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81 trouble
I n1) неспокій: хвилювання; тривогаto give smb trouble — заподіювати кому-н. тривогу
2) неприємність, біда, горе; напастіto be in trouble, to have trouble — бути в біді [див.; тж. є]
to get into trouble — потрапити в біду [див.; тж. є]
to make /to — саыse/ trouble for smb, to get smb
into trouble — заподіяти кому-н. шкоду [див.; тж. О]
to get smb out of trouble — визволити кого-н. з біди
to keep out of trouble — уникати неприємностей; прагнути не псувати собі життя
to tell smb one's troubles — розповісти кому-н. про свої знегоди /пригоди/; he has been through much trouble у нього були великі неприємності /было велике горе/; till this great trouble came upon them до тих пір, поки до них не прийшла ця біда; скандал; неприємності
he'll make trouble if you don't agree — він заварить ( таку) кашу /покаже тобі гарне життя/, якщо ти не погодишся
there will be trouble — скандалу не минути; тепер неприємностей не оберешься; = справа пахне смаженим
3) затруднення, трудністьto get to the root of the trouble — зрозуміти, в чому корінь трудності
to meet trouble halfway — дивитися труднощам в обличчя; зустрічати трудність обличчям до обличчя; = не боятися труднощів, не бігати від труднощів
he opened the safe without any trouble — він дуже легко відкрив сейф; турботи, клопіт; праця, зусилля
to take the trouble (to do smth). to go to the trouble (of doing smth) — узяти на себе працю (зробити що-н.)
to take much trouble — старатися, клопотати
to save oneself the trouble of doing smth — позбавити себе праці робити що-н.
he did it to spare you trouble — він зробив це, щоб позбавити вас клопоту
will it be much trouble to you to do this є- No trouble at all — вас не слишком затруднит сделать атоє - Аніскільки не затруднить
I don't like putting you to so much trouble /giving you so much trouble/ — мені не хотілося б так затрудняти вас
it's not worth the trouble — це не коштує ( нашої) праці /не виправдає ( витрачених) зусиль/; he's had a lot of trouble/all this trouble/ for nothing всі його зусилля пішли прахом /закінчились нічим/
4) перешкода, джерело неприємностей; причина неспокоюlife is full of petty troubles — в житті багато дрібних неприємностей; недолік, вада
the trouble with this view is that... — цей погляд поганий тим, що...
the trouble is he believes it — погано те, що він вірить цьому
5) хвилювання, безладlabour trouble (s) — хвилювання серед робочих, страйку
trouble spots — райони з неблагополучною обстановкою; райони безладу, зіткнень
there was trouble in the streets — на вулицях було неспокійно; ( the trouble) pl хвилювання, хвиля насильства в Ольстері
6) хвороба, недугhe has eye [liver] trouble — у нього погано з очима /з зором/ [з печінкою]; what's the trouble є що у вас болитьє, на що ви скаржитесяє [див.; тж. є]
7) дiaл. пологи8) тex. порушення ( правильного ходу роботи); аварія, перешкода, пошкодження; несправність, неполадкиto locate /to trace/ the trouble — встановити причину неполадок
9) гeoл. скидання, дислокація є what's the troubleє у чому справа [див.; тж. 6]to ask for /to look for, to seek/ trouble — поводитися необережно, напрошуватися на неприємності
to be in trouble — бути вагітною ( про незамужню жінку); сидіти у в'язниці; [див.; тж. 2]
to get into trouble — завагітніти ( про незамужню жінку); потрапити у в'язницю; [див.; тж. 2]
to get a girl intotrouble — зробити дівчині дитину; обрюхатити дівча
to borrow trouble — заздалегідь турбуватися, даремно хвилюватися
troubles never come singly — пpиcл. біда ніколи не приходить одна; = прийшла біда -відчиняй ворота
II vdon't trouble trouble till trouble troubles you = не буди лихо, поки спить тихо / пока лихо спить/; man is borne unto trouble — peл. людина народжується /народжена/ для страждання
1) хвилювати; турбуватиher failure to remember the address troubled her — вона була засмучена тим, що ніяк не могла пригадати адресу
don't trouble your head about it — хай у вас не болить голова з цього приводу; турбуватися, хвилюватися
without troubling about the consequences — ( аніскільки) не турбуючись про наслідки
2) турбувати, мучити; заподіювати біль, стражданняhe is much troubled by gout [with neuralgia] — його сильно мучить подагра [невралгія]
how long has it been troubling you — є давно це вас турбує /болить у вас/є
3) затрудняти, приставати, набридатиhe is always troubling me about his private affairs — він весь час пристає до мене зі своїми особистими справами
I am sorry to trouble you about such trivial matters — мені дуже ніяково затрудняти вас через дурниці
I shan't trouble you with the details — не стомлюватиму вас /набридати вам/ деталями
will it trouble you to drop this letter in the box — є вам не важко буде кинути цей лист в поштову скринькує; просити про позику
may I trouble you to pass the salt — є передайте, будь ласка, сіль
I fear I must trouble you to come upstairs — пробачте, мені доведеться попросити вас піднятися вгору
I'll trouble you to hold your tongue — я б попросив вас замовкнути /притримати язик/
5) (у запер. реченнях) старатися, трудитися; робити зусилляif it is inconvenient to come, don't trouble — не приходьте, якщо вам незручно
6) розбурхувати, баламутити7) тex. порушувати, пошкоджувати -
82 related
1) (belonging to the same family (as): I'm related to the Prime Minister; The Prime Minister and I are related.) v sorodu2) (connected: other related topics.) soroden* * *[riléitid]adjectivesoroden (to z), v zvezi (to z) -
83 talk
[to:k] 1. verb1) (to speak; to have a conversation or discussion: We talked about it for hours; My parrot can talk (= imitate human speech).) govoriti2) (to gossip: You can't stay here - people will talk!) govoričiti3) (to talk about: They spent the whole time talking philosophy.) pogovarjati se2. noun1) ((sometimes in plural) a conversation or discussion: We had a long talk about it; The Prime Ministers met for talks on their countries' economic problems.) pogovor2) (a lecture: The doctor gave us a talk on family health.) predavanje3) (gossip: Her behaviour causes a lot of talk among the neighbours.) govorice4) (useless discussion; statements of things a person says he will do but which will never actually be done: There's too much talk and not enough action.) besedičenje•- talking book
- talking head
- talking-point
- talk show
- talking-to
- talk back
- talk big
- talk down to
- talk someone into / out of doing
- talk into / out of doing
- talk someone into / out of
- talk into / out of
- talk over
- talk round
- talk sense/nonsense
- talk shop* * *I [tɔ:k]nounpogovor, razgovor, govorjenje, govor, govoričenje, govorica, (prazno) besedičenje, čenče; predmet pogovora; (radio) predavanje, kramljanje; način govorjenja, izražanje, jezikthe talk of the town figuratively stvar, o kateri vsi govorefull of talk — brbljav, žlobudravidle talk — prazno besedičenje, govoričenjethere is much talk and no work — veliko je govorjenja, storjenega pa ničthose people are nothing but talk — teh ljudi so samo besede, ti ljudje samo frazarijoit will all end in talk — iz tega ne bo nič, ostalo bo le pri besedahthere is talk of his being bankrupt — govori se, da.je (on) v bankrotuII [tɔ:k]intransitive verbpogovarjati se, govoriti, kramljati; govoričiti, klepetati, čenčati: izgovarjati glasove; razpravljati; povedati svojo sodbo, svoje stališče, pojasniti; sporazumeti se; slang pametno govoritifor the sake of talking — le zaradi pogovora, samo da govorimoto talk big ( —ali tall) — bahavo govoriti, bahati seto talk by signals — govoriti, sporazumevati se z znakito talk ill of s.o. — slabo govoriti o komto talk nineteen to the dozen figuratively klepetati, brbljati kot ragljato talk to the point — govoriti konkretno, ne se oddaljiti od predmetanow you are talking figuratively to je pametno govorjenje; tako je prav; sedaj se bomo mogli sporazumetido what you will, people will talk — napravite, kar hočete (karkoli napravite), ljudje bodo vedno imeli svoje pripombe; transitive verb govoriti kaj, o čem; reči; izraziti, izpovedatito talk a donkey's hind leg off figuratively preveč, neprestano govoritito talk turkey — odkrito, naravnost govoritito talk rubbish — govoriti neumnosti, čvekatito talk sense ( —ali wise) — razumno, pametno govoritito talk shop figuratively govoriti (le) o strokovnih, poslovnih zadevah; govoriti stvarnoto talk to o.s. — sam s seboj govoriti, imeti samogovoreto talk to s.o. — resno govoriti s kom, ošteti kogato talk o.s. hoarse — do hripavosti govoritiyou are talking my head off figuratively govoriš toliko, da me glava boli, da mi bo glava odpadlayou are talking me silly — govoriš toliko, da me boš norega naredilto talk through one's hat figuratively pretiravati, blefirati, širokoustiti se; govoriti nesmisle, neumnostito get o.s. talked about — dati govoriti o sebihe tried to talk me into buying the horse — skušal me je pregovoriti, da bi kupil konjato talk s.o. out of s.th. — (skušati) odvrniti koga od česato talk s.o. into believing s.th. — prepričati koga o čemto talk s.o. into his grave figuratively spraviti koga v grob s svojim govorjenjem -
84 connected con·nect·ed adj
-
85 related *** re·lat·ed adj
[rɪ'leɪtɪd]1) (connected: subject) connesso (-a), collegato (-a), (substances, languages) affine2)(attached by family: person)
related to — imparentato (-a) con -
86 poor
1. adjective1) arm2) (inadequate) schlecht; schwach [Rede, Spiel, Leistung, Gesundheit]; dürftig [Essen, Kleidung, Unterkunft, Entschuldigung]be poor at maths — etc. schlecht od. schwach in Mathematik usw. sein
that's pretty poor! — das ist reichlich dürftig od. (ugs.) ganz schön schwach
4) (unfortunate) arm (auch iron.)5) (infertile) karg, schlecht [Boden, Land]6) (spiritless, pathetic) arm [Teufel, Dummkopf]; armselig, (abwertend) elend [Kreatur, Stümper]7) (deficient) arm (in an + Dat.)poor in content/ideas/vitamins — inhalts- / ideen- / vitaminarm
8)2. plural nountake a poor view of — nicht [sehr] viel halten von; für gering halten [Aussichten, Chancen]
* * *[puə] 1. adjective1) (having little money or property: She is too poor to buy clothes for the children; the poor nations of the world.) arm3) (deserving pity: Poor fellow!) arm•- academic.ru/56778/poorness">poorness- poorly 2. adjective(ill: He is very poorly.) kränklich* * *[po:ʳ, AM pʊr]I. adj\poor man's caviar der Kaviar des armen Mannesa \poor area/family/country eine arme Region/Familie/ein armes Landtheir French is still quite \poor ihr Französisch ist noch ziemlich bescheidenmargarine is a \poor substitute for butter Margarine ist ein minderer Ersatz für Butterto give a \poor account of oneself sich akk von seiner schlechtesten Seite zeigen\poor attendance geringer Besucherandranga \poor excuse eine faule Ausredehe must be a \poor excuse for a carpenter if... er muss ein ziemlich mieser Tischler sein, wenn...\poor eyesight/hearing schlechtes Seh-/Hörvermögen\poor harvest schlechte Ernteto be in \poor health in schlechtem gesundheitlichen Zustand seinto be a \poor loser ein schlechter Verlierer/eine schlechte Verliererin sein\poor memory schlechtes Gedächtnisto be a \poor sailor seeuntauglich sein\poor showing armselige Vorstellung\poor soil karger Boden\poor visibility schlechte Sichtyou \poor thing! du armes Ding!Iceland is \poor in natural resources Island hat kaum Bodenschätzein my \poor opinion meiner unmaßgeblichen Meinung nach6.▶ to take a \poor view of sth etw missbilligen [o nicht gerne sehenII. n▪ the \poor pl die Armen pl* * *[pʊə(r)]1. adj (+er)1) armto get or become poorer — ärmer werden, verarmen
he was now one thousand pounds (the) poorer —
poor whites —
it's the poor man's Mercedes/Monte Carlo (inf) — das ist der Mercedes/das Monte Carlo des kleinen Mannes (inf)
poor relation (fig) — Sorgenkind nt
2) (= not good) schlecht; (= meagre) mangelhaft; health, effort, performance, excuse schlecht, schwach; sense of responsibility, leadership schwach; soil mager, schlecht; quality schlecht, minderwertigto show sb/sth in a poor light — jdn/etw in einem schlechten Licht darstellen
she was a very poor swimmer — sie war ein sehr schlechter Schwimmer
he is a poor traveller/flier — er verträgt Reisen/Flugreisen nicht gut
fruit wines are a poor substitute for grape wine —
we had a poor time of it last night — gestern Abend lief auch alles schief (inf)
that's poor consolation —
it's a poor thing for Britain if... — es ist schlecht für Großbritannien, wenn...
it will be a poor day for the world when... — es wird ein schwarzer Tag für die Welt sein, wenn...
this is a pretty poor state of affairs — das sieht aber gar nicht gut aus
it's very poor of them not to have replied — es ist sehr unhöflich, dass sie uns etc (dat) nicht geantwortet haben
he showed a poor grasp of the facts —
she was always poor at languages —
hospitals are poor at collecting information — Krankenhäuser sind schlecht im Sammeln von Informationen
you poor ( old) chap (inf) — du armer Kerl (inf)
she's all alone, poor woman — sie ist ganz allein, die arme Frau
poor things, they look cold —
poor miserable creature that he is... — armseliger Kerl or Tropf (inf), der er ist...
it fell to my poor self to... — es blieb meiner Wenigkeit (dat) überlassen, zu... (iro)
2. pl* * *2. arm, ohne Geldreserven, schlecht fundiert (Staat, Verein etc)3. armselig, ärmlich, kümmerlich (Leben etc), (Frühstück etc auch) dürftig:poor dresses pl ärmliche Kleidung4. mager (Boden, Erz, Vieh etc), schlecht, unergiebig (Boden, Ernte etc)5. fig arm (in an dat), schlecht, mangelhaft, schwach (Gesundheit, Leistung, Spieler, Sicht, Verständigung etc):he’s a poor eater er ist ein schlechter Esser;a poor lookout schlechte Aussichten pl;poor in spirit BIBEL arm im Geiste, geistig arm6. pej jämmerlich (Kreatur etc)poor me! ich Ärmste(r)!;my poor mother meine arme ( oft verstorbene) Mutter;* * *1. adjective1) arm2) (inadequate) schlecht; schwach [Rede, Spiel, Leistung, Gesundheit]; dürftig [Essen, Kleidung, Unterkunft, Entschuldigung]be poor at maths — etc. schlecht od. schwach in Mathematik usw. sein
that's pretty poor! — das ist reichlich dürftig od. (ugs.) ganz schön schwach
4) (unfortunate) arm (auch iron.)poor you! — du Armer/Arme!; du Ärmster/Ärmste!
5) (infertile) karg, schlecht [Boden, Land]6) (spiritless, pathetic) arm [Teufel, Dummkopf]; armselig, (abwertend) elend [Kreatur, Stümper]7) (deficient) arm (in an + Dat.)poor in content/ideas/vitamins — inhalts- / ideen- / vitaminarm
8)2. plural nountake a poor view of — nicht [sehr] viel halten von; für gering halten [Aussichten, Chancen]
* * *adj.arm adj.armselig adj.dürftig adj. -
87 turn
1. noun1)it's your turn [next] — du bist als nächster/nächste dran (ugs.) od. an der Reihe
wait one's turn — warten, bis man an der Reihe ist
your turn will come — du kommst auch [noch] an die Reihe
he gave it to her, and she in turn passed it on to me — er gab es ihr, und sie wiederum reichte es an mich weiter
out of turn — (before or after one's turn) außer der Reihe; (fig.) an der falschen Stelle [lachen]
excuse me if I'm talking out of turn — (fig.) entschuldige, wenn ich etwas Unpassendes sage
take [it in] turns — sich abwechseln
take turns at doing something, take it in turns to do something — etwas abwechselnd tun
2) (rotary motion) Drehung, diegive the handle a turn — den Griff [herum]drehen
[done] to a turn — genau richtig [zubereitet]
3) (change of direction) Wende, dietake a turn to the right/left, do or make or take a right/left turn — nach rechts/links abbiegen
‘no left/right turn’ — "links/rechts abbiegen verboten!"
the turn of the year/century — die Jahres-/Jahrhundertwende
take a favourable turn — (fig.) sich zum Guten wenden
4) (deflection) Biegung, dieat every turn — (fig.) (con- z stantly) ständig
6) (short performance on stage etc.) Nummer, die7) (change of tide)turn of the tide — Gezeitenwechsel, der
8) (character)be of a mechanical/speculative turn — technisch begabt sein/einen Hang zum Spekulativen haben
10) (form of expression)an elegant turn of speech/phrase — eine elegante Ausdrucksweise
11) (service)do somebody a good/bad turn — jemandem einen guten/schlechten Dienst erweisen
one good turn deserves another — (prov.) hilfst du mir, so helf ich dir
12) (coll.): (fright)2. transitive verbturn the tap — am Wasserhahn drehen
turn the key in the lock — den Schlüssel im Schloss herumdrehen
2) (reverse) umdrehen; wenden [Pfannkuchen, Matratze, Auto, Heu, Teppich]; umgraben [Erde]turn something upside down or on its head — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf den Kopf stellen
turn something inside out — etwas nach außen stülpen od. drehen
3) (give new direction to) drehen, wenden [Kopf]turn a hose/gun on somebody/something — einen Schlauch/ein Gewehr auf jemanden/etwas richten
turn one's attention/mind to something — sich/seine Gedanken einer Sache (Dat.) zuwenden
turn one's thoughts to a subject — sich [in Gedanken] mit einem Thema beschäftigen
turn a car into a road — [mit einem Auto] in eine Straße einbiegen
turn the tide [of something] — [bei etwas] den Ausschlag geben
4) (send)turn somebody loose on somebody/something — jemanden auf jemanden/etwas loslassen
turn somebody from one's door/off one's land — jemanden von seiner Tür/von seinem Land verjagen
5) (cause to become) verwandelnthe cigarette smoke has turned the walls yellow — der Zigarettenrauch hat die Wände vergilben lassen
turn a play/book into a film — ein Theaterstück/Buch verfilmen
7)8)turn somebody's head — (make conceited) jemandem zu Kopf steigen
9) (shape in lathe) drechseln [Holz]; drehen [Metall]10) drehen [Pirouette]; schlagen [Rad, Purzelbaum]11) (reach the age of)turn 40 — 40 [Jahre alt] werden
12)3. intransitive verbit's just turned 12 o'clock/quarter past 4 — es ist gerade 12 Uhr/viertel nach vier vorbei
1) (revolve) sich drehen; [Wasserhahn, Schlüssel:] sich drehen lassenthe earth turns on its axis — die Erde dreht sich um ihre Achse
2) (reverse direction) [Person:] sich herumdrehen; [Auto:] wenden3) (take new direction) sich wenden; (turn round) sich umdrehenhis thoughts/attention turned to her — er wandte ihr seine Gedanken/Aufmerksamkeit zu
left/right turn! — (Mil.) links/rechts um!
turn into a road/away from the river — in eine Straße einbiegen/vom Fluss abbiegen
turn to the left — nach links abbiegen/[Schiff, Flugzeug:] abdrehen
turn up/down a street — in eine Straße einbiegen
when the tide turns — wenn die Ebbe/Flut kommt
not know where or which way to turn — (fig.) keinen Ausweg [mehr] wissen
my luck has turned — (fig.) mein Glück hat sich gewendet
4) (become) werdenturn traitor/statesman/Muslim — zum Verräter/zum Staatsmann/Moslem werden
turn [in]to something — zu etwas werden; (be transformed) sich in etwas (Akk.) verwandeln
her face turned green — sie wurde [ganz] grün im Gesicht
6) (become sour) [Milch:] sauer werden7)Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/77106/turn_about">turn about- turn against- turn away- turn back- turn down- turn in- turn off- turn on- turn out- turn over- turn round- turn to- turn up- turn upon* * *[tə:n] 1. verb1) (to (make something) move or go round; to revolve: The wheels turned; He turned the handle.) (sich) drehen2) (to face or go in another direction: He turned and walked away; She turned towards him.) sich (um-) drehen3) (to change direction: The road turned to the left.) eine Biegung machen5) (to go round: They turned the corner.) biegen um6) (to (cause something to) become or change to: You can't turn lead into gold; At what temperature does water turn into ice?) (sich) verwandeln7) (to (cause to) change colour to: Her hair turned white; The shock turned his hair white.) werden (lassen)2. noun1) (an act of turning: He gave the handle a turn.) die Drehung2) (a winding or coil: There are eighty turns of wire on this aerial.) die Windung3) ((also turning) a point where one can change direction, eg where one road joins another: Take the third turn(ing) on/to the left.) die Abzweigung4) (one's chance or duty (to do, have etc something shared by several people): It's your turn to choose a record; You'll have to wait your turn in the bathroom.) die Reihe5) (one of a series of short circus or variety acts, or the person or persons who perform it: The show opened with a comedy turn.) die Programmnummer•- turning-point- turnover
- turnstile
- turntable
- turn-up
- by turns
- do someone a good turn
- do a good turn
- in turn
- by turns
- out of turn
- speak out of turn
- take a turn for the better
- worse
- take turns
- turn a blind eye
- turn against
- turn away
- turn back
- turn down
- turn in
- turn loose
- turn off
- turn on
- turn out
- turn over
- turn up* * *[tɜ:n, AM tɜ:rn]I. NOUNgive the screw a couple of \turns drehen Sie die Schraube einige Male umto give the handle a \turn den Griff [herum]drehen“no left/right \turn” „Links/Rechts abbiegen verboten“the path had many twists and \turns der Pfad wand und schlängelte sich dahin; ( fig)the novel has many twists and \turns of plot die Handlung des Romans ist total verwickelt fam; ( fig)things took an ugly turn die Sache nahm eine üble Wendung; ( fig)I find the \turn of events most unsatisfactory ich mag nicht, wie sich die Dinge gerade entwickelnto make a \turn abbiegento make a wrong \turn falsch abbiegento make a \turn to port/starboard NAUT nach Backbord/Steuerbord abdrehento take a \turn [to the left/right] [nach links/rechts] abbiegento take a \turn for the better/worse ( fig) sich zum Besseren/Schlechteren wenden [o SCHWEIZ meist kehren]to take a new \turn eine [ganz] neue Wendung nehmen3. (changing point)the \turn of the century die Jahrhundertwendeat the \turn of the century zur Jahrhundertwendeat the \turn of the 19th century Anfang des 19. Jahrhundertsthe \turn of the tide der Gezeitenwechselthe tide was on the \turn die Flut/Ebbe setzte gerade ein; ( fig)4. (allotted time)it's my \turn now! jetzt bin ich an der Reihe [o fam dran]!it's Jill's \turn next Jill kommt als Nächste dranit's your \turn to take out the rubbish du bist dran, den Abfall runter zu bringenyour \turn will come! du kommst schon auch noch dran! fam; (in desperate situations) du wirst auch noch zum Zuge kommen! famwhose \turn is it? wer ist dran?I want everyone to take their \turn nicely without any fighting ich will, dass ihr euch schön abwechselt, ohne Streitereienyou can have a \turn at the computer now Sie können jetzt den Computer benutzento do sth in \turn [or by \turns] etw abwechselnd tunto miss a \turn eine Runde aussetzento take a \turn at the wheel für eine Weile das Steuer übernehmento wait one's \turn warten, bis man an der Reihe ist▪ in \turn wiederumshe told Peter and he in \turn told me sie hat es Peter erzählt und er wiederum hat es dann mir erzählthe's all sweet and cold in \turns [or by turn[s]] er ist abwechselnd total nett und dann wieder total kalt fam5. ([dis]service)to do sb a good/bad \turn jdm einen guten/schlechten Dienst erweisento do a good \turn eine gute Tat tunto give sb a \turn jdm einen gehörigen Schrecken einjagenshe was having one of her \turns sie hatte wieder einmal einen ihrer Anfälleto do comic \turns Sketche aufführento perform a \turn eine Nummer aufführen9. (not appropriate)▪ out of \turn:what you've just said was completely out of \turn was du da gerade gesagt hast, war wirklich völlig unpassendsorry, have I been talking out of \turn? tut mir leid, habe ich was Falsches gesagt?he really was speaking out of \turn es war völlig unangebracht, dass er sich dazu äußerte10. (character)to be of a humorous \turn eine Frohnatur seinto have a logical \turn of mind ein logischer Mensch seinto take a \turn [in the park] eine [kleine] Runde [durch den Park] drehen13. (expression well put together)a nice [or elegant] [or good] \turn of phrase elegante Ausdrucksweise; (wording) elegante Formulierungto have a nice \turn of phrase sich akk sehr gut ausdrücken können14. (purpose)to serve sb's \turn jdm dienenthat'll serve my \turn das ist gerade genau das Richtige für michjobber's \turn Courtage f17. (cooked perfectly)to be done [or cooked] to a \turn food gut durch[gebraten] sein▪ the \turn AM bei Texas Hold 'Em (Pokerspiel): die vierte Karte, die alle Spieler zugeteilt bekommen19.▶ to fight at every \turn mit aller Macht kämpfen▶ to be on the \turn sich akk wandeln; milk einen Stich haben, sauer sein SCHWEIZ; leaves gelb werden▶ a \turn of the screw eine weitere Verschärfung [einer Maßnahme]the raising of their rent was another \turn of the screw in the landlord's attempt to get them evicted die Mieterhöhung war ein weiterer Versuch, ihnen Daumenschrauben anzulegen und sie allmählich aus der Wohnung zu drängenII. TRANSITIVE VERB1. (rotate, cause to rotate)▪ to \turn sth knob, screw etw drehenhe \turned the key quietly in the lock er drehte den Schlüssel vorsichtig im Schloss umshe \turned the wheel sharply sie riss das Steuer herum2. (switch direction)▪ to \turn sth:he \turned his head in surprise überrascht wendete er den Kopfmy mother can still \turn heads nach meiner Mutter drehen sich die Männer noch immer umthe little girl just \turned her back to her das kleine Mädchen wandte ihr einfach den Rücken zushe \turned the chair to the window so that she could look outside sie drehte den Stuhl zum Fenster, sodass sie hinausschauen konnteto \turn one's car into a road [in eine Straße] abbiegento \turn round the corner um die Ecke biegento \turn the course of history den Gang der Geschichte [ver]ändernto \turn one's eyes towards sb jdn anblickenhe \turned somersaults in his joy er machte vor Freude Luftsprünge3. (aim)▪ to \turn sth on sb lamp, hose etw auf jdn richtenshe \turned her full anger onto him ihr ganzer Zorn richtete sich gegen ihnthe stranger \turned a hostile stare on him der Fremde warf ihm einen feindseligen Blick zuto \turn a gun on sb ein Gewehr auf jdn richten4. (sprain)to \turn one's ankle sich dat den Knöchel verrenken▪ to \turn sb/sth sth:the shock \turned her hair grey overnight durch den Schock wurde sie über Nacht grauthe cigarette smoke had \turned the walls grey durch den Zigarettenrauch waren die Wände ganz grau gewordenthe hot weather has \turned the milk sour durch die Hitze ist die Milch sauer gewordenthe news \turned her pale als sie die Nachricht hörte, wurde sie ganz bleichhis comment \turned her angry sein Kommentar verärgerte sie6. (cause to feel nauseous)to \turn sb's stomach jdn den Magen umdrehenthe smell \turned her stomach bei dem Gestank drehte sich ihr der Magen um7. (change)the wizard \turned the ungrateful prince into a frog der Zauberer verwandelte den undankbaren Prinzen in einen Froschto \turn a book into a film ein Buch verfilmento \turn sth into German/English etw ins Deutsche/Englische übertragento \turn the light[s] low das Licht dämpfen8. (reverse)to \turn the page umblättern9. (gain)to \turn a profit einen Gewinn machen10. (send)to \turn a dog on sb einen Hund auf jdn hetzento \turn sb loose on sth jdn auf etw akk loslassento be \turned loose losgelassen werden akk11. (stop sb)13.▶ to be able to \turn one's hand to anything ein Händchen für alles habenit is time for you to \turn your back on childish pursuits es wird langsam Zeit, dass du deine kindischen Spiele hinter dir lässt▶ to not \turn a hair keine Miene verziehenwithout \turning a hair... ohne auch nur mit der Wimper zu zucken▶ to \turn sb's head jdm den Kopf verdrehen▶ sth has \turned sb's head etw ist jdm zu Kopf[e] gestiegen▶ to \turn sth on its head etw [vollkommen] auf den Kopf stellen▶ to know how to \turn a compliment wissen, wie man Komplimente macht▶ to \turn a phrase sprachgewandt sein▶ to \turn the spotlight on sb/sth die [allgemeine] Aufmerksamkeit auf jdn/etw lenken▶ to \turn tail and run auf der Stelle kehrtmachen und die Flucht ergreifen▶ to \turn sth upside down [or inside out] etw gründlich durchsuchen; room etw auf den Kopf stellen famIII. INTRANSITIVE VERBthis tap won't \turn dieser Hahn lässt sich nicht drehenthe ballerina \turned on her toes die Ballerina drehte auf den Zehenspitzen Pirouettenthe chickens were being \turned on a spit die Hähnchen wurden auf einem Spieß gedrehtthe earth \turns on its axis die Erde dreht sich um ihre Achse2. (switch the direction faced) person sich akk umdrehen; car wenden, SCHWEIZ meist kehren; (in bend) abbiegen; wind drehen; ( fig) SCHWEIZ meist kehren; ( fig) sich akk wendenshe \turned onto the highway sie bog auf die Autobahn abshe \turned into a little street sie bog in ein Sträßchen einheads still \turn when she walks along die Männer schauen ihr noch immer nachwhen the tide \turns (high tide) wenn die Flut kommt; (low tide) wenn es Ebbe wird; ( fig) wenn sich das Blatt wendet [o SCHWEIZ meist kehrt]the path down the mountain twisted and \turned der Pfad schlängelte sich den Berghang hinabto \turn on one's heel auf dem Absatz kehrtmachen\turn right! rechts um!▪ to \turn towards sb/sth sich akk zu jdm/etw umdrehen; (turn attention to) sich akk jdm/etw zuwendenplants \turn toward the light Pflanzen wenden sich dem Licht zuhe has no one to \turn to er hat niemanden, an den er sich wenden kannhe \turned to me for help er wandte sich an mich und bat um HilfeI don't know which way to \turn ich weiß keinen Ausweg mehrto \turn to drink sich akk in den Alkohol flüchtento \turn to God sich akk Gott zuwendento \turn to sb for money jdn um Geld bittenhis mood \turned quite nasty er wurde richtig schlecht gelaunthis face \turned green er wurde ganz grün im Gesicht fammy hair is \turning grey! ich kriege graue Haare!the friendship between the two neighbours \turned sour das freundschaftliche Verhältnis zwischen den beiden Nachbarn kühlte sich erheblich abmy luck has \turned das Blatt hat sich gewandtto \turn informer/traitor zum Informanten/zur Informantin/zum Verräter/zur Verräterin werdento \turn Muslim Muslim werdento \turn cold/warm/pale kalt/warm/blass werdento \turn red person, traffic lights rot werdenthe frog \turned into a handsome prince der Frosch verwandelte sich in einen schönen Prinzenhe \turned from a sweet boy into a sullen brat aus dem süßen kleinen Jungen wurde ein mürrischer Flegelall this \turned into a nightmare das alles ist zum Albtraum gewordenwhen there's a full moon, he \turns into a werewolf bei Vollmond verwandelt er sich in einen Werwolfmy thoughts \turned to him and his family meine Gedanken gingen an ihn und seine Familie6. (attain particular age)to \turn 20/40 20/40 werden7. (pass particular hour)it had already \turned eleven es war schon kurz nach elfit has just \turned past five o'clock es ist gerade fünf vorbeijust as it \turned midnight... genau um Mitternacht...8. (make feel sick)my stomach \turned at the grisly sight bei dem grässlichen Anblick drehte sich mir der Magen umthis smell makes my stomach \turn bei diesem Geruch dreht sich mir der Magen um9.▶ to \turn on a dime AM auf der Stelle kehrt machen▶ to \turn tattle-tail AM ( usu childspeak fam) petzen fam, SCHWEIZ a. rätschen fam, ÖSTERR a. tratschen fam* * *turn1 [tɜːn; US tɜrn]A s1. Drehung f:give sth a turn (two turns) etwas (zweimal) drehen;2. Turnus m, Reihe(nfolge) f:turn (and turn) about reihum, abwechselnd, wechselweise;she was laughing and crying by turns sie lachte und weinte abwechselnd;a) der Reihe nach,b) dann wieder;in his turn seinerseits;speak out of turn fig unpassende Bemerkungen machen;I hope I haven’t spoken out of turn ich habe doch nichts Falsches gesagt?;now it is my turn jetzt bin ich dran oder an der Reihe;then it was my turn to be astonished dann war ich erstaunt;whose turn is it to do the dishes? wer ist mit dem Abspülen dran?;my turn will come fig meine Zeit kommt auch noch, ich komme schon noch dran;take turns sich abwechseln (at bei);we took turns at driving auch wir fuhren abwechselnd;take one’s turn handeln, wenn die Reihe an einen kommt;wait your turn warte, bis du an der Reihe oder dran bist!3. Drehen n, Wendung f:turn to the left Linkswendung4. Wendepunkt m (auch fig)5. a) Biegung f, Kurve f, Kehre fat every turn ständig, überall6. SPORTat the turn an oder bei der Wende,d) Eis-, Rollkunstlauf: Kehre f, Kurve f8. Wendung f:a) Umkehr f:b) Richtung f, (Ver)Lauf m:take a turn for the better (worse) sich bessern (sich verschlimmern);take an interesting turn eine interessante Wendung nehmen (Gespräch etc),c) (Glücks-, Zeiten- etc)Wende f, Wechsel m, Umschwung m:a turn in one’s luck eine Glücks- oder Schicksalswende;turn of the century Jahrhundertwende;10. (Arbeits)Schicht f11. Tour f, (einzelne) Windung (einer Bandage, eines Kabels etc)12. (kurzer) Spaziergang, Runde f:take a turn einen Spaziergang machen13. kurze Fahrt, Spritztour f14. SCHIFF Törn m15. (Rede)Wendung f, Formulierung f16. Form f, Gestalt f, Beschaffenheit f17. Art f, Charakter m:18. (for, to) Neigung f, Hang m, Talent n (zu), Sinn m (für):practical turn praktische Veranlagung;have a turn for languages sprachbegabt sein;be of a humorous turn Sinn für Humor haben19. a) (ungewöhnliche oder unerwartete) Tatb) Dienst m, Gefallen m:one good turn deserves another (Sprichwort) eine Liebe ist der anderen wert20. (kurze) Beschäftigung:take a turn at sth es kurz mit etwas versuchen21. MEDa) Taumel m, Schwindel mb) Anfall m22. umg Schock m, Schrecken m:give sb (quite) a turn jemanden (ganz schön) erschrecken23. Zweck m:this will serve your turn das wird dir nützlich sein;this won’t serve my turn damit ist mir nicht gedient25. MUS Doppelschlag m26. THEAT besonders Br (Programm)Nummer f27. MIL (Kehrt)Wendung f, Schwenkung f:left (right) turn! Br links-(rechts)um!;about turn! Br ganze Abteilung kehrt!28. TYPO Fliegenkopf m (umgedrehter Buchstabe)B v/t1. (im Kreis oder um eine Achse) drehen2. einen Schlüssel, eine Schraube etc, auch einen Patienten (um-, herum)drehen4. ein Blatt, eine Buchseite umdrehen, -wenden, -blättern:turn the page umblättern7. zuwenden, -drehen, -kehren ( alle:to dat)8. den Blick, die Kamera, seine Schritte etc wenden, auch seine Gedanken, sein Verlangen richten, lenken ( alle:against gegen;on auf akk;toward[s] auf akk, nach):turn the hose on the fire den Schlauch auf das Feuer richten;9. a) um-, ab-, weglenken, -leiten, -wenden:turn a shot round the post SPORT einen Schuss um den Pfosten drehen,b) ein Geschoss etc abwenden, abhalten12. das Gesprächsthema wechseln13. a) eine Waage etc zum Ausschlagen bringenb) fig ausschlaggebend sein bei:turn a firm into a joint-stock company eine Firma in eine Aktiengesellschaft umwandeln;turn into cash flüssigmachen, zu Geld machen;turn one’s superiority into goals SPORT seine Überlegenheit in Tore ummünzen15. machen, werden lassen ( beide:into zu):a) bes US jemanden krank machen,b) jemandem Übelkeit verursachen;it turned her pale es ließ sie erblassen17. die Blätter, das Laub verfärbeninto Italian ins Italienische)20. MILa) umgehen, umfassenb) die feindliche Flanke etc aufrollen22. TECHa) drehenb) Holzwaren drechselnc) Glas marbeln, rollen23. auch fig formen, gestalten, (kunstvoll) bilden, Komplimente, Verse etc drechseln:a well-turned ankle ein wohlgeformtes Fußgelenk;24. WIRTSCH verdienen, umsetzen25. eine Messerschneide etca) um-, verbiegenb) stumpf machen:27. turn loosea) freilassen,b) einen Hund etc loslassen (on auf akk)C v/i1. sich drehen (lassen), sich (im Kreis) (herum)drehen (Rad etc)3. umdrehen, -wenden, besonders (in einem Buch) (um)blättern5. sich (stehend, liegend etc) (um-, herum)drehen: → grave1 1b) FLUG, AUTO kurven, eine Kurve machenturn right nach rechts abbiegen;I don’t know which way to turn fig ich weiß nicht, was ich machen soll8. eine Biegung machen (Straße, Wasserlauf etc)on auf akk)11. sich umdrehen:a) sich um 180° drehenb) zurückschauen12. sich umdrehen oder umwenden (lassen), sich umstülpen:my umbrella turned inside out mein Regenschirm stülpte sich um;my stomach turned at this sight, this sight made my stomach turn bei diesem Anblick drehte sich mir der Magen um13. my head is turning mir dreht sich alles im Kopf;his head turned with the success der Erfolg stieg ihm zu Kopf15. blass, kalt etc werden:turn blue blau anlaufen;turn (sour) sauer werden (Milch);turn traitor zum Verräter werden16. sich verfärben (Blätter, Laub)turn2 [tɜrn] v/i SPORT US turnen* * *1. noun1)it is somebody's turn to do something — jemand ist an der Reihe, etwas zu tun
it's your turn [next] — du bist als nächster/nächste dran (ugs.) od. an der Reihe
wait one's turn — warten, bis man an der Reihe ist
your turn will come — du kommst auch [noch] an die Reihe
he gave it to her, and she in turn passed it on to me — er gab es ihr, und sie wiederum reichte es an mich weiter
out of turn — (before or after one's turn) außer der Reihe; (fig.) an der falschen Stelle [lachen]
excuse me if I'm talking out of turn — (fig.) entschuldige, wenn ich etwas Unpassendes sage
take [it in] turns — sich abwechseln
take turns at doing something, take it in turns to do something — etwas abwechselnd tun
2) (rotary motion) Drehung, diegive the handle a turn — den Griff [herum]drehen
[done] to a turn — genau richtig [zubereitet]
3) (change of direction) Wende, dietake a turn to the right/left, do or make or take a right/left turn — nach rechts/links abbiegen
‘no left/right turn’ — "links/rechts abbiegen verboten!"
the turn of the year/century — die Jahres-/Jahrhundertwende
take a favourable turn — (fig.) sich zum Guten wenden
4) (deflection) Biegung, dieat every turn — (fig.) (con- z stantly) ständig
6) (short performance on stage etc.) Nummer, dieturn of the tide — Gezeitenwechsel, der
8) (character)be of a mechanical/speculative turn — technisch begabt sein/einen Hang zum Spekulativen haben
an elegant turn of speech/phrase — eine elegante Ausdrucksweise
11) (service)do somebody a good/bad turn — jemandem einen guten/schlechten Dienst erweisen
one good turn deserves another — (prov.) hilfst du mir, so helf ich dir
12) (coll.): (fright)2. transitive verb1) (make revolve) drehen2) (reverse) umdrehen; wenden [Pfannkuchen, Matratze, Auto, Heu, Teppich]; umgraben [Erde]turn something upside down or on its head — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf den Kopf stellen
turn something inside out — etwas nach außen stülpen od. drehen
3) (give new direction to) drehen, wenden [Kopf]turn a hose/gun on somebody/something — einen Schlauch/ein Gewehr auf jemanden/etwas richten
turn one's attention/mind to something — sich/seine Gedanken einer Sache (Dat.) zuwenden
turn one's thoughts to a subject — sich [in Gedanken] mit einem Thema beschäftigen
turn a car into a road — [mit einem Auto] in eine Straße einbiegen
turn the tide [of something] — [bei etwas] den Ausschlag geben
4) (send)turn somebody loose on somebody/something — jemanden auf jemanden/etwas loslassen
turn somebody from one's door/off one's land — jemanden von seiner Tür/von seinem Land verjagen
5) (cause to become) verwandelnthe cigarette smoke has turned the walls yellow — der Zigarettenrauch hat die Wände vergilben lassen
turn a play/book into a film — ein Theaterstück/Buch verfilmen
6) (make sour) sauer werden lassen [Milch]7)8)turn somebody's head — (make conceited) jemandem zu Kopf steigen
9) (shape in lathe) drechseln [Holz]; drehen [Metall]10) drehen [Pirouette]; schlagen [Rad, Purzelbaum]turn 40 — 40 [Jahre alt] werden
12)3. intransitive verbit's just turned 12 o'clock/quarter past 4 — es ist gerade 12 Uhr/viertel nach vier vorbei
1) (revolve) sich drehen; [Wasserhahn, Schlüssel:] sich drehen lassen2) (reverse direction) [Person:] sich herumdrehen; [Auto:] wenden3) (take new direction) sich wenden; (turn round) sich umdrehenhis thoughts/attention turned to her — er wandte ihr seine Gedanken/Aufmerksamkeit zu
left/right turn! — (Mil.) links/rechts um!
turn into a road/away from the river — in eine Straße einbiegen/vom Fluss abbiegen
turn to the left — nach links abbiegen/[Schiff, Flugzeug:] abdrehen
turn up/down a street — in eine Straße einbiegen
when the tide turns — wenn die Ebbe/Flut kommt
not know where or which way to turn — (fig.) keinen Ausweg [mehr] wissen
my luck has turned — (fig.) mein Glück hat sich gewendet
4) (become) werdenturn traitor/statesman/Muslim — zum Verräter/zum Staatsmann/Moslem werden
turn [in]to something — zu etwas werden; (be transformed) sich in etwas (Akk.) verwandeln
her face turned green — sie wurde [ganz] grün im Gesicht
5) (change colour) [Laub:] sich [ver]färben6) (become sour) [Milch:] sauer werden7)Phrasal Verbs:- turn in- turn off- turn on- turn out- turn to- turn up* * *(over) v.wenden v.(§ p.,pp.: wandte (wendete), gewandt (gewendet)) (round) to face (look at)someone expr.= jemandem das Gesicht zuwenden ausdr. v.drehen v.rotieren v.umwenden v. n.Drehbewegung f.Drehung -en f.Umdrehung f.Wendung -en f. -
88 related
[rɪ'leɪtɪd]adjpeople, species spokrewniony; languages, words pokrewny; questions, issues powiązany* * *1) (belonging to the same family (as): I'm related to the Prime Minister; The Prime Minister and I are related.) spokrewniony, spowinowacony2) (connected: other related topics.) pokrewny -
89 increase
1. Ismb.'s family (the population, the number of fishes and insects, etc.) increases семья и т. д. растет /увеличивается/; speed increases скорость увеличивается /нарастает/; danger increases опасность возрастает /усиливается/; his experience increases он накапливает опыт; difficulties increase трудностей становится все больше; the rain (the heat, the snow, the gale, etc.) increases дождь и т. д. усиливается; his interest in languages increases его интерес к языкам возрастает; his efforts increased он удвоил свои усилия2. IIincrease in some manner increase gradually (little by little, step by step, steadily, quickly, slightly, more and more, noticeably, alarmingly, etc.) постепенно и т. д. увеличиваться; the number of people living in cities is rapidly increasing число городских жителей быстро растет /возрастает/; trade is steadily increasing торговля неуклонно расширяется, неуклонно ширятся торговые связи; the water is rapidly increasing вода быстро прибывает3. IIIincrease smth. increase the wages (smb.'s salary, one's income, the taxes, the expenditure, the steel output, the speed, one's vigilance, one's skill, etc.) увеличивать /повышать/ зарплату и т. д., increase the distance увеличивать расстояние; increase smb.'s power (smb.'s influence, the pressure, etc.) усиливать чью-л. власть и т. д.; increase one's расе (the growth, the development, etc.) ускорить шаг и т. д., increase one's wealth умножать свое богатство; increase dominions расширить /увеличивать/ владения; increase one's knowledge углублять /расширить/ свой знания; experience increased his wisdom опыт прибавил ему мудрости; increase one's efforts прилагать больше усилий, удвоить усилия4. XIbe increased the tax on petrol has been increased повысился налог на бензин5. XVIincrease in (by, to, etc.) smth. increase in number (in size, in volume, in power, in wealth, in popularity, in quality, in violence, etc.) увеличиваться в числе и т. д.; increase in price подниматься в цене; the town is fast increasing in population население города быстро растет; increase by 38 per cent (by over 400 items) увеличиваться на тридцать восемь процентов (более, чем на четыреста штук); increase by degrees постепенно увеличиваться; increase from 30 to 50 увеличиваться /возрастать/ с тридцати до пятидесяти; increase to an alarming extent возрасти до угрожающих размеров -
90 preserve
1. IIIpreserve smth.1) preserve fruit (eggs, food, etc.) сохранять фрукты и т.д.; ice helps to preserve meat на льду мясо (дольше) сохраняется; preserve one's good looks (one's eyesight, one's strength, one's composure, appearances, discipline, etc.) сохранять свою красоту и т.д.; he preserves all nails and pins he picks up он собирает /хранит/ все гвоздики и булавки, которые подбирает; we must preserve the names of great men (the memory of this tragedy) надо хранить память о великих людях (об этой трагедии); preserve one's sanity сохранять ясность ума2) preserve fruit (vegetables, fish, game, etc.) консервировать фрукты и т.д.3) preserve historical monuments /monuments of the past/ (this old building, rivers, forests, game, rare birds, etc.) охранять исторические памятники и т.д.; his quick thinking preserved his life он остался в живых, только благодаря своей сообразительности2. IV1) preserve smth. in some manner preserve smth. easily (successfully, skilfully, etc.) легко и т.д. сохранять что-л.; preserve smth. for some time preserve flowers for a long time уметь долго сохранять цветы [свежими]2) preserve smth., smb. in some manner preserve smth., smb. miraculously (marvelously, unexpectedly, etc.) чудесным образом /чудом/ и т.д. спасти что-л., кого-л.3. XIbe preserved these woods are preserved эти леса находятся под охраной государства /объявлены заповедником/; all his paintings have been preserved все его картины были сохранены; be preserved in smth. certain traditions are preserved in our family в нашей семье сохраняются /соблюдаются/ некоторые традиции; the story has been preserved in various European languages это предание сохранилось /живет/ в ряде европейских языков; be preserved in some manner he is very well preserved and doesn't look half his age он очень хорошо сохранился и выглядит вдвое моложе, чем на самом деле4. XXI11) preserve smth. in smth. preserve fruit in syrup (fish in salt, the embryo in alcohol, etc.) сохранять фрукты в сиропе и т.д.; she preserved a lot of fruit in jars она заготовила /законсервировала, закатала/ много банок с фруктами: preserve a scene in motion pictures запечатлеть сцену в кино /на киноленте/; preserve smth. from smth. salt preserves vegetables from decay соль предохраняет овощи от порчи; preserve the legend from oblivion сохранить легенду [в памяти]2) preserve smb. from smth. book. preserve smb. from danger (from harm, from illness, from cold, etc.) оберегать /охранять/ кого-л. от опасности и т.д.3) preserve smth. for smth. preserve a river for fishing (a wood for hunting, a ground for shooting, etc.) сохранять реку для рыбной ловли и т.д. (не допускать загрязнения, строительства и т.п.)5. XXIV1preserve smth. as smth. the city decided to preserve the beautiful building as a museum городские власти решили сохранить это прекрасное здание в качестве музея -
91 speak
1. I1) the baby is learning to speak ребенок учится говорить; he was too ill to speak он так плохо себя чувствовал, что не мог говорить; did you speak, sir? вы что-то сказали, сэр?; Janes speaking Джоунз у телефона; he left without speaking он ушел, не сказав ни слова; their eyes spoke их взгляды были весьма красноречивы; the cannon spoke заговорили пушки; the portrait speaks портрет как живой2) he left the meeting without speaking он ушел с собрания, не выступив; since I am speaking... поскольку мне предоставлено слово...2. II1) speak in some manner speak well (badly, quickly, slowly, loud, low, softly, harshly, sharply, respectfully, etc.) говорить хорошо и т.д.; generally /broadly/ (objectively, practically, etc.) speaking... вообще и т.д. говоря...; properly speaking по сути дела, собственно говоря; strictly speaking he is right строго говоря, он прав; roughly speaking there were perhaps ten thousand participants там было, грубо говоря, около десяти тысяч участников; to speak plainly, he is a thief попросту говоря, он вор; legally speaking he is right с юридической точки зрения он прав; metaphorically /figuratively/ speaking фигурально выражаясь; actions speak louder than words дела говорят сами за себя || speak at random говорить наугад id so to speak так сказать; you are, so to speak, one of the family вы, так сказать /собственно говоря/, член семья2) speak at some time the president will now speak сейчас выступит президент3. IIIspeak smth.1) speak English (French, etc.) говорить по-английски и т.д.; speak a foreign language говорить на каком-л. иностранном языке; speak several languages говорить на нескольких языках, владеть несколькими языками; speak fluent (excellent) Italian свободно (прекрасно) говорить по-итальянски: he cannot speak German он не знает немецкого языка, он не говорит по-немецки2) not to speak a word не произнести ни слова; he couldn't speak these words он не мог выговорить эти слова3) speak the truth говорить правду; speak one's opinion /one's mind/ высказывать свое мнение; speak one's lines произносить свои реплики; speak nonsense говорить глупости; speak words of praise /smb.'s praises/ хвалить кого-л.; his eyes spoke volumes его взгляд был красноречивее всяких слов; her eyes spoke affection ее глаза светились любовью4. IVspeak smth. in some manner1) speak English fluently (well, naturally, etc.) бегло /свободно/ и т.д. говорить по-английски2) speak one's part well (badly, inaudibly, etc.) хорошо и т.д. проговаривать свою роль3) speak one's mind bluntly прямо /без обиняков/ высказывать свое мнение5. XI1) be spoken not a word was spoken никто не вымолвил и слова; не было сказано ни слова; be spoken in some manner words that are seldom spoken слова, которые редко произносят [вслух]; be spoken of he is much spoken of о нем много говорят; deserve to be well /highly/ spoken of заслуживать, чтобы о тебе хорошо говорили /отзывались/2) be spoken somewhere is English spoken here? здесь говорят /кто-нибудь разговаривает/ по-английски?6. XVI1) speak in smth. speak in a whisper (in a low voice, in public, etc.) говорить шепотом и т.д.; are you good at speaking in public вы умеете выступать перед аудиторией?; speak in some language speak in English (in French, etc.) говорить по-английски /на английском языке/ и т.д.; speak with (without) smth. speak with certainty (with spirit, with great composure, with emphasis, with authority, without reserve, etc.) говорить с уверенностью и т.д.; speak to /with/ smb. speak rudely (kindly, amiably, etc.) to /with/ smb. разговаривать с кем-л. грубо и т.д., who was that man you were speaking with? с кем это вы разговаривали?; speak to oneself разговаривать с самим собой; you will have to speak to all participants вам придется поговорить со всеми участниками; speak to /with/ smb. about /of, on/ smth. speak with /to/ smb. about /of/ various matters (about a particular matter, about the plan, about mutual acquaintances, etc.) (подговорить с кем-л. о разных делах и т.д.; you'll have to speak to the clerk about that вам придется поговорить об этом с клерком; I have not spoken with him yet on the subject я еще не говорил с ним по этому вопросу; speak with smb., for some time speak with her for an hour целый час разговаривать с ней; speak with smth. in smth. speak with tears in one's eyes говорить со слезами на глазах; speak to smth. this picture speaks to the heart картина берет за сердце; speak to the point говорить по существу, не отклоняться от вопроса /темы/; speak of /about/ smth., smb. speak of his work (of his writings, of the old days, about the matter, about his travels, etc.) говорить /рассуждать/ о своей работе и т.д.; speak ill (well) of smth., smb. плохо (хорошо) отзываться о чем-л., ком-л.; speak highly of smb.'s talents (of smb.'s skill, of the doctor, etc.) высоко ценить чьи-л. способности и т.д., быть высокого мнения о чьих-л. талантах и т.д.; how do people speak of me? что обо мне говорят /как обо мне отзываются/ [люди]?; nothing to speak of очень мало; have you had much difficulty? speak Nothing to speak of у вас было много затруднений? speak Почти никаких; this picture is nothing to speak of в этой картине нет ничего особенного, эта картина ничего особенного собой не представляет; have no luggage (no resources, по property, etc.) to speak of иметь очень мало /почти не иметь/ багажа и т.д.; his pinched features (everything in the house, etc.) spoke of want его худое лицо и т.д. свидетельствовало о нужде; her eyes spoke of suffering ее глаза говорили о страданиях; speak for smb., smth. speak for my friend (for myself, for others, etc.) говорить от имени друга и т.д.; speak for yourself! [не говорите за других,] говорите только за себя!; 1 will now let MX speak for himself я теперь предоставлю возможность господину X самому высказаться; the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя; this discovery speaks for itself это открытие говорит само за себя /не требует комментариев/; speak well for her upbringing (for your courage, etc.) свидетельствовать о ее воспитанности и т.д.; it speaks well for him that he did not accept его отказ говорит в его пользу; speak from smth. speak from experience (from memory, from hearsay, from actual observation, etc.) говорить по опыту /основываясь на опыте/ и т.д.; speak over (through, by, etc.) smth. speak over /by/ the telephone говорить по телефону; speak into the telephone говорить в [телефонную] трубку; speak through the nose говорить в нос, гнусавить; speak through an interpreter разговаривать через переводчика; speak by signs разговаривать жестами /знаками/ || speak under one's breath говорить шепотом2) speak for (against) smb. speak for the children (for the poor girl, for her neighbours, etc.) заступаться за детей и т.д.; please speak for me to the director пожалуйста, поговорите обо мне с директором; he spoke against me он плохо обо мне отзывался || speak behind smb.'s back говорить за чьей-л. спиной3) speak for smth. speak for seats beforehand заранее договориться о местах4) speak (up)on /about/ smth. speak on a matter (on a topic, on this point, upon a subject, etc.) выступать по какому-л. вопросу /на какую-л. тему/ и т.д.; I have heard him speak on drama (about modern art, etc.) я слышал его выступление о драме и т.д.; speak at smth. speak at a meeting (at a large gathering, at a forum, at a conference, etc.) выступать на собрании и т.д.; speak to /before/ smb. speak to a large audience (to students, to recruits, before a company, etc.) выступать перед большой аудиторией и т.д.; speak for some time speak for forty minutes говорить /выступать/ сорок минут; she spoke for only ten minutes ее выступление длилось всего десять минут; speak for (against) smb., smth. he spoke for me он вступился за меня; you mustn't speak against his plan (his nomination, her brother, etc.) вы не должны возражать /выступать/ против его плана и т.д.; speak in smth. speak in smb.'s defence (in smb.'s support, in confirmation of smth., etc.) выступать в чью-л. защиту и т.д. || speak on smb.'s behalf выступать в чью-л. защиту; speak on /in/ smb.'s behalf говорить от чьего-л. имени /от имени кого-л./7. XIX1speak like smth. speak like a book говорить как по писаному; the artist made his violin speak like the voice of a man музыкант заставил свою скрипку звучать подобно человеческому голосу8. XX1speak as smb. speak as a friend (as a member of the Committee, etc.) говорить как друг и т.д.9. XXI1speak some language with smb. speak English with these people говорить с этими людьми по-английски; speak some language for some time I haven't spoken Spanish for years я уже много лет не говорю по-испански10. XXVspeak when... (speak as if...) they speak when they meet они беседуют, когда встречаются; he spoke as if he were angry он говорил как-то зло -
92 pattern
явление, особенность, практика, постоянный ( эти слова подходят во многих контекстах)1. (1996) could be a global pattern-maker (Economist). — 1996 год может оказаться рубежным для всей планеты.
2. The answers to 1996's questions will produce all sorts of possible patterns (Economist). — Ответы на вопросы 1996 года могут породить самые различные сценарии развития событий.
3. The whole book forms a rich and subtle yet highly organized pattern (Webster's Third New International Dictionary) — Книга отличается богатым и тонким содержанием и прекрасной организацией материала.
4. The development on earth of five or six major languages... would strike our imaginary observer as a profoundly natural, indeed inevitable pattern (G. Steiner). — Гипотетическому наблюдателю показалось бы, что в возникновении на земле пяти-шести основных языков есть нечто вполне естественное и даже неизбежное.
5. Pattern - a reliable sample of traits, acts, or other observable features (Webster's Third New International Dictionary)
Pattern - a way in which something develops, happens, is arranged, etc (Oxford American Dictionary).
6. new patterns of family life — новые явления (тенденции) в семейной жизни
7. In Indochina... all previous patterns of America's involvement abroad were shattered (Henry Kissinger). — В Индокитае были опровергнуты все прежние закономерности американского участия в мировых делах.
8. These patterns change only gradually (Business Week) — В этом контексте слово "pattern" трудно перевести иначе как "соотношения".
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > pattern
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93 pattern
•• Pattern... way in which something happens, develops, is arranged, etc. (A.S. Hornby).
•• Это одно из тех слов, с которыми мы мучаемся всю жизнь, – они постоянно ставят нас в трудное положение и приходится искать более или менее приличный выход из него. Несколько примеров, показывающих, что этот орешек нелегко расколоть даже опытному переводчику, особенно если приходится работать в цейтнотном режиме устного перевода.
•• 1. [1996] could be a global pattern-maker (Economist);
•• 2. The answers to 1996’s questions will produce all sorts of possible patterns (Economist);
•• 3. The whole book forms a rich and subtle yet highly organized pattern (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary);
•• 4. The development on earth of five or six major languages... would strike our imaginary observer as a profoundly natural, indeed inevitable pattern (G. Steiner).
•• За исключением «технических» значений этого слова, которые нужно просто знать (например, выкройка, образец (ткани), шаблон), pattern – типичное слово с широкой семантикой. Иногда советуют «просто не переводить такие слова», ибо какое-либо реальное значение из них просто «выветрилось». Совет не такой уж плохой, хотя надо всегда помнить, что мы переводим не слова, а смыслы и их сочетания. В какой-то мере этот совет помогает найти выход из положения в примерах 3 и 4: 3. Книга отличается богатым и тонким содержанием и прекрасной организацией материала. 4. Гипотетическому наблюдателю показалось бы, что в возникновении на земле пяти-шести основных языков есть нечто вполне естественное и даже неизбежное. Но владение таким приемом все же не раскрывает «секрет» этого слова. Не слишком помогают и некоторые словари. В них мы найдем некоторый набор возможных переводов (образец, пример, шаблон, форма, модель, схема, манера, узор, рисунок и т.д. и т.п.) или довольно дробное описание «значений» этого слова (в действительности не значений, а просто вариантов словоупотребления).
•• Мне кажется, что на самом деле значений у этого слова не так много, и главное из них прекрасно характеризуется определением из Webster’s Third New International Dictionary: a reliable sample of traits, acts, or other observable features. Еще одно полезное для переводчика определение (из Oxford American Dictionary): a way in which something develops, happens, is arranged, etc. Из этих определений выводятся и слова русского языка, которые подойдут во многих контекстах: явление, особенность(и), практика, постоянный. Например, new patterns of family life – новые явления (тенденции) в семейной жизни; patterns of behavior – особенности поведения; personality patterns – особенности (психологии) личности. В примере 3. ...предопределят самые различные явления в будущем. Разумеется, речь идет лишь о возможных переводах, а не о рецептах на все случаи жизни. Они не освобождают переводчика от необходимости думать, искать. Как говорится, «возможны варианты», иногда самые неожиданные. В примере 1 можно попробовать так: 1996 год может оказаться рубежным для всей планеты. В примере 2: Ответы на вопросы 1996 года могут породить самые различные сценарии развития событий. Трудное для перевода на английский слово закономерность может пригодиться при переводе английского pattern: In Indochina... all previous patterns of America’s involvement abroad were shattered (Henry Kissinger). – В Индокитае были опровергнуты все прежние закономерности американского участия в мировых делах. Очень важен широкий контекст. Например, в статье в журнале Business Week в предложении These patterns change only gradually слово pattern трудно перевести иначе как соотношения. (Интересный пример со словом pattern см. также во вступительном разделе – Вместо предисловия.)
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94 gift
[gɪft] 1. сущ.1)а) подарок, подношение, презентan extravagant / lavish gift — щедрый подарок
to give / present a gift to — дарить подарок
to heap / lavish gifts on — задаривать (кого-л.) подарками
The family made a gift of his paintings to the museum. — Семья отдала его картины в дар музею.
Syn:б) юр. акт дарения2) способность, дарование; дар, талантSyn:3) право дарения, право распределения (чего-л.)••- gift of tongues
- a gift that keeps on giving 2. гл.1) дарить (что-л.), жаловать (чем-л.)2) придавать шарм, очарованиеThese are the scenes and events which the pen of Scott has gifted. — Это сцены и эпизоды, которым придало очарование перо Вальтера Скотта.
Syn:3) награждать, наделять, одаривать, одарятьSyn: -
95 dead
I [ded] nмёртвые, мертвецы, умершие, покойники- dead- dead and the living
- rise from the dead
- raise smb from the deadUSAGE:(1.) Субстантивированное прилагательное типа dead с определенным артиклем входит в группу собирательных существительных со значением множества, обозначая всех представителей данной группы. Оно согласуется с глаголом во множественном числе: the dead and the living живые и мертвые; the poor бедняки; the blind слепые; the rich богатые/богачи; we owe a debt to the dead who fought to preserve freedom and independence мы в долгу перед погибшими, которые сражались, отстаивая свободу и независимость. (2.) See unemployed, nII [ded] adj1) мёртвый, умерший, погибший, бездыханный, дохлыйHe is dead. — Он умер. /Его нет в живых.
She was half dead with fear. — Она была полужива от страха.
She was more dead than alive with fright. — Она была ни жива ни мертва от испуга.
The battery is completely dead. — Батарейка кончилась/села.
I found her dead from the gas. — Я обнаружил ее, она задохнулась газом.
- dead person- dead bird
- dead cat
- more dead than alive
- dead languages
- dead planet
- dead subject
- dead season
- dead weight
- dead failure
- dead calm
- Dead Sea
- almost dead with cold
- in the dead silence
- come to a dead stop
- come to a dead end
- be in dead earnest
- be half dead from fear
- be half dead with hunger
- be dead from wounds
- be dead to all morality
- be dead to all sense of honour
- go dead
- bring one dead or living
- shoot smb dead
- fall dead2) засохший, сухой, увядший- dead tree
- dead bush
- dead branch
- dead flower3) погасший, потухший- dead cigar- dead voice
- dead colours
- dead eye
- dead fire
- almost dead
- be dead to all reason4) глубокий- dead sleep
- dead hours of the night
- in the dead faint•USAGE:Русское предложение "он умер (его больше нет в живых)", сообщающее только сам факт без указания каких-либо обстоятельств, соответствует английскому he is dead. Аналогично: Are his parents alive? No, they are dead. Его родители живы? - Нет, умерли. В отличие от to be dead, глагол to die употребляется с обязательным обстоятельством времени, места и т. п.: he died in an accident он погиб (умер) в автомобильной катастрофе; in three years he died peacefully surrounded by all his loving family через три года он тихо скончался в кругу своей семьи -
96 trouble
1. n беспокойство; волнение; тревогаtaking the trouble — заботящийся; беспокойство
2. n неприятность, беда, горе; напастьto be in trouble, to have trouble — быть в беде
to keep out of trouble — избегать неприятностей; стараться не портить себе жизнь
3. n скандал; неприятности4. n затруднение, трудностьto get to the root of the trouble — понять, в чём коренится трудность
to meet trouble halfway — смотреть трудности в лицо; встречать трудность лицом к лицу;
5. n заботы, хлопоты; труд, усилиеto take the trouble, to go to the trouble — взять на себя труд
to take much trouble — стараться, хлопотать
he did it to spare you trouble — он сделал это, чтобы избавить вас от хлопот
6. n помеха, источник неприятностей; причина беспокойстваto head for trouble — навлекать на себя неприятности;
7. n недостаток, изъян8. n волнения, беспорядкиlabour trouble — волнения среди рабочих, стачки
9. n волнения, волна насилия в Ольстере10. n болезнь, недуг11. n диал. роды12. n тех. нарушение; авария, помеха, повреждение; неисправность, неполадки13. n геол. сброс, дислокацияto ask for trouble — вести себя неосторожно, напрашиваться на неприятности
to get a girl into trouble — сделать девушке ребёнка; обрюхатить девчонку
to borrow trouble — заранее беспокоиться, попусту волноваться
14. v тревожить, волновать; расстраиватьher failure to remember the address troubled her — она была расстроена тем, что никак не могла вспомнить адрес
15. v тревожиться, волноваться, расстраиваться16. v беспокоить, мучить; причинять боль, страданияto meet trouble half-way — терзаться преждевременными сомнениями, заранее беспокоиться по поводу ожидаемых неприятностей
17. v затруднять, приставать, надоедатьhe is always troubling me about his private affairs — он всё время пристаёт ко мне со своими личными делами
18. v просить об одолженииmay I trouble you to pass the salt? — передайте, пожалуйста, соль
19. v даваться с трудом20. v стараться, трудиться; делать усилия21. v редк. будоражить, баламутить22. v тех. нарушать, повреждатьСинонимический ряд:1. adversity (noun) adversity; calamity; grief; misfortune; tribulation; woe2. affliction (noun) affliction; distress; misery3. ailment (noun) ailment; disability; disorder; malfunction4. annoyance (noun) annoyance; embarrassment; harassment; irritation; molestation5. care (noun) care; concern; trial; worry6. crisis (noun) crisis; difficulty; dilemma; predicament7. discomfort (noun) discomfort; inconvenience8. discord (noun) discord; instability; unrest9. dutch (noun) dutch; hot water10. effort (noun) effort; elbow grease; endeavour; exertion; fuss; inconvenience; pains; strain; striving; struggle; while11. afflict (verb) afflict; bother; pain12. ail (verb) ail; cark; concern; disquiet; upset; worry13. distress (verb) annoy; distress; harass; harry; irk; irritate; pester; plague; strain; stress; try14. impose on (verb) impose on; intrude15. inconvenience (verb) discomfort; discommode; disoblige; incommode; inconvenience; put about; put out16. torment (verb) haunt; obsess; torment; weigh onАнтонимический ряд:amusement; appease; assist; assuagement; blessing; boon; calm; carelessness; comfort; compose; composure; convenience; delight; peace; reassure; relief; solution; soothe -
97 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
98 Pessoa, Fernando
(1888-1935)Portugal's most celebrated and talented modern poet and one of Europe's greatest 20th-century poets, whose works are now translated into many languages. Pessoa was born in Portugal but was raised and educated in South Africa, and for a period, English became almost his first language. He returned to Portugal at age 12, and wrote poetry from an early age. He wrote poetry and essays both in English and in Portuguese under various names. Beyond that unusual practice, Pessoa created different personalities with names such as Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis, Álvaro de Campos, and Bernardo Soares, his heteronyms. He became one of Europe's greatest modernist poets, although he did not publish much of his poetry in book form during his lifetime. His book Mensagem (Message), published in 1934 in Lisbon and receiving a government prize, appeared only a year before his premature death at age 47. Although he had published poems in scattered, ephemeral periodicals in Portugal, much of his writings remained unpublished, stored in a family trunk. -
99 language services
переводческие услуги
лингвистические услуги
Услуги по обеспечению письменного и устного перевода. Данная служба отвечает за правильное использование двух официальных языков Олимпийского движения – французского и английского – и во всем объеме оказывает высококачественные переводческие услуги членам Олимпийской Семьи (включая СМИ) в период подготовки и проведения Игр. ОКОИ может учредить функциональное подразделение, занимающихся аспектами переводческих услуг.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
language services
Provision of translation and interpreting services. Language services ensures the proper use of the two official languages of the Olympic Movement - French and English – and provides high quality, comprehensive language services to the Olympic Family (including the media) in both the preparation for and during the Games. The OCOG may establish a functional area dealing with language services aspects.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > language services
См. также в других словарях:
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Family — Fam i*ly, n.; pl. {Families}. [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dh[=a]man house, fr. dh[=a]to set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. {Do}, v. t., {Doom}, {Fact}, {Feat}.] 1. The collective body… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Family circle — Family Fam i*ly, n.; pl. {Families}. [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dh[=a]man house, fr. dh[=a]to set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. {Do}, v. t., {Doom}, {Fact}, {Feat}.] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Family man — Family Fam i*ly, n.; pl. {Families}. [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dh[=a]man house, fr. dh[=a]to set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. {Do}, v. t., {Doom}, {Fact}, {Feat}.] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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Languages of Africa — There are an estimated 2000 languages spoken in Africa. [ [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/MajorLanguages Major Languages of Africa] ] About a hundred of these are widely used for inter ethnic communication. They fall into … Wikipedia
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