set price
- setting price
- settlement price
- shadow price
- share price
- sinking price
- skyrocketing price
- sliding price
- sliding-scale price
- sluice gate price
- soaring price
- special price
- specific price
- split prices
- spot price
- stable price
- standard price
- standard list price
- standard unit price
- starting price
- state price
- stated price
- state-set price
- stationary price
- steady prices
- sticker price
- stiff price
- stipulated price
- stock price
- stock exchange price
- stopout price
- store prices
- street price
- strictly net price
- strike price
- striking price
- strong price
- subscription price
- suggested price
- supply price
- support price
- surging share prices
- tape prices
- target price
- target asset price
- tariff price
- tax-inclusive prices
- tender price
- threshold price
- top price
- total price
- trade price
- trading price
- transaction price
- transfer price
- trigger price
- two-tier price
- typical price
- uncontrollable prices
- underestimated price
- underselling price
- uniform price
- unit price
- unrealistic price
- unreasonable price
- unsettled price
- unstable price
- upset price
- variable prices
- wholesale price
- wide prices
- world bond price
- world market price
- zone price
- price after hours
- price at the current exchange rate
- price ex store
- price ex warehouse
- price for the account
- price for cash
- price for a quantity unit
- price for the settlement
- price in foreign currency
- price in gold
- prices in the open market
- price in a price list
- price in the quotation
- prices in the region of %
- price of call
- price of currency
- price of day
- price of delivery
- prices of farm products
- price of freight
- price of gold
- prices of industrial goods
- price of labour power
- price of land
- price of money
- price of option
- price of production
- price of services
- prices on the quotation
- prices on the world market
- price per metric ton
- price per piece
- price per set
- price per unit
- at the price
- at bargain prices
- at a firesale price
- at a high price
- at a low price
- at all prices
- in comparable prices
- price current
- price excluding
- price exclusive
- price less discount
- price plus markup
- price subject to change without notice
- price subject to final confirmation
- accept a price
- adjust prices
- advance a price
- advance in price
- alter a price
- amend a price
- arrive at a price
- ask the price
- ask for the price
- bargain over a price
- base a price
- beat down prices
- bolster the price of crude oil
- boost prices
- break down prices
- bring the price back down to earth
- bring prices in line with the cost
- bring the average price
- bring down prices
- bring low prices
- buoy prices
- calculate prices
- change a price
- charge a price
- command a high price
- control prices
- correct a price
- cut prices
- decrease prices
- deduct from a price
- depress prices
- deregulate prices
- determine a price
- differ in prices
- drop in price
- enjoy high prices
- establish a price
- estimate a price
- exceed a price
- fall in price
- fetch a high price
- finalize a price
- fix a price
- force down prices
- force up prices
- freeze prices
- fuel prices
- give a firm price
- go down in price
- go up in price
- guarantee a price
- hold in price
- hold out for a higher price
- hold up prices
- increase prices
- increase in price
- keep prices down
- keep prices up
- kick against high prices
- level prices down
- level prices up
- lift prices
- lift prices from their low
- list prices
- maintain prices
- make a price
- manipulate stock prices
- mark a price
- mark down the price
- match the price
- meet the price
- modify a price
- negotiate a price
- offer a price
- outbid the prices
- pay the price
- prop up prices
- push up prices
- publish prices
- put down prices
- put downward pressure on prices
- put up prices
- quote a price
- raise prices
- ramp up share prices
- realize a price
- recalculate prices
- recover the price
- reduce prices
- refund the price
- revise prices downwards
- revise prices upwards
- rise in price
- retrieve the price
- scale down prices
- save on prices
- sell at a high price
- sell below price
- sell under price
- send prices up
- set a price
- settle a price
- shore up prices
- show prices in dollars
- squeeze prices down
- stabilize prices
- suggest a price
- support prices
- take off the price
- tender a price
- trigger prices
- undercut prices2. vназначать цену; оценивать
- reasonably priced -
66 Common Hemp
The so-called common hemp is the hemp proper and is derived from the bast of Cannabis sativa, a shrub growing from 6 feet to 15 feet in height. Though originally a native of India and Persia, it is now cultivated in nearly all the temperate and tropical countries or the world. It is an annual plant, with a straight stalk, and elongated, highly dentated leaves. The leaves have a narcotic odour and occur in bunches of three, five or seven. Russia produces an enormous quantity, Poland also is a large producer, both these are of a lower quality than others. French hemp is much superior in quality to that from either Russia or Poland, being fine, white and lustrous. Italian hemp is also of a very high grade. Indian hemp is grown not so much for its fibre as for its narcotic properties. Japanese hemp is of excellent quality, and appears in trade in the form of very thin ribbons, smooth and glossy, of a light straw colour, and the frayed ends showing a fibre of exceeding fineness. Hemp is the oldest textile that has been used in Japan. Hemp fibre is obtained from the plant by a process of retting, similar to that used for flax. Dew retting is chiefly employed, that is, the stalks are spread out in the fields until the action of the elements causes the woody tissue and gums enclosing the fibres to decompose. It is said that 100 parts of raw hemp produce 25 parts of raw fibre or filasse; and loo parts of the latter yields 65 parts of combed filasse and 32 parts of tow. The commercial fibre is pearly-grey, yellowish or greenish to brown in colour, and from 40-in. to 80-in. long. It is not as fine as linen, though its tensile strength is appreciably greater. The best qualities of hemp are very light in colour and possess a high lustre almost equal to linen. Hemp is principally used for twines and cordage, for which its great strength eminently adapts it, and also because it is very durable and does not rot in water. The better qualities of hemp are also used for " linen " crash, homespuns, carpets and as warp in making carpets and mgs. -
67 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. August 1860 Brittany, Franced. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England[br]Scottish inventor and photographer.[br]Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.[br]Further ReadingGordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.—1966, The Kinetoscope.—1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.BCBiographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
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68 Olympic broadcasting services (OBS)
Олимпийская вещательная служба (ОВС)
Швейцарская компания, созданная МОК специально для выполнения функций вещательной компании страны-организатора/OBO на Играх. Данная служба, в частности, отвечает за следующее:
• производство и передачу международных теле- и радио репортажей с Игр в соответствии с поручением МОК;
• за международный вещательный центр, являющийся штабом деятельности в области радио и телевидения в период проведения Игр;
• координацию и предоставление вещательного оборудования и услуг как в местах проведения Игр, так и в МВЦ для правообладателей, в том числе в области телекоммуникаций и обслуживания вещательного оборудования;
• представление правообладателей в ОКОИ по вопросам, связанным с их потребностями в услугах;
• при необходимости данная служба будет действовать в качестве производителя материалов и Олимпийской архивной службы для правообладателей.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
Olympic broadcasting services (OBS)
Swiss company created by the IOC, specifically to fulfill the host broadcaster/OBO function for the Games. Specifically, these services are responsible for the following:
• Produce and distribute the international television and radio coverage of the Games, as mandated by the IOC.
• International Broadcast Center, which is the headquarters for the radio and television operation during the Games.
• Coordinate and provide broadcast facilities and services at both the venues and the IBC for the rights holders for such items as broadcast equipment and telecommunications.
• Represent the needs of the rights holders within the OCOG in regards to services.
• As required, act as producer of features and maintain an Olympic archival service for the rights holders.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Olympic broadcasting services (OBS)
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69 large
lɑ:dʒ
1. прил.
1) большой, крупный The pike lives mainly in large rivers and lakes. ≈ Щука живет главным образом в больших реках и озерах. He was a large man with a square head. ≈ Он был крупным мужчиной с квадратной головой. large fruits ≈ семечковые и косточковые плоды Syn: big I, king-size, outsize Ant: small
1.
2) а) многочисленный б) широкий, значительный, крупный, масштабный a large and highly profitable business ≈ крупный и весьма прибыльный бизнес Many large organizations run courses for their employees. ≈ Многие крупные организации проводят курсы для своих сотрудников. Louis XIV was in a large measure responsible for the horrors of the Revolution. ≈ Людовик XIV был в большой степени ответственен за ужасы революции. Syn: big I в) обильный, тяжелый( о еде)
3) важный, серьезный the large problem of under-age drinking ≈ серьезная проблема, касающаяся пьянства несовершеннолетних Syn: serious
4) напыщенный, внушительный( о речи, манерах) Syn: pompous, imposing
5) щедрый, великодушный He was large in his offers of friendship towards a young nephew of Mr. Pritchard's. (F. M. Peard) ≈ Он щедро предлагал свою дружбу молодому племяннику мистера Причарда. large heart ≈ великодушие
6) мор. попутный, благоприятный( о ветре) Syn: favourable
2. нареч.
1) свободно, открыто, откровенно Syn: freely, boldly, unrestrainedly
2) мор. с попутным ветром большой, крупный - * dog большая собака - * eyes большие глаза - * grains (сельскохозяйственное) высокостебельные хлеба - * fruits (ботаника) семечковые и косточковые плоды - * unit (военное) общевойсковое соединение - * handwriting крупный почерк - in * type крупным шрифтом - to be on the * side быть великоватым (об одежде) - the coat is a trifle * for me пальто мне немного велико (экономика) крупный;
крупного масштаба - * property крупная собственность - * and small farmers крупные и мелкие фермеры - a * landowner крупный землевладелец многочисленный - * population большое население - * congeration многолюдное собрание - * majority подавляющее большинство;
значительный перевес голосов обильный - * meal обильная еда крупномасштабный, массовый - * output массовое или серийное производство - a * producer of grain массовый производитель зерна (о стране и т. п.) широкий, большого диапазона - * views широкие взгляды - * insight тонкая интуиция - * memory обширная /богатая/ память - * powers широкие полномочия - * discretion большая свобода действий щедрый, великодушный - * heart большое сердце - a man of * sympathies человек большого сердца (американизм) (сленг) (for) полный энтузиазма, восторженный - to be * for smth. быть на седьмом небе от чего-л.;
восторгаться чем-л.;
страстно стремиться к чему-л. (американизм) (разговорное) хвастливый, заносчивый - * talk похвальба( морское) попутный, благоприятный (о ветре) > * order трудное дело;
невыполнимое требование > as * as life в натуральную величину;
во всей красе;
собственной персоной > there he is as * as life вот он тут собственной персоной;
а он тут как тут;
совершенно точно, без всякого сомнения > by and * в общем, в целом > in (the) * в крупном масштабе;
в целом > viewed in the * при рассмотрении в общем и целом широко, пространно крупно (писать, печатать) хвастливо, напыщенно - to talk * хвастаться, похваляться;
выпендриваться at ~ имеющий широкие полномочия;
ambassador at large см. ambassador as ~ as life в натуральную величину as ~ as life во всей красе as ~ as life шутл. собственной персоной at ~ без определенной цели;
свободный at ~ в общем смысле, неконкретно;
promises made at large неопределенные, неясные обещания at ~ во всем объеме, целиком;
popular with the people at large популярный среди широких слоев at ~ имеющий широкие полномочия;
ambassador at large см. ambassador at ~ на свободе;
на просторе;
he will soon be at large он скоро будет на свободе at ~ пространно, подробно, детально;
to go into the question at large входить в подробное рассмотрение вопроса at ~ пространно, подробно, детально;
to go into the question at large входить в подробное рассмотрение вопроса at ~ на свободе;
на просторе;
he will soon be at large он скоро будет на свободе in ~ в большом масштабе large большой ~ большой;
крупный;
large businessman крупный делец;
large and small farmers крупные и мелкие фермеры ~ значительный ~ крупно (писать, печатать) ~ крупного масштаба ~ крупный ~ многочисленный ~ многочисленный (о населении и т. п.) ;
значительный;
обильный;
large majority значительное большинство ~ мор. попутный, благоприятный (о ветре) ;
large fruits семечковые и косточковые плоды ~ хвастливо;
напыщенно ~ широкий (о взглядах, толковании, понимании) ~ широко;
пространно ~ уст. щедрый;
великодушный;
large heart великодушие ~ большой;
крупный;
large businessman крупный делец;
large and small farmers крупные и мелкие фермеры ~ большой;
крупный;
large businessman крупный делец;
large and small farmers крупные и мелкие фермеры ~ мор. попутный, благоприятный (о ветре) ;
large fruits семечковые и косточковые плоды ~ уст. щедрый;
великодушный;
large heart великодушие ~ многочисленный (о населении и т. п.) ;
значительный;
обильный;
large majority значительное большинство ~ meal обильная еда at ~ во всем объеме, целиком;
popular with the people at large популярный среди широких слоев at ~ в общем смысле, неконкретно;
promises made at large неопределенные, неясные обещания representative at ~ амер. член конгресса, представляющий не отдельный округ, а ряд округов или весь штат to talk at ~ говорить пространно -
70 great
ɡreit1) (of a better quality than average; important: a great writer; Churchill was a great man.) stor, fremragende2) (very large, larger etc than average: a great crowd of people at the football match.) stor, svær3) (of a high degree: Take great care of that book.) svært god4) (very pleasant: We had a great time at the party.) storartet5) (clever and expert: John's great at football.) kjempegod/-flink•- greatly- greatnessbegjærlig--------betydelig--------flott--------ivrig--------nidkjær--------stor--------sværtIsubst. \/ɡreɪt\/bare i uttrykkgreat and small store og små, høy og lavthe great(s) de store, storhetene, essenede rike og fornemme, de mektigeIIadj. \/ɡreɪt\/1) stor2) stor (og imponerende)3) stor, viktig, betydningsfull, vesentlig, hoved-4) stor, berømt, fremstående, fremragende, eminent, ledende, dyktig5) dyp, sterk, mektig, stor6) fornem, fin7) ( om tid) lang8) stor(-), skikkelig, ivrig, flittig9) herlig, flott, storartet, fantastisk, vidunderlig• that's great!(be) a great one for (være) entusiastisk opptatt av, -entusiastgreat at svær til, god til, flink tilgreat big veldig stor(a) great deal en hel del, temmelig mye(a) great many eller (a) great number en hel del, mangegreat on svært opptatt avIIIadv. \/ɡreɪt\/( hverdagslig) utmerket, godt, veldig bra -
71 record
rapport ⇒ 1 (a) dossier ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) procès-verbal ⇒ 1 (a) antécédents ⇒ 1 (b) disque ⇒ 1 (c) record ⇒ 1 (d), 3 noter ⇒ 4 (a) enregistrer ⇒ 4 (a)-(c), 5 rapporter ⇒ 4 (a) marquer ⇒ 4 (b), 4 (d)(a) (account, report) rapport m; (file) dossier m; (note) note f; (of attendance) registre m; (of proceedings, debate) procès-verbal m, compte rendu m;∎ to make a record of sth noter qch;∎ Law to strike sth from the record rayer qch du procès-verbal;∎ they keep a record of all deposits/all comings and goings ils enregistrent tous les versements/toutes les allées et venues;∎ there is no record of their visit il n'existe aucune trace de leur visite;∎ do you have any record of the transaction? avez-vous gardé une trace de la transaction?;∎ there's no record of it anywhere ce n'est mentionné nulle part;∎ the apparatus gives a permanent record of ground movements l'appareil enregistre en permanence les mouvements du sol;∎ the book provides a record of 19th-century Parisian society le livre évoque la société parisienne du XIXème siècle;∎ the carvings are a record of civilization on the island les sculptures témoignent de l'existence d'une civilisation sur l'île;∎ the wettest June since records began le mois de juin le plus humide depuis que l'on tient des statistiques;∎ public records office archives fpl nationales;∎ police accident records liste f des accidents enregistrés par la police;∎ a newspaper of record un journal qui fait autorité;∎ to put or to set the record straight mettre les choses au clair(b) (past history) passé m, antécédents mpl; (reputation) réputation f; (criminal or police file) casier m (judiciaire);∎ his past record with the firm son passé dans l'entreprise;∎ given your record as a late payer vu vos antécédents de mauvais payeur;∎ she has an excellent attendance record elle a été très assidue, elle n'a presque jamais été absente;∎ the plane has a good safety record l'avion est réputé pour sa sécurité;∎ the makers have an excellent record for high quality les fabricants sont très réputés pour l'excellente qualité de leurs produits;∎ to have a (criminal) record avoir un casier judiciaire;∎ to have a clean record avoir un casier judiciaire vierge;∎ he has a record of previous convictions il a déjà été condamné;∎ Military service or army record états mpl de service;∎ school record dossier m scolaire∎ to play or to put on a record mettre ou passer un disque;∎ to make or to cut a record faire ou graver un disque∎ to set/to break a record établir/battre un record;∎ to hold the record (for) détenir le record (de);∎ the 200 m record le record du 200 m['rekɔ:d] (shop, collector) de disques['rekɔ:d] (summer, temperature) record (inv);∎ in record time en un temps record;∎ to reach record levels atteindre un niveau record;∎ a record number of spectators une affluence record;∎ a record score un score record;∎ unemployment is at a record high/low le chômage a atteint son chiffre le plus haut/bas(a) (take note of → fact, complaint, detail) noter, enregistrer, consigner; (→ in archives, on computer) enregistrer; (give account of → events) attester, rapporter; (→ thoughts, ideas) noter (par écrit), consigner, mettre sur papier; Law (judgment) minuter;∎ your objection has been recorded nous avons pris acte de votre objection;∎ to record the minutes or the proceedings of a meeting faire le procès-verbal ou le compte rendu d'une réunion;∎ no biography records the visit aucune biographie ne fait mention de ou n'atteste la visite;∎ the debate was recorded in the newsletter le débat a été rapporté dans le bulletin d'informations;∎ their answer was not recorded leur réponse n'a pas été enregistrée;∎ a photograph was taken to record the event une photographie a été prise pour rappeler cet événement;∎ the book records life in medieval England le livre dépeint ou évoque la vie en Angleterre au Moyen Âge;∎ history records that 30,000 soldiers took part selon les livres d'histoire, 30 000 soldats y ont participé;∎ Parliament to record a vote (MP) voter;∎ how many votes were recorded? combien de voix ont été exprimées?∎ the thermometer records 10° le thermomètre marque 10°;∎ temperatures of 50° were recorded on a relevé des températures de 50°(c) (music, tape, TV programme) enregistrer;∎ the group are in the studio recording their new album le groupe est dans le studio en train d'enregistrer son nouveau disque∎ he recorded a time of 10.7 seconds for the 100 metres il a couru le 100 m en 10,7 secondes[rɪ'kɔ:d] (on tape, video) enregistrer;∎ leave the video, it's recording laisse le magnétoscope, il est en train d'enregistrer;∎ his voice doesn't record well sa voix ne se prête pas bien à l'enregistrementpour mémoire, pour la petite histoire;∎ just for the record, you started it! je te signale au passage que c'est toi qui as commencé!confidentiel;∎ I want these remarks to be off the record je veux que ces remarques restent confidentielles;∎ the negotiations were off the record (secret) les négociations étaient secrètes; (unofficial) les négociations étaient officieuses; (not reported) les négociations n'ont pas été rapportées (dans la presse); (not recorded) les négociations n'ont pas été enregistrées;∎ all this is strictly off the record tout ceci doit rester strictement entre nous2 adverb∎ he admitted off the record that he had known il a admis en privé qu'il était au courantenregistré;∎ it's on record that you were informed il est établi que vous étiez au courant;∎ we have it on record that… il est attesté ou établi que…+ indicative;∎ it isn't on record il n'y en a aucune trace;∎ to put or to place sth on record (say) dire ou déclarer qch officiellement; (write) consigner qch par écrit;∎ I wish to go on record as saying that… je voudrais dire officiellement ou publiquement que…+ indicative;∎ it's the wettest June on record c'est le mois de juin le plus humide que l'on ait connu;∎ it's the only example on record c'est le seul exemple connu►► record buff discophile mf;record cabinet discothèque f (meuble);record card fiche f;record company maison f de disques;record deck platine f (tourne-disque);record holder (man) recordman m, détenteur m d'un record; (woman) recordwoman f, détentrice f d'un record;record label label m;record library discothèque f (de prêt);record player tourne-disque m, platine f (disques);record producer producteur m de disques;record token chèque-disque m -
72 Wolf, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 23 December 1838 Zwickau, Saxony, Germanyd. 30 January 1915 Zwickau, Saxony, Germany[br]German inventor of the most popular petroleum spirit safety lamp for use in mines.[br]From an old mining family in the Saxon coalfields, Wolf was aware from his youth of the urgent demand for a miner's lamp which would provide adequate light but not provoke firedamp explosions. While working as an engineer in Zwickau, Wolf spent his spare time conducting experiments for such a lamp. The basic concept of his invention was the principle that dangerous concentrations of methane and air would not explode within a small pipe; this had been established almost seventy years earlier by the English chemist Humphrey Davy. By combining and developing certain devices designed by earlier inventors, in 1883 Wolf produced a prototype with a glass cylinder, a primer fixed inside the lamp and a magnetic lock. Until the successful application of electric light, Wolfs invention was the safest and most popular mining safety lamp. Many earlier inventions had failed to address all the problems of lighting for mines; Davy's lamp, for example, would too quickly become sooty and hot. As Wolfs lamp burned petroleum spirit, at first it was mistrusted outside Saxony, but it successfully passed the safety tests in all the leading coal-producing countries at that time. As well as casting a safe, constant light, the appearance of the cap flame could indicate the concentration of fire-damp in the air, thus providing an additional safety measure. Wolfs first patent was soon followed by many others in several countries, and underwent many developments. In 1884 Heinrich Friemann, a merchant from Eisleben, invested capital in the new company of Friemann and Wolf, which became the leading producer of miners' safety lamps. By 1914 they had manufactured over one million lamps, and the company had branches in major mining districts worldwide.[br]Further ReadingF.Schwarz, 1914, Entwickelung und gegenwär-tiger Stand der Grubenbeleuchtung beim Steinkohlen-Bergbau, Gelsenkirchen (a systematic historical outline of safety lamp designs).WK -
73 subsidy
ˈsʌbsɪdɪ сущ. субсидия, денежное ассигнование, дотация provide a subsidy for grant a subsidy to government subsidy state subsidy субсидия;
дотация;
денежное пособие commodity ~ субсидия на товар employment ~ дотация на трудоустройство export ~ экспортная субсидия export ~ scheme порядок выдачи экспортной субсидии farming ~ сельскохозяйственная субсидия government ~ государственная дотация government ~ государственная субсидия government ~ государственное ассигнование housing ~ соц. дотация на жилищное строительство housing ~ ЕЭС субсидия на жилищное строительство import ~ дотация на импорт import ~ субсидия на импорт interest ~ субсидия в виде процентных выплат nonrefundable ~ безвозмездная ссуда price subsidies ценовые субсидии price ~ ценовая дотация producer ~ дотация производителю producer ~ субсидия производителю product ~ субсидия на производство продукции public price ~ государственная дотация для поддержания уровня цен public ~ государственная субсидия regional development ~ субсидия для регионального развития rent ~ дотация на аренду жилья state ~ государственная субсидия subsidy денежное ассигнование ~ денежные ассигнования ~ дотация ~ субсидия, денежное ассигнование, дотация ~ субсидия targeted price subsidies адресные субсидии цен;
целенаправленные субсидии цен untargeted subsidies неадресные субсидии (субсидированние потребительских цен продуктов без ограничения для покупателей количества покупаемых продуктов) -
74 goods
сущ.1) эк. товары (осязаемые движимые продукты производства, предназначенные для продажи; как правило, употребляется во множественном числе)Syn:See:commodity, agricultural goods, bonded goods, bulk goods, consigned goods, consumer goods, consumer's goods, counterfeit goods, damaged goods, defective goods, domestic goods, discounted goods, drawback goods, dumped goods, duty-free goods, express goods, final goods, foreign goods, fungible goods, grey market goods, identical goods, identified goods, intermediate goods, manufactured goods, producer goods, producers goods, producer's goods, producers' goods, prohibited goods, restricted goods, similar goods, smuggled goods, subsidized goods, uncleared goods, description of goods, distribution of goods 1), specification of goods, exports of goods, goods declaration, goods manager COM: advance against goods, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods2)а) эк. имущество (все движимые предметы, которые принадлежат кому-л.)б) юр., брит. (в системе английского права этим термином определяется все личное движимое имущество, не являющееся обязательственным правом требования (из чего следует, что товаром не могут быть акции) и деньгами; товарами могут являться доходы с земли, растущий урожай промышленного назначения, вещи, привязанные к земле или составляющие часть земли, отделенные от нее до продажи или в силу договора о продаже; данное определение создает некоторую проблему при продаже доли в земельной собственности, т. к не ясно, подлежит ли такая продажа регулированию в рамках закона "О продаже товаров")See:в) юр., амер. (согласно определению Единообразного торгового кодекса США: все вещи (включая специально произведенные фабричные товары), которые являются движимым имуществом во время их идентификации на основании договора о продаже; под определение товара не подпадают деньги, используемые для оплаты цены товара, ценные бумаги и обязательственные права требования; товарами могут быть еще не родившиеся животные, растущий урожай, иные подобные объекты, привязанные к недвижимому имуществу)See:3) трансп., брит. груз (общее название всех товаров, предназначенных для перевозки или находящихся в процессе перевозки)See:4) общ., разг. требуемое, необходимое; то, что нужноto have the goods — разбираться, иметь способности, справляться
5) юр. улики (доказательства, изобличающие преступника)They didn't have the goods on him. — У них не было улик против него.
* * *
товары: разновидность собственности, которая не включает недвижимость, ценные бумаги и т. д., т. е. в основном продукты производства (не сырьевые товары).* * *благо, товарыпродукт или услуга, которые удовлетворяют потребности людей -
75 gas
1) газ
2) бензораздаточный
3) газировать
4) газовать
5) газовый
6) газокислородный
7) газолиновый
8) бензин
9) газообразный
– adsorbed gas
– air-blast gas
– ammonia gas
– ammonia gas maser
– approved gas detector
– artificial gas
– balloon gas bag
– blast gas
– blast-furnace gas
– bottle gas
– buffer gas
– carburetted gas
– carburizing gas
– carrier gas
– casing-head gas
– chemical gas generator
– chlorine gas
– clean gas
– coal gas
– coke-oven gas
– compressed gas
– condensed gas deposit
– converter gas
– corrosive gas
– cupola gas
– cutting gas
– cyclone gas cleaning
– degenerate gas
– dehydration of gas
– densimetric gas analyzer
– diatomic gas molecule
– dilute gas
– discharge gas
– disorienting gas
– distribution of gas
– downtake gas duct
– driver gas
– dry gas cleaning
– drying gas
– dust-laden gas
– electron gas
– electronegative gas
– entrapped gas
– evolve gas
– evolved gas
– exhaust gas
– explosive gas
– flare gas
– flue gas
– flue gas analyzer
– flue gas path
– fluidized-bed gas producer
– fluidizing gas
– free gas
– free-piston gas generator
– froth gas cleaning
– fuel gas
– fume-laden gas
– gas amplification
– gas amplification factor
– gas anchor
– gas balance
– gas barrier
– gas bleeder
– gas blower
– gas calorimeter
– gas carburizing
– gas cell
– gas cleaning
– gas cleaning by filtration
– gas coal
– gas coke
– gas conduit
– gas constant
– gas content
– gas cooker
– gas cooler
– gas corrosion
– gas current
– gas cutting
– gas cylinder
– gas discharge
– gas discharge laser
– gas dynamics
– gas emission source
– gas equipment
– gas factor
– gas field
– gas flowmeter
– gas flue
– gas fuel
– gas hardener
– gas heated evaporator
– gas heating
– gas holder
– gas hole
– gas industry
– gas is adsorbed by charcoal
– gas laser
– gas law
– gas leak to atmosphere
– gas line
– gas liquor
– gas logging
– gas main
– gas meter
– gas microanalyser
– gas misalignment
– gas mixer
– gas nest
– gas oil
– gas outburst
– gas outlet
– gas phase
– gas pickling
– gas pipeline
– gas plasma display
– gas pocket
– gas pressure regulator
– gas production
– gas pump
– gas purifier
– gas purifying mass
– gas rock
– gas saturation
– gas scrubber
– gas scrubbing
– gas seal
– gas sintering
– gas space
– gas spanner
– gas supply
– gas survey
– gas synthesis
– gas tank
– gas target
– gas tongs
– gas tube
– gas turbine
– gas turbine jet engine
– gas vulcanization
– gas washer
– gas welding
– gas works
– gas yield factor
– hearth gas
– high-pressure gas burner
– high-pressure gas container
– hydraulic gas dynamics
– hypersonic gas dynamics
– ideal gas
– ideal gas law
– illuminating gas
– imperfect gas
– indoor gas line
– inert gas arc welding
– inert gas introduction
– insulating gas
– interferometric gas analyzer
– introduction of gas in metal
– kiln gas
– l.p. gas
– laughing gas
– lean gas
– lighter-than-air gas
– liquefied gas
– liquify gas
– local gas line
– magnetic gas analyzer
– magnetoionic gas
– magnetomechanical gas analyzer
– marsh gas
– mine gas
– mixed gas
– monatomic gas
– natural gas
– natural-pressure gas lift
– noble gas
– noncorrosive gas
– nondegenerate gas
– nondisorienting gas
– noxious gas
– occluded gas
– oil gas
– oil-well gas
– optical-acoustic gas analyzer
– oxygen gas
– oxygen-converter gas
– peat gas
– permanent gas
– phreatic gas
– plasma-forming gas
– poison gas
– poor gas
– power gas
– pressure gas welding
– process gas
– producer gas
– pumped gas
– rare gas
– rarefied gas
– raw gas
– raw natural gas
– real gas
– recycle gas
– reducing gas
– relaxing gas
– residual gas
– residue gas
– rich gas
– roaster gas
– RX gas
– scrub gas
– secondary gas
– separation of gas mixtures
– sewage gas
– sewer gas
– shielding gas
– solid gas
– solid-propellant gas generator
– stagnated gas
– steam and gas
– sudden gas outburst
– swamp gas
– tail gas
– thermochemical gas analyzer
– thermomagnetic gas analyzer
– to gas
– top gas pressure
– town gas
– toxic gas
– triatomic gas
– tromp gas
– tropospheric gas
– tuyere gas
– two-stage gas turbine
– valve gas
– volumetric gas analyzer
– waste gas
– waste gas flue
– waste gas heating
– water gas
– wet gas
aerodynamics of rarefied gas — аэродинамика разреженных газов
gas and steam turbine installation — <engin.> установка турбинная газо-паровая
gas plasma display element — <comput.> трубка газонаполненная
liquid petroleum gas — <energ.> газ жидкий
nondisorienting buffer gas — неразориентирующий буферный газ
Petroleum and Gas Extracting Administration — <energ.> Нефтегазодобывающее управление
radioactive noble gas — <phys.> газ благородный радиоактивный
suspension of matter in gas — <energ.> газовзвесь, газовзвеси
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76 trademark
Gen Mgtan identifiable mark on a product that may be a symbol, words, or both, that connects the product to the trader or producer of that product. In the United Kingdom, a trademark can be registered at the Register of Trademarks, giving the producer or trader protection from fraudulent use. Any use of the trademark without permission gives the owner the right to sue for damages. -
77 price *****
[praɪs]1. n1) (also), fig prezzoto go up or rise in price — salire or aumentare di prezzo
to go down or fall in price — scendere or calare di prezzo
peace at any price — pace ad ogni costo or costi quello che costi
he regained his freedom, but at a price — ha riconquistato la sua libertà, ma a caro prezzo
2) (value, valuation) valore mto put a price on sth — valutare or stimare qc
you can't put a price on it — (fig: friendship, loyalty) è inestimabile
3) (Betting: odds) quotazione f, quota2. vt(fix price of) fissare il prezzo di, (put price label on) prezzare, mettere il prezzo su, (ask price of) chiedere il prezzo diit was priced at £20 — il prezzo era di 20 sterline
it was priced too high/low — aveva un prezzo troppo alto/basso
to be priced out of the market — (article) essere così caro (-a) da diventare invendibile, (producer, nation) non poter sostenere la concorrenza
3. adj(index) dei prezzi -
78 oil
oil [ɔɪl]1. nouna. (for car, cooking, painting) huile fb. ( = petroleum) pétrole m[+ machine] lubrifier3. compounds[industry, platform] pétrolier ; [prices] du pétrole* * *[ɔɪl] 1.1) ( for fuel) pétrole m; ( for lubrication) huile fheating oil — fioul m, mazout m
to check the oil — Automobile vérifier le niveau d'huile
to change the oil — Automobile faire la vidange
to strike oil — lit découvrir du pétrole; fig découvrir une mine d'or
2) ( for cooking) huile fcorn/sunflower oil — huile de maïs/tournesol
3) Art (medium, picture) huile f [U]5) (medicinal, beauty) huile f2.oil of cloves — essence f de girofle
noun modifier [ deposit, exporter, producer] de pétrole; [ prices] du pétrole; [ company, crisis, industry, reserves] pétrolier/-ière3.transitive verb huiler•• -
79 price
1) цена || назначать цену; оценивать; расценивать2) курс ценных бумаг -
80 RoHS
- директива 2002/95/EC по запрещению применения опасных веществ
директива 2002/95/EC ( RoHS) по запрещению применения опасных веществ
Ограничивает использование вредных веществ. Вступила в силу в июле 2006 г. Запрещает применение в продукции шести вредных веществ: свинец, ртуть, кадмий, шестивалентный хром, полибромированный бифенил (PBB) или полибромированный дефиниловый эфир (PBDE).
[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
RoHS (reduction of hazardous substances) directive 2002/95/EC
The objective of european directive 2002/95/EC is to limit the use of lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury and brominated flame retardants (PBE and PBDE) in certain types of electrical and electronic equipment placed on the european market. The marketing of certain products containing these substances has been banned since its application date, 1 July 2006. The maximum concentration limits for these substances by weight of homogeneous material are: 0.1% for lead, mercury, chromium, PBB and PPBDE, and 0.01% for cadmium. in reality, a limited number of products is directly concerned by the directive which covers the following 8 categories of equipment:-
Large household appliances
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Small household appliances
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IT and telecommunications equipment
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Consumer equipment
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Lighting equipment (household light fittings and electric bulbs)
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Electrical/electronic tools (excluding large fixed industrial tools)
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Toys
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Automatic dispensers.
This directive indirectly affects suppliers of components or subassemblies. It is the responsibility of the producer to check that the supplier provides products that meet the requirements of the directive. finally, the manufacturer is responsible to the customer for compliance with the requirements throughout the whole supply chain.
[Legrand]
Директива 2002/95/EC по запрещению применения опасных материалов (RoHS)
Задача европейской директивы 2002/95/EC заключается в ограничении использования свинца, кадмия, шестивалентного хрома, ртути и бромированных огнезащитных составов (PBE и PBDE) в некоторых типах электротехнического и электронного оборудования, предлагаемого на европейском рынке. Сбыт некоторой продукции, содержащей эти вещества, был запрещен уже с момента принятия указанной директивы 1 июля 2006 года. Максимально допустимая массовая концентрация свинца, ртути, хрома, полибромистого фенила (PBB) и полиброминированного дифенила (PBDE) в гомогенных материалах составляет не более 0,1 %, а массовая концентрация кадмия в гомогенных материалах – не более 0,01 %.
В действительности имеется лишь ограниченное количество продукции, имеющей прямое отношение к директиве и охватывающей следующие 8 категорий:
-
крупная бытовая техника;
-
мелкая бытовая техника;
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информационное и телекоммуникационное оборудование;
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бытовая аппаратура;
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осветительное оборудование (бытовые светильники и электрические лампы);
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электрические/электронные приборы (за исключением крупных стационарных приборов промышленного назначения);
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игрушки;
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автоматические дозаторы.
Данная директива косвенно влияет на поставщиков компонентов и сборочных узлов. Ответственность за проверку того, что поставщик предоставляет товары, отвечающие требованиям директивы, несет изготовитель. И наконец, изготовитель несет ответственность перед конечными потребителями за выполнение требований во всей цепи поставки продукции.
[Перевод Интент]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > RoHS
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