Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

example+program

  • 21 correr

    v.
    1 to run (persona, animal).
    me gusta correr todas las mañanas I like to go for a run every morning
    ¡corre a pedir ayuda! run for help!
    a todo correr at full speed o pelt
    María corrió hacia la casa Mary ran towards the house.
    El agua corre libremente Water runs free.
    Ellos corren riesgos They run risks.
    Pedro corre el programa en su computadora Peter runs the program on his...
    2 to drive fast.
    3 to flow.
    4 to pass, to go by (time).
    esta última semana ha pasado corriendo this last week has flown by
    5 to spread (noticia).
    corre el rumor de que… there's a rumor that…
    Los rumores corren sin tregua Rumors circulate relentlessly.
    corrió los 100 metros he ran the 100 meters
    7 to move or pull up (mover) (mesa, silla).
    corre la cabeza, que no veo move your head out of the way, I can't see
    Ricardo corrió los muebles Richard moved the furniture.
    8 to run (informal) (computing) (programa, aplicación).
    9 to operate, to run.
    Los programas corren sin problema The programs run without a problem.
    10 to fire, to dismiss, to boot out.
    María corrió al jardinero Mary fired the gardener.
    11 to expand, to propagate, to spread.
    El fuego corrió por toda la selva The fire spread throughout the jungle.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to run
    2 (darse prisa) to rush, hurry
    ■ ¡corre, es tarde! hurry up, it's late!
    3 (viento) to blow
    4 (agua) to flow, run
    5 (tiempo) to pass, fly
    6 (noticias) to spread, circulate
    7 (conductor) to drive fast
    8 (coche) to go fast
    9 (sueldo, interés) to be payable
    10 (puerta, ventana) to slide
    11 (moneda) to be legal tender
    1 (distancia) to cover; (país) to travel through
    2 (carrera) to run; (caballo) to race, run
    3 (echar) to close; (cortina) to draw; (cerrojo) to bolt
    4 (mover) to pull up, move, draw up
    6 (aventura) to have
    7 (avergonzar) to make ashamed
    8 (turbar) to make embarrassed
    1 (persona) to move over; (objeto) to shift, slide
    2 (color, tinta) to run
    3 (media) to ladder
    4 (avergonzarse) to blush, go red
    \
    a todo correr at full speed
    correr a cargo de alguien (ocuparse) to take care of something 2 (pagar) to pay for something
    correr con algo to be responsible for something
    correr con los gastos to foot the bill
    corre la voz de que... rumour has it that...
    correr mundo to be a globe-trotter
    correr un peligro to be in danger
    correrla familiar to live it up
    dejar correr algo to let something drop, let something ride
    el mes que corre the current month
    * * *
    verb
    1) to run,
    2) rush
    3) flow
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=ir deprisa) [persona, animal] to run; [vehículo] to go fast

    ¡cómo corre este coche! — this car's really fast!, this car can really go some!

    no corras tanto, que hay hielo en la carretera — don't go so fast, the road's icy

    • echar a correr — to start running, break into a run

    2) (=darse prisa) to hurry, rush

    ¡corre! — hurry (up)!

    me voy corriendo, que sale el tren dentro de diez minutos — I must dash, the train leaves in ten minutes

    llega el jefe, más vale que te vayas corriendo — the boss is coming so you'd better get out of here

    • hacer algo a todo correr — to do sth as fast as one can

    3) (=fluir) [agua] to run, flow; [aire] to flow; [grifo, fuente] to run

    corre mucho viento — there's a strong wind blowing, it's very windy

    el camino corre por un paisaje pintoresco — the road runs o goes through picturesque countryside

    • correr paralelo a, una cadena montañosa que corre paralela a la costa — a chain of mountains that runs parallel to the coast

    la historia de los ordenadores corre paralela a los adelantos en materia de semiconductores — the history of computers runs parallel to advances in semiconductor technology

    4) [tiempo]

    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! — time flies!

    el mes que corre — the current month, the present month

    al o con el correr del tiempo — over the years

    en estos o los tiempos que corren — nowadays, these days

    5) (=moverse) [rumor] to go round; [creencia] to be widespread
    6) (=hacerse cargo)

    • correr a cargo de algn, eso corre a cargo de la empresa — the company will take care of that

    • correr con algo, correr con los gastos — to meet o bear the expenses

    correr con la casa — to run the house, manage the house

    7) (Econ) [sueldo] to be payable; [moneda] to be valid
    8)

    correr a o por — (=venderse) to sell at

    2. VT
    1) (Dep) [+ distancia] to run; [+ prueba] to compete in
    2) (=desplazar) [+ objeto] to move along; [+ silla] to move; [+ balanza] to tip; [+ nudo] to adjust; [+ vela] to unfurl
    velo 1)
    3) (=hacer correr) [+ caballo] to run, race; [+ caza] to chase, pursue

    correr un toro — to run in front of and avoid being gored by a charging bull for sport

    4) (=tener) [+ riesgo] to run; [+ suerte] to suffer, undergo
    prisa
    5) (=extender)
    6) (Mil) (=invadir) to raid; (=destruir) to lay waste
    7) (Com) to auction
    8) (=abochornar) to embarrass
    9) esp LAm * (=expulsar) to chuck out *
    10)

    correrla — * (=ir de juerga) to live it up *

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo — she ran down/up the stairs

    echó a correr — he started to run, he broke into a run

    salió a todo correr — he went/came shooting out

    b) (Dep) atleta to run; caballo to run
    c) (Auto, Dep) piloto/conductor to race
    2)

    corre, ponte los zapatos! — hurry o quick, put your shoes on!

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás — don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes

    corrí a llamarte/a escribirte — I rushed to call you/write to you

    b) (fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl) vehículo/conductor

    corre mucho — he drives too/very fast

    3)
    a) (+ compl) cordillera/carretera to run; río to run, flow
    b) agua to flow, run; sangre to flow

    dejar correr algo — to let something go

    corre el rumor de que... — there is a rumor going around that..., rumor has it that...

    corrió la voz de que... — there was a rumor that...

    d) polea to run; puerta to slide

    la cremallera no corre — the zipper (AmE) o (BrE) zip is stuck

    el pestillo no corre — I can't bolt/unbolt the door

    a) (pasar, transcurrir)

    corría el año 1939 cuando... — it was in 1939 that...

    con el correr de los años — as time went/goes by

    b) ( pasar de prisa) to fly
    5) sueldo/alquiler to be payable

    correr con algo — < con gastos> to pay something; < con organización> to be responsible for something

    2.
    correr vt
    1)
    a) (Dep) < maratón> to run

    corrió los 1.500 metros — he ran the 1,500 meters

    b) (Auto, Dep) <prueba/gran premio> to race in
    2)
    a) (fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick... out (colloq), to chuck... out (colloq)
    b) (fam) ( perseguir) to run after
    3)
    4) ( mover)
    a) <botón/ficha/silla> to move
    b) < cortina> ( cerrar) to draw o close; ( abrir) to open o pull back
    c) (Inf) < texto> to scroll
    3.
    correrse v pron
    1) ( moverse)
    a) silla/cama to move; pieza/carga to shift
    b) (fam) persona to move up o over
    2)
    a) tinta to run; rímel/maquillaje to run, smudge; (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) (AmL) media to ladder
    3) (Esp arg) ( llegar al orgasmo) to come (colloq)
    * * *
    = flow, race, running, jogging, course.
    Ex. At this disclosure, a flush flowed from Leforte's cheeks to her neck.
    Ex. These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex. Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.
    Ex. Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed, as well as how development of coronary disease can be attenuated or arrested by a prolonged routine of jogging.
    Ex. The disease is called temporal arteritis because the temporal arteries, which course along the sides of the head just in front of the ears (to the temples), often become inflamed.
    ----
    * con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.
    * corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.
    * corre la voz de que = rumour has it that.
    * correr a cargo de = be the responsibility of.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr con los gastos = bear + the cost(s), pick up + the tab, pay + the piper.
    * correr de acá para allá = rush around.
    * correr de aquí para allá = rush around, run + here and there.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * correr desaforadamente = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr de un sitio para otro = rush around.
    * correr el peligro de = be in danger (of), run + the danger of.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr la impresión = slur + impression.
    * correr la voz = spread + the news, spread + the word.
    * correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].
    * correr mundo = see + life, see + the world.
    * correr peligro = be at risk.
    * correr que se las pela = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr ríos de tinta = spill + vast quantities of ink, a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * correrse = come.
    * correrse dormido = wet dream.
    * correrse una juerga = have + a ball, have + a great time.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + risks, take + chances (on).
    * correr un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.
    * corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.
    * corría la voz de que = rumour had it that.
    * corriendo con los gastos = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hacer correr la voz = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * máquina de andar o correr estática = treadmill.
    * no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * salir corriendo = leg it, run off, run away, bolt, make + a bolt for, dash off, take off, shoot off, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * volver corriendo = scurry back.
    * zapatilla de correr = running shoe.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo — she ran down/up the stairs

    echó a correr — he started to run, he broke into a run

    salió a todo correr — he went/came shooting out

    b) (Dep) atleta to run; caballo to run
    c) (Auto, Dep) piloto/conductor to race
    2)

    corre, ponte los zapatos! — hurry o quick, put your shoes on!

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás — don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes

    corrí a llamarte/a escribirte — I rushed to call you/write to you

    b) (fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl) vehículo/conductor

    corre mucho — he drives too/very fast

    3)
    a) (+ compl) cordillera/carretera to run; río to run, flow
    b) agua to flow, run; sangre to flow

    dejar correr algo — to let something go

    corre el rumor de que... — there is a rumor going around that..., rumor has it that...

    corrió la voz de que... — there was a rumor that...

    d) polea to run; puerta to slide

    la cremallera no corre — the zipper (AmE) o (BrE) zip is stuck

    el pestillo no corre — I can't bolt/unbolt the door

    a) (pasar, transcurrir)

    corría el año 1939 cuando... — it was in 1939 that...

    con el correr de los años — as time went/goes by

    b) ( pasar de prisa) to fly
    5) sueldo/alquiler to be payable

    correr con algo — < con gastos> to pay something; < con organización> to be responsible for something

    2.
    correr vt
    1)
    a) (Dep) < maratón> to run

    corrió los 1.500 metros — he ran the 1,500 meters

    b) (Auto, Dep) <prueba/gran premio> to race in
    2)
    a) (fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick... out (colloq), to chuck... out (colloq)
    b) (fam) ( perseguir) to run after
    3)
    4) ( mover)
    a) <botón/ficha/silla> to move
    b) < cortina> ( cerrar) to draw o close; ( abrir) to open o pull back
    c) (Inf) < texto> to scroll
    3.
    correrse v pron
    1) ( moverse)
    a) silla/cama to move; pieza/carga to shift
    b) (fam) persona to move up o over
    2)
    a) tinta to run; rímel/maquillaje to run, smudge; (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) (AmL) media to ladder
    3) (Esp arg) ( llegar al orgasmo) to come (colloq)
    * * *
    = flow, race, running, jogging, course.

    Ex: At this disclosure, a flush flowed from Leforte's cheeks to her neck.

    Ex: These companies have been racing to define the information superhighway for themselves, and to stake a claim in what they view as the economic engine of the information age.
    Ex: Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.
    Ex: Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease are discussed, as well as how development of coronary disease can be attenuated or arrested by a prolonged routine of jogging.
    Ex: The disease is called temporal arteritis because the temporal arteries, which course along the sides of the head just in front of the ears (to the temples), often become inflamed.
    * con el correr del tiempo = over the years, in the process of time, with the passage of time.
    * corre el rumor de que = rumour has it that.
    * corre la voz de que = rumour has it that.
    * correr a cargo de = be the responsibility of.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * correr como alma que lleva el diablo = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr con los gastos = bear + the cost(s), pick up + the tab, pay + the piper.
    * correr de acá para allá = rush around.
    * correr de aquí para allá = rush around, run + here and there.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * correr desaforadamente = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr de un sitio para otro = rush around.
    * correr el peligro de = be in danger (of), run + the danger of.
    * correr el riesgo = risk, face + the risk, chance, take + Posesivo + chances.
    * correr la impresión = slur + impression.
    * correr la voz = spread + the news, spread + the word.
    * correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].
    * correr mundo = see + life, see + the world.
    * correr peligro = be at risk.
    * correr que se las pela = run for + Posesivo + life.
    * correr ríos de tinta = spill + vast quantities of ink, a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * correrse = come.
    * correrse dormido = wet dream.
    * correrse una juerga = have + a ball, have + a great time.
    * correr un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes.
    * correr un riesgo = run + risk, take + risks, take + chances (on).
    * correr un tupido velo sobre = draw + a veil over.
    * correr un velo sobre las cosas = sweep + things under the rug.
    * corría el rumor de que = rumour had it that.
    * corría la voz de que = rumour had it that.
    * corriendo con los gastos = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * echar a correr = bolt, make + a bolt for, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * entrar y salir corriendo = run in and out.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hacer correr la voz = spread + the word, spread + the good word, pass on + the good word, spread + the news.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * llevar al hospital de bulla y corriendo = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * máquina de andar o correr estática = treadmill.
    * no correr prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * salir corriendo = leg it, run off, run away, bolt, make + a bolt for, dash off, take off, shoot off, take off + running, take to + Posesivo + heels.
    * salir corriendo a la calle = run into + the street.
    * volver corriendo = scurry back.
    * zapatilla de correr = running shoe.

    * * *
    correr [E1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 to run
    tuve que correr para no perder el tren I had to run or I'd have missed the train
    bajó las escaleras corriendo she ran down the stairs
    los atracadores salieron corriendo del banco the robbers ran out of the bank
    iba corriendo y se cayó she was running and she fell over
    corrían tras el ladrón they were running after the thief
    echó a correr he started to run, he broke into a run
    cuando lo vio corrió a su encuentro when she saw him she rushed o ran to meet him
    a todo correr at top speed, as fast as I/he could
    salió a todo correr he went/came shooting out
    corre que te corre: se fueron, corre que te corre, para la playa they went tearing o racing off to the beach
    el que no corre vuela you have to be quick off the mark
    2 ( Dep) «atleta» to run; «caballo» to run
    sale a correr todas las mañanas she goes out running o jogging every morning, she goes for a run every morning
    corre en la maratón he's running in the marathon
    3 ( Auto, Dep) «piloto/conductor» to race
    corre con una escudería italiana he races o drives for an Italian team
    B
    1
    (apresurarse): llevo todo el día corriendo de un lado para otro I've been rushing around all day long, I've been on the go all day long ( colloq)
    ¡corre, ponte los zapatos! hurry o quick, put your shoes on!
    no corras tanto que te equivocarás don't rush it o don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes
    en cuanto me enteré corrí a llamarte/a escribirle as soon as I heard, I rushed to call you/write to him
    vino pero se fue corriendo he came but he rushed off o raced off again
    se fueron corriendo al hospital they rushed to the hospital
    2 ( fam) (ir, moverse) (+ compl):
    corre mucho he drives too/very fast
    esa moto corre mucho that motorcycle is o goes really fast
    C
    1 (+ compl) «cordillera/carretera» to run; «río» to run, flow
    corre paralela a la costa it runs parallel to the coast
    el río corre por un valle abrupto the river runs o flows through a steep-sided valley
    2 «agua» to flow, run; «sangre» to flow
    corría una brisa suave there was a gentle breeze, a gentle breeze was blowing
    corre mucho viento hoy it's very windy today
    el champán corría como agua the champagne flowed like water
    3
    «rumor»: corre el rumor de que … there is a rumor going around that …, word o rumor has it that …
    corrió la voz de que se había fugado there was a rumor that she had escaped
    4 «polea» to run
    la cremallera no corre the zipper ( AmE) o ( BrE) zip is stuck o won't do up/undo
    el pestillo no corre I can't bolt/unbolt the door, the bolt won't move o slide
    D «días/meses/años»
    1
    (pasar, transcurrir): corren tiempos difíciles these are difficult times
    corría el año 1939 cuando … it was in 1939 that …
    con el correr de los años as time went/goes by, as years passed/pass
    el mes que corre this month, in the current month ( frml)
    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! how time flies!
    los días pasan corriendo the days fly by o go by in a flash
    E
    1 «sueldo/alquiler» to be payable
    2 (ser válido) to be valid
    las nuevas tarifas empezarán a correr a partir de mañana the new rates come into effect from tomorrow
    ya sabes que esas excusas aquí no corren (CS); you know you can't get away with excuses like that here, you know excuses like that won't wash with me/us ( colloq)
    estos bonos ya no corren these vouchers are no longer valid
    3 (venderse) correr A or POR algo to sell AT o FOR sth
    F correr con ‹gastos› to pay
    la empresa corrió con los gastos de la mudanza the firm paid the removal expenses o the moving expenses o met the cost of the removal
    el Ayuntamiento corrió con la organización del certamen the town council organized o was responsible for organizing the competition
    ■ correr
    vt
    A
    1 ( Dep) ‹maratón› to run
    corrió los 1.500 metros he ran the 1,500 meters
    correrla ( fam); to go out on the town ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto, Dep) ‹prueba/gran premio› to race in
    B
    1 ( fam) (echar, expulsar) to kick … out ( colloq), to chuck … out ( colloq)
    lo corrieron del pueblo they ran him out of town
    2 ( fam) (perseguir) to chase, run after
    acaba de salir, si la corres, la alcanzas (Col, RPl); she's just gone out, if you run you'll catch her (up)
    C
    1
    (exponerse a): quiero estar seguro, no quiero correr riesgos I want to be sure, I don't want to take any risks
    corres el riesgo de perderlo/de que te lo roben you run the risk of o you risk losing it/having it stolen
    aquí no corres peligro you're safe here o you're not in any danger here
    2
    (experimentar): ambos corrieron parecida suerte they both suffered a similar fate
    juntos corrimos grandes aventuras we lived through o had great adventures together
    1 ‹botón/ficha/silla› to move
    2 ‹cortina› to draw
    corre el cerrojo bolt the door, slide the bolt across/back
    corra la pesa hasta que se equilibre slide the weight along until it balances
    3 ( Inf) ‹texto› to scroll
    E ( ant); ‹territorio› to raid
    F
    ( Chi fam) (propinar): córreles palo give them a good beating
    les corrió balas a todos he sprayed them all with bullets
    1 «pieza» to shift, move; «carga» to shift
    2 ( fam); «persona» to move up o over, shift up o over ( colloq)
    3 ( Chi fam) (escurrirse, escabullir) to slip away
    B
    1 «tinta» to run; «rímel/maquillaje» (+ me/te/le etc) to run, smudge
    2 ( AmL) «media» to ladder, run
    se me corrió un punto del suéter I pulled a thread in my sweater and it ran
    * * *

     

    correr ( conjugate correr) verbo intransitivo
    1

    ◊ bajó/subió las escaleras corriendo she ran down/up the stairs;

    salieron corriendo del banco they ran out of the bank;
    echó a correr he started to run
    b) (Auto, Dep) [piloto/conductor] to race

    2

    ◊ ¡corre, ponte los zapatos! hurry o quick, put your shoes on!;

    no corras tanto que te equivocarás don't do it so quickly, you'll only make mistakes ;
    corrí a llamarte I rushed to call you;
    me tengo que ir corriendo I have to rush off
    b) (fam) [ vehículo] to go fast;

    [ conductor] to drive fast
    3
    a) [carretera/río] to run;

    [ agua] to run;
    [ sangre] to flow;

    b) [ rumor]:

    ◊ corre el rumor/la voz de que … there is a rumor going around that …

    4 (pasar, transcurrir):
    ◊ corría el año 1973 cuando … it was 1973 when …;

    con el correr de los años as time went/goes by;
    ¡cómo corre el tiempo! how time flies!
    5 ( hacerse cargo) correr con algo ‹ con gastos› to pay sth;
    ‹ con organización› to be responsible for sth
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (Dep) ‹ maratón› to run

    b) (Auto, Dep) ‹prueba/gran premio› to race in

    2 ( exponerse a):

    aquí no corres peligro you're safe here
    3
    a) ‹botón/ficha/silla› to move;

    ‹ cortina› ( cerrar) to draw, close;
    ( abrir) to open, pull back;

    b) (Inf) ‹ texto› to scroll

    correrse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [silla/cama] to move;

    [pieza/carga] to shift
    b) (fam) [ persona] to move up o over

    2
    a) [ tinta] to run;

    [rímel/maquillaje] to run, smudge;

    b) (AmL) [ media] to ladder

    correr
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to run
    (ir deprisa) to go fast
    (al conducir) to drive fast
    2 (el viento) to blow
    (un río) to flow
    3 (darse prisa) to hurry: corre, que no llegamos, hurry up or we'll be late
    figurado corrí a hablar con él, I rushed to talk to him
    4 (estar en situación de) correr peligro, to be in danger
    correr prisa, to be urgent
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (estar expuesto a) to have
    correr el riesgo, to run the risk
    2 (una cortina) to draw
    (un cerrojo) to close
    3 (un mueble) to pull up, draw up
    ♦ Locuciones: corre a mi cargo, I'll take care of it
    correr con los gastos, to foot the bill
    ' correr' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bola
    - cargo
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - echar
    - liebre
    - pareja
    - parejo
    - pestillo
    - prisa
    - riesgo
    - tinta
    - velo
    - voz
    - Y
    - agua
    - condenado
    - condición
    - corretear
    - dejar
    - desaforado
    - desplazar
    - peligro
    - soler
    - tropezar
    - viento
    English:
    about
    - afford
    - bear
    - charge
    - danger
    - dash
    - draw
    - gamble
    - go about
    - meet
    - outrun
    - pelt
    - pound
    - pour
    - pull
    - race
    - race along
    - ride
    - risk
    - run
    - run with
    - running
    - rush
    - rush around
    - scurry
    - streak
    - tear along
    - trickle
    - unleash
    - as
    - budge
    - caper
    - cover
    - flow
    - fly
    - go
    - hell
    - jog
    - like
    - mad
    - move
    - put
    - shift
    - slide
    - smudge
    - spread
    - sweep
    - throw
    - wind
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [persona, animal] to run;
    me gusta correr todas las mañanas I like to go for a run every morning;
    se fue corriendo he ran off o away;
    miles de fans corrieron al encuentro del cantante thousands of fans ran to greet o meet the singer;
    ¡corre a pedir ayuda! run for help!;
    varias personas corrieron tras el asaltante several people ran after the robber;
    echar a correr to start running;
    Fam
    corre que se las pela she runs like the wind;
    Fam
    el que no corre, vuela you've got to be on your toes o quick around here
    2. [apresurarse]
    ¡corre, que vamos a perder el autobús! hurry up, we're going to miss the bus!;
    no corras, que te vas a equivocar don't rush yourself, or you'll make a mistake;
    cuando me enteré del accidente, corrí a visitarla when I heard about the accident I went to visit her as soon as I could o I rushed to visit her;
    estoy agotado, toda la mañana corriendo de aquí para allá I'm exhausted, I've been rushing o running around all morning;
    corre, que va a empezar la película quick, the film's about to start;
    a todo correr: hay que acabar este trabajo a todo correr we have to finish this job as quickly as possible;
    cuando se enteró de la noticia, vino a todo correr when she heard the news she came as quickly as she could
    3. [competir] [atleta, caballo] to run;
    [ciclista] to ride;
    corre con una moto japonesa he rides a Japanese motorbike;
    corre con un coche italiano he drives an Italian car
    4. [conductor] to drive fast;
    no corras tanto, que vamos a tener un accidente slow down o stop driving so fast, we're going to have an accident
    5. [vehículo]
    el nuevo modelo corre todavía más the new model is o goes even faster;
    esta moto no corre nada this motorbike can't go very fast at all
    6. [fluido] [río] to flow;
    [agua del grifo] to run;
    la sangre corre por las venas blood flows through the veins;
    deja correr el agua (del grifo) leave the Br tap o US faucet running
    7. [viento] to blow;
    corría una ligera brisa there was a gentle breeze, a gentle breeze was blowing
    8. [el tiempo, las horas] to pass, to go by;
    esta última semana ha pasado corriendo this last week has flown by
    9. [transcurrir]
    corría el principio de siglo cuando… it was around the turn of the century when…;
    en los tiempos que corren nadie tiene un trabajo seguro no one is safe in their job these days o in this day and age
    10. [noticia] to spread;
    corre el rumor de que… there's a rumour going about that…
    11. [encargarse de]
    correr con [los gastos] to bear;
    [la cuenta] to pay;
    la organización de la cumbre corrió a cargo de las Naciones Unidas the United Nations organized the summit, the United Nations took care of the organization of the summit;
    la comida corre a cargo de la empresa the meal is on the company;
    esta ronda corre de mi cuenta this round is on me, this is my round
    12. [sueldo, renta] to be payable;
    el alquiler corre desde principios de cada mes the rent is payable at the beginning of each month
    13. [venderse] to sell;
    este vino corre a diez euros la botella this wine sells for ten euros a bottle
    14. Informát [uso crítico] to run;
    el nuevo sistema operativo no correrá en modelos antiguos the new operating system won't run on older models
    ♦ vt
    1. [prueba, carrera] [a pie, a caballo] to run;
    [en coche, moto] to take part in;
    corrió los 100 metros he ran the 100 metres;
    correrá el Tour de Francia he will be riding in the Tour de France
    2. [mover] [mesa, silla] to move o pull up;
    corre la cabeza, que no veo move your head out of the way, I can't see
    3. [cerrar] [cortinas] to draw, to close;
    [llave] to turn;
    correr el cerrojo o [m5] pestillo to bolt the door/gate/ etc
    4. [abrir] [cortinas] to draw, to open
    5. [experimentar]
    correr aventuras to have adventures;
    correr peligro to be in danger;
    si dejas la caja ahí, corre el peligro de que alguien tropiece con ella if you leave the box there, (there's a danger o risk that) someone might trip over it;
    correr el riesgo de (hacer) algo to run the risk of (doing) sth;
    no quiero correr ningún riesgo I don't want to take any risks;
    no sabemos la suerte que correrá el proyecto we don't know what is to become of the project, we don't know what the project's fate will be;
    no se sabe todavía qué suerte han corrido los desaparecidos the fate of the people who are missing is still unknown
    6. [noticia] to spread;
    corrieron el rumor sobre su dimisión they spread the rumour of her resignation;
    correr la voz to pass it on
    7. [pintura, colores]
    la lluvia corrió la capa de pintura the rain made the paint run
    8. Informát [uso crítico] [programa, aplicación] to run;
    no consigo correr este programa I can't get this program to run properly
    9. Com to auction, to sell at auction
    10. Taurom [torear] to fight
    11. Am Fam [despedir] to throw out
    12. Am Fam [ser válido] to be in use;
    las ideas progresistas allá no corren progressive ideas don't get much of a hearing there
    13. Am [perseguir] to chase (after);
    los perros iban corriendo a la liebre the dogs chased after the hare
    14. Méx, Ven [funcionar] to be running;
    hoy no corren los trenes the trains aren't running today
    15. Comp
    Fam
    correrla to go out on the town;
    RP Fam
    correr la coneja to scrimp and save
    * * *
    I v/i
    1 run;
    a todo correr at top speed
    2 ( apresurarse) rush
    3 de tiempo pass
    4 de agua run, flow
    5 fig
    :
    correr con los gastos pay the expenses;
    correr con algo meet the cost of sth;
    correr a cargo de alguien be s.o.’s responsibility, be down to s.o. fam II v/t
    1 run
    2 cortinas draw; mueble slide, move
    3
    :
    correr la misma suerte suffer the same fate
    * * *
    correr vi
    1) : to run, to race
    2) : to rush
    3) : to flow
    correr vt
    1) : to travel over, to cover
    2) : to move, to slide, to roll, to draw (curtains)
    3)
    correr un riesgo : to run a risk
    * * *
    correr vb
    1. (en general) to run [pt. ran; pp. run]
    2. (darse prisa) to hurry [pt. & pp. hurried] / to rush
    ¡corre! hurry up!
    3. (vehículo) to go fast
    ¡cómo corre este coche! this car goes really fast!
    4. (conducir) to drive fast [pt. drove; pp. driven]
    5. (noticia, etc) to go round
    6. (mover) to move
    ¿correrás la carrera? will you compete in the race?
    correr con los gastos to meet the costs [pt. & pp. met]
    correr el pestillo / correr el cerrojo to bolt the door
    correr la cortina to draw the curtain [pt. drew; pp. drawn]
    correr un riesgo to run a risk [pt. ran; pp. run]

    Spanish-English dictionary > correr

  • 22 dar un ejemplo

    (v.) = give + example
    Ex. This paper gives examples of the computer program's main menu structure, the customer addresses file, the types of job completed, pricing structures and cumulative statistics.
    * * *
    (v.) = give + example

    Ex: This paper gives examples of the computer program's main menu structure, the customer addresses file, the types of job completed, pricing structures and cumulative statistics.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dar un ejemplo

  • 23 dejarse el pellejo

    (v.) = play out + Posesivo + skin, work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out, give + Posesivo + all
    Ex. James played out his skin and always led by example both in defence and attack.
    Ex. They've been working their butts off since the program was launched to appease the crowd.
    Ex. After spending a year sweating blood to write a novel, tossing it into a sock drawer isn't easy if you know it's good.
    Ex. It is a disgrace when you consider that there are people slogging their guts out and only getting paid a minimum wage of £3.70 per hour.
    Ex. Memorial Day is a day for Americans to come together and honor our military dead who gave their all so we might live in freedom.
    * * *
    (v.) = play out + Posesivo + skin, work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out, give + Posesivo + all

    Ex: James played out his skin and always led by example both in defence and attack.

    Ex: They've been working their butts off since the program was launched to appease the crowd.
    Ex: After spending a year sweating blood to write a novel, tossing it into a sock drawer isn't easy if you know it's good.
    Ex: It is a disgrace when you consider that there are people slogging their guts out and only getting paid a minimum wage of £3.70 per hour.
    Ex: Memorial Day is a day for Americans to come together and honor our military dead who gave their all so we might live in freedom.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dejarse el pellejo

  • 24 dejarse la piel

    familiar to give all one's got, sweat blood
    * * *
    * * *
    (v.) = sweat + blood, work + Posesivo + butt off, slog + Posesivo + guts out, play out + Posesivo + skin
    Ex. After spending a year sweating blood to write a novel, tossing it into a sock drawer isn't easy if you know it's good.
    Ex. They've been working their butts off since the program was launched to appease the crowd.
    Ex. It is a disgrace when you consider that there are people slogging their guts out and only getting paid a minimum wage of £3.70 per hour.
    Ex. James played out his skin and always led by example both in defence and attack.
    * * *
    (v.) = sweat + blood, work + Posesivo + butt off, slog + Posesivo + guts out, play out + Posesivo + skin

    Ex: After spending a year sweating blood to write a novel, tossing it into a sock drawer isn't easy if you know it's good.

    Ex: They've been working their butts off since the program was launched to appease the crowd.
    Ex: It is a disgrace when you consider that there are people slogging their guts out and only getting paid a minimum wage of £3.70 per hour.
    Ex: James played out his skin and always led by example both in defence and attack.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dejarse la piel

  • 25 desconectarse

    1 familiar figurado (separarse) to cut oneself off (de, from)
    * * *
    VPR [de un sistema] to log off
    * * *
    (v.) = log off, log out
    Ex. Program function key 4 (PF$) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to log the user off the system.
    Ex. Consider for example, a teacher who doesn't change his password (ever!) or can't be bothered to log out, all the firewalls and antivirus programs in the world will not protect a school's network.
    * * *
    (v.) = log off, log out

    Ex: Program function key 4 (PF$) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to log the user off the system.

    Ex: Consider for example, a teacher who doesn't change his password (ever!) or can't be bothered to log out, all the firewalls and antivirus programs in the world will not protect a school's network.

    * * *

    ■desconectarse verbo reflexivo
    1 (desentenderse) to switch off: cuando llego a casa me desconecto del mundo, when I get home I switch off
    2 (dejar de tener relación) to lose touch
    ' desconectarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desconectar
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [aparato]
    el radiador se desconecta solo the radiator switches o turns itself off automatically;
    se desconectó la línea en mitad de conversación we were cut off in the middle of the conversation;
    la televisión se desconectó de repente the TV suddenly went dead
    2. [aislarse, olvidarse] to forget about one's worries;
    desconectarse de algo to shut sth out, to forget (about) sth;
    me he desconectado de mis compañeros de universidad I've lost touch with the people I was at university with
    * * *
    v/r fig
    lose touch (de with)
    * * *
    desconectarse vb (aparato) to switch off

    Spanish-English dictionary > desconectarse

  • 26 disco

    adj.
    disco.
    f.
    m.
    1 disk (anatomy, Astron & Geom).
    disco solar the sun
    2 record.
    disco compacto compact disk
    disco de éxito hit (record)
    disco de larga duración LP, long-playing record
    3 (traffic) light.
    4 discus (sport).
    5 disk (computing).
    disco de arranque/del sistema startup/system disk
    disco duro/flexible hard/floppy disk
    disco magnético magnetic disk
    disco óptico optical disk
    disco removible/rígido removable/hard disk
    disco virtual virtual disk
    6 dial.
    7 disco music, disco.
    8 hard disk, harddisk, disc, disk.
    9 dish.
    * * *
    1 disc
    2 DEPORTE discus
    3 (de música) record
    \
    disco duro hard disk
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) disc, disk
    •
    - disco sencillo
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) (Mús) record

    siempre está con el mismo disco, no cambia de disco — * he's like a cracked record *

    2) (Inform) disk

    disco de arranque — startup disk, boot disk

    disco flexible, disco floppy — floppy disk

    3) (Dep) discus
    4) (=señal) (Ferro) signal
    5)

    disco de freno — (Aut) brake disc

    6) (Telec) dial
    7)
    II
    * SF (=discoteca) disco
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Audio) record, disc (colloq)

    parecer un disco rayado — (fam) to be like a worn-out gramophone record (colloq)

    b) (Inf) disk
    2)
    a) (Dep) discus
    b) (Med) disk*
    c) (Auto, Mec)

    frenos de disco — disk* brakes

    d) ( del teléfono) dial
    3)
    a) ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    b) ( semáforo) (Ferr) signal; (Auto) traffic light
    II
    femenino (fam) ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    = disc [disk], diskette, gramophone record, record, sound disc, phonodisc, puck, platter.
    Ex. Chapter 6 covers discs, tapes, piano rolls and sound recordings on film.
    Ex. The message asks you to confirm that you want to delete the 'current record' from the diskette.
    Ex. The majority of this schedule is devoted to various 'physical forms': globes and relief maps, gramophone records, tapes, etc.
    Ex. For example, the child doing a project about birds will require books to give him background information, a record or cassette to let him hear a bird-song, and a film to help him to appreciate bird flight.
    Ex. The library may have music scores, books on music, sound discs and sound tapes, to mention but a few of the possible media.
    Ex. For instance, a change has been introduced from phonodisc and phonotape to sound recording, a term more easily understood by the public.
    Ex. But goal-scorers don't give up the puck that easily -- especially in the offensive zone.
    Ex. Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.
    ----
    * basado en discos ópticos = optical disc based.
    * base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cola de discos = disc queue.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * coleccionista de discos = discologist.
    * controladora de disco duro = hard disc controller board.
    * deterioro de los discos = disc rot.
    * directorio del disco = diskette directory.
    * disco actualizado = current disc.
    * disco analógico = analog disc.
    * disco CD-ROM = CD-ROM disc.
    * disco compacto (CD) = compact disc (CD).
    * disco con información = data diskette, data disk.
    * disco de almacenamiento óptico = optical storage disc.
    * disco de archivo = archival disc.
    * disco de cera = wax disc.
    * disco de demostración = demonstration disc.
    * disco de larga duración = long-play record.
    * disco de larga duración (LP) = LP (long play record).
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco de salida = output diskette.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * disco de stop = stop sign.
    * disco de vinilo = vinyl record.
    * disco digital = digital disc.
    * disco duro = hard disc, hard drive.
    * disco fijo = fixed disc.
    * disco flexible = diskette, floppy disc, floppy diskette.
    * disco floppy = floppy diskette, floppy disc.
    * disco índice = index disc.
    * disco láser = laser disc.
    * disco magnético = magnetic disc.
    * disco óptico = optical disc [optical disk], videodisc [video disc].
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * disco óptico digital = optical digital disc.
    * disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disk.
    * disco sencillo = single.
    * disco sonoro = phonograph record, phonographic record, audio disc.
    * disco Winchester = Winchester disc.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * fichero en disco = disc file.
    * freno de disco = disc brake.
    * funda de disco = record sleeve.
    * funda de un disco = record cover.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hernia de disco = spinal disc herniation, slipped disc, disc herniation.
    * insertar disco en disquetera = load + disc into drive.
    * lector de disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disc drive.
    * lector de discos ópticos = optical disc drive.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * máquina de discos = jukebox.
    * memoria en disco = disc memory.
    * orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.
    * paquete de discos = disc pack.
    * pasar registros a disco = transfer + records + to disc.
    * Programa Piloto sobre Discos Opticos = Optical Disc Pilot Program.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * tecnología de discos ópticos = optical disc technology.
    * tienda de discos = record shop, record store.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * videodisco = videodisc [video disc].
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Audio) record, disc (colloq)

    parecer un disco rayado — (fam) to be like a worn-out gramophone record (colloq)

    b) (Inf) disk
    2)
    a) (Dep) discus
    b) (Med) disk*
    c) (Auto, Mec)

    frenos de disco — disk* brakes

    d) ( del teléfono) dial
    3)
    a) ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    b) ( semáforo) (Ferr) signal; (Auto) traffic light
    II
    femenino (fam) ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    = disc [disk], diskette, gramophone record, record, sound disc, phonodisc, puck, platter.

    Ex: Chapter 6 covers discs, tapes, piano rolls and sound recordings on film.

    Ex: The message asks you to confirm that you want to delete the 'current record' from the diskette.
    Ex: The majority of this schedule is devoted to various 'physical forms': globes and relief maps, gramophone records, tapes, etc.
    Ex: For example, the child doing a project about birds will require books to give him background information, a record or cassette to let him hear a bird-song, and a film to help him to appreciate bird flight.
    Ex: The library may have music scores, books on music, sound discs and sound tapes, to mention but a few of the possible media.
    Ex: For instance, a change has been introduced from phonodisc and phonotape to sound recording, a term more easily understood by the public.
    Ex: But goal-scorers don't give up the puck that easily -- especially in the offensive zone.
    Ex: Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.
    * basado en discos ópticos = optical disc based.
    * base de datos en disco óptico = optical disc database.
    * cabeza lectora de disco = disc reading head.
    * cola de discos = disc queue.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * coleccionista de discos = discologist.
    * controladora de disco duro = hard disc controller board.
    * deterioro de los discos = disc rot.
    * directorio del disco = diskette directory.
    * disco actualizado = current disc.
    * disco analógico = analog disc.
    * disco CD-ROM = CD-ROM disc.
    * disco compacto (CD) = compact disc (CD).
    * disco con información = data diskette, data disk.
    * disco de almacenamiento óptico = optical storage disc.
    * disco de archivo = archival disc.
    * disco de cera = wax disc.
    * disco de demostración = demonstration disc.
    * disco de larga duración = long-play record.
    * disco de larga duración (LP) = LP (long play record).
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco de salida = output diskette.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * disco de stop = stop sign.
    * disco de vinilo = vinyl record.
    * disco digital = digital disc.
    * disco duro = hard disc, hard drive.
    * disco fijo = fixed disc.
    * disco flexible = diskette, floppy disc, floppy diskette.
    * disco floppy = floppy diskette, floppy disc.
    * disco índice = index disc.
    * disco láser = laser disc.
    * disco magnético = magnetic disc.
    * disco óptico = optical disc [optical disk], videodisc [video disc].
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * disco óptico digital = optical digital disc.
    * disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disk.
    * disco sencillo = single.
    * disco sonoro = phonograph record, phonographic record, audio disc.
    * disco Winchester = Winchester disc.
    * edición en disco compacto = cd edition, compact disc edition.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * fichero en disco = disc file.
    * freno de disco = disc brake.
    * funda de disco = record sleeve.
    * funda de un disco = record cover.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * hernia de disco = spinal disc herniation, slipped disc, disc herniation.
    * insertar disco en disquetera = load + disc into drive.
    * lector de disco óptico WORM = WORM optical disc drive.
    * lector de discos ópticos = optical disc drive.
    * lista de discos más vendidos, la = charts, the.
    * máquina de discos = jukebox.
    * memoria en disco = disc memory.
    * orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.
    * paquete de discos = disc pack.
    * pasar registros a disco = transfer + records + to disc.
    * Programa Piloto sobre Discos Opticos = Optical Disc Pilot Program.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * tecnología de discos ópticos = optical disc technology.
    * tienda de discos = record shop, record store.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * videodisco = videodisc [video disc].

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Audio) record, disk, disc ( esp BrE colloq)
    grabar un disco to make o cut a record o disk
    poner un disco to put on a record
    cambiar de or el disco ( fam); to change the subject
    parecer un disco rayado ( fam); to be like a worn-out gramophone record ( colloq)
    2 ( Inf) disk
    Compuestos:
    bar (with music, where one can dance)
    (disco) CD, compact disc; (aparato) compact disc player
    compact disc interactive
    boot disk
    album, LP
    ● disco de oro/platino
    gold/platinum disc
    ● disco de video or ( Esp) vídeo digital
    digital versatile disc, DVD
    hard disk
    fixed disk
    ● disco flexible or floppy
    floppy disk
    laser disc
    master disc
    video disk
    hard disk
    single
    digital versatile disc, DVD
    (CS) flying saucer
    B
    1 ( Dep) discus
    lanzamiento de disco the discus, throwing the discus
    2 ( Med) disk*
    3 ( Auto, Mec):
    frenos de disco disk* brakes
    C
    1 (señal de tráfico) sign, road sign
    2 (semáforo) ( Ferr) signal; ( Auto) traffic light
    * * *

    Del verbo discar: ( conjugate discar)

    disco es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    discó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    discar    
    disco
    discar ( conjugate discar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo (AmL) to dial
    disco sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Audio) record;


    poner un disco to put on a record;
    disco compacto CD, compact disc;
    disco de larga duración album, LP;
    disco volador (CS) flying saucer
    b) (Inf) disk;


    disco flexible or floppy floppy disk
    2
    a) (Dep) discus

    b) (Anat) disk( conjugate disk);

    (Auto, Mec) disk

    3 ( señal de tráfico) (road) sign
    disco sustantivo masculino
    1 disc, US disk
    2 Mús record
    disco compacto, compact disc
    3 Inform disk
    disco duro, hard disk
    disco óptico, optical disk
    4 Anat disc
    5 Dep discus
    6 familiar traffic light
    ' disco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    boîte
    - cara
    - carátula
    - cariño
    - compacta
    - compacto
    - digitalmente
    - discotequera
    - discotequero
    - editar
    - ficha
    - forzuda
    - forzudo
    - hernia
    - lanzamiento
    - portada
    - producción
    - rayar
    - resurgimiento
    - salir
    - sencilla
    - sencillo
    - surco
    - vuelta
    - álbum
    - año
    - combarse
    - compact disc
    - duración
    - enrollar
    - funda
    - girar
    - lanzador
    - poner
    - presentar
    - que
    - repetido
    - sacar
    - stop
    - tapa
    - tejo
    - unidad
    - voltear
    English:
    badge
    - CD
    - compact disc
    - cut
    - dial
    - disc
    - disc brakes
    - disco
    - disco music
    - discus
    - disk
    - DOS
    - flip side
    - gold disc
    - groove
    - hard disk
    - make
    - making
    - play
    - plug
    - puck
    - record
    - release
    - side
    - single
    - sleeve
    - title track
    - track
    - warehouse
    - compact
    - discotheque
    - hard
    - long
    - out
    - slipped disc
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [de música] record;
    un disco de boleros/de música de cámara an album of boleros/chamber music;
    van a grabar otro disco they're going to record another album;
    pasamos la tarde poniendo discos we spent the afternoon listening to records;
    Fam
    ser como o [m5] parecer un disco rayado to go on like a broken o cracked record;
    Fam
    ¡cambia de disco, que ya aburres! give it a rest for heaven's sake, you're going on like a cracked record!
    disco compacto compact disc;
    disco de larga duración LP, long-playing record;
    disco de oro gold disc;
    disco de platino platinum disc;
    disco recopilatorio compilation album;
    2. Informát disk
    disco de alta densidad high-density disk;
    disco de arranque start-up disk;
    disco compacto compact disc;
    disco compacto interactivo interactive compact disc;
    disco de destino destination disk;
    disco de doble densidad double-density disk;
    disco duro hard disk;
    disco duro externo external hard disk;
    disco duro extraíble removable hard disk;
    disco flexible floppy disk;
    disco maestro master disk;
    disco magnético magnetic disk;
    disco óptico optical disk;
    disco RAM RAM disk;
    disco removible removable disk;
    disco rígido hard disk;
    disco del sistema system disk;
    disco virtual virtual disk
    3. [semáforo] (traffic) light;
    el disco se puso en rojo/verde the lights turned to red/green;
    saltarse un disco en rojo to jump a red light
    4. [de teléfono] dial
    5. [prueba atlética, objeto que se lanza] discus;
    lanzamiento de disco (throwing) the discus;
    6. [en hockey sobre hielo] puck
    7. Anat disc;
    una hernia de disco a slipped disc, Espec a herniated disc
    8. Astron disc;
    el disco solar/lunar solar/lunar disc
    9. Geom disc
    ♦ nf
    Fam [discoteca] club
    disco2 adj inv
    Fam Mús [de discoteca] disco;
    la música disco disco (music);
    el sonido disco de los setenta the seventies disco sound
    * * *
    m
    1 disk, Br
    disc
    2 DEP discus
    3 MÚS record;
    cambiar de disco fig fam change the record
    4 ( discoteca) disco
    * * *
    disco nm
    1) : phonograph record
    2) : disc, disk
    disco compacto: compact disc
    3) : discus
    * * *
    1. (de música) record
    3. (en deporte) discus
    disco compacto compact disc / CD

    Spanish-English dictionary > disco

  • 27 ejercicio

    m.
    1 exercise (tarea, deporte).
    hacer ejercicio to (do) exercise
    ejercicio físico physical exercise
    2 test (exam).
    3 practicing.
    ya no está en ejercicio he no longer practices
    4 exercising.
    5 financial year (finance).
    ejercicio económico/fiscal financial/tax year
    6 workout, drill, work-out, work-out session.
    * * *
    1 (de profesión) practice; (de derecho) use, exercise; (de función) performance
    2 EDUCACIÓN exercise (examen) test; (pregunta de examen) question; (deberes) homework
    3 DEPORTE exercise
    4 FINANZAS year
    \
    en ejercicio practising (US practicing)
    hacer ejercicio to do exercise, take exercise
    ejercicio económico financial year, fiscal year
    ejercicios espirituales spiritual retreat
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [físico] exercise
    2) (Educ) exercise
    3) (Mil) exercise

    ejercicio acrobático — (Aer) stunt

    4) [de cargo]

    abogado en ejercicio — practising o (EEUU) practicing lawyer

    5) (Com, Econ) financial year, fiscal year

    ejercicio contable — year of account, accounting year

    ejercicio fiscal — fiscal year, tax year

    6) (Rel)
    * * *
    1) ( actividad física) exercise
    2)
    a) ( de profesión) practice
    c) (de derecho, poder) exercise (frml)
    3) (Educ)
    a) ( trabajo de práctica) exercise
    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam
    4) (Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    5) (Econ, Fin) fiscal year (AmE), financial year (BrE)
    * * *
    = exercise, drill, drill practice, drill exercise, tenure.
    Ex. As a concluding exercise, therefore, it would be helpful for you to try some examples of analysis and translation on your own.
    Ex. An example of the type of drill which might be applied to the study of bibliographies is given below.
    Ex. No reinforcement drill practice was given to the control group.
    Ex. As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.
    Ex. During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the high quality Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) program it developed in serving both students and faculty.
    ----
    * causado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * cuaderno de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * ejercicio abdominal = sit-up.
    * ejercicio complementario = follow-up activity.
    * ejercicio de calentamiento = warm-up, warm-up exercise.
    * ejercicio de comprensión = comprehension exercise.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio fiscal = tax year, fiscal year, business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio físico = workout, physical exercise, exercise.
    * ejercicio físico consistente en saltar sin desplazarse abriendo y cerrando l = jumping jack.
    * ejercicio mental = mental gymnastics, mental operation.
    * ejercicio muscular = muscle exercise.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise, hands-on exercise.
    * ejercicios de clase = school tasks.
    * ejercicio y práctica = drill and practice.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hacer ejercicio físico = work out.
    * hacer ejercicios de calentamiento = limber up.
    * inducido por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * instalación para el ejercicio físico = physical facility.
    * instrucción mediante ejercicios = drilling.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * programa de ejercicio físico = exercise programme.
    * provocado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * * *
    1) ( actividad física) exercise
    2)
    a) ( de profesión) practice
    c) (de derecho, poder) exercise (frml)
    3) (Educ)
    a) ( trabajo de práctica) exercise
    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam
    4) (Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    5) (Econ, Fin) fiscal year (AmE), financial year (BrE)
    * * *
    = exercise, drill, drill practice, drill exercise, tenure.

    Ex: As a concluding exercise, therefore, it would be helpful for you to try some examples of analysis and translation on your own.

    Ex: An example of the type of drill which might be applied to the study of bibliographies is given below.
    Ex: No reinforcement drill practice was given to the control group.
    Ex: As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.
    Ex: During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the high quality Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) program it developed in serving both students and faculty.
    * causado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * cuaderno de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * ejercicio abdominal = sit-up.
    * ejercicio complementario = follow-up activity.
    * ejercicio de calentamiento = warm-up, warm-up exercise.
    * ejercicio de comprensión = comprehension exercise.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio fiscal = tax year, fiscal year, business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio físico = workout, physical exercise, exercise.
    * ejercicio físico consistente en saltar sin desplazarse abriendo y cerrando l = jumping jack.
    * ejercicio mental = mental gymnastics, mental operation.
    * ejercicio muscular = muscle exercise.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise, hands-on exercise.
    * ejercicios de clase = school tasks.
    * ejercicio y práctica = drill and practice.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hacer ejercicio físico = work out.
    * hacer ejercicios de calentamiento = limber up.
    * inducido por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * instalación para el ejercicio físico = physical facility.
    * instrucción mediante ejercicios = drilling.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * programa de ejercicio físico = exercise programme.
    * provocado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.

    * * *
    debes comer menos y hacer más ejercicio you should eat less and exercise more o take more exercise
    el ejercicio físico physical exercise
    B
    1
    (de una profesión, una función): el título faculta para el ejercicio de la docencia the certificate qualifies o allows you to teach
    decisiones tomadas en el ejercicio de su cargo decisions taken in the course of his duties
    un militar en ejercicio a regular soldier
    abogado en ejercicio practicing lawyer
    el ejercicio democrático del poder the democratic exercise of power
    2
    (de un derecho): renunciaron al ejercicio del derecho al voto they chose not to exercise their right to vote
    C
    un ejercicio para reducir el abdomen an exercise to flatten the abdomen
    ejercicios de piano/inglés piano/English exercises
    2 (prueba, examen) test, exam
    Compuestos:
    repetition exercise o drill
    substitution exercise o drill
    shooting/rifle practice
    mpl:
    la semana que viene tienen ejercicios espirituales they are going on a retreat next week
    D ( Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    E ( Econ, Fin) accounting year, fiscal year ( AmE), financial year ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    ejercicio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( actividad física) exercise;

    2 (Educ)

    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam

    3 ( de profesión) practice
    4 (Mil) exercise, maneuver( conjugate maneuver)
    ejercicio sustantivo masculino
    1 exercise
    2 (desempeño de profesión) practice
    3 (movimiento físico) exercise: hace ejercicio todos los días, she does exercises every day
    4 Fin tax year
    ejercicio económico, financial year
    5 (examen, esp práctico) exam, proof
    (deberes prácticos) exercices
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en ejercicio, to practise one's profession: es juez en ejercicio, she's a practising judge
    ' ejercicio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deberse
    - memoria
    - oxidarse
    - bicicleta
    - buzo
    - ejecutar
    - exceso
    - función
    - hacer
    - plana
    - relajar
    - sencillo
    - trotar
    English:
    bracing
    - conducive
    - do
    - exercise
    - financial year
    - flabby
    - object
    - practice
    - practicing
    - practise
    - practising
    - press-up
    - pursuit
    - rowing machine
    - work off
    - work out
    - comprehension
    - drill
    - financial
    - malpractice
    - running
    - sit
    - strike
    - tax
    - tenure
    - warm
    - work
    * * *
    1. [deporte] exercise;
    hacer ejercicio to exercise, to do exercise
    ejercicios de calentamiento warm-up exercises;
    ejercicio físico physical exercise;
    ejercicios de mantenimiento keep-fit exercises
    2. [tarea] exercise;
    ejercicios de inglés/guitarra English/guitar exercises
    Rel ejercicios espirituales retreat;
    ejercicios de tiro target practice
    3. [examen] test, US quiz;
    el profesor nos puso un ejercicio escrito/oral the teacher gave us a written/an oral Br test o US quiz
    4. Mil exercise
    5. [de profesión] practising;
    [de cargo, funciones] carrying out;
    se le acusa de negligencia en el ejercicio de sus funciones he has been accused of negligence in carrying out o in the performance of his duties;
    (estar) en ejercicio (to be) in practice;
    ya no está en ejercicio he no longer practises;
    un médico en ejercicio a practising doctor
    6. [de poder, derecho] exercising;
    el ejercicio del voto the use of one's vote
    7. Econ financial year
    ejercicio económico financial year;
    * * *
    m
    1 exercise;
    hacer ejercicio exercise
    2 COM fiscal year, Br
    financial year
    3 MIL
    :
    en ejercicio(s) on maneuvers, Br on manoeuvres
    * * *
    1) : exercise
    2) : practice
    * * *
    ejercicio n exercise
    hacer ejercicio to exercise / to take exercise

    Spanish-English dictionary > ejercicio

  • 28 elaborar

    v.
    1 to make, to manufacture (producto).
    2 to elaborate, to brew, to manufacture, to fabricate.
    La fábrica elabora candelas The factory elaborates candles.
    Elsa elabora planes para la oficina Elsa elaborates plans for the office.
    3 to write out, to make out.
    Ricardo elabora textos técnicos Richard writes out technical texts.
    4 to draft, to do up.
    Ellos elaboran un plan de contrucción They draft a construction plan.
    * * *
    1 (producto) to make, manufacture, produce
    2 (madera, metal, etc) to work
    3 (idea) to work out, develop
    * * *
    verb
    2) make
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=fabricar) [+ producto] to produce, make; [+ metal, madera] to work
    2) (=preparar) [+ proyecto, plan] to draw up, prepare; [+ estrategia] to devise; [+ presupuesto, lista, candidatura] to draw up

    cómo elaborar un plan de emergencia — how to draw up o prepare an emergency plan

    3) [+ documento, código] to write, prepare
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <producto/vino> to produce, make; < pan> to bake, make
    b) <metal/madera> to work
    2) <plan/teoría> to devise, draw up; <informe/estudio> to prepare, write
    3) <hormona/savia> to produce
    * * *
    = construct, draft, draw, draw out, draw up, brew.
    Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex. For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex. One way of drawing out such a statement is to request the completion of a profile search form.
    Ex. At the IFLA General Council the two Sections drew up the terms of reference and proposed as members some ten representatives of national libraries.
    Ex. The goddess owned a potent magick cauldron in which she planned to brew a special liquid for her ugly son.
    ----
    * bar que elabora su propia cerveza = brew pub.
    * elaborar cerveza = brew + beer.
    * elaborar información = digest + information.
    * elaborar objetivos = draw up + objectives.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * elaborar una definición = hammer out + definition.
    * elaborar una estrategia = formulate + strategy.
    * elaborar una tabla = draft + table.
    * elaborar un índice = produce + index.
    * elaborar un plan = formulate + plan, draw up + plan, think out + a plan, devise + a plan.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * elaborar un programa = draw up + program(me).
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <producto/vino> to produce, make; < pan> to bake, make
    b) <metal/madera> to work
    2) <plan/teoría> to devise, draw up; <informe/estudio> to prepare, write
    3) <hormona/savia> to produce
    * * *
    = construct, draft, draw, draw out, draw up, brew.

    Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.

    Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex: For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex: One way of drawing out such a statement is to request the completion of a profile search form.
    Ex: At the IFLA General Council the two Sections drew up the terms of reference and proposed as members some ten representatives of national libraries.
    Ex: The goddess owned a potent magick cauldron in which she planned to brew a special liquid for her ugly son.
    * bar que elabora su propia cerveza = brew pub.
    * elaborar cerveza = brew + beer.
    * elaborar información = digest + information.
    * elaborar objetivos = draw up + objectives.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * elaborar una definición = hammer out + definition.
    * elaborar una estrategia = formulate + strategy.
    * elaborar una tabla = draft + table.
    * elaborar un índice = produce + index.
    * elaborar un plan = formulate + plan, draw up + plan, think out + a plan, devise + a plan.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * elaborar un programa = draw up + program(me).

    * * *
    elaborar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹producto/vino› to produce, make; ‹pan› to bake, make
    un plato elaborado con los mejores ingredientes a dish prepared using the finest ingredients
    2 ‹metal/madera› to work
    B
    1 ‹plan/teoría› to devise, draw up, work out
    2 ‹informe/estudio› to prepare, write
    C ‹hormona/savia› to produce
    * * *

     

    elaborar ( conjugate elaborar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹producto/vino› to produce, make;
    ‹ pan› to bake, make
    2 ‹plan/teoría› to devise, draw up;
    ‹informe/estudio› to prepare, write
    elaborar verbo transitivo
    1 (fabricar) to manufacture, produce
    2 (un proyecto, una teoría) to develop
    ' elaborar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    compilación
    - consistente
    - fabricar
    English:
    brew
    - compile
    - develop
    - elaborate
    - hammer out
    - process
    - think out
    - work out
    - frame
    - manufacture
    - work
    * * *
    1. [producto] to make, to manufacture;
    [plato, alimento] to prepare; [bebida] to make, to produce; [sustancia orgánica, hormona] to produce
    2. [idea, teoría] to work out, to develop;
    [plan, proyecto] to draw up; [estudio, informe] to prepare
    * * *
    v/t produce, make; metal etc work; plan devise, draw up
    * * *
    1) : to make, to produce
    2) : to devise, to draw up
    * * *
    1. (producto) to produce / to make
    2. (cerveza) to brew

    Spanish-English dictionary > elaborar

  • 29 en profundidad

    in depth
    * * *
    (adj.) = in depth, at length, in-depth [in depth]
    Ex. The financial impact of staff turnover for the library profession has not yet been considered in depth.
    Ex. We have already considered the MEDLINE service at length, and can now examine some of the features of the other groups, taking an example from each.
    Ex. She organized the library's program of in-depth seminars on how to use the library for faculty in the social sciences and humanities.
    * * *
    (adj.) = in depth, at length, in-depth [in depth]

    Ex: The financial impact of staff turnover for the library profession has not yet been considered in depth.

    Ex: We have already considered the MEDLINE service at length, and can now examine some of the features of the other groups, taking an example from each.
    Ex: She organized the library's program of in-depth seminars on how to use the library for faculty in the social sciences and humanities.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en profundidad

  • 30 especialidad

    f.
    1 specialty (culinary).
    estudia la especialidad de derecho canónico she's specializing in canon law
    este tema no es de mi especialidad this subject doesn't come into my specialist field
    son cinco años de carrera y tres de especialidad there are five years of university study and three years of specialization
    * * *
    1 (gen) speciality (US specialty)
    2 EDUCACIÓN main subject, specialized field
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ramo) speciality, specialty (EEUU)

    ha elegido la especialidad de cirugía — he has chosen to specialize in surgery, he has chosen surgery as his speciality

    2) (Culin) speciality, specialty (EEUU)
    3) (Farm) (=preparado) medicine
    * * *
    1)
    a) (actividad, estudio) specialty (AmE), speciality(BrE)

    su especialidad es romper platos — (hum) he specializes in breaking plates (hum)

    b) ( de restaurante) specialty (AmE), speciality (BrE)
    2) (frml) (Farm) medicine
    * * *
    = arena, field of endeavour, field of study, field of work, speciality, specialty, specialism, track, specialisation [specialization, -USA], stock-in-trade, field of enquiry, knowledge domain, subject domain, subject speciality, subject specialty.
    Ex. This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.
    Ex. Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are the novel contributions to a given field of endeavour.
    Ex. For example, in an academic library, guides to literature searching in the various fields of study undertaken by the students in that institution are an effective means of explaining the use of various information retrieval tools.
    Ex. Client needs and preferences concerning relatively briefer or longer abstracts may depend upon the field of work or the ease of access to originals or to library and information services.
    Ex. The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.
    Ex. ERIC material is acquired and indexed in 16 clearinghouses, each with a subject specialty.
    Ex. Thus all students will initially follow a common core syllabus, then opt for particular specialisms linked to specific fields of activity.
    Ex. The Columbia program offers two different tracks in preservation education.
    Ex. There is a conflict between specialisation and interdisciplinary studies in education and in scientific research.
    Ex. We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex. Also, full-text searches tend to be better at finding specific topics, whereas index terms are better at finding documents relating to a field of enquiry.
    Ex. Researchers gather and disseminate information outside their core knowledge domains through personal networks.
    Ex. However graphic design tend to focus on external aspects of representation that apply at a general level across a wide range of subject domains.
    Ex. Subject specialists are those who have a subject speciality and devote most time to collection development.
    Ex. Images and text are supplied by 2,000 doctors worldwide in 75 subject specialties.
    ----
    * de varias especialidades = multispeciality [multi-speciality].
    * especialidad de la casa, la = house specialty, the.
    * especialidad del anticuario = antiquarianism.
    * especialidad de medicina = medical speciality, medical specialty.
    * especialidad médica = medical speciality, medical specialty.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (actividad, estudio) specialty (AmE), speciality(BrE)

    su especialidad es romper platos — (hum) he specializes in breaking plates (hum)

    b) ( de restaurante) specialty (AmE), speciality (BrE)
    2) (frml) (Farm) medicine
    * * *
    = arena, field of endeavour, field of study, field of work, speciality, specialty, specialism, track, specialisation [specialization, -USA], stock-in-trade, field of enquiry, knowledge domain, subject domain, subject speciality, subject specialty.

    Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

    Ex: Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are the novel contributions to a given field of endeavour.
    Ex: For example, in an academic library, guides to literature searching in the various fields of study undertaken by the students in that institution are an effective means of explaining the use of various information retrieval tools.
    Ex: Client needs and preferences concerning relatively briefer or longer abstracts may depend upon the field of work or the ease of access to originals or to library and information services.
    Ex: The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.
    Ex: ERIC material is acquired and indexed in 16 clearinghouses, each with a subject specialty.
    Ex: Thus all students will initially follow a common core syllabus, then opt for particular specialisms linked to specific fields of activity.
    Ex: The Columbia program offers two different tracks in preservation education.
    Ex: There is a conflict between specialisation and interdisciplinary studies in education and in scientific research.
    Ex: We librarians ought to have a clearer understanding of our stock-in-trade (books) and their function of social mechanism.
    Ex: Also, full-text searches tend to be better at finding specific topics, whereas index terms are better at finding documents relating to a field of enquiry.
    Ex: Researchers gather and disseminate information outside their core knowledge domains through personal networks.
    Ex: However graphic design tend to focus on external aspects of representation that apply at a general level across a wide range of subject domains.
    Ex: Subject specialists are those who have a subject speciality and devote most time to collection development.
    Ex: Images and text are supplied by 2,000 doctors worldwide in 75 subject specialties.
    * de varias especialidades = multispeciality [multi-speciality].
    * especialidad de la casa, la = house specialty, the.
    * especialidad del anticuario = antiquarianism.
    * especialidad de medicina = medical speciality, medical specialty.
    * especialidad médica = medical speciality, medical specialty.

    * * *
    A
    1 (actividad, estudio) specialty ( AmE), speciality ( BrE)
    como especialidad eligió la pediatría she decided to specialize in pediatrics
    después de la carrera tiene que hacer dos años de especialidad after graduating she has to do two years' specialization
    su especialidad es romper platos ( hum); he specializes in smashing plates ( hum), smashing plates is his forte ( hum)
    2 (de un restaurante) specialty ( AmE), speciality ( BrE)
    especialidad de la casa specialty o speciality of the house
    B ( frml) ( Farm) medicine
    C (singularidad) unusual nature, singularity ( frml)
    * * *

     

    especialidad sustantivo femenino
    a) (actividad, estudio) specialty (AmE), speciality (BrE);



    especialidad sustantivo femenino speciality, US specialty: los daiquiris son su especialidad, daiquiris are her speciality
    Educ main subject
    ' especialidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    casa
    - en
    - fuerte
    English:
    special
    - speciality
    - specialty
    - stock
    * * *
    1. [culinaria] [en restaurante, de región] speciality, US specialty
    especialidad de la casa speciality o US specialty of the house
    2. [en estudios] US major, = main subject of degree;
    estudia la especialidad de derecho canónico she's specializing in canon law;
    este tema no es de mi especialidad this subject doesn't come into my specialist field;
    son cinco años de carrera y tres de especialidad there are five years of university study and three years of specialization
    3. [en actividad] speciality;
    Hum
    meter la pata es su especialidad she's an expert o a past master at putting her foot in it
    * * *
    f specialty, Br
    speciality
    * * *
    : specialty
    * * *
    especialidad n speciality [pl. specialities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > especialidad

  • 31 especializado

    adj.
    1 specialized, specialised.
    2 specialized, field-specific, technical.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: especializar.
    * * *
    1→ link=especializar especializar
    1 specialized
    \
    estar especializado,-a en algo to be a specialist in something, be specialized in something
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [personal, público] specialized
    2) [obrero] skilled, trained
    3) [lenguaje] technical, specialized
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a)

    una librería especializada en... — a bookshop specializing in...

    b) < lenguaje> technical, specialized
    c) < obrero> skilled, specialized (before n)
    * * *
    = in-depth [in depth], skilled, specialised [specialized, -USA], specialist, domain-specific, specialty, special.
    Ex. She organized the library's program of in-depth seminars on how to use the library for faculty in the social sciences and humanities.
    Ex. When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex. It is mentioned here as an example of a specialised list of subject headings, special in the sense that it is intended for a particular type of application.
    Ex. Thus popular or common names of subjects are included in preference to technical or specialist jargon.
    Ex. This article discusses techniques for building robust and domain-specific thesauri to assist in cross-domain scientific information retrieval.
    Ex. Strategies that may be employed by law firms for using medical data bases to locate potential expert witnesses or out-of-court specialty consultants are illustrated.
    Ex. Going back to our Waterloo question, a special or general encyclopedia may include useful titles at the end of an article on Waterloo, gunnery, or military science.
    ----
    * abogado especializado en divorcios = divorce lawyer.
    * biblioteca especializada = special library, specialised library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en documentación para enfermería = nursing librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas académicas = college librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas universitar = academic librarianship.
    * colección especializada = special collection.
    * enciclopedia especializada = specialised encyclopaedia.
    * especializado en = with a special focus on.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * imprenta especializada en remendería = jobbing house.
    * índice especializado = special index, specialist index.
    * muy especializado = highly specialised.
    * producto especializado = specialist product.
    * revista especializada = specialist journal.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * tesauro especializado = specialised thesaurus.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a)

    una librería especializada en... — a bookshop specializing in...

    b) < lenguaje> technical, specialized
    c) < obrero> skilled, specialized (before n)
    * * *
    = in-depth [in depth], skilled, specialised [specialized, -USA], specialist, domain-specific, specialty, special.

    Ex: She organized the library's program of in-depth seminars on how to use the library for faculty in the social sciences and humanities.

    Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex: It is mentioned here as an example of a specialised list of subject headings, special in the sense that it is intended for a particular type of application.
    Ex: Thus popular or common names of subjects are included in preference to technical or specialist jargon.
    Ex: This article discusses techniques for building robust and domain-specific thesauri to assist in cross-domain scientific information retrieval.
    Ex: Strategies that may be employed by law firms for using medical data bases to locate potential expert witnesses or out-of-court specialty consultants are illustrated.
    Ex: Going back to our Waterloo question, a special or general encyclopedia may include useful titles at the end of an article on Waterloo, gunnery, or military science.
    * abogado especializado en divorcios = divorce lawyer.
    * biblioteca especializada = special library, specialised library.
    * biblioteca especializada en música = music library.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en documentación para enfermería = nursing librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas académicas = college librarianship.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas universitar = academic librarianship.
    * colección especializada = special collection.
    * enciclopedia especializada = specialised encyclopaedia.
    * especializado en = with a special focus on.
    * especializado en un área temática = domain-specific.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * imprenta especializada en remendería = jobbing house.
    * índice especializado = special index, specialist index.
    * muy especializado = highly specialised.
    * producto especializado = specialist product.
    * revista especializada = specialist journal.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * tesauro especializado = specialised thesaurus.

    * * *
    1 especializado EN algo specializing IN sth
    una librería especializada en publicaciones extranjeras a bookshop specializing in foreign publications
    2 ‹lenguaje› technical, specialized
    3 ‹obrero› skilled, specialized ( before n)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo especializar: ( conjugate especializar)

    especializado es:

    el participio

    especializado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹librería/restaurante› specialty ( before n) (AmE), specialist ( before n) (BrE);

    especializado en algo specializing in sth


    ' especializado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sala
    - profano
    English:
    skilled
    - specialized
    - unskilled
    - specialist
    - specialty
    - wine
    * * *
    especializado, -a adj
    specialized (en in);
    un abogado especializado en casos de divorcio a lawyer specializing in divorce cases;
    un restaurante especializado en carnes a la brasa a restaurant whose speciality is barbecued meats;
    obrero especializado skilled worker;
    no especializado [mano de obra] unskilled

    Spanish-English dictionary > especializado

  • 32 incontrovertible

    adj.
    1 incontrovertible, indisputable.
    2 uncontrovertible, beyond dispute, absolute, beyond question.
    * * *
    1 incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    ADJ incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    = incontrovertible, axiomatic, unanswerable, beyond contention.
    Ex. Let me take an absolutely incontrovertible example.
    Ex. It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex. He observed 'when a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable'.
    Ex. But whatever we make of their buccaneering spirit, the apostolic passion firing their hearts is surely beyond contention.
    * * *
    = incontrovertible, axiomatic, unanswerable, beyond contention.

    Ex: Let me take an absolutely incontrovertible example.

    Ex: It is axiomatic that backup copies of software are made and stored safely, so that, should anything happen to the cassette or disk, the program is not lost.
    Ex: He observed 'when a naturally energetic man works for a few days beside a lazy one, the logic of the situation is unanswerable'.
    Ex: But whatever we make of their buccaneering spirit, the apostolic passion firing their hearts is surely beyond contention.

    * * *
    indisputable, irrefutable, incontrovertible ( frml)
    * * *
    incontrovertible, indisputable
    * * *
    adj incontrovertible
    * * *
    : indisputable

    Spanish-English dictionary > incontrovertible

  • 33 nuevo

    adj.
    new, modern, recent, novel.
    * * *
    1 new
    2 (adicional) further
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 newcomer (principiante) beginner; (universidad) fresher (US freshman)
    \
    de nuevo again
    coger a alguien de nuevas to take somebody by surprise
    estar (como) nuevo,-a (objeto) to be as good as new 2 (persona) to feel like new, feel as good as new
    hacerse de nuevas to pretend not to know
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? familiar what's new?
    * * *
    (f. - nueva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=no usado) new

    como nuevo: estos pantalones están como nuevos — these trousers are just like new

    2) (=recién llegado) new
    3)

    de nuevo — (=otra vez) again

    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.
    Ex. We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.
    Ex. This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex. We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex. A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex. Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex. This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex. News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex. This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex. Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex. He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex. The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex. This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex. One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    ----
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <coche/casa/trabajo> new
    b) (delante del n) <intento/cambio> further

    ha surgido un nuevo problema — another o a further problem has arisen

    c) [ser] <estilo/enfoque> new

    ¿qué hay de nuevo? — (fam) what's new? (colloq)

    todavía lo tengo nuevecito or (CS) nuevito — it's still as good as new

    2)
    * * *
    = emerging, fresh, new [newer -comp., newest -sup.], renewed, rising, unfamiliar, unworn, emergent, fledging, fledgling [fledgeling], uncharted, unchartered, brand new, ever-new, up-and-coming, new found [new-found/newfound], evolving, changing.

    Ex: We have too much invested for us to assume any longer that we can, by sheer force of will, temper their influence on emerging standards.

    Ex: This is a fresh avenue of approach to classification, and shows some promise.
    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: It is not enough to train the rising generation to meet their new responsibilities, for irreversible decisions must be made before they come to maturity.
    Ex: We are used to background noise in air conditioned buildings but the introduction of additional and unfamiliar sounds from AV equipment may be disturbing.
    Ex: A printer who wanted to achieve a sharp impression from unworn type of even height to paper would put hard rather than soft packing in the tympan.
    Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.
    Ex: Venture capitalists funded fledging companies in the early days of information technology some of which went on to dominate the market.
    Ex: This article describes the experiences of a fledgling information system in dealing with a hurricane which wreaked devastation on some of the most remote areas of Hawaii = Este artículo describe las experiencias de un sistema de información nuevo al verse afectado por un huracán que devastó algunas de las zonas más remotas de Hawaii.
    Ex: News of boundless timber reserves spread, and before long lumberjacks from the thinning hardwood forests of New England swarmed into the uncharted area with no other possessions than their axes and brawn and the clothing they wore.
    Ex: This author agrees that the facts listed above are unchartered.
    Ex: Information on small, sometimes brand new, companies in the chemical and biotechnology industries is often difficult to find.
    Ex: He was then able to compare sources that made correlations possible and raised ever-new questions.
    Ex: The journal kept me in touch with the established authors in the field but also the new, up-and-coming writers.
    Ex: This could help readers gain a newfound appreciation of each others' childhood through books.
    Ex: One of the objectives is to produce a statement of the role of the Library in the evolving national information program over the next five to seven years.
    Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrir nuevos horizontes = open + new realms, forge + new frontiers.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch into.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * adquirir una nueva dimensión = take on + new dimension.
    * adquirir un nuevo significado = take on + new dimension.
    * alfombrar de nuevo = recarpet [re-carpet].
    * analizar de nuevo = reexamine [re-examine].
    * añadir una nueva dimensión = add + new dimension.
    * Año Nuevo = New Year.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * aprender de nuevo = relearn.
    * asumir una nueva faceta = take on + new dimension.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * búsqueda de nuevos genes = gene-harvesting.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * colocar de nuevo en los estantes = reshelve [re-shelve].
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * concebirse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * convocar de nuevo = reconvene.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * dar a Algo una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * dar a Algo una nueva perspectiva = give + Nombre + a new twist.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar un nuevo acabado = refinish.
    * dar un nuevo impulso = pep up.
    * dar un nuevo nombre = rename.
    * de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.
    * de nueva ola = new-wave.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de nuevo = again, once again, yet again, afresh, anew, all over again, redux, over again.
    * de nuevo en este caso = here again.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de nuevos modos = in new ways.
    * desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * de un nuevo modo = in a new way.
    * el nuevo aspecto de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * empezar de nuevo = a fresh start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * enseñar de nuevo = retrain [re-train].
    * entrada de nuevo = re-entry [reentry].
    * enviar de nuevo = resend [re-send].
    * explorar nuevos horizontes = move on to + pastures new.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacerlo de nuevo = go and do it again.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inscribir de nuevo = reregister.
    * intentar de nuevo = retry [re-try].
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * llevar a Algo a una nueva dimensión = take + Nombre + into a new dimension.
    * luna nueva = new moon.
    * mencionar de nuevo = restate [re-state].
    * mencionar de nuevo innecesariamente = belabour [belabor, -USA].
    * mostrar de nuevo = redisplay.
    * nacido de nuevo = born again.
    * Nueva Brunswick = New Brunswick.
    * nueva edición = new edition.
    * nueva era = new age.
    * Nueva Escocia = Nova Scotia.
    * nueva evaluación = reappraisal.
    * Nueva Gales del Sur = New South Wales.
    * Nueva Guinea = New Guinea.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * Nueva Inglaterra = New England.
    * nueva lectura = rereading [re-reading].
    * nueva línea = linefeed.
    * Nueva Ola, la = New Wave, the.
    * Nueva Orleans = New Orleans.
    * nueva perspectiva = new light.
    * nueva promesa = rising star.
    * nueva redacción = redraft, rewrite [re-write].
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * nueva tirada = rerun.
    * nueva versión = upgrade, remake.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nueva visita = return visit.
    * Nueva York = New York (NY).
    * Nueva Zelanda = New Zealand (NZ).
    * nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].
    * nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.
    * Nuevo Méjico = New Mexico.
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * Nuevo Mundo, el = New World, the.
    * nuevo nombramiento = reappointment.
    * nuevo resurgir = second wind.
    * nuevos avances = future development(s).
    * nuevos conversos, los = recently converted, the.
    * nuevos horizontes = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * nuevos retos = new horizons.
    * nuevos tiempos, los = wind(s) of change, the.
    * Nuevo Testamento = New Testament (N.T.).
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.
    * NYPL (Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York) = NYPL (New York Public Library).
    * pintar de nuevo = repaint [re-paint].
    * prensentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = present + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = throw + Nombre + in a new light.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * salir de nuevo = come back out.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sentirse como nuevo = be right as rain.
    * surgiendo de nuevas = on the rebound.
    * un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.
    * un nuevo impulso = a new lease of life.
    * ver Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = view + Nombre + in a new light, see + Nombre + in a new light.
    * ver desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on.
    * ver + Nombre + con nuevos ojos = view + Nombre + through fresh eyes.
    * vino nuevo en pellejos viejos = new wine in old wineskins.
    * víspera de Año Nuevo = New Year's Eve.
    * vivir de nuevo = relive.
    * volver de nuevo = come back out.

    * * *
    nuevo -va
    A
    1 [ SER] (de poco tiempo) ‹coche/juguete/ropa› new
    me lo dejaron como nuevo it was as good as new when I got it back
    soy nuevo en la oficina I'm new in the office
    2 [ SER] (que sustituye a otro) ‹casa/novio/trabajo› new
    3 ( delante del n) (otro) ‹intento/cambio› further
    ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen
    decidieron darle una nueva oportunidad they decided to give him another chance
    4 [ SER] (original, distinto) ‹estilo/enfoque› new
    no dijo nada nuevo she didn't say anything new
    ¿que hay de nuevo? ( fam); what's new? ( colloq)
    5 [ ESTAR] (no desgastado) as good as new
    todavía lo tengo nuevo or (CS) nuevito it's still as good as new
    Compuestos:
    feminine new wave
    fpl new technology
    ● nuevo rico, nueva rica
    masculine, feminine nouveau riche
    masculine New Testament
    B
    de nuevo again
    de nuevo tengo el honor de … again o once again o once more I have the privilege of …
    * * *

     

    nuevo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    a) [ser] ‹estilo/coche/novio› new;


    de nuevo again;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo what's new? (colloq);
    nuevo rico nouveau riche
    b) ( delante del n) ‹intento/cambio› further;

    ◊ ha surgido un nuevo problema another o a further problem has arisen;

    Nnuevo Testamento New Testament
    c) [estar] ( no desgastado) as good as new

    nuevo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 new: tengo un coche nuevo, I've got a new car
    2 (añadido) further: hay nuevas averías, there are further faults
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino newcomer
    (novato) beginner
    ♦ Locuciones: de nuevo, again
    ' nuevo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adicta
    - adicto
    - ambicionar
    - ambientarse
    - año
    - astronómica
    - astronómico
    - aterrizar
    - aviso
    - cara
    - cercado
    - continente
    - decir
    - desarrollar
    - editar
    - emocionada
    - emocionado
    - emplazar
    - entusiasmada
    - entusiasmado
    - escorrentía
    - estallido
    - excavar
    - flotación
    - ir
    - generar
    - hablar
    - impresión
    - incorporarse
    - mirlo
    - N. T.
    - nada
    - nueva
    - replantar
    - rumbo
    - sacar
    - salida
    - sanear
    - tener
    - testamento
    - vaya
    - contar
    - cuño
    - día
    - entrada
    - entrante
    - feliz
    - flamante
    - haber
    - inédito
    English:
    advertise
    - afford
    - afresh
    - again
    - agony
    - ambivalent
    - amorphous
    - analyst
    - anew
    - anticipate
    - arrest
    - assignment
    - austerity
    - authenticity
    - back
    - bash out
    - beating
    - bomb
    - book
    - brag
    - brand-new
    - bring up
    - brink
    - call back
    - chapter
    - clean
    - come out
    - comedown
    - commit
    - crisp
    - daunt
    - delay
    - design
    - dissuade
    - do
    - donation
    - drastic
    - drum up
    - exploit
    - fail
    - find
    - format
    - forthcoming
    - founder
    - fresh
    - fund
    - further
    - game
    - get
    - go up
    * * *
    nuevo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [reciente] new;
    tengo una casa nueva I've got a new house;
    es el nuevo director he's the new manager
    Nueva Caledonia New Caledonia;
    el nuevo continente [América] the New World;
    Nueva Delhi New Delhi;
    nuevo economía new economy;
    Hist Nueva España New Spain [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included Mexico, the southern part of the US and parts of Central America]; Hist Nueva Granada New Granada [Spanish colonial viceroyalty that included the central and northwestern parts of South America];
    Nueva Guinea New Guinea;
    Nueva Inglaterra New England;
    Nueva Jersey New Jersey;
    Nuevo México New Mexico;
    el Nuevo Mundo the New World;
    la nueva ola the New Wave;
    el nuevo orden mundial the new world order;
    Nueva Orleans New Orleans;
    nuevo rico nouveau riche;
    nuevo sol [moneda] new sol;
    nuevas tecnologías new technology;
    el Nuevo Testamento the New Testament;
    Nueva York New York;
    Nueva Zelanda New Zealand
    2. [poco usado] new;
    este abrigo está nuevo this coat is new;
    un poco de betún y quedarán como nuevos with a bit of polish they'll be as good as new;
    después del baño me quedé como nuevo I felt like a new person after my bath
    3. [inédito] new;
    esto es nuevo para mí, no lo sabía that's news to me, I didn't know it
    4. [sin experiencia] new;
    soy nuevo en esta clase I'm new in this class;
    es nuevo en la profesión he's new to the profession
    5. [hortaliza] new, fresh;
    [vino] young
    6. [repetido] renewed,
    de nuevo again;
    se han producido nuevos enfrentamientos there have been renewed clashes
    ♦ nm,f
    newcomer
    * * *
    adj
    1 new;
    sentirse como nuevo feel like new;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what’s new?
    2 ( otro) another;
    de nuevo again
    * * *
    nuevo, -va adj
    1) : new
    una casa nueva: a new house
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    de nuevo : again, once more
    * * *
    nuevo adj new
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?

    Spanish-English dictionary > nuevo

  • 34 ostensible

    adj.
    1 evident, clear.
    2 ostensible, obvious, evident, apparent.
    * * *
    1 obvious, visible
    * * *
    ADJ obvious, evident

    hacer algo ostensible — to make sth quite clear; LAm to express sth, register sth

    procurar no hacerse ostensible — to keep out of the way, lie low

    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, evident
    * * *
    = ostensible, manifest.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. For example, transformational analysis can be applied to the study of shifts between the official, ostensible aims of public libraries and their progressive transformations.
    Ex. A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.
    * * *
    adjetivo obvious, evident
    * * *
    = ostensible, manifest.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: For example, transformational analysis can be applied to the study of shifts between the official, ostensible aims of public libraries and their progressive transformations.

    Ex: A close knowledge of the institution is also needed to distinguish between professed objectives, the official and manifest ones which appear in organizational preambles, and the practiced ones which are often latent in the operating program.

    * * *
    obvious, evident
    hizo ostensible su desagrado he made it quite plain o evident o obvious that he wasn't happy, he made his displeasure quite clear
    * * *

    ostensible adjetivo
    obvious, evident
    ostensible adjetivo ostensible: sus gestos de dolor eran muy ostensibles, he very clearly showed his pain
    ' ostensible' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sensible
    English:
    ostensible
    * * *
    obvious, evident;
    con un gesto que hacía ostensible su impaciencia with a gesture that made clear o betrayed her impatience
    * * *
    adj obvious
    * * *
    : ostensible, apparent

    Spanish-English dictionary > ostensible

  • 35 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 36 azimio

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] accord
    [English Plural] accords
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] azima N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] intention
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] azima N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] motion
    [English Plural] motions
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] (parliamentary)
    [Swahili Example] azimio la kutokuwa na imani
    [English Example] no-confidence motion
    [Note] Cf. '-azimu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] motive
    [English Plural] motives
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] plan
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] program of work
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] azima N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] project
    [English Plural] projects
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] proposal
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] purpose
    [English Plural] purposes
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] resolution
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] azima N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] scheme
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] azimio
    [Swahili Plural] maazimio
    [English Word] declaration
    [English Plural] declarations
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Swahili Example] Azimio la Arusha
    [English Example] Arusha Declaration
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > azimio

  • 37 plan de estudios

    syllabus
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan
    Ex. For example, language and literature go hand-in-hand in the school curriculum but Dewey separates the two.
    Ex. Examine a few syllabuses for basic courses in geography.
    Ex. For example, language and literature go hand-in-hand in the school curriculum but Dewey separates the two.
    Ex. Professional and other institutions have been asked for their opinions on the study plan for these courses.
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan

    Ex: For example, language and literature go hand-in-hand in the school curriculum but Dewey separates the two.

    Ex: Examine a few syllabuses for basic courses in geography.
    Ex: For example, language and literature go hand-in-hand in the school curriculum but Dewey separates the two.
    Ex: Professional and other institutions have been asked for their opinions on the study plan for these courses.

    * * *
    syllabus, program, Br
    programme

    Spanish-English dictionary > plan de estudios

  • 38 presentar

    v.
    1 to present.
    Ella presenta soluciones She presents solutions.
    Ella le presenta a Ricardo un regalo She presents Richard a gift.
    Ellos presentan a los candidatos They present=field the candidates.
    2 to make (ofrecer) (disculpas, excusas).
    3 to introduce (person).
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager
    Ella presenta a los invitados She introduces the guests.
    4 to have, to show (tener) (aspecto).
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve
    Ella le presenta al público una obra She shows the public a play.
    5 to host, to be the host of, to act as a compere for, to compere.
    Ella presenta el programa She hosts the program.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to present; (mostrar) to show
    2 (entregar) to hand in
    3 (sacar al mercado) to launch
    4 (personas) to introduce
    ■ ¿te han presentado ya? have you been introduced yet?
    5 TELEVISIÓN to present
    6 (ofrecer) to offer, show
    1 (comparecer) to turn up
    2 (para elección) to stand; (en un concurso) to enter
    \
    presentar una denuncia to lodge a complaint
    presentar una ponencia to present a paper
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=enseñar, exponer) [gen] to present; [+ moción, candidato] to propose, put forward; [+ pruebas, informe] to submit; [+ documento, pasaporte] to show

    presentar una propuesta — to make o present a proposal

    presentar algo al cobro o al pago — (Com) to present sth for payment

    2) (=entregar) to hand in

    presentó la dimisión — he handed in his resignation, he resigned

    3) (=mostrar) [+ señal, síntoma] to show
    4) (=exponer al público) [+ producto, disco, libro] to launch
    5) [en espectáculo] [+ obra] to perform; [+ actor, actriz] to present, feature
    6) (=ser presentador de) [+ programa televisivo] to present, host

    J. Pérez presenta el programa — the programme is presented o hosted by J. Pérez

    ¿quién presenta ahora las noticias de las nueve? — who presents o reads the nine o'clock news now?

    7) (=tener) to have
    8) [+ persona] to introduce

    a ver si te presento a mi amiga Jacinta — you must meet my friend Jacinta, I must introduce you to my friend Jacinta

    ser presentada en sociedad — to come out, make one's début

    9) (=ofrecer) [+ disculpa] to offer, make

    le presento mis consideraciones — [en carta] yours faithfully

    10) (Mil)

    presentar batalla — (lit) to draw up in battle array; (fig) to offer resistance

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.
    Ex. Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.
    Ex. The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex. For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex. These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex. The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex. Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex. Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex. Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex. A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex. Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex. Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex. The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex. The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex. The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex. This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex. Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex. Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex. Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex. The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex. It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex. This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex. Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex. They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex. The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    ----
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( mostrar) to present
    b) ( exponer por primera vez) <libro/disco> to launch; < obra de arte> to present; < colección de moda> to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) <informe/solicitud> to submit

    le presenté el pasaporte — I gave him my passport, I presented my passport to him

    d) ( enseñar) to show
    e) <disculpas/excusas> to make; < dimisión> to hand in, submit; < queja> to file, make

    presentaron una denuncia — they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint

    f) (Mil)
    2) (TV) < programa> to present, introduce
    3) < persona> to introduce

    te presento a mi hermana — I'd like you to meet my sister, this is my sister

    4) <novedad/ventaja> to offer; < síntoma> to show
    2.
    presentarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( en lugar) to turn up, appear
    b) (a concurso, examen)

    se presentó al examen — she took o (BrE) sat the exam

    se presenta como candidato independiente — he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent

    2) dificultad/problema to arise, come up, crop up (colloq)

    si se me presenta la oportunidad — if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises

    3) ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    * * *
    presentar (según)
    (v.) = cast (in/into)

    Ex: Which of the following subject analyses is cast in the citation order PMEST?.

    = bring to + the attention, display, draw, exhibit, expose, feature, introduce, open up, pose, present, provide with, set out, subject, throw up, render, put before, produce, table, submit, unveil, showcase, surrender, lay out, roll out, construct, tender, come up with, report, bring forward, deliver.

    Ex: Many displays are changed from time to time (for example, once a week, or once a month) so that various sections of the stock may be brought to the attention of the library's public over a period of time.

    Ex: The command function 'DISPLAY' is used to display a list of alphabetically linked terms.
    Ex: For example, when setting up the format for records in a data base, the user can draw a form on the screen, complete with headings for each field, and then, the data is entered into the form.
    Ex: These headings, therefore, in addition to exhibiting a bias in favor of the majority, actively hinder access.
    Ex: The reputation of the information and its authority will be more exposed to examination.
    Ex: Other catalogues and bibliographies only feature added entries under title where it is deemed that the author main entry heading is not likely to be obvious to the users.
    Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex: Here is a key paper by a non librarian which opens up a new and constructive approach to library purpose.
    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex: Informative abstract present as much as possible of the quantitative or qualitative information contained in a document.
    Ex: Many libraries provide users with photocopies of contents pages of selected journals.
    Ex: A short score is a sketch made by a composer for an ensemble work, with the main features of the composition set out on a few staves.
    Ex: Author abstracts are the abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    Ex: The eventuality is, admittedly, remote but it is also necessary to render the imprint statement in this amount of detail.
    Ex: The art of documentation is the process by which the documentalist is enabled to put before the creative specialist the existing literature bearing on the subject of his investigation.
    Ex: The perfect librarian may be defined as one who produces the information a reader requires as soon as the reader asks for it.
    Ex: This list indicates the dates the reports were tabled and any further action take.
    Ex: Most publications are probably free distribution material and whilst that does not absolve the publishers from the obligation of legal deposit it is probable that many local authorities do not submit their materials.
    Ex: Here is an institution which knows, neither rank nor wealth within its walls, which stops the ignorant peer or the ignorant monarch at its threshold, and declines to unveil to him its treasures, or to waste time upon him, and yet welcomes the workman according to his knowledge or thirst for knowledge.
    Ex: Officially known as SOLEX, this exhibition showcases mainly IT based products for the legal profession.
    Ex: The book's date label is stamped in the usual way, and the reader must surrender one token for each book he is borrowing.
    Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.
    Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    Ex: It is argued that newspaper reporting of bigamy constructs bigamists as being a threat to the institution of marriage.
    Ex: This address was tendered at the State Library of Victoria, Nov 88, to mark the retirement of Professor Jean Whyte.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex: Criticism is not appropriate in a style which aims to report, but not comment upon the content of the original document.
    Ex: They also intend to bring forward legislation to provide that the maximum amount of compensation should be £500,000.
    Ex: The result could be termed a full-provision data base -- a data base including both text and reference, and delivering much more than the 2 added together.
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva óptica = throw + Nombre + in a new light, throw + new light on.
    * presentar Algo desde un nuevo ángulo = throw + new light on.
    * presentar argumentos a favor = make + a case for.
    * presentar argumentos a favor de = present + arguments in favour of.
    * presentar como = make + Nombre + out to be.
    * presentar conclusiones = provide + conclusions.
    * presentar conocimiento = package + knowledge.
    * presentar deficiencias = fall + short.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * presentar dentro de = package.
    * presentar Algo desde una nueva perspectiva = shed + new light on, throw + new light on.
    * presentar detalladamente = spread out.
    * presentar dificultad = present + difficulty.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * presentar en pantalla = call up, print + online, bring up, screen.
    * presentar evidencia a favor de = present + case for.
    * presentar información = submit + information, package + information.
    * presentar información de varios modos = repackage + information.
    * presentar la evolución de Algo = chart + the history.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar las pruebas ante = lay + evidence before.
    * presentar peligro = present + danger.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar pruebas = give + evidence.
    * presentar resultados = report + findings, report + results.
    * presentar reto = defy.
    * presentarse = come in, manifest + Reflexivo, turn up, show up, unfold, come forward, come with.
    * presentarse a = stand for.
    * presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.
    * presentarse desde una nueva perspectiva = stand in + a new light.
    * presentar (según) = cast (in/into).
    * presentarse una ocasión = occasion + arise.
    * presentar similitudes = share + similarities.
    * presentar una amenaza = pose + threat.
    * presentar una comunicación = deliver + paper, give + paper, present + paper.
    * presentar una contribución = present + contribution.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.
    * presentar una denuncia = file + police report.
    * presentar una factura = submit + bill.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * presentar una imagen = present + picture, paint + a picture, present + an image.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * presentar una petición = submit + petition.
    * presentar una ponencia = give + paper, read + paper.
    * presentar una propuesta = submit + proposal.
    * presentar una queja = register + complaint, lodge + complaint, file + complaint, file + grievance.
    * presentar una reclamación = enter + complaint, place + claim, file + complaint.
    * presentar un argumento = advance + argument.
    * presentar una solicitud = submit + application.
    * presentar un aspecto = present + a picture.
    * presentar un aspecto de = wear + a look of.
    * presentar una visión = present + a picture.
    * presentar una visión global = give + overview, present + an overview, present + an overall picture, give + an overall picture, overview.
    * presentar un buen aspecto = look + good.
    * presentar un dilema = present + dilemma.
    * presentar un frente común = present + common front.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * presentar un peligro = pose + danger.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * presentar un programa = present + programme.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * presentar un resumen = give + summary.
    * presentar un reto = present + challenge, provide + challenge.
    * presentar un riesgo = pose + risk.
    * presentar vestigios de = bear + traces of.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * volver a presentar = resubmit [re-submit].

    * * *
    presentar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (mostrar) to present
    un producto bien presentado a well-presented product
    2 (exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch
    presentó sus nuevos cuadros she presented her new paintings
    presentará su colección de otoño en Londres he will present o exhibit his autumn collection in London
    el nuevo XS34 se presentará al público en el salón de Turín the new XS34 will be on display (to the public) for the first time at the Turin show
    3 (entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit
    le presenté el pasaporte para que me lo sellara I gave him my passport for stamping, I presented my passport to him for stamping
    tengo que presentar los planes mañana I have to submit o present the plans tomorrow
    4 (enseñar) to show
    hay que presentar el carné para entrar you have to show your membership card to get in
    5 ‹disculpas/excusas› to make
    fui a presentar mis respetos I went to pay my respects
    presentó su dimisión she handed in o submitted her resignation, she resigned
    pienso presentar una queja I intend filing o making a complaint
    presentaron una denuncia they reported the matter (to the police), they made an official complaint
    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    presentar cargos to bring charges
    presentar una demanda to bring a lawsuit
    6 ( Mil):
    presentar armas to present arms
    B (TV) ‹programa› to present, introduce
    C [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹persona› to introduce
    el director presentó al conferenciante the director introduced the speaker
    me presentó a su familia he introduced me to his family
    te presento a mi hermana I'd like you to meet my sister/this is my sister
    D
    (mostrar, ofrecer): el nuevo modelo presenta algunas novedades the latest model has o offers some new features
    presenta muchas ventajas para el consumidor it offers the consumer many advantages
    el paciente no presentaba síntomas de intoxicación the patient showed no signs of food poisoning
    el cadáver presenta un impacto de bala en el costado ( frml); there is a bullet wound in the side of the body, the body has a bullet wound in the side
    A
    1 (en un lugar) to turn up, appear
    se presentó en casa sin avisar he turned up o showed up o appeared at the house unexpectedly
    se presentó voluntariamente a la policía he turned himself in to the police
    tendrá que presentarse ante el juez he will have to appear before the judge
    2
    (a un concurso, examen): se presentó al examen she took o ( BrE) sat the exam
    me presenté al concurso I entered the competition
    se presenta como candidato independiente he's an independent candidate, he's running as an independent ( AmE), he's standing as an independent ( BrE)
    se presentó para el cargo de director he applied for the post of director
    B «dificultad/problema» to arise, come up, crop up ( colloq)
    estaré allí salvo que se presente algún impedimento I'll be there unless something crops up o comes up
    si se me presenta la oportunidad if I get the opportunity, if the opportunity arises
    el futuro se presenta prometedor the future looks promising
    el asunto se presenta muy mal things are looking very bad
    C (darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    permítame que me presente allow me to introduce myself
    presentarse en sociedad to make one's debut (in society)
    * * *

     

    presentar ( conjugate presentar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) ( exponer por primera vez) ‹libro/disco› to launch;

    ‹ obra de arte› to present;
    ‹ colección de moda› to present, exhibit
    c) ( entregar) ‹informe/solicitud› to submit;

    ‹ trabajo› to hand in;
    ‹ renuncia› to hand in, submit
    d) ( enseñar) ‹carnet/pasaporte› to show

    e) ‹disculpas/excusas› to make;

    ‹ queja› to file, make;
    ‹ cargos› to bring;

    presentar pruebas to present evidence
    f) (Mil):


    2 (TV) ‹ programa› to present, introduce
    3 ‹ persona› to introduce;

    4 ‹novedad/ventaja› to offer;
    ‹ síntoma› to show
    presentarse verbo pronominal
    1


    b) presentarse a algo ‹ a examen› to take sth;

    ‹ a concurso› to enter sth;
    ‹ a elecciones› to take part in sth;
    ◊ se presenta como candidato independiente he's running (AmE) o (BrE) he's standing as an independent;

    presentarse para un cargo to apply for a post
    2 [dificultad/problema] to arise, come up;
    [ oportunidad] to arise
    3 ( darse a conocer) to introduce oneself
    presentar verbo transitivo
    1 (un programa, pruebas, etc) to present
    2 (un producto) to launch
    3 (a una persona) to introduce
    4 (síntomas, características, etc) to have, show
    5 (disculpas) to give, present
    (condolencias) to give, pay
    6 (la dimisión) to hand in
    7 (una queja) to file, make
    ' presentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alegar
    - compeler
    - convenir
    - dimisión
    - esquema
    - revestir
    - dar
    - demanda
    - denuncia
    - introducir
    - licitar
    - moción
    - queja
    - querella
    - renuncia
    English:
    bring forward
    - charge
    - claim
    - field
    - file
    - hand in
    - host
    - introduce
    - lay
    - lodge
    - make out
    - model
    - pay
    - present
    - press
    - produce
    - put in
    - put on
    - put up
    - register
    - render
    - replay
    - report
    - represent
    - rerun
    - respect
    - serve up
    - set out
    - show
    - slant
    - star
    - submit
    - table
    - this
    - bring
    - come
    - display
    - enter
    - exhibit
    - float
    - hand
    - notice
    - propose
    - put
    - retake
    - sponsor
    - tender
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [mostrar, entregar] to present;
    [dimisión] to tender, to hand in; [tesis] to hand in, to submit; [pruebas, propuesta] to submit; [recurso, denuncia] to lodge; [solicitud] to make; [moción] to propose;
    presente su pasaporte en la ventanilla show your passport at the window;
    presentar cargos/una demanda contra alguien to bring charges/an action against sb;
    ¡presenten armas! [en ejército] present arms!;
    es un trabajo muy bien presentado it is a very well presented piece of work
    2. [dar a conocer] to introduce;
    me presentó a sus amigos she introduced me to her friends;
    Juan, te presento a Carmen Juan, this is Carmen;
    me parece que no nos han presentado I don't think we've been introduced;
    permítame que le presente a nuestra directora allow me to introduce you to our manager, I'd like you to meet our manager;
    no se conocían, pero yo los presenté they didn't know each other, but I introduced them (to each other)
    3. [anunciar] [programa de radio o televisión] to present;
    [espectáculo] to compere;
    la mujer que presenta el telediario the woman who reads the news on TV
    4. [proponer para competición] [obra] to enter;
    presentar una novela a un premio literario to enter a novel for a literary prize;
    presentar una película a concurso to enter a film at a film festival;
    presentar a alguien para algo to propose sb for sth, to put sb forward for sth;
    el partido presentará a la señora Cruz para la alcaldía the party is putting Mrs Cruz forward for the office of mayor, Mrs Cruz will be the party's candidate for the office of mayor
    5. [exhibir por primera vez] [planes, presupuestos] to present;
    [película] to premiere; [libro, disco] to launch;
    el club presentó a su último fichaje ante la prensa the club introduced its new signing to the press
    6. [ofrecer] [disculpas, excusas] to make;
    [respetos] to pay;
    nos presentó (sus) disculpas he made his excuses to us
    7. [tener] [aspecto, características, novedades] to have;
    este fondo de inversión presenta grandes ventajas this investment fund offers o has big advantages;
    la playa presenta un aspecto deplorable the beach is in a terrible state;
    presenta difícil solución it's going to be difficult to solve;
    el paciente presentaba síntomas de deshidratación the patient presented symptoms of dehydration
    * * *
    v/t
    1 TV present
    2 a alguien introduce
    3 producto launch
    4 solicitud submit
    * * *
    1) : to present, to show
    2) : to offer, to give
    3) : to submit (a document), to launch (a product)
    4) : to introduce (a person)
    * * *
    1. (personas) to introduce
    te presento a Iván this is Iván / meet Iván
    2. (programa, idea, propuesta) to present
    3. (un producto) to launch
    4. (señales, aspecto) to have / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > presentar

  • 39 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 40 mpango

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] arrangement
    [English Plural] arrangements
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] classification
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] constitution
    [English Plural] constitutions
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga
    [Terminology] political
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] leasing (act of)
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] list
    [English Plural] lists
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] order
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] organization
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] plan
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga V
    [Swahili Example] kuiharibu mipango yoyote iliyokusudiwa [Muk]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] platform
    [English Plural] platforms
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga
    [Terminology] political
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] program
    [English Plural] programs
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga
    [Terminology] political
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] project
    [English Plural] projects
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] rent
    [English Plural] rents
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] renting (act of)
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] panga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] scheme
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] panga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] arrangement
    [English Plural] arrangements
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mpango
    [Swahili Plural] mipango
    [English Word] rule
    [English Plural] rules
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] -panga
    [Swahili Example] "Maisha mipango - mimi hujipangia"
    [English Example] "Life is full of rules - I make my own" (soft drink advertisement)
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > mpango

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