ferreus

ĕquĭtātus, ūs, m. [id.].

In abstr., = equitatio, a riding:

atteri equitatu,

Plin. 28, 15, 61, § 218.—

In concr.

Cavalry (very freq.), Caes. B. G. 1, 15, 1; 2; 1, 18, 5;

1, 24, 1 et saep.: ferreus,

harnessed cavalry, Amm. 19, 1.— Dat. equitatu, Caes. B. G. 1, 18 fin.; 1, 39, 5; 1, 52 fin.; also,

equitatui,

id. ib. 1, 42, 5; 7, 4, 9; id. B. C. 3, 89, 3.—In plur., Caes. B. C. 1, 61, 3; 3, 8, 1; Cic. Font. 2; Sall. J. 46, 7; Flor. 3, 11, 8.—

The equestrian order (very rare), Plin. 33, 2, 9, § 35; cf. ib. § 36; Aus. Idyll. 11, 78.

ĕquĭtātus, ūs, m. [equio], a being in heat, of mares (with hinnitus), Lucil. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 103 Müll.

ergō (rarely with short o in Ov. and the post-Aug. poets, Ov. H. 5, 59 Lennep.; id. Tr. 1, 1, 87; Luc. 9, 256; Val. Fl. 2, 407; Claud. Ep. 4, 17), adv. [for e-regō, from ex and root rag-, to extend upward; cf. Gr. oregô, L. rego, Germ. ragen; v. erga, and Corss. Ausspr. 1, 448 sqq.], proceeding from or out of.

With gen. (placed after it, like causa and gratia), in consequence of, on account of, because of (ante-class, but not in Plaut. or Ter.):

quojus rei ergo,

Cato R. R. 141, 2:

hujus rei ergo,

id. ib. § 3; 4; ib. 139; Tab. Publica ap. Liv. 40, 52 fin.; 41, 28 fin.: dono militari virtutis ergo donari, S. C. ap. Liv. 25, 7; so, virtutis ergo, Lex ap. Cic. Opt. Gen. 7, 19; Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 16: ejus victoriae ergo, Inscr. ap. Nep. Paus. 1, 3: funeris ergo, Lex ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23 fin.; 25 fin.:

ejus legis ergo,

Cic. Att. 3, 23, 2; Quadrig. ap. Gell. 3, 8, 8:

formidinis ergo,

Lucr. 5, 1246:

illius ergo,

Verg. A. 6, 670.

Absol. (for cujus rei ergo), consequently, accordingly, therefore, then (class.): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 4; Lucil. ap. Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9; Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 74:

Polemoni et jam ante Aristoteli ea prima visa sunt, quae paulo ante dixi. Ergo nata est sententia veterum Academicorum, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 34:

Albano non plus animi erat quam fidei, nec manere ergo, nec transire aperte ausus, etc.,

Liv. 1, 27; Verg. E. 5, 58 et saep.—The reason or cause sometimes follows with quia, quod:

ergo istoc magis, quia vaniloquus, vapulabis,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 222; cf. id. Mil. 4, 6, 18.—Ante- and postclass. pleonast.:

ergo igitur,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 27; and:

igitur ergo,

App. M. 1, p. 104 al. —So in Ter. and Liv.:

itaque ergo,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 25; Liv. 1, 25, 2 Drak.; 3, 31, 5 Gron.; 9, 31 fin.; 39, 25.—

Transf.

In a logical conclusion, consequently, therefore:

negat haec filiam me suam esse: non ergo haec mater mea est,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 20; Varr. L. L. 8, § 47; 48; 49;

59 sq. al.: nullum dicere causae esse genus amentia est, etc.... Relinquitur ergo, ut omnia tria genera sint causarum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 9 fin.:

quis est enim, in quo sit cupiditas, quin recte cupidus dici possit? Ergo et avarus erit, sed finite,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 27; 5, 9, 24:

quis tam esset ferreus qui eam vitam ferre posset, etc.? Verum ergo illud est, quod a Tarentino Archyta dici solitum,

id. Lael. 23, 88 et saep.;

corresponding to igitur,

id. ib. 14 fin. and 15 init.; so consecutively, igitur... ergo... ergo... igitur... id. N. D. 2, 21, 56 sq.—So with si, cum, quia, etc.:

ergo ego nisi peperissem, Roma non oppugnaretur,

Liv. 2, 40, 8; Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 34; id. Capt. 2, 3, 63; id. Aul. 4, 10, 25. —So esp. in Cicero, like an (v. an I. D.), in interrogative argumentation, a minore ad majus, or ex aequo, so, so then:

ergo haec veteranus miles facere poterit, doctus vir sapiensque non poterit?

Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 39; so with the future, id. ib. § 41; 1, 14, 31; 3, 15, 31; id. Off. 1, 31, 114; id. Fin. 2, 33 fin.:

ergo illi intelligunt, quid Epicurus dicat, ego non intelligo?

id. ib. 2, 4, 13; cf. id. Arch. 9:

ergo Ennio licuit vetera contemnenti dicere, etc.... mihi de antiquis eodem modo non licebit?

id. Or. 51, 171; cf. id. Arch. 8, 9 fin. —

In interrogations.

When an explanation is asked, do you say? do you mean? then: S. Quo agis? P. Quo tu?... S. Quo ergo, scelus? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 23: Ipsus es? Ch. Ipsus Charmides sum. S. Ergo ipsusne es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 145; id. Ep. 1, 1, 19; Hor. S. 2, 3, 156.—

When a consequence is inquired for, Engl. then: Ps. lstuc ego jam satis scio. Si. Cur ergo, quod scis, me rogas? Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 10:

ergo in iis adolescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus, quos? etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117:

dedemus ergo Hannibalem? dicet aliquis,

Liv. 21, 10 fin. et saep.:

num ergo is excaecat nos aut orbat sensibus, si? etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74; so,

num ergo,

Quint. 10, 1, 5; cf. id. 6, 3, 79:

quid stamus? quin ergo imus?

why not then? Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 21; so,

quin ergo,

id. As. 1, 1, 15; 2, 2, 113; id. Merc. 5, 2, 88; id. Mil. 4, 2, 93.— Esp. freq., quid ergo? like the Gr. ti ouW, why then? but why? quid ergo hanc dubitas colloqui? Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 17; cf. Cic. Fin. 4, 14; Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 55; Tib. 3, 6, 51:

quid ergo? hujusne vitae propositio Thyesten levare poterit?

Cic. Tusc. 3, 18; id. Off. 3, 20, 81; 3, 15, 61; 3, 18, 73; id. Rosc. Am. 1, 2; id. Caecin. 20; id. Mur. 23, 47 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 7, 77, 10 et saep.—

With imperatives and words used imperatively, then, now, accordingly:

dato ergo istum symbolum illi,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 57:

vide ergo, hanc conclusionem probaturusne sis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

desinite ergo,

Caes. B. C. 3, 19 fin.:

sequere ergo,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 83; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Stich. 5, 2, 20; cf.:

amplectere ergo,

id. Curc. 1, 3, 16:

tace ergo,

id. Aul. 3, 2, 14; id. Ep. 2, 2, 57:

dic ergo,

id. Pers. 2, 2, 57: ausculta ergo, id. ib. 4, 6, 19; id. Cas. 2, 4, 18 et saep.:

quin tu ergo i modo,

come now, begone! id. Merc. 5, 2, 114; cf.:

quin tu ergo omitte genua,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 14:

agedum ergo,

id. ib. 3, 4, 15.—So with the subj.:

age eamus ergo, intro ergo abeant,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 6, 17; id. Mil. 1, 1, 78:

abeamus ergo intro,

id. ib. 3, 3, 69:

ergo des minam,

id. ib. 5, 27; Cic. Fin. 5, 8 fin.; id. Brut. 43.—And with the future:

ergo, si sapis, mussitabis,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 66.—

Like igitur, in resuming an interrupted train of thought, as I was saying; I say, then; well then:

tres viae sunt ad Mutinam, quo festinat animus, ut, etc.... Tres ergo ut dixi viae,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22; cf. id. Part. 13, 46; id. de Or. 1, 57; id. Top. 19, 73; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4.—So (like igitur and inquam) after parenthetical sentences, Cic. Tusc. 1, 7, 14; id. Fin. 2, 34, 113; id. Fam. 15, 10, 1.—Less freq. for inquam in a mere repetition:

mihi tuus pater, Pater hujus ergo, hospes Antidamas fuit,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 91; or in beginning a subject with reference to the expectation of the auditors (cf. Gr. ara), then, now:

accipite ergo animis,

Verg. A. 10, 109; id. Cir. 29. See Hand Turs. II. pp. 440-467.

imber, bris (abl. imbri, Cic. Att. 7, 20, 1; Verg. E. 7, 60; id. A. 4, 249; Hor. S. 1, 5, 95; Lucr. 1, 715 et saep.;

more freq. imbre,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 62; Cic. de Sen. 10, 34; Liv. 21, 58, 6; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 11; Ov. Am. 3, 6. 68; id. M. 13, 889; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sq.), m. [kindr. to Sanscr. abhra, a cloud; cf. Lat. umbra; Gr. ombros], rain, heavy or violent rain, a rain-storm, shower of rain, pelting or pouring rain (cf.: pluvia, nimbus).

Lit. (class.):

imbres fluctusque atque procellae infensae,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 17:

venit imber, lavit parietes,

id. Most. 1, 2, 30:

erat hiems summa, tempestas perfrigida, imber maximus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86:

ita magnos et assiduos imbres habebamus,

id. Att. 13, 16, 1; Lucr. 6, 107:

maximo imbri Capuam veni,

Cic. Att. 7, 20, 1:

in imbri, in frigore,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 87:

iter factum corruptius imbri,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 95; so,

imbre lutoque Aspersus,

id. Ep. 1, 11, 11:

quae opera per imbrem fieri potuerint,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3: lapideus aut sanguineus imber, Civ. Div. 2, 28, 60; cf.:

quid cum saepe lapidum, sanguinis nonnumquam, terrae interdum, quondam etiam lactis imber defluxit?

id. ib. 1, 43, 98:

imbri lapidavit,

Liv. 43, 13:

tamquam lapides effuderit imber,

Juv. 13, 67.—

Prov.

Imbrem in cribrum gerere, i. e. to attempt an impossibility, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—

Tam hoc tibi in proclivi est quam imber est quando pluit, i. e. exceedingly easy, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 86.—

Transf., in gen.

A rain-cloud, stormcloud:

caeruleus supra caput astitit imber,

Verg. A. 3, 194; 5, 10:

grandinis imbres,

hail-storms, Lucr. 6, 107.—

Rain-water:

piscinae cisternaeque servandis imbribus,

Tac. H. 5, 12.—

Water or liquid in gen. ( poet.): cui par imber et ignis, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll. (Ann. v. 511 Vahl.);

so of water as an element: ex igni, terra atque anima procrescere et imbri,

Lucr. 1, 715:

ut ferrum Stridit, ubi in gelidum propere demersimus imbrem,

id. 6, 149:

calidi,

Ov. Am. 2, 15, 23: ratibusque fremebat Imber Neptuni, i. e. the sea, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 11, 299 (Ann. v. 490 Vahl.); so of the sea, Verg. A. 1, 123; Ov. H. 18, 104; Val. Fl. 4, 665:

amicos irriget imbres,

Verg. G. 4, 115:

imbre per indignas usque cadente genas,

a shower of tears, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 18:

sanguineus,

stream of blood, Stat. Th. 1, 437; cf.:

cruentus,

Luc. 6, 224:

nectaris,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 101.—

Like the Engl. word shower, of things that fall like rain:

ferreus ingruit imber,

Verg. A. 12, 284; cf.:

quo pacto Danaae misisse aiunt quondam in gremium imbrem aureum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 37.

ingrŭo, ŭi, 3, v. n. [in-ruo, with an epenth. g from gruo, kindr. with krouô], to rush or break into, to fall violently upon, assail, attack (syn. incumbo; differing from immineo and impendo, in that it denotes the actual doing of that which they merely threaten; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit.: hostes crebri cadunt;

nostri contra ingruunt,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 81:

ingruit Aeneas Italis,

Verg. A. 12, 628; cf.:

ingruere hostes,

id. ib. 11, 899:

simul ingruunt saxa jaciunt,

Tac. A. 1, 27:

ingruentes accusatores,

id. ib. 6, 38:

ingruente in Italiam Hannibale,

id. H. 3, 34.—

Transf., of things:

ferreus ingruit imber,

Verg. A. 12, 284:

umbra vitibus,

id. G. 2, 410:

nox,

Tac. A. 4, 50:

tela,

id. ib. 1, 65:

ingruere morbi in remiges coeperunt,

Liv. 37, 23, 2:

si bellum ingrueret,

Verg. A. 8, 535; Tac. A. 1, 48:

si nullus ingruat metus,

Plin. 9, 30, 50, § 95:

si quid subitum ingruat,

Tac. A. 4, 2:

damnatio,

id. ib. 4, 35.

ĭn-hūmānus, a, um, adj., not suitable to the human condition, that does not befit a human being.

Rude, savage, barbarous:

quis tam fuit durus et ferreus, quis tam inhumanus, qui non illorum miseria commoveretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121:

vox,

id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

scelus,

Liv. 1, 48, 7:

crudelitas,

id. 21, 4, 9:

via,

covered with corpses, Tac. H. 2, 70:

securitas,

that enjoyed itself during the slaughter, id. ib. 3, 83:

testamentum,

cruel, unjust, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 107.—

Unpolished, uncivil, unmannerly, ill-bred, churlish, discourteous:

quis contumacior, quis inhumanior, quis superbior,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 78, § 192:

moderati nec difficiles, nec inhumani senes,

id. de Sen. 3, 7:

at hoc idem si in convivio faciat, inhumanus videatur,

ill-bred, id. Off. 1, 40, 144:

agrestis et inhumana neglegentia,

id. ib. 36, 130:

homo inhumanissimus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 24:

aures,

uncultivated, Cic. Or. 51, 172.—

Superhuman, godlike:

mensae,

App. M. 5, p. 334:

sententia,

id. de Deo Soc. 5, p. 44, 24.— Hence, adv. in two forms.

ĭnhūmānē, inhumanly, savagely, cruelly:

nimis graviter cruciat adulescentulum, nimisque inhumane,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 2:

facere contraque naturae legem,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 30:

muta (oratio),

Nazar. Pan. ad Const. 16.— Comp.:

inhumanius dicere,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46.—

ĭn-hūmānĭter, uncivilly, discourteously:

me miratum esse istum tam inhumaniter fecisse, ut, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 21; id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, § 137, acc. to Prisc. p. 1010 P. (where the MSS. have inhumane).

prae-fringo, frēgi, fractum, 3, v. a. [frango], to break off before or at the end, to break to pieces, shiver (class.):

ne caulis praefringatur,

Cato, R. R. 33 (cited by Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 20):

hastas,

Liv. 8, 10; so,

primam aciem telo,

to break off the point of the missile, Just. 6, 8, 2:

cornu galeae,

Liv. 27, 33:

praefracto rostro (triremis),

Caes. B. C. 2, 6: praefracta strigilis, Lucil. ap. Gell. 3, 14, 10:

praefracta ligna,

Lucr. 1, 892.—Hence, praefractus, a, um, P. a.

In rhet., broken, abrupt:

Thucydides praefractior,

Cic. Or. 13, 40.—

In character, stern, harsh, inflexible: Aristo Chius, praefractus, ferreus, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 155, 14:

praefractior atque abscissior justitia,

Val. Max. 6, 5 fin.:

praefractius perseverantiae exemplum,

sterner, firmer, id. 3, 8, ext. 3.— Adv.: praefractē, sternly, inflexibly, resolutely:

aerarium defendere,

Cic. Off. 3, 22, 88 (Non. 155, 11, reads praefractum).— Comp., Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

quĭes, ētis (abl. quie, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 703 P.), f. [Sanscr. çi = jacēre; Gr. keimai, to lie; cf. Lat. cīvis], rest, quiet.

Lit., rest, repose, cessation from labor, from cares, etc.:

locus quietis et tranquillitatis plenissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 2:

senectutis,

id. Deiot. 13, 38:

quem non quies, non remissio delectarent,

id. Cael. 17, 39:

mors laborum ac miseriarum quies est,

a state of rest, id. Cat. 4, 4, 7:

ex diutino labore quieti se dare,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14:

quietem capere,

to take repose, id. B. G. 6, 27:

tribus horis exercitui ad quietem datis,

id. ib. 7, 41:

quietem pati,

Sall. J. 101, 11:

nulla metuentibus quies,

Just. 2, 13, 11.— In plur.:

uti somno et quietibus ceteris,

recreations, Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103. —

In partic.

A quiet life, a keeping still, neutrality between political parties:

Attici quies tantopere Caesari fuit grata, ut,

Nep. Att. 7, 3; Suet. Tib. 15; Tac. A. 14, 47.—

Quiet, peace:

quae diuturna quies pepererat,

Sall. C. 31, 1:

quieti Subdita montanae bracchia Dalmatiae,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 77:

ingrata genti quies,

Tac. G. 14:

atrox clamor et repente quies,

id. A. 1, 25:

longa,

id. Agr. 11. — Transf., of inanim. things:

si non tanta quies iret frigusque caloremque Inter,

i. e. the repose of spring, Verg. G. 2, 344:

ventorum,

Plin. 18, 26, 62, § 231:

pelagi,

Stat. S. 2, 2, 26:

lenis materiae,

evenness, smoothness, Plin. 16, 16, 28, § 70.—

The rest of sleep, repose, sleep, Plaut. Cure. 2, 2, 22:

capere quietem,

to fall asleep, go to sleep, Ov. F. 1, 205:

alta,

deep sleep, Verg. A. 6, 522:

ire ad quietem,

to go to rest, go to sleep, Cic. Div. 1, 29, 60:

quieti se tradere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 61:

secundum quietem,

in sleep, id. ib. 2, 66, 135:

per quietem,

Suet. Caes. 81:

neque vigiliis neque quietibus,

Sall. C. 15, 4.—

The sleep of death, death:

olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget Somnus,

Verg. A. 10, 745:

quod si forte tibi properarint fata quietem,

Prop. 2, 28 (3, 24), 25. —

Transf.

A dream:

vanae nec monstra quietis, Nec somno comperta loquor,

Stat. Th. 10, 205:

praesaga,

id. ib. 10, 324; Vell. 2, 70, 1:

ducem terruit dira quies, nam Varum cernere visus est, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 65.—

A resting-place, lair of a wild beast ( poet.):

intectae fronde quietes,

Lucr. 1, 405.—

Personified:

Quies,

the goddess of rest, Liv. 4, 41, 8; Stat. Th. 10, 89.

quĭes, ētis, adj., for quietus, a, um (cf. inquies), quiet, peaceful (ante-class.): mens, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 704 P.: milites quietes, Licin. Macer. ib.

rădĭus, ii, m. [cf.: radix, ramus], a staff, rod.

In gen.:

acuti radii immissi,

stakes, Liv. 33, 5, 11:

ferreus,

Plin. 10, 42, 58, § 117.—

In partic.

A spoke of a wheel, Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206; Verg. G. 2, 444; id. A. 6, 616; Ov. M. 2, 108; 2, 317; Val. Fl. 6, 414:

inter radios rotarum,

Curt. 4, 9, 5; Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206.—

In mathematics,

A staff, rod, for measuring, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64; Verg. E. 3, 41; id. A. 6, 850; Macr. S. 7, 2; Tert. Idol. 9. —

A semidiameter, radius of a circle, Cic. Univ. 6. —

In weaving, a shuttle, Ov. M. 6, 56; 132; Lucr. 5, 1352; Verg. A. 9, 476.—

In zoology,

The spur of many kinds of birds, Plin. 11, 47, 107, § 257;

esp. of the cock,

id. 30, 11, 29, § 97. —

The sting above the tail of the fish pastinaca, Plin. 9, 48, 72, § 155; 32, 2, 12, § 25. —

In botany, a kind of long olive, Verg. G. 2, 86; Col. 5, 8, 4; id. Arb. 17, 3; Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 13. A sub-species of the same, called radius major, Cato, R. R. 6, 1; Varr. R. R. 1, 24.—

In anatomy, the radius, the exterior bone of the forearm, Gr. kerkis, Cels. 8, 1. —

Radius virilis = membrum virile, Cael. Aur. Acut. 3, 14, 115.—

A beam or ray of any shining object;

of the sun,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 2; Lucr. 1, 48; 2, 117; Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71; Verg. A. 4, 119; 7, 25; Tert. Res. Carn. 47;

of lightning,

Verg. A. 8, 429; Val. Fl. 6, 55;

of the eyes,

Gell. 5, 16, 2;

of the halo around the heads of divine or deified personages: aurati,

Verg. A. 12, 163; cf. radio, II.

tēlum, i, n. [for texlum; root tek-, of tiktô, to beget; tuk-, tuch-, of tunchanô, to hit, chance upon; v. texo; cf. toxon, a bow], a weapon used for fighting at a distance; a missile weapon, missile, as a dart, spear, javelin, etc. (while arma signifies arms for defence or close fight; v. arma; cf.: jaculum, tormentum).

Lit.: tela proprie dici videntur ea, quae missilia sunt: ex Graeco videlicet translato eorum nomine, quoniam illi têlothen missa dicunt, quae nos eminus;

sicut arma ea, quae ab umeris dependentia retinentur manibus,

Fest. p. 364 Müll.; cf. id. p. 3; and Serv. Verg. A. 8, 249; 9, 509: telum vulgo quidem id appellatur, quod ab arcu mittitur, sed nunc omne significatur, quod mittitur manu. Itaque sequitur, ut et lapis et lignum et ferrum hoc nomine contineatur, dictum ab eo, quod in longinquum mittitur, Graecā voce figuratum apo tou têlou, Dig. 50, 16, 233: arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4 (Trag. v. 177 Vahl.); so,

opp. arma,

Sall. C. 42, 2; 51, 38; id. J. 43, 3; Ov. M. 9, 201: tela manu jacere, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 438 Vahl.); cf.:

si quis jaciat volatile telum,

Lucr. 1, 970:

tela depellere...telum jacere,

Cic. Quint. 2, 8:

conicere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26; 1, 46; 1, 47; 2, 27; Cic. Quint. 16, 52 al.; cf.:

nubes levium telorum conjecta obruit aciem Gallorum,

Liv. 38, 26, 7;

and with this cf.: it toto turbida caelo Tempestas telorum ac ferreus ingruit imber,

Verg. A. 12, 284:

telum ex loco superiore mittere,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4:

Romani omni genere missilium telorum ac saxis maxime vulnerabantur,

Liv. 44, 35, 21; cf. Sisenn. ap. Non. 449, 3:

priusquam ad conjectum teli veniretur,

Liv. 2, 31, 6:

tela vitare,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25:

telis repulsi,

id. ib. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 5:

non primus Teucer tela Cydonio Direxit arcu,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 17:

in medios telum torsisti primus Achivos,

Verg. A. 5, 497:

tela spargere,

Luc. 3, 326; Quint. 4, 5, 14:

aërias telum contendit in auras,

Verg. A. 5, 520:

telum volatile sensit,

Ov. A. A. 1, 169:

volucre,

Val. Fl. 2, 524:

hic confixum ferrea texit Telorum seges,

Verg. A. 3, 46:

nubes telorum,

Liv. 38, 26, 7:

nimbus,

Luc. 4, 776. —

Transf.

In gen., an offensive weapon of any kind, as a sword, dagger, poniard, axe, etc. (class.): Ajax gladio incubuit;

Ulixes intervenit... e corpore cruentum telum educit,

Auct. Her. 1, 11, 18:

ex quibus (telis) ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit,

Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 8:

elatam securim in caput dejecit: relictoque in vulnere telo ambo se foras eiciunt,

Liv. 1, 40, 7:

non tuba terruerit, non strictis agmina telis,

Ov. M. 3, 535:

tela aliis hastae, aliis secures erant,

Curt. 9, 1, 15:

clavae tela erant,

id. 9, 4, 3:

stare in comitio cum telo,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15;

so esp. freq.: esse cum telo,

to be armed, id. Att. 2, 24, 3; id. Vatin. 10, 24; id. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7; Sall. C. 27, 2 al.; cf.:

esse cum telo hominis occidendi causā (lex) vetat,

Cic. Mil. 4, 11:

qui caedem telo quocumque commiserint,

Quint. 10, 1, 12:

ut pereat positum rubigine telum,

my sheathed sword, Hor. S. 2, 1, 43 et saep.:

pars caret altera telo Frontis,

i. e. a horn, Ov. M. 8, 883;

so of the caestus,

Verg. A. 5, 438; Stat. Th. 6, 772.—

Poet., like the Gr. belos (v. Lidd. and Scott, sub voce),

A sunbeam:

non radii solis neque lucida tela diei,

Lucr. 1, 147; 2, 60; 3, 92; 6, 40.—

Lightning:

arbitrium est in sua tela Jovi,

Ov. F. 3, 316:

excutere irato tela trisulca Jovi,

id. Am. 2, 5, 52.—

A stitch in the side, Ser. Samm. 22, 402; cf. Isid. Orig. 4, 6.—

= membrum virile, Mart. 11, 78, 6; Auct. Priap. 9; Just. 38, 1. —

Trop., a weapon, shaft, dart (class.), Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 113: usque quāque sapere oportet: id erit telum acerrimum, Poët. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; cf.: nec mediocre telum ad res gerendas existimare oportet benevolen, tiam civium, Cic. Lael. 17, 61:

nec gelidis torpet telis perfixa pavoris,

Lucr. 3, 305:

Veneris telis accipere ictus,

id. 4, 1052:

necessitas, quae ultimum ac maximum telum est,

Liv. 4, 28, 5; 5, 29, 9:

quā lege tribunitiis rogationibus telum acerrimum datum est,

id. 3, 55, 3:

de corpore rei publicae tuorum scelerum tela revellere,

Cic. Pis. 11, 25:

tela fortunae,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 2:

lucubrationis telum,

Suet. Calig. 53:

vis tribunicia, telum a majoribus libertati paratum,

Sall. Or. Macri Licinii ad Pleb. 6; Liv. 6, 35, 8:

sentire et linguae tela subire tuae,

Ov. P. 4, 6, 36.

ūsus, a, um, Part. of utor.

ūsus, ūs, m. [utor], the use or using of any thing, in the widest sense (cf.: consuetudo, mos).

Lit.

In gen.

The use, employment, exercise of any thing; with gen. obj.:

virtus in usu sui tota posita est: usus autem ejus est maximus civitatis gubernatio,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2:

cetera, ad virtutis usum idonea,

id. Ac. 1, 6, 22.— Absol.:

Quaeque ipsi doceant in usu habere,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 10:

nec rhus Latinum nomen habet, cum in usum pluribus modis veniat,

Plin. 24, 11, 54, § 91.—

Wear, a wearing out or away ( poet.):

ferreus adsiduo consumitur anulus usu,

Ov. A. A. 1, 473:

silices tenuantur ab usu,

id. ib. 3, 91.—

Use, enjoyment, [p. 1939] fruition:

et usu rerum necessarium et dignitate spoliatum iri,

Caes. B. G. 7, 66:

tantumque nobis in nostrum privatum usum, quantum ipsi superesse posset, remitteret,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

cave sis ne tu te usu perduis (i. e. ex usu tui),

lose control of yourself, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 225 Ussing ad loc.—

Use, practice, exercise:

tantum usu cottidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33:

quod adsiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit,

Cic. Balb. 20, 45:

cum rerum magnarum tractatio atque usus cum illarum artium studiis et cognitione conjungitur,

id. Rep. 3, 3, 5:

ad eam doctrinam, quam suo quisque studio adsecutus esset, adjungeretur usus frequens,

id. de Or. 1, 4, 15:

docuit nos longa vita ususque rerum maximarum,

id. ib. 2, 50, 204:

usu quidem in re publicā rerum maximarum facile omnis viceris,

id. Rep. 1, 23, 37.—

Use, experience, discipline, skill acquired by practice (cf. experientia): Da. O Geta, provinciam Cepisti duram. Ge. Mi usus venit, hoc scio, i. e. I have found it so by experience, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 23 (al. usu venit; v. infra, II. C. 2.):

vir tali prudentiā, etiam usu atque exercitatione praeditus,

Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

res posita in usu militari,

id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

usum in re publicā magnum habere,

id. Phil. 10, 2, 6: magnum in re militari usum habere, Caes B G. 1, 39; id. B. C. 2, 34:

non recusare se, quin nullius usus imperator existimaretur,

id. ib. 3, 45:

nullo usu rei militaris percepto,

id. B. G. 6, 40; id. B. C. 3, 84:

usu nauticarum rerum ceteros antecedunt,

id. B. G. 3, 8:

ne usu manuque reliquorum opinionem fallerent,

id. B. C. 3, 86:

et Marius aut belli usum aut studia volgi amissurus,

Sall. J. 84, 3; cf. id. ib. 89, 6:

dantur duo usu sapientiāque praestantes,

Nep. Timoth. 3, 2:

seris venit usus ab annis,

Ov. M. 6, 29:

tum foeda clades, Romanisque usu incognita,

Flor. 2, 2, 23. —Personified:

adiciam quod me docuit usus, magister egregius,

experience, Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 12:

usum et esse et haberi optimum dicendi magistrum,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4.—

Use, habit, usage, custom, practice:

usum loquendi populo concessi: scientiam mihi reservavi,

Cic. Or. 48, 160:

dicendi omnis ratio in medio posita communi quodam in usu,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 12:

neque quem usum belli haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 20:

(vitulos) ad studium atque usum formabis agrestem,

Verg. G. 3, 163:

est omnino Capitoni in usu claros viros colere,

it is his custom, Plin. Ep. 1, 17, 3:

populum auctoritate suā ad usum frugalitatis revocavit,

Just. 20, 4, 5:

ab his Galli usum vitae cultioris didicerunt,

id. 43, 4, 1:

at horum recitatio usu jam recepta est,

Plin. Ep. 7, 17, 3:

cadent vocabula, si volet usus,

Hor. A. P. 71.—

In partic.

In jurid. lang.

Usus et fructus, usus fructusque, and more frequently in one word, ūsusfructus, the use and enjoyment of property belonging to another, usufruct:

usus enim ejus fundi et fructus testamento viri fuerat Caesenniae,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 19:

sibi horum usus fructusque contingat,

Sen. Ep. 73, 9:

rem nobis eripit casus, usum fructumque apud nos relinquit,

id. ib. 98, 11:

usumfructum omnium bonorum suorum Caesenniae legat, ut frueretur una cum filio,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 11; cf.:

ususfructus est jus alienis rebus utendi fruendi, salvā rerum substantiā,

Dig. 7, 1, 1; v. the entire title, usufructu: dominus proprietatis alii usumfructum in jure cedere potest, Gai inst. 2, 30 sqq.; 2, 86; Ulp. Fragm. 15, 3.—

A use that creates ownership, acquisition by prescription, usucaption.

In the connection usus et auctoritas, or without the copula, usus auctoritas; v. auctoritas; and cf. Rein, Röm. Privatr. p. 144 sq.—

In the phrase usu capere, to acquire by prescription (often as one word; v. 1. usucapio); hence, com.: Mer. Quojus nunc es? Sos. Tuos:

nam pugnis usu fecisti tuom,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 218.—

Intercourse, familiarity, association, intimacy, society (cf.:

consuetudo, conversatio): domesticus usus et consuetudo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

quocum mihi est magnus usus,

id. Fam. 7, 32, 1; 9, 25, 2:

conjunctus magno usu familiaritatis,

id. ib. 13, 52:

in tanto usu nostro tantāque amicitiā,

id. Planc. 2, 5:

inter nosmet ipsos vetus usus intercedit,

id. Fam. 13, 23, 1: ut insinuaret se in quam maxime familiarem usum, Liv. 40, 21, 11:

recens praestat nec longo cognitus usu,

Ov. Tr. 3, 5, 9:

natio nullo commercio colens mutuos usus,

Curt. 7, 3, 5:

neminem in usu habes nisi tibi dilectum,

Plin. Pan. 88.—Hence,

In mal. part., Tib. 1, 9, 55; Ov. R. Am. 357.—

Use, practice, reality (opp. species):

ut (liberi) in usum boni sint et in speciem populo,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 42:

illam alteram (partem Numidiae) specie quam usu potiorem Adherbal possedit,

Sall. J. 16, 5:

ut non in usum sic ad speciem imperii,

Flor. 3, 13, 4.

Transf.

Use, usefulness, value, utility, benefit, profit, advantage:

levis fructus, exiguus usus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 26:

(arborum) consectio magnos usus affert ad navigia facienda,

id. N. D. 2, 60, 152:

propter lini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

naves factae subito ex umidā materiā non eundem usum celeritatis habebant,

capacity, fitness, id. B. C. 1, 58:

natis in usum laetitiae scyphis Pugnare,

service, Hor. C. 1, 27, 1:

aurum cogere humanos in usus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 51:

pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum,

Ov. M. 2, 36:

nescis, quo valeat numus? quem praebeat usum?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 73:

quidve ad amicitias, usus rectumne trahat nos,

id. ib. 2, 6, 75:

neque quisquam omnium libidini simul et usui paruit,

Sall. C. 51, 2:

plures quam quot satis in usum erant ignes,

Liv. 36, 10, 12:

servos quos domum quis ducet suo usu,

Dig. 50, 16, 203:

cicuta quoque venenum est... ad multa tamen usus non omittendi,

Plin. 25, 13, 95, § 151.—In partic., usui or ex usu esse, to be of use, service, or benefit, to be useful, serviceable, advantageous, or profitable:

esse usui civitati, ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1; id. B. C. 1, 19; Liv. 3, 33, 5; cf.:

(Satrius) fuit et mihi et Quinto fratri magno usui in nostris petitionibus,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3:

magno usui rei publicae esse,

id. Phil. 10, 11, 26; Caes. B. G. 3, 14:

bono usui esse,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

peritos legum ad condenda nova jura usui fore credebant,

Liv. 3, 33, 5:

declararent, utrum proelium ex usu esset necne,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50; so,

ex usu esse,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 7, 14; Plin. 25, 13, 110, § 175:

ad omnia haec magis opportunus nec magis ex usu tuo Nemo'st,

Ter. Eun. 5, 9 (8), 47. —

Use, occasion, need, want, necessity:

non te instruere domum tuam voluerunt in provinciā, sed illum usum provinciae supplere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 5, § 9:

quae belli usus poscunt, suppeditare,

Liv. 26, 43, 7:

illuc euntium, quā quemque suorum usuum causae ferrent,

id. 6, 25, 9.—

Usus est, or usus venit, there is need, it is necessary, becomes requisite.

Usus est (most freq. ante-class., esp. after the analogy of opus est with the abl.).

Absol.:

egomet mihi fero, quod usu'st,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 13:

ubicumque usus siet,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 9; and, with ellipsis of subst. verb:

dico ut usus fieri,

id. As. 2, 2, 109:

si quando usus esset,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92: Me. Mihi sic est usus: tibi ut opus facto'st, face. Ch. An cuiquam est usus homini, se ut cruciet? Me. Mihi, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 28 sq.; cf.:

ut equites Pompeianorum impetum, cum adesset usus, sustinere non possent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84, 4.—

With abl.:

viginti jam usu'st filio argenti minis,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 76; cf. id. Bacch. 4, 4, 55; 4, 9, 47:

mulier quae se suamque aetatem spernit, speculo ei usus est,

id. Most. 1, 3, 93:

curatore usus est,

Cic. Leg. 3, 4, 10:

ad eam rem usus est tuā mihi operā,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 27:

tacere nequeo misera, quod tacito usus est,

id. Cist. 1, 2, 10:

argento invento,

id. Ps. 1, 1, 48:

facto,

id. Am. 1, 3, 7; id. Rud. 2, 3, 67; id. Stich. 1, 1, 56 al.:

dicto,

id. Trin. 2, 4, 102:

navis, quibus usus non est, omnis praecidisse,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3:

quibus (navibus) consuli usus non esset,

Liv. 30, 41, 8:

nunc viribus usus, Nunc manibus rapidis, omni nunc arte magistrā,

Verg. A. 8, 441:

ad eam rem usu'st homine astuto, docto, scito et callido,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 151.—Pleonast.:

non usus facto'st mihi nunc hunc intro sequi,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 47.—

With ut:

nunc ad me ut veniat usu'st Acroteleutium,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 39; cf. Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 28 supra.—

With gen.:

alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit,

Liv. 26, 9, 9.—

Usus venit (not in Cic.):

si quis usus venerit, Meminisse ego hanc rem vos volo,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 28: quom ad praetorem usus veniet, id. Poen. 3, 4, 17; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 129:

si usus vene rit,

id. Merc. 3, 1, 20:

non usus veniet, spero,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 42:

ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat,

if occasion should arise, Caes. B. G. 7, 80.—

With abl.:

ubi usus veniat contra consertā manu,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3.—

A fit occasion or opportunity to be used.

Usus est or adest, an occasion or opportunity offers:

de ceteris studiis alio loco dicemus, si usus fuerit,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 3, 5.—

Esp.: usu venit, it happens, occurs, befalls, chances:

nam quid homini potest turpius, quid viro miserius aut acerbius usu venire?

Cic. Quint. 15, 49; id. Verr. 2, 5, 39, § 101:

si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi usu venirent,

id. Sen. 3, 7:

idem solet in demonstratione usu venire,

id. Inv. 1, 10, 14; 1, 54, 104:

quod item in poëmatis, in picturis usu venit,

id. Off. 3, 3, 15:

hoc illud eis usu venire solet, ut, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 11, 35:

cum praesertim mihi usu venturum non arbitrarer, ut, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 6: et, id quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas demigravit, actually occurred (however strange), Nep. Alcib. 4, 5:

id quod numquam antea usu venerat,

id. ib. 6, 3:

praemeditatus, quid sibi esset usu venturum,

Auct. Her. 2, 5, 8:

Caesar biduum in iis locis moratus, quod haec de Vercingetorige usu ventura opinione perceperat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 9:

usu venire ut abhorreant, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 8.—Separated or in a reversed order:

non venit idem usu mihi quod tu tibi scribis,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1:

quod cuipiam Thraco venisse usu fabula est,

Gell. 19, 12, 6:

quid, quod usu memoria patrum venit, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 183.

chalybeius [a, um]; adamanteus [a, um]; ferreus [a, um]

[A]

CRUDELIS (-E)

IMPROBUS (-A -UM)

INPROBUS (-A -UM)

SAEVUS (-A -UM)

ATROX (-OCIS)

INCLEMENS (-ENTIS)

INHUMANUS (-A -UM)

DURUS (-A -UM)

BARBARUS (-A -UM)

FERREUS (-A -UM)

FERUS (-A -UM)

- IN A CRUEL MANNER

[A]

FERREUS (-A -UM)

[A]

INCONCUSSUS (-A -UM)

OFFIRMATUS (-A -UM)

OBFIRMATUS (-A -UM)

PERVICAX (-CACIS)

ROBUSTUS (-A -UM)

SICCUS (-A -UM)

SPISSUS (-A -UM)

DESTINATUS (-A -UM)

EDURUS (-A -UM)

ECDURUS (-A -UM)

OBSTINATUS (-A -UM)

OPSTINATUS (-A -UM)

FIRMUS (-A -UM)

STIPULUS (-A -UM)

PERTINAX (-ACIS)

CONSTANS (-ANTIS)

STABILIS (-E)

FERREUS (-A -UM)

VIRILIS (-E)

SOLIDUS (-A -UM)

[N]

CONCRETUM (-I) (N)

SOLIDUM (-I) (N)

- BE FIRM

- MAKE FIRM

- VERY FIRM

[A]

DURUS (-A -UM)

EDURUS (-A -UM)

ECDURUS (-A -UM)

RIGIDUS (-A -UM)

INEXPEDITUS (-A -UM)

ARDUUS (-A -UM)

DIFFICILIS (-E)

ACER (ACRIS ACRE)

CRUDELIS (-E)

AUSTERUS (-A -UM)

FERREUS (-A -UM)

ASPER (-ERA -ERUM)

ROBUSTUS (-A -UM)

CONFRAGUS (-A -UM)

FERROUS (-A -UM)

[ADV]

GRAVITER

PRAEVALIDE

PRESSE

- BE HARD

- MAKE VERY HARD

- VERY HARD

[A]

DURUS (-A -UM)

FERREUS (-A -UM)

INHUMANUS (-A -UM)

CRUDELIS (-E)

[A]

FERREUS (-A -UM)

CRUDELIS (-E)

INHUMANUS (-A -UM)

[A]

IMMOBILIS (-E)

INMOBILIS (-E)

FIXUS (-A -UM)

IMMOTUS (-A -UM)

INMOTUS (-A -UM)

INAGITABILIS (-E)

INCITUS (-A -UM)

INERRANS (-ANTIS)

INERRABILIS (-E)

RESES (-IDIS)

INDECLINABILIS (-E)

FERREUS (-A -UM)

INSUADIBILIS (-E)

- BE IMMOVABLE

[A]

FERREUS (-A -UM)

DURUS (-A -UM)

INEXCITABILIS (-E)

FERROUS (-A -UM)

[N]

FERRUM (-I) (N)

MANUS (-US) (F)

- CURLED WITH THE IRON

- IRONS

- OF IRON

- SOMETHING SHOD WITH IRON