est+mihi+nihil+cum+aliquo

dē, adv.: of place, down, only in the phrase susque deque, q. v.

dē, prep. [perh. for ded; cf. Oscan dat, old abl. of pronom. stem da; cf. also Lith. praep. da, as far as; and the suffixes, old case-forms, -dam, -dem, -dum, -do, with the locative -de; v. Ribbeck, Beitr. z. L. v. d. Lat. Part. p. 4 sq.] (with abl., denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point. Accordingly, it occupies a middle place between ab, away from, which denotes a mere external departure, and ex, out of, which signifies from the interior of a thing. Hence verbs compounded with de are constr. not only with de, but quite as freq. with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by de), from, away from, down from, out of, etc.

In space, lit. and trop. with verbs of motion: animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 216 Vahl.):

aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit,

Lucr. 3, 224:

(quod Ariovistus) de altera parte agri Sequanos decedere juberet,

to depart, withdraw from, Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 10; cf.:

civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent,

id. ib. 1, 2:

decedere de provincia,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 49 ( = ex provincia, id. ib. 2, 2, 65, §

147): de vita decedere,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 11:

exire de vita,

id. Lael. 4, 15 (cf.:

excedere e vita,

id. ib. 3, 12):

de triclinio, de cubiculo exire,

id. de Or. 2, 65 fin.:

hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere,

Plin. Ep. 9, 7, 4:

de castris procedere,

Sall. C. 61, 8 et saep.:

brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet,

Cato R. R. 157, 6:

de digito anulum detraho,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 38; cf.:

de matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere,

Cic. Font. 17:

nomen suum de tabula sustulit,

id. Sest. 33, 72:

ferrum de manibus extorsimus,

id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:

juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252 et saep.:

... decido de lecto praeceps,

Plaut. Casin. 5, 2, 50:

de muro se deicere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 18, 3:

de sella exsilire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 30 fin.:

nec ex equo vel de muro, etc., hostem destinare,

Tert. adv. Jud. 9, p. 192:

de caelo aliquid demittere,

Lucr. 2, 1155; cf. Cato R. R. 14, 3 et saep.—

In gen., to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds; cf.:

emere de aliquo,

Cato R. R. 1, 4:

aliquid mercari de aliquo,

Cic. Fl. 20 et saep.:

de aliquo quaerere, quid, etc.,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 2:

saepe hoc audivi de patre,

id. de Or. 3, 33, 133; cf.:

de mausoleo exaudita vox est,

Suet. Ner. 46:

ut sibi liceret discere id de me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 31;

so with petere, of place (class.): de vicino terra petita solo,

Ov. F. 4, 822;

so of persons (late Lat.): peto de te,

Dig. 36, 1, 57, § 2; Apul. M. 6, p. 179, 40.

To point out the place from which any thing is brought; and hence, trop., to indicate its origin, derivation, etc.: of, from: de circo astrologi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58; so,

caupo de via Latina,

Cic. Clu. 59, 163:

nescio qui de circo maximo,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

declamator aliqui de ludo aut rabula de foro,

id. Or. 15, 47:

homo de schola atque a magistro... eruditus,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 28:

nautae de navi Alexandrina,

Suet. Aug. 98:

aliquis de ponte,

i. e. a beggar, Juv. 14, 134:

Libyca de rupe leones,

Ov. F. 2, 209:

nostro de rure corona,

Tib. 1, 1, 15:

Vaticano fragiles de monte patellas,

Juv. 6, 344 al.:

de summo loco Summoque genere eques,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 30; cf. id. Aul. prol. 28; id. Poen. 3, 1, 13:

genetrix Priami de gente vetusta,

Verg. A. 9, 284; cf. id. ib. 10, 350; Stat. S. 5, 3, 126:

de Numitore sati,

Ov. F. 5, 41:

de libris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 252:

de Philocteta, id,

ib. 3, 35, 141 (cf.:

e Philocteta versus,

Quint. 3, 1, 14).

Transf., to indicate the quarter from which motion proceeds (cf. ab), from, and because motion is so often and naturally downwards, down from:

haec agebantur in conventu, palam, de sella ac de loco superiore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40; cf. ib. 2, 2, 38:

quem ad se vocari et de tribunali citari jussit,

id. ib. 2, 5, 7:

qui nihil ex occulto, nihil de insidiis, agendum putant,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109; cf.

de tergo plagas dare,

from behind, Plaut. Asin. 2, 2, 10; Just. 20, 5, 5:

de paupere mensa dona,

Tib. 1, 1, 37 et saep.—In jurid. Latin: de plano discutere, interloqui, cognoscere, etc., i. e. on level ground, not on the tribunal (cf. chamothen, opp. pro bêmatos, Dig. 27, 1, 13, § 10), Dig. 1, 4, 1; 1, 16, 9; 14. 3, 11 et saep.; so, de plano, off-hand, without formal consideration, Lucr. 1, 411;

v. planus.—And with pendeo, etc. (the motion in the eye transferred to the object): deque viri collo dulce pependit onus,

Ov. F. 2, 760:

lucerna de camera pendebat,

Petr. 30, 3; cf.:

et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet,

Ov. F. 1, 152:

de qua pariens arbore nixa dea est,

leaning downwards against the tree, id. H. 21, 100.

In time.

Immediately following a given moment of time, after, directly after (very rare):

de concursu,

Lucr. 1, 384 (cf. Munro, ad loc.):

velim scire hodiene statim de auctione aut quo die venias,

Cic. Att. 12, 3:

non bonus somnus est de prandio,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 8:

de eorum verbis prosilui, etc.,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 178.—Hence, diem de die, from day to day, day after day, Liv. 5, 48:

cum is diem de die differret, dum, etc.,

id. 25, 25; cf.:

diem de die proferendo,

Just. 2, 15, 6: de die in diem, from day to day, daily (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Psa. 60, 8; 2 Pet. 2, 8; Cypr. Ep. 3, 11.

De nocte, de vigilia, etc., to designate an act which begins or takes its origin from the night-time, Engl. during or in the course of the night, at night, by night, etc.: De. Rus cras cum filio Cum primo lucu ibo hinc. Mi. Imo de nocte censeo, to-night rather, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55: in comitium Milo de nocte venit, in the night (cf. shortly before, Milo media nocte in campum venit), Cic. Att. 4, 3, 4; cf. id. Mur. 33, 69:

vigilas tu de nocte,

id. ib. 9, 22; cf.:

de nocte evigilabat,

Suet. Vesp. 21:

ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones,

at night, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 32;

and Hannibal surgere de nocte solitus, Frontin Strat. 4, 3, 7 et saep.: ut de nocte multa impigreque exsurrexi,

late in the night, Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 10; so,

multa de nocte,

Cic. Sest. 35, 75; id. Att. 7, 4 fin. (for which multa nocte, id. Q. Fr. 2, 9); cf.

also: si de multa nocte (al. de nocte) vigilassent,

id. Att. 2, 15, 2:

Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas eo de media nocte,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45; 7, 88; so,

media de nocte,

at midnight, Suet. Calig. 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 91:

Caesar de tertia vigilia e castris profectus,

in the third night-watch, Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

de tertia vigilia,

id. ib. 1, 21; Liv. 9, 44 Drak.; 40, 4 al.; cf.:

de quarta vigilia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21, 3 al.; v. vigilia. —As in this manner de nocte became adverbially = nocte, so de die was sometimes used for die or per diem:

de die potare,

by day, in the daytime, Plaut. Asin. 4, 2, 16:

epulari de die,

Liv. 23, 8; Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 8; Catull. 47, 6; Suet. Calig. 37; id. Domit. 21; cf.:

bibulus media de luce Falerni,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 34;

and in a lusus verbb. with in diem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 34 fin. —Less freq., de mense:

navigare de mense Decembri,

in December, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1 fin. —And once de tempore for tempore: ipse de tempore coenavit, Auct. B. Hisp. 33, 5.

In other relations, implying separation, departure from, etc.

To designate the whole, from which a part is taken, or of which a part is separately regarded, etc., from among, out of, from:

hominem certum misi de comitibus meis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2:

gladio percussus ab uno de illis,

id. Mil. 24, 65:

si quis de nostris hominibus,

id. Flacc. 4:

quemvis de iis qui essent idonei,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4 fin.:

de tribus et decem fundis tres nobilissimi fundi,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 99 et saep.:

accusator de plebe,

id. Brut. 34, 131:

pulsare minimum de plebe Quiritem,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 29; cf. Liv. 7, 17:

malus poëta de populo,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25 et saep.:

partem solido demere de die,

Hor. Od. 1, 1, 20:

quantum de vita perdiderit,

Petr. 26:

praeteriine tuas de tot caelestibus aras,

Ov. Her. 21, 179; Juv. 1, 138. —

Sometimes de with abl. takes the place of the gen. partit. or gen. obj. In the best writers this occurs mainly

to avoid ambiguity where genitives would be multiplied:

ne expers partis esset de nostris bonis,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 39:

ut aliquem partem de istius impudentia reticere possim,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12, § 32;

for greater precision:

si quae sunt de eodem genere,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 16:

persona de mimo,

id. Phil. 2, 27, 65;

in the poets, metri gratiā:

aliquid de more vetusto,

Ov. F. 6, 309; Grat. Cyneg. 17:

laudes de Caesare,

Ov. Pont. 4, 13, 23:

cetera de genere hoc,

Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 4, 746. This circumlocution was freq. [p. 514] in comic writers and in vulgar lang., and became more common in the declining periods of the lang., so that in the Romance tongues de, di, etc., with a case represent the earlier genitive (so, conscius, conscientia, meminisse, mentionem facere, recordari, etc., de aliqua re for alicujus rei, v. h. vv.).

To indicate the property from which the costs of any thing are taken:

obsonat, potat, olet unguenta de meo,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 37; so,

de tuo,

Plaut. Bac. 1, 1, 65:

de suo,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, A, 5; Suet. Caes. 19:

de nostro,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 11:

de vestro,

Liv. 6, 15, 10; cf.:

de vestris,

Ov. F. 3, 828:

de alieno,

Liv. 3, 1, 3; Just. 36, 3 fin.:

de publico,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44; Liv. 1, 20; 2, 16; 4, 60. For de tuo, once de te:

de te largitor puer,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 17.—Also in a trop. sense:

ad tua praecepta de meo nihil his novum apposivi,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 31; cf. id. Men. 1. 2, 40; Cic. Fam. 4, 3; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 8.— Poet., to denote that out of which, or by which, one pays a penalty or suffers punishment:

has vestro de sanguine poenas datis,

Luc. 4, 805; cf.:

cum de visceribus tuis satisfacturus sis quibus debes,

Cic. Q. Frat. 1, 3, 7.

To designate the material of which any thing is made, of, out of, from:

niveo factum de marmore signum,

Ov. M. 14, 313; cf. Verg. G. 3, 13:

verno de flore corona,

Tib. 2, 1, 59:

sucus de quinquefolio,

Plin. 26, 4, 11:

cinis de fico,

Pall. 1, 35, 3 et saep.:

de templo carcerem fleri,

Cic. Phil. 5, 7; cf. Flor. 2, 6, 32:

captivum de rege facturi,

Just. 7, 2, 11; cf.:

inque deum de bove versus erat,

Ov. F. 5, 616 et saep.:

fles de rhetore consul,

Juv. 7, 197.—Cf. trop. by means of:

de eodem oleo et opera exaravi nescio quid ad te,

Cic. Att. 13, 38.—Prov.:

de nihilo nihilum,

Pers. 3, 84; cf. Lucr. 1, 157 sq.

In mental operations, to indicate the subject-matter or theme on which any mental act (thinking, considering, advising, determining, etc.; discoursing, informing, exhorting, deciding, disputing, doubting, etc.) is founded; of, about, concerning, Gr. peri:

cogitare de aliqua re, etc. (the most common signification): multa narrare de Laelio,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

dubitare de re,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 15:

de suo adventu docere,

Suet. Caes. 9:

de moribus admonere,

Sall. Cat. 5, 9 et saep.—With this, too, is connected its use,

To indicate the producing cause or reason, for, on account of, because of:

nam id nisi gravi de causa non fecisset,

Cic. Att. 7, 7, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 41, 186; Cael ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15; Cic. Att. 11, 3:

de quo nomine ad arbitrum adiisti, de eo ad judicium venisti,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 12:

flebat uterque non de suo supplicio, sed pater de filii morte, de patris filius,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76:

de labore pectus tundit,

with pain, Plaut. Casin. 2, 6, 63:

incessit passu de vulnere tardo,

Ov. M. 10, 49:

humus fervet de corpore,

id. ib. 7, 560:

facilius de odio creditur,

Tac. H. 1, 34:

quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater,

through me, Ov. F. 3, 233 et saep.

To indicate the thing with reference to which any thing is done, with respect to, concerning:

de istac re in oculum utrumvis conquiescito,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 121: nil peccat de savio, Caec. ap. Gell. 2, 23, 11 (v. 161 Ribbeck):

credere de numero militum,

Cic. Att. 9, 1, 2:

de numero dierum fidem servare,

Caes. B. G. 6, 36; Sall. C. 50, 3:

de ceteris senatui curae fore,

id. Jug. 26, 1:

concessum ab nobilitate de consule plebeio,

Liv. 6, 42:

solem de virgine rapta consule,

Ov. F. 4, 581 et saep.—Ellipt.:

de argento somnium,

as for the money, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 50 (for which id. Heaut. 4, 2, 4: quod de argento sperem, nihil est): Varr. R. R. 1, 59, 1:

de Dionysio sum admiratus,

Cic. Att. 9, 12; id. Off. 1, 15, 47:

de me autem suscipe paullisper meas partes,

id. Fam. 3, 12, 2; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 36 et saep.:

de Samnitibus triumphare,

concerning, over, Cic. Sen. 16, 55; cf. Hor. 4, 2, 88:

de Atheniensibus victoria,

Curt. 8, 1, 33.

To indicate the thing in conformity with which any thing is done, according to, after:

secundum: DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD, S. C. de Bac.: fecisse dicas de mea sententia,

Plaut. Bac. 4, 9, 115; cf.:

de suorum propinquorum sententia atque auctoritate fecisse dicatur,

Cic. Cael. 29: de consilii sententia Mamertinis se frumentum non imperare pronunciat, id. Verr. 2, 5, 21 al.:

de ejus consilio velle sese facere,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 17:

vix de mea voluntate concessum est,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 4:

de exemplo meo ipse aedificato,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 86:

de more vetusto,

Verg. A. 11, 142; Ov. M. 7, 606:

de nomine,

id. ib. 1, 447:

patrioque vocat de nomine mensem,

id. F. 3, 77.

With adjectives to form adverbial expressions.

De integro, anew ( = ab integro, ex integro; cf.: iterum, rursus, denuo), indidemque eadem aeque oriuntur de integro, atque eodem occidunt, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll. (v. 92 Ribb.):

ratio de integro ineunda est mihi,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56; id. Att. 13, 27; id. Fam. 12, 30, 2 et saep. (The combination de novo appears only in the contracted form denuo, v. h. v.).—

De improviso, unexpectedly:

ubi de improviso interventum est mulieri,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 40; id. And. 2, 2, 23; id. Ad. 3, 3, 53; Caes. B. G. 2, 3; 5, 22; 5, 39 et saep.; Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151 et saep.—

De transverso, unexpectedly:

ecce autem de transverso L. Caesar ut veniam ad se rogat,

Cic. Att. 15, 4 fin.; Auct. Her. 4, 10, 14.

or pron. and its substantive; cf.

above multa de nocte, media de nocte, gravi de causa, etc.: qua de re,

Ter. Andr. 1, 2, 13; esp. in the judic. formula: qua de re agitur; cf. Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6; Cic. Brut. 79 fin. Also freq. after a simple relative:

quo de,

Cic. Inv. 1, 28, 41; 54, 104; 2, 11, 37:

qua de,

id. ib. 2, 23, 70 et saep.

In composition the e becomes short before a vowel, as in dĕhisco, dĕhinc, dĕorsum, and coincides with it in the poets by synaeresis; cf.: dehinc, deinde, deinceps, deorsum; sometimes contraction takes place, as in debeo, debilis, dego, demo, from dehabeo, de-habilis, de-ago, de-emo.—

Signif.

Separation, departure, removal, taking away; off, away, down, out: decedo, demigro, demeto, depromo, descendo, devolvo, derivo, deflecto, etc.; and trop. dedico, denuntio; and in a downward direction, decido, decumbo, deprimo, demergo, delabor, defluo, demitto, desido, desideo, declivis, deculco, degredior, deicio, etc.—

Cessation, removal of the fundamental idea ( = un-, de-, dis-): dearmo, deartuo, decresco, dedisco, dedecoro, dedignor, dedoceo, denascor, denormo, desum, etc.; and hence direct negation, as in dedecet, deformis, demens, etc.—

With reference to the terminus of the action: defero, defigo, demitto, etc.; hence also trop., with reference to the extent of the action, to the uttermost, to exhaustion, through. out: debacchor, debello, dedolo, delino, delibuo, etc.: defatigo, delaboro, delasso, etc.; hence freq. a mere strengthening of the fundamental idea, = valde, thoroughly, much: demiror, demitigo, etc.—

Giving a bad sense to the verb: decipio, delinquo, deludo, derideo, detestor.—

Rarely, contraction from a broad into a narrow space, together: deligo, devincio. See also Hand Turs. II. p. 183-229.

certus, a, um [orig. P. a. from cerno; hence], adj., determined, resolved, fixed, settled, purposed: non dubius.

(Acc. to cerno, II. D.) Certum est (mihi), it is determined, it is my ( thy, his, etc.) decision, resolution, will, I am resolved, I mean, etc. (mostly ante-class.; most freq. in Plaut.); with inf.: quorum virtuti belli Fortuna pepercit, Eorundem me libertati parcere certum est, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 206 Vahl.):

certum'st hominem eludere,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 109:

tibi credere,

id. Aul. 4, 9, 7; cf. id. Capt. 3, 1, 32; id. Curc. 2, 1, 1; id. Cas. 2, 4, 15; id. Cist. 3, 1, 16; id. Ep. 5, 1, 57; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 37; id. Most. 1, 3, 80; id. Men. 5, 6, 12; id. Mil. 2, 3, 32; id. Merc. 3, 1, 7; id. Ps. 1, 5, 138; id. Poen. 5, 5, 25; id. Pers. 2, 2, 39; id. Rud. 3, 3, 22; id. Stich. 5, 4, 2; id. Trin. 2, 1, 34; id. Truc. 2, 6, 68; Ter. And. 2, 1, 11; id. Eun. 1, 2, 108: certum est deliberatumque, quae ad causam pertinere arbitror, omnia dicere, Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

certum atque decretum est non dare signum,

Liv. 2, 45, 13:

certum est igni circumdare muros,

Verg. A. 9, 153.—Certum'st mihi with inf., Plaut. As. 1, 3, 94; 3, 3, 23; id. Cas. 1, 1, 3; id. Mil. 3, 1, 154; id. Ps. 4, 8, 2; Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144; Liv. 35, 46, 13; Ov. M. 9, 53 al.—Without inf., esp. parenthet., with expression of purpose by a fut. tense:

certum est, malam rem potius quaeram cum lucro,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 15:

certum est, jam dicam patri,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 15:

certum est, ibo ad medicum,

id. Merc. 2, 4, 4: An. Certumn' est tibi? Ly. Certum, id. Poen. 2, 48; cf. id. Stich. 4, 2, 33.—With pron. or subst.: Ar. Certumne'st tibi istuc? He. Non moriri certius, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 74;

so further with istuc,

id. ib. 2, 1, 20; Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 30:

mihi autem abjurare certius est quam dependere,

Cic. Att. 1, 8, 3:

ad eum senem oppugnare certum est consilium,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 60:

quae nunc sunt certa ei consilia, etc.,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 16:

certa res hanc est objurgare,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 73; so id. Merc. 5, 2, 16; id. Mil. 2, 4, 45; Ter. And. 2, 2, 31; Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 16.—

(From the time of the Aug. poets.) Transf. to the person who is determined upon something, determined, resolved, bent.

With inf.:

certa mori,

Verg. A. 4, 564 (cf. id. ib. 4, 475:

decrevitque mori): certi non cedere,

Ov. M. 9, 43:

certa sequi,

Val. Fl. 5, 47.—

With gen. (cf. Ramsh. Gr. p. 323; Zumpt, Gr. § 437, n. 1;

A. and S. § 213, R. 1): certus eundi,

Verg. A. 4, 554; Ov. M. 11, 440:

desciscendi,

Tac. H. 4, 14:

relinquendae vitae,

id. A. 4, 34:

necis,

Sil. 6, 27:

fugae,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 12:

destinationis,

Tac. A. 12, 32:

sceleris,

id. ib. 12, 66:

consilii,

id. H. 2, 46.—

With an:

nec sat certa an cederet armis,

Sil. 9, 480.—

An epithet of all those objects whose existence or reality is fixed, determined (hence in connection with definitus, Quint. 7, 10, 7;

with praefinitus,

Suet. Galb. 14), or in respect to which there can be no doubt (hence opp. dubius, Quint. 7, 6, 3; 5, 12, 3; 12, 3, 6 al.).

Object.

Of things whose external qualities, number, etc., are invariable, established, settled, fixed, particular, specified, etc. (class.):

Arboribus primum certis gravis umbra tributa,

Lucr. 6, 783:

fruges, bacae,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

jam ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat,

id. Cat. 3, 7, 16:

concilium in diem certam indicere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 30 fin.;

so with dies,

a fixed term, Cato, R. R. 149, 1; Cic. Att. 6, 2, 9; Nep. Chabr. 3, 1; Liv. 1, 50, 1; Tac. G. 9 al.; cf.:

certis diebus,

Verg. G. 2, 329:

quaerere ab judicibus cur in certa verba jurent, cur certo tempore conveniant, certo discedant,

Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132; cf. Suet. Aug. 41:

certum praefinitumque tempus,

id. Galb. 14; and:

certum statumque vectigal,

id. Calig. 40:

pecunia (opp. arbitraria), v. arbitrarius: finis aerumnarum,

Lucr. 1, 108; cf. id. 2, 512; 8, 1091; Hor. S. 1, 1, 106; id. Ep. 1, 2, 56:

locus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 6:

numerus,

id. ib. 7, 75:

signum,

fixed, agreed upon, id. B. C. 1, 27:

naves,

fixed in number and quality, id. ib. 1, 56:

pecuniae imperabantur,

id. ib. 3, 32 fin.:

conviva,

i. e. a daily, constant guest, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 75 Schmid:

ecquem tu illo certiorem nebulonem,

Cic. Att. 15, 21, 2.—

But sometimes indef., like quidam, and our certain, of things, the certainty of whose existence is given, but whose nature is not more definitely designated, or comes not into consideration (cf. aliquis):

Cephaloedi mensis est certus, quo mense sacerdotem maximum creari oporteat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 128:

habet certos sui studiosos,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

(hunc) certis rebus imperatis regnare jussit,

id. Sest. 27, 58:

certi homines ad eam rem periti,

id. ib. 18, 41:

res a certis hominibus corrupta,

id. Fam. 1, 2, 3; 4, 9, 2; 16, 11, 2; id. Marcell. 6, 16; id. Deiot. 4, 11; Liv. 34, 61, 7.—Hence in Quint. several times in connection with quidam and aliquis:

ad certas quasdam dicendi leges alligati,

Quint. 8, prooem. § 2; so id. 8, prooem. § 12; 4, 2, 28; 5, 10, 2; 5, 10, 5; 9, 4, 8;

11, 2, 28: aliquos compositionis certos pedes,

id. 10, 2, 13; so id. 7, prooem. § 4; and subst.:

in his certos aliquos docebit,

id. 2, 8, 13.—

Trop., of things whose internal moral qualities are established, fixed, can be relied upon, sure, unerring, to be depended upon, true, faithful, [p. 321] etc. (so most freq. in all periods and species of composition; syn.: firmus, confirmatus, exploratus, indubitatus, manifestus al.).

Of persons: amicus certus in re incertā cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf.:

tu ex amicis certis mi es certissimus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 57:

certi homines, quibus dem litteras,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1; cf. id. Cat. 3, 7, 16; Nep. Paus. 2, 4; id. Alcib. 10, 1; Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 53; id. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 156:

certus enim promisit Apollo, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 28:

auctor (mortis),

Quint. 6, 3, 68; cf. Suet. Tib. 5:

adversus hostem nec spe nec animo certiorem, i. e. firmiorem,

Liv. 10, 35, 17: apud latera certos collocaverat, Sall. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 576 (H. 1, 53 Dietsch); cf. Nep. Dion, 9, 2:

per litora certos dimittam,

Verg. A. 1, 576:

certissimus auctor (Phoebus),

id. G. 1, 432.—

Of things:

satis animo certo et confirmato,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77; cf.

pectora,

Verg. A. 9, 249, and certior indoles, Suet. Ner. 10:

promissa,

Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 1:

parata dicendi copia et certa,

Quint. 10, 6, 6; id. 6, prooem. §

9: jus,

id. 12, 3, 6 et saep.:

jactus (telorum),

Tac. A. 14, 37; cf.

in this sense certa hasta,

Verg. A. 11, 767:

sagitta,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 23:

fides segetis,

id. ib. 3, 16, 30:

spes,

id. C. S. 74:

trames,

id. S. 2, 3, 49:

lar,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 58 al.:

plana et certa,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 1:

certa et clara,

Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 1 Ruhnk.; so Liv. 22, 39, 22; cf. Hor. S. 2, 6, 27.—Subst., with gen.:

certa maris,

Tac. H. 4, 81.—

Subject., of that which is established by evidence, etc., placed beyond doubt, certain, sure, true, proved, established (class.; esp. freq. in neutr.):

cum ad has suspitiones certissimae res accederent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 5, 29:

incerta pro certis malebant,

Sall. C. 17, 6; cf.:

incerta pro certis mutare,

id. J. 83, 1:

postremo certior res,

Liv. 29, 6, 12:

certiora esse dicunt quam, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 3, 5, 13; id. Att. 3, 11, 2; Liv. 10, 35, 12: So. Satin hoc certum'st? Ge. Certum:

hisce oculis egomet vidi,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 31:

jam satis certumst virginem vitiatam esse?

id. Enn. 4, 4, 36:

cum certius tibi sit me esse Romae quam mihi te Athenis,

Cic. Att. 1, 9, 1:

id parum certum est,

Liv. 5, 35, 3:

cum de altero intellectu certum est, de altero dubium,

Quint. 7, 6, 3; cf. id. 7, 3, 4: non certum traditur, with interrog.-clause, Liv. 2, 8, 8:

nec quicquam certi respondes mihi?

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 84:

neque tanto spatio certi quid esset explorari poterat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45:

certum inveniri non potest ne... an,

id. B. C. 1, 25:

si quicquam humanorum certi est,

Liv. 5, 33, 1: Ph. Civemne? Th. Arbitror:

Certum non scimus,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 31; cf. id. Phorm. 1, 2, 98; Cic. Att. 12, 23, 2.—So, certum scire, to know for a certainty, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 12; id. Hec. 3, 1, 44; Cic. Fam. 9, 23 init.:

certum habere,

to reckon certain, id. Att. 1, 13, 1; Liv. 36, 28, 4; 5, 3, 2; Quint. 2, 3, 9; Col. 2, 22, 5 al.:

certum respondeo,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:

cognoscere, Auct. B. Alex. 53: comperire, Auct. B. Hisp. 22.—So also pro certo habere,

Cic. Att. 10, 6, 3; Matius ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, A med.; Sall. C. 52, 17; Suet. Dom. 23:

negare,

Cic. Att. 5, 21, 5:

polliceri,

id. Agr. 2, 37, 102:

dicere aliquid,

id. Brut. 3, 10:

ponere,

Liv. 23, 6, 8:

scire,

id. 25, 10, 1:

affirmare,

id. 27, 1, 13; 3, 23, 7; cf. id. 1, 3, 2 Drak.:

creditur,

Sall. C. 15, 2:

coeperit esse,

Quint. 5, 12, 2:

certius cognoscere ex aliquo de aliquā re,

Caes. B. G. 5, 52, 5.—Strengthened by comp.:

quin nihil invenies magis hoc certo certius,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 111; cf.:

et hoc certo certius est et saepissime constitutum,

Dig. 42, 8, 10, § 14:

certo certius,

Ambros. in Ephes. 5; Paul. Vit. St. Ambros. 25; App. M. 9, p. 237, 27.—In Plaut. certum or certius facere alicui, to give certainty to one concerning any thing, make him certain, Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 17; 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 2, 2, 4.—

Transf. to the person who is made certain in reference to a thing, certain, sure:

certi sumus periisse omnia,

Cic. Att. 2, 19, 5:

num quid nunc es certior?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 191:

posteritatis,

i. e. of posthumous fame, Plin. Ep. 9, 3, 1:

sententiae,

Quint. 4, 3, 8:

judicii,

Sen. Ep. 45, 9:

certus de suā geniturā,

Suet. Vesp. 25:

damnationis,

id. Tib. 61:

exitii,

Tac. A. 1, 27:

spei,

id. H. 4, 3:

matrimonii,

id. A. 12, 3:

certi sumus, etc.,

Gell. 18, 10, 5.—In class. prose mostly in the phrase certiorem facere aliquem (de aliquā re, alicujus rei, with a foll, acc. and inf., with a rel.-clause or absol.), to inform, apprise one of a thing:

me certiorem face,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 69:

ut nos facias certiores,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 32:

uti se (sc. Caesarem) de his rebus certiorem faciant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2:

qui certiorem me sui consilii fecit,

Cic. Att. 9, 2, a, 2:

Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11:

faciam te certiorem quid egerim,

Cic. Att. 3, 11, 1.— With subj. only:

milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5 fin. — Pass.:

quod crebro certior per me fias de omnibus rebus,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1; so Caes. B. G. 1, 7; Sall. J. 104, 1:

Caesar certior factus est, tres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12; so id. ib. 1, 21; 1, 41; 2, 1; Sall. J. 82, 2; Nep. Att. 12, 3:

factus certior, quae res gererentur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15:

non consulibus certioribus factis,

Liv. 45, 21, 4.—Also in posit., though rarely:

fac me certum quid tibi est,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 16; 4, 6, 35; Verg. A. 3, 179:

lacrimae suorum Tam subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae,

Ov. M. 6, 268.— Hence, adv. in two forms.

certō, with certainty, certainly, surely, of a truth, in fact, really, object. and subject. (cf. supra, II. A. and B.); only in the comic poets, and sometimes (most. freq. in his epistt.) in Cic., while the adverbial form certe belongs to all periods and all species of composition. The difference between them is, perhaps, merely historical; but v. infra, certe, B. I. 2. init.

Object.:

perii certo, haud arbitrario,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 42; cf. id. Merc. 2, 3, 106:

mihi certo nomen Sosia'st,

id. Am. 1, 1, 176; id. Men. 2, 2, 39; Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 12:

nihil ita exspectare quasi certo futurum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81 (cf. the passage cited under certo, I. 1., from id. Div. 2, 7, 18).—

In affirm. answers: Me. Liberum ego te jussi abire? Mes. Certo, yes, certainly, Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 9; so id. ib. 5, 9, 50; 2, 3, 38; id. Poen. 5, 5, 21; Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 9.—

Subject.

In gen. (very rare):

certo enim ego vocem hic loquentis modo mi audire visus sum,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 5, 4:

ego rus abituram me esse certo decrevi,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 10: Th. Quid aīs? Py. Atqui certo comperi, id. Eun. 5, 1, 9.—

Esp. in the formula of asseveration, certo scio, I certainly know, I am fully persuaded, beyond all doubt (class.):

certo edepol scio, me vidisse, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 2; id. Truc. 1, 1, 49; Ter. And. 5, 4, 26; id. Ad. 4, 5, 14; id. Eun. 1, 2, 119; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 19:

quod te moleste ferre certo scio,

Cic. Att. 1, 12, 3; 2, 23, 2; id. Fam. 4, 13, 6; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 21; id. Phil. 3, 6, 17; id. Sen. 1, 1; 1, 2; Sall. J. 9, 2; id. C. 51, 16:

veniunt in mentem mihi permulta: vobis plura, certo scio,

Cic. Caecin. 19, 55 (cf. under certe, I. 2.).—

certē (class.; cf. supra, certo init.).

Affirming strongly, with certainty, certainly, undoubtedly, assuredly, surely, really.

Object.:

certe edepol, tu me alienabis,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 243:

ego quidem ab hoc certe exorabo,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 58:

certe hercle,

id. As. 2, 1, 15; cf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 8; Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 71; Ter. And. 2, 2, 10:

quom is certe Renuntiarit,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 4:

certe captus est!

id. And. 1, 1, 55:

certe ut videamur cernere eum,

Lucr. 4, 760:

si enim scit, certe illud eveniet: sin certe eveniet, nulla fortuna est,

Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18; cf. id. N. D. 1, 2, 5:

fuit certe id aequum et certe exspectatum est, etc.,

id. Planc. 16, 38:

ea certe vera sunt,

id. Mil. 35, 96:

M. Catoni certe licuit, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

jam illa perfugia certe minime sunt audienda,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

cum se certe decessurum videret,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 104; Cat. 62, 8:

certe hinc Romanos olim fore ductores pollicitus,

Verg. A. 1, 234:

o dea certe,

a goddess surely, id. ib. 1, 328:

postremo expellet certe vivacior heres,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 132:

placuit tibi, Delphice, certe, Dum, etc.,

Ov. M. 2, 543 al. — Comp.:

speculatores mittere, qui certius explorata referant,

Liv. 3, 40, 13; 35, 48, 3:

si reperire vocas amittere certius,

Ov. M. 5, 519; App. M. 2, p. 118, 1.— Sup., Tert. Pall. 4.—

In an answer of affirmation:

estne ipsus an non est! Is est, Certe is est, is est profecto,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 65; so Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 53; Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9; id. Clu. 54, 149; id. Phil. 1, 15, 37; id. Ac. 2, 35, 113; and in confirmation of a preceding fact: venerat, ut opinor, haec res in judicium. Certe, certainly, surely, Cic. Rosc. Com. 14, 42; id. Fam. 4, 2, 5; id. Or. 42, 144; cf. id. Off. 3, 29, 105; id. Fin. 2, 27, 91.—

Subject., mostly in the phrase certe scio, I know to a certainty, I am sure (acc. to Klotz ad Cic. Sen. 1, 2, certe scio = certum est me scire, I am fully convinced: certo scio = certum est quod scio, my knowledge is accurate, etc.):

certe edepol scio, si aliud quicquam est quod credam aut certo sciam, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 115:

edepol certo scio,

id. Bacch. 2, 3, 20:

scelestiorem me hac anu certe scio Vidisse numquam,

id. Aul. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. Arch. 12, 32:

ex litteris certe scire potuistis,

id. Font. 4, 8; id. Phil. 12, 12, 29:

quod iste certe statuerat ac deliberaverat non adesse,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 1.—

In affirm. answers: Ar. Ain' vero? Le. Certe, inquam, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 132: Ch. Ain'tu? So. Certe, sic erit, Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 12.—

In a subjective supposition or presumption that a thing is so, certainly, surely, assuredly, doubtless, of course; Gr. isôs:

ah nugas agis, Certe habes,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 25; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 58:

si me tanti facis, quanti certe facis,

Cic. Fam. 11, 16, 3; 7, 8, 1; cf. Verg. A. 1, 234; Ov. M. 2, 423; Prop. 2, 7, 1. —

In interrog., Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 3; Suet. Aug. 33.—

Affirming with restriction, yet surely, yet indeed, at least, notwithstanding (very freq. in prose and poetry, esp. after the class. per.).

Alone:

si non ipsā re tibi istuc dolet, Simulare certe est hominis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 16:

cingitur, certe expedit se,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 152:

ut homines mortem vel optare incipiant, vel certe timere desistant,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 117:

haec... sint falsa sane, invidiosa certe non sunt,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 105:

qui... ut non referat pedem, sistet certe,

id. Phil. 12, 4, 8:

res fortasse verae, certe graves,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7; cf. Liv. 9, 11, 13:

consulatum unum certe plebis Romanae esse,

id. 22, 34, 11:

quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore, Quas dedimus certe terras habitare sinamus,

Ov. M. 1, 195 et saep.:

quo quid sit beatius, mihi certe in mentem venire non potest,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81; so,

ego certe,

Quint. 8, 3, 65; 9, 4, 57:

certe ego,

Sall. J. 31, 5; Ov. H. 19, 81; id. M. 13, 840; id. Tr. 4, 5, 13:

mihi certe,

Quint. 10, 3, 23:

ipse certe,

id. 8, 6, 30; Curt. 7, 4, 19; 7, 6, 22.—

With other particles.

With tamen:

illud certe tamen, quod jam amplexi sumus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 22; id. Sen. 23, 84.—

With at: quod (consilium) si non fuerit prudens, at certe ab optima fide proficiscetur, Balb. et opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A, 1; Ov. F. 3, 351; cf. at II. 3.—

With sed: non integrā re, sed certe minus infractā, quam, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10, 8; cf. Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 56 dub. B. and K. —

With quidem:

ubi sit animus, certe quidem in te est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:

quoniam volumus quidem certe senes fieri,

id. Sen. 2, 6; id. Quint. 15, 50:

certe quidem vos estis Romani, etc.,

Liv. 45, 22, 5. (But quidem does not belong with certe in such passages as the foll.:

hic quidem certe memorat, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 261 al.; v. quidem; cf. also aut and vel.)

rēs, rei (rēi with e long; gen., Lucr. 2, 112; 548; 6, 918; dat., id. 1, 688; 2, 236; rei, gen., monosyl. at the end of the verse, Lucr. 3, 918;

and in the middle of the verse,

id. 4, 885, and Poët. ap. Lact. 6, 6), f. [ etym. dub.; perh. root ra- of reor, ratus; cf. Germ. Ding; Engl. thing, from denken, to think; prop., that which is thought of; cf. also logos, Lid. and Scott, 9], a thing, object, being; a matter, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case, etc.; and sometimes merely = something (cf.: causa, ratio, negotium).

In gen.:

unde initum primum capiat res quaeque movendi,

Lucr. 1, 383; cf. id. 1, 536:

in partes res quaeque minutas Distrahitur,

id. 2, 826: summe Sol, qui omnes res inspicis, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 321 Vahl.):

versus, quos ego de Rerum Naturā pangere conor,

Lucr. 1, 25; cf. id. 1, 126; 5, 54:

rerum natura creatrix,

id. 2, 1117:

divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (v. divinus):

haeret haec res,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 182:

profecto, ut loquor, ita res est,

id. ib. 2, 1, 19:

haud mentior, resque uti facta dico,

id. ib. 2, 1, 23:

de Alcumenā ut rem teneatis rectius,

id. ib. prol. 110:

in tantis rebus (sc. in re publicā defendendā),

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4 et saep.:

quo Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re Impositum est, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis,

from the nature of the thing, Lucr. 6, 740; cf. id. 6, 424; Liv. 1, 17:

si res postulabit,

the condition of the case, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: scaena rei totius haec, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:

fugam in se nemo convertitur Nec recedit loco, quin statim rem gerat,

does his duty, stands his ground, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84; so, res gerere, v. gero; hence, too, rerum scriptor, for a historian, v. scriptor, and cf. II. H. infra.—

With adj. of quality, to express condition, etc.:

illic homo a me sibi malam rem arcessit,

is bringing a bad business on himself, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 171; so,

res mala,

a wretched condition, Sall. C. 20, 13; and more freq. in plur.:

bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas,

circumstances, condition, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45; id. Rud. 3, 3, 12:

res secundae,

good fortune, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30; cf. Liv. 3, 9:

res prosperae,

Nep. Dion, 6, 1; id. Eum. 5, 1:

in secundissimis rebus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 91:

adversae res,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; Hor. S. 2, 2, 136; 2, 8, 73:

res belli adversae,

Liv. 10, 6:

res dubiae,

Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; Liv. 2, 50; 7, 30;

v. bonus, florens, salvus, adversus, dubius, novus, arduus, etc.— Freq. in curses, etc.: in malam rem,

go to the bad, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 37; id. And. 2, 1, 17:

malam rem hinc ibis?

id. Eun. 3, 3, 30.—

With an adj. in a periphrasis:

abhorrens ab re uxoriā,

matrimony, Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

in arbitrio rei uxoriae,

dowry, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 61:

rem divinam nisi compitalibus... ne faciat,

a religious act, act of worship, a sacrifice, Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

bellicam rem administrari majores nostri nisi auspicato noluerunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 36, 76; Hor. C. 4, 3, 6:

erat ei pecuaria res ampla et rustica,

Cic. Quint. 3, 12: res rustica, agriculture:

rei rusticae libro primo,

Col. 11, 1, 2; id. 1, praef. §

19: liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

Cic. Sen. 15, 54:

navalis rei certamina,

naval battles, Amm. 26, 3, 5:

res militaris,

Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2:

rei militaris gloria,

id. Mur. 9, 22; Nep. Milt. 8, 4:

res frumentaria,

forage, Caes. B. C. 3, 16; id. B. G. 1, 23; 4, 7:

armatae rei scientissimus,

Amm. 25, 4, 7:

peritus aquariae rei,

id. 28, 2, 2:

res judicaria,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31:

res ludicra,

play, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180:

uti rebus veneriis,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47; Nep. Alc. 11, 4:

res Veneris,

Lucr. 2, 173; Ov. R. Am. 431; v. also familiaris, judiciaria, militaris, navalis, etc., and cf. II. G. infra. —

With pronouns or adjectives, as an emphatic periphrase for the neutr.:

ibi me inclamat Alcumena: jam ea res me horrore afficit,

this now, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16; cf.: De. Estne hoc, ut dico? Li. Rectam instas viam:

Ea res est,

it is even so, id. As. 1, 1, 40:

de fratre confido ita esse ut semper volui. Multa signa sunt ejus rei,

of it, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 5: quos (melittônas) alii melittotropheia appellant, eandem rem quidam mellaria. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12:

sunt ex te quae scitari volo, Quarum rerum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 13; cf. Caes. B. G. 3, 4:

quibus de rebus quoniam nobis contigit ut aliquid essemus consecuti,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

quā super re interfectum esse Hippotem dixisti? Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. superescit, p. 244: resciscet Amphitruo rem omnem,

every thing, all, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 30:

nulla res tam delirantes homines concinat cito,

nothing, id. Am. 2, 2, 96; cf.:

neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9; cf.

also: sumptu ne parcas ullā in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit,

id. Fam. 16, 4, 2:

magna res principio statim bello,

a great thing, a great advantage, Liv. 31, 23 fin.:

nil admirari prope res est una Solaque, quae, etc.,

the only thing, only means, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1 et saep. — Emphatically with sup.:

scilicet rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,

the most beautiful thing in the world, Verg. G. 2, 534; Quint. 1, 12, 16 Spald. p. 81. —

Of persons, etc.: est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

maxime rerum,

Ov. H. 9, 107; cf.:

maxima rerum Roma,

Verg. A. 7, 602; Ov. M. 13, 508:

fortissima rerum animalia,

id. ib. 12, 502:

pulcherrime rerum,

id. H. 4, 125; id. A. A. 1, 213; id. M. 8, 49:

dulcissime rerum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4.—

In adverb. phrases:

e re natā melius fieri haud potuit,

after what has happened, Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8:

pro re natā,

according to circumstances, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2; 14, 6, 1:

pro tempore et pro re,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

factis benignus pro re,

according to circumstances, Liv. 7, 33, 3; Sall. J. 50, 2:

pro re pauca loquar,

Verg. A. 4, 337; Lucr. 6, 1280:

ex re et ex tempore,

Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3:

e re respondi,

Cat. 10, 8.

In partic.

Pregn., an actual thing, the thing itself, reality, truth, fact; opposed to appearance, mere talk, the mere name of a thing:

ecastor, re experior, quanti facias uxorem tuam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 10:

desiste dictis nunc jam miseram me consolari: Nisi quid re praesidium apparas, etc.,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 21: rem ipsam loqui. Ter. And. 1, 2, 31:

rem fabulari,

Plaut. Trin 2, 4, 87:

nihil est aliud in re,

in fact, Liv. 10, 8, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:

se ipsa res aperit,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7:

ex re decerpere fructus,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79;

opp. verbum, vox, opinio, spes, nomen, etc.: rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; cf.: te rogo, ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5:

non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

qui hos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt,

id. N. D. 3, 21, 53:

Peripateticos et Academicos nominibus differentes, re congruentes,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 15:

quod nos honestum, illi vanum... verbis quam re probabilius vocant,

Quint. 3, 8, 22; Sen. Ep. 120, 9:

eum, tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio suo confiteri,

id. Rosc. Am. 42, 123; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 15:

vides quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā atque a veritate,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44. — Hence, abl. sing., often strengthened by verā (sometimes as one word, reverā), in fact, really, in truth, indeed, in reality:

haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur,

Cic. Quint. 17, 56; so,

re quidem verā,

id. Clu. 19, 54; id. Sest. 7, 15:

re autem verā,

id. Fam. 1, 4, 2;

and simply re verā,

id. Quint. 2, 7; id. Div. 2, 54, 110; id. Balb. 3, 7:

re verāque,

Lucr. 2, 48; cf.:

et re verā,

indeed, in fact, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1; Liv. 33, 11, 3; 35, 31, 12; 36, 6, 1; Nep. Ages. 2, 3; id. Phoc. 3, 3; Curt. 3, 13, 5; 4, 16, 19; Val. Max. 9, 13, ext. 1; Just. 5, 1, 8; 12, 13, 10; Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 1.—

Effects, substance, property, possessions:

mihi Chrysalus Perdidit filium, me atque rem omnem Meam,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 26; cf.: Ph. Habuitne rem? Ly. Habuit. Ph. Qui eam perdidit... Mercaturamne an venales habuit, ubi rem perdidit? id. Trin. 2, 2, 49 sq.:

quibus et re salvā et perditā profueram,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 27:

rem talentum decem,

id. Phorm. 2, 3, 46; Juv. 3, 16:

avidior ad rem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:

rem facere,

to make money, Cic. Att. 2, 2, 12:

res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,

id. Cat. 2, 5, [p. 1576] 10:

qui duo patrimonia accepisset remque praeterea bonis et honestis rationibus auxisset,

id. Rab. Post. 14, 38:

libertino natum patre et in tenui re,

in narrow circumstances, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 20 et saep.; v. also familiaris.— In plur.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.):

privatae res,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5.—

Hence, law t. t., whatever may be the subject of a right, whether corporeal or incorporeal (v. Sandars, Introd. to Just. Inst. p. 42 sqq.):

res corporales,

Just. Inst. 2, 2, 1 sq.; Gai. Inst. 2, 12; Dig. 1, 8, 1:

res in patrimonio, res extra patrimonium,

Just. Inst. 2, 1 pr.; Gai. Inst. 2, 1:

res sanctae,

Just. Inst. 2, 1, 10; v. also mancipium, privatus, etc.—

Benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal:

res magis quaeritur, quam, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 6:

melius illi consulas quam rei tuae,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 98:

haec tuā re feceris,

to your advantage, id. Capt. 2, 2, 46.— Most freq. with the prepositions in, ex, ob, ab, etc.:

quasi istic minor mea res agatur quam tua,

is interested, affected, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 113 (v. ago):

si in rem tuam esse videatur,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 2:

vide si hoc in rem deputas,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

quod in rem recte conducat tuam,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 26:

si in remst utrique,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 14:

quid mihi melius est, quid magis in rem est, quam? etc.,

useful, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 1:

tamen in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1:

omnia quae in rem videbantur esse,

Curt. 6, 2, 21:

ad conparanda ea quae in rem erant,

Liv. 30, 4, 6:

imperat quae in rem sunt,

id. 26, 44, 7; 22, 3, 2:

ex tuā re non est, ut ego emoriar,

for your advantage, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102: An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 41: ob rem facere, usefully, with advantage or profit, Sall. J. 31, 5: subdole blanditur, ab re Consulit blandiloquentulus, contrary to his interest, i. e. to his injury, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12 Brix ad loc.:

haud id est ab re aucupis,

id. As. 1, 3, 71:

haec haud ab re duxi referre,

Liv. 8, 11, 1:

non ab re esse Quinctio visum est interesse, etc.,

id. 35, 32, 6; Plin. 27, 8, 35, § 57; Suet. Aug. 94; Gell. 18, 4, 6; 1, 26, 4; Macr. S. 1, 4, 19.—

Cause, reason, ground, account; only in the connection eā (hac) re, and eam ob rem, adverb., therefore, on that account:

eā re tot res sunt, ubi bene deicias,

Cato, R. R. 158, 2:

hac re nequeunt ex omnibus omnia gigni, Quod, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 172; cf.:

illud eā re a se esse concessum, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111:

patrem exoravi, tibi ne noceat, neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 39; cf.:

quoi rei?

for what purpose? id. As. 3, 2, 43; id. Poen. 2, 3, 3.—Hence (by uniting into one word) the causal adverbs quare and quamobrem, v. h. vv.—

An affair, matter of business, business:

cum et de societate inter se multa communicarent et de totā illā ratione atque re Gallicanā,

Cic. Quint. 4, 15:

rem cum aliquo transigere,

id. Clu. 13, 39. —

Hence, transf., in gen.: res alicui est cum aliquo,

to have to do with any one, Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Sest. 16, 37; id. Fam. 9, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 7, 77; cf.:

famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 182 Brix ad loc.— Also without a dat.:

quoniam cum senatore res est,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3;

esp., in mal. part.: rem habere cum aliquo or aliquā,

to have to do with any one, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 35; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 39; 58. —Ellipt.:

jam biennium est, quom mecum rem coepit,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 15. —

A case in law, a lawsuit, cause, suit (more gen. than causa):

ubi res prolatae sunt,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 10:

res agi,

id. Men. 4, 2, 19; id. Aul. 3, 4, 13:

quibus res erat in controversiā, ea vocabatur lis,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 93; cf.

(prob. in allusion to this legal form): tot homines... statuere non potuisse, utrum diem tertium an perendinum... rem an litem dici oporteret,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27; cf.

also: quarum rerum litium causarum condixit pater patratus, etc., an ancient formula,

Liv. 1, 32:

de rebus ab aliquo cognitis judicatisque dicere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:

pecunias capere ob rem judicandam,

id. Fin. 2, 16, 54:

si res certabitur olim,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 27; 1, 10, 15; 1, 9, 41; id. Ep. 1, 16, 43:

tractu temporis futurum, ut res pereat,

Dig. 3, 3, 12:

rem differre,

ib. 43, 30, 3: res judicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione judicis accipit, ib. 42, 1, 1 et saep.—

An affair, esp. a battle, campaign, military operations; in phrase rem (or res) gerere:

res gesta virtute,

Cic. Fin. 5, 23, 66:

ut res gesta est ordine narrare,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 3:

his rebus gestis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

res gerere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 33:

rem bene gerere,

id. ib. 1, 8, 1; Ter. Ad. 5, 1, 13:

comminus rem gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44:

res gestae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 7; 2, 1, 251:

adversus duos simul rem gerere,

Liv. 21, 60:

rem male gerere,

Nep. Them. 3, 3; Hor. S. 2, 3, 74:

in relatione rerum ab Scythis gestarum,

Just. 2, 1, 1; cf.:

rem agere,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4; id. A. P. 82:

ante rem,

before the battle, Liv. 4, 40:

cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimant,

Nep. Pel. 1, 3; Cic. Sest. 16, 37.—

Acts, events, as the subject of narration, a story, history:

res in unam sententiam scripta,

Auct. Her. 1, 12, 20:

cui lecta potenter erit res,

Hor. A. P. 40; id. S. 1, 10, 57; id. Ep. 1, 19, 29:

in medias res auditorem rapere,

id. A. P. 148; 310:

agitur res in scaenis,

id. ib. 179; cf.:

numeros animosque secutus, non res,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 25; Phaedr. 5, 1, 12:

sicut in rebus ejus (Neronis) exposuimus,

Plin. 2, 83, 85, § 199:

litterae, quibus non modo res omnis, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

res populi Romani perscribere, Liv. praef. § 1: res Persicae,

history, Nep. Con. 5, 4; id. Cat. 3, 2.—

Res publica, also as one word, respublica, the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic (cf. civitas); also, civil affairs, administration, or power, etc.: qui pro republicā, non pro suā obsonat, Cato ap. Ruf. 18, p. 210; cf.:

erat tuae virtutis, in minimis tuas res ponere, de re publicā vehementius laborare,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

dummodo ista privata sit calamitas et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur,

id. Cat. 1, 9; cf.:

si re publicā non possis frui, stultum est nolle privatā,

id. Fam. 4, 9, 4:

egestates tot egentissimorum hominum nec privatas posse res nec rem publicam sustinere,

id. Att. 9, 7, 5 (v. publicus); Cato ap. Gell. 10, 14, 3: auguratum est, rem Romanam publicam summam fore, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:

quo utiliores rebus suis publicis essent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 155:

commutata ratio est rei totius publicae,

id. Att. 1, 8, 4: pro republicā niti, Cato ap. Charis. p. 196 fin.:

merere de republicā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 40:

de re publicā disputatio... dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

oppugnare rem publicam,

id. Cael. 1, 1; id. Har. Resp. 8, 15; id. Sest. 23, 52:

paene victā re publicā,

id. Fam. 12, 13, 1:

delere rem publicam,

id. Sest. 15, 33; Lact. 6, 18, 28.—Esp. in the phrase e re publicā, for the good of the State, for the public benefit:

senatūs consultis bene et e re publicā factis,

Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 30:

ea si dicam non esse e re publicā dividi,

id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; id. Mil. 5, 14; Liv. 8, 4, 12; 25, 7, 4; 34, 34, 9; Suet. Rhet. 1 init. —Post-class. and rare, also ex republicā, Gell. 6, 3, 47; 11, 9, 1;

but exque is used for euphony (class.): id eum recte atque ordine exque re publicā fecisse,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36; 10, 11, 26.— In plur.:

eae nationes respublicas suas amiserunt, C. Gracch. ap. Fest. s. h. v. p. 286 Müll.: hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44:

circuitus in rebus publicis commutationum,

id. ib. 1, 29, 45 et saep.—

Sometimes simply res, the State (in the poets, and since the Aug. per. in prose): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84 (Ann. v. 313 Vahl.):

hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam sistet,

Verg. A. 6, 858; cf.:

nec rem Romanam tam desidem umquam fuisse,

Liv. 21, 16; 1, 28:

parva ista non contemnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt,

id. 6, 41 fin.:

Romana,

Hor. C. S. 66; id. Ep. 1, 12, 25; Ov. M. 14, 809; Sall. C. 6, 3; cf.:

ut paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti,

Liv. 1, 28 fin.:

Albana,

id. 1, 6.— In plur.:

res Asiae evertere,

Verg. A. 3, 1:

custode rerum Caesare,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; cf.:

res sine discordiā translatae,

Tac. H. 1, 29; so (also in Cic.), rerum potiri, v. potior. —

Res novae, political changes, a revolution, etc.; v. novus.

căvĕo, cāvi, cautum, (2 d pers. sing. scanned cavĕs, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 19; imper. cavĕ, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 61; id. Capt. 2, 3, 71; id. Most. 1, 4, 13 et saep.: Cat. 50, 19; Hor. S. 2, 3, 38; Prop. 1, 7, 25; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 435; old sup. CAVĬTVM, C. I. L. 1, 200, 6 sq.), 3, v. n. and a. [root SKOF- or KOF-, to be wary; whence Gr. thuoskoos, akouô, etc.; Lat. causa, cura; cf. also Germ. scheuen; Engl. shy], to be on one ' s guard, either for one's self or (more rarely) for another; hence,

In gen., with and without sibi, to be on one ' s guard, to take care, take heed, beware, guard against, avoid, = phulassomai, and the Fr. se garder, prendre garde, etc.; constr., absol., with ub, and in a course of action with ne or ut (also ellipt. with the simple subj.); or, as in Greek, with acc. (= phulassomai ti); hence also pass. and with inf., and once with cum.

Absol.:

qui consulte, docte, atque astute cavet,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 14:

faciet, nisi caveo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 8:

ego cavebo,

id. Ad. 4, 2, 12; 1, 1, 45:

erunt (molesti) nisi cavetis. Cautum est, inquit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; Quint. 8, 3, 47:

cum animum attendisset ad cavendum,

Nep. Alcib. 5, 2; Suet. Claud. 37:

metues, doctusque cavebis,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 68.—Esp. freq. in the warning cave, look out! be careful! Ter. And. 1, 2, 34; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 51; Hor. C. 1, 14, 16; Ov. M. 2, 89.—

With ab and abl.:

eo mi abs te caveo cautius,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 42; id. Ps. 1, 5, 59; 4, 7, 128:

si abs te modo uno caveo,

id. Most. 3, 3, 24; Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 44:

sibi ab eo,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 87:

navis Aps quă cavendum nobis sane censeo,

id. Men. 2, 2, 70:

pater a me petiit Ut mihi caverem a Pseudolo servo suo,

id. Ps. 3, 2, 108:

a crasso infortunio,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 53:

ille Pompeium monebat, ut meam domum metueret, atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133:

caveo ab homine impuro,

id. Phil. 12, 10, 25:

a Cassio,

Suet. Calig. 57:

a veneno,

Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64:

ab insidiis,

Sall. J. 108, 2:

monitum ut sibi ab insidiis Rufini caveret,

App. Mag. 87, p. 329, 16; id. M. 2, p. 117, 3.—

With the simple abl.:

caveo malo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 39:

infortunio,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 48: id. Cas. 2, 6, 59; id. Men. 1, 2, 13; id. Pers. 3, 1, 41:

ipsus sibi cavit loco,

i. e. got out of the way, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 12.—

With cum (rare):

Hercle, mihi tecum cavendum est,

with you, I must look out for myself, Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 21.—

With adversus, Quint. 9, 1, 20. —

Followed by a final clause.

With ne, to take heed that... not, to be on one ' s guard lest: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet;

cum etiam cavet, etiam cum cavisse ratus est, saepe is cautor captus est,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5 and 6:

caves, ne videat, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

ego me scio cavisse, ne ulla merito contumelia Fieri a nobis posset,

id. Hec. 3, 5, 20; Afran. ap. Non. p. 111, 14; Lucr. 4, 1141:

cavete, judices, ne nova... proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Div. 2, 40, 84; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4; 11, 21, 4; Sall. J. 55, 3; Suet. Tib. 37:

cave, ne,

Cat. 61, 152; Hor. C. 3, 7, 24; id. S. 2, 3, 177; id. Ep. 1, 6, 32; 1, 13, 19; Ov. M. 2, 89; 10, 685:

cave sis, ne,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 215:

caveto ne,

Cato, R. R. 5, 6:

caveas, ne,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 80:

caveant, ne,

id. A. P. 244:

cavendum est, ne,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 140; Quint. 4, 3, 8; 12, 11, 2; Suet. Tib. 67; Quint. 9, 4, 23; 5, 11, 27.—

With ut ne (rare):

quod ut ne accidat cavendum est,

Cic. Lael. 26, 99.—

With a simple subj.; so only imper.: cave or cavete (cf. age), beware of, take care not, etc.:

cave geras,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 79:

dixeris,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 12:

faxis cave,

id. And. 4, 4, 14; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 13; Hor. S. 2, 3, 38:

sis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 29:

contingas,

Lucr. 2, 755:

despuas,

Cat. 50, 19:

ignoscas,

Cic. Lig. 5, 14:

existimes,

id. Fam. 9, 24, 4:

putes,

id. ib. 10, 12, 1 al.—Rarely with 1 st pers.:

cave posthac, si me amas, umquam istuc verbum ex te audiam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 8; cf. id. ib. 5, 4, 9.—With 3 d pers.:

resciscat quisquam,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 37:

te fratrum misereatur,

Cic. Lig. 5, 14:

roget te,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 75:

cave quisquam flocci fecerit,

Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 5:

armis concurrant arma cavete,

Verg. A. 11, 293.—And like age, cave with a verb in plur.:

cave dirumpatis,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 117.—

With ut, to take care that:

cauto opu'st, Ut sobrie hoc agatur,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 29; cf.

D. 2, infra: tertium est, ut caveamus, ut ea, quae, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 141:

quaero quid sit, quod... tam accurate caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui dent, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

caverat sibi ille adulter omnium ut suorum scelerum socium te adjutoremque praebeas,

id. Pis. 12, 28; Liv. 3, 10, 14; Plin. Pan. 39, 1:

cavebitur ut, etc.,

Col. 2, 8, 3; cf. under II. A.—Very rarely with ut omitted, take care to, be sure to (late Lat.):

sed heus tu... cave regrediare cenā maturius,

App. M. 2, p. 122, 32; 2, p. 124, [p. 306] 35.—

As act.

With acc. of pers. or thing against which warning is given or beed taken, to guard against, to be aware of, to beware of, etc.:

profecto quid nunc primum caveam, nescio,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 104:

tu, quod cavere possis, stultum admittere'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 23; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 437, 23:

caveamus fulminis ictum,

Lucr. 6, 406: cave canem, Varr. ap. Non. p. 153, 1; Inscr. Orell. 4320;

v. canis: interventum alicujus,

Cic. Att. 16, 11, 1:

omnia,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

me,

id. Dom. 11, 28:

vallum caecum fossasque,

Caes. B. C. 1, 28:

quam sit bellum cavere malum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:

vim atque opes,

Tac. A. 11, 1; cf. Suet. Tib. 72:

male praecinctum puerum,

id. Caes. 456:

periculum,

id. ib. 81; id. Galb. 19:

insidias,

id. Caes. 86; Tac. A. 13, 13:

exitum,

Suet. Tib. 83:

annum,

id. Ner. 40:

maculas,

Hor. A. P. 353:

jurgia,

Ov. A. A. 1, 591:

hunc tu caveto,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 85:

proditorem,

Quint. 7, 1, 30:

hoc caverat mens provida Reguli,

had prevented, Hor. C. 3, 5, 13:

cave quicquam,

be a little careful, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 61.—

Pass.: quid cavendum tibi censere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 437, 22:

cavenda est etiam gloriae cupiditas,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

cetera, quae quidem consilio provideri poterunt, cavebuntur,

id. Att. 10, 16, 2; Quint. 8, 2, 2; 9, 4, 143; 11, 3, 27 (cf. id. 6, 5, 2):

in hoc pestifero bello cavendo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1:

quod multis rationibus caveri potest,

id. Off. 2, 24, 84; Sall. J. 67, 2:

prius quod cautum oportuit, Postquam comedit rem, post rationem putat,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 14:

ego tibi cautum volo,

id. Pers. 3, 1, 41:

satis cautum tibi ad defensionem fore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35, § 88:

quid quisque vitet, nunquam homini satis Cautum est,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 14:

id modo simul orant ac monent, ut ipsis ab invidiā caveatur,

Liv. 3, 52, 11; cf.

B. 1. supra: cauto opus est,

care must be taken, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 64; id. Most. 4, 2, 21; id. Merc. 2, 3, 133.—

With inf.:

in quibus cave vereri ( = noli),

Cic. Att. 3, 17, 3:

caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod, etc.,

Sall. J. 64, 2:

caveto laedere,

Cat. 50, 21:

occursare capro caveto,

Verg. E. 9, 25:

commisisse cavet, quod, etc.,

Hor. A. P. 168:

cave Spem festinando praecipitare meam,

Ov. P. 3, 1, 139:

ut pedes omnino caveant tinguere,

Plin. 8, 42, 68, § 169.

Esp.

Law t. t., to take care for, provide, order something, legally, or (of private relations) to order, decree, dispose of in writing, by will, to stipulate, etc.:

cum ita caverent, si, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31:

duae sunt praeterea leges de sepulcris, quarum altera privatorum aedificiis, altera ipsis sepulcris cavet,

id. Leg. 2, 24, 61:

cautum est in Scipionis legibus ne plures essent, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cautum est lege XII. Tab., ut, etc.,

Plin. 16, 5, 6, § 15:

cavebatur ut, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 1;

so,

id. ib. 65; id. Tib. 75:

quae legibus cauta sunt,

Quint. 5, 10, 13:

aliā in lege cautum,

Cic. Inv. 2, 41, 119:

cautum est de numero,

Suet. Caes. 10; cf. id. Aug. 40:

heredi caveri,

Cic. Inv. 2, 41, 120; cf. id. Fam. 7, 6, 2:

si hoc, qui testamentum faciebat, cavere noluisset,

id. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

testamento cavere ut dies natalis ageretur,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; cf. Suet. Aug. 59; id. Dom. 9; id. Tib. 50:

sibi se privatim nihil cavere... militibus cavendum, quod apud patres semel plebi, iterum legionibus cautum sit ne fraudi secessio esset,

to make conditions, stipulate, Liv. 7, 41, 2.—

In the lang. of business.

Cavere ab aliquo, to make one ' s self secure, to procure bail or surety:

tibi ego, Brute, non solvam, nisi prius a te cavero, amplius, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 5, 18; id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 55; cf. infra 2.; and cautio, II.—So absol.:

quid ita Flavio sibi cavere non venit in mentem,

to take security, Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 35.—

To make one secure by bail or surety (either written or oral), to give security, to guarantee (cf. supra 1., and cautio;

syn.: spondeo, cautionem praesto),

Cic. Clu. 59, 162; cf. id. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 142:

pecunia, quam mihi Stichus Titii servus caverat,

Dig. 46, 3, 89:

cavere summam,

ib. 29, 2, 97:

chirographum,

ib. 46, 3, 89:

cautionem,

ib. 46, 8, 6:

civitates obsidibus de pecuniā cavent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 2:

quoniam de obsidibus inter se cavere non possent,

id. ib. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 9, 42; 24, 2:

cavere capite pro re aliquā,

Plin. 34, 7, 17, § 38:

jurejurando et chirographo de eā re,

Suet. Calig. 12:

cavere in duplum,

id. Aug. 41; Tac. A. 6, 17.—Rarely, cavere personae publicae, to give security before a public authority, Just. Inst. 1, 11, 3.—

In boxing, etc., to parry, to ward off a blow:

adversos ictus cavere ac propulsare,

Quint. 9, 1, 20; 5, 13, 54; cf. id. 9, 4, 8; 4, 2, 26.—

Cavere alicui.

To keep something from one, to protect, have a care for, make safe, take care of (cf.:

prohibeo, defendo, provideo): scabiem pecori et jumentis caveto,

Cato, R. R. 5, 7:

melius ei cavere volo, quam ipse aliis solet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 1, 3:

mihi meisque,

id. Top. 1, 4; id. Fam. 7, 6, 2:

veterani, quibus hic ordo diligentissime caverat,

id. Phil. 1, 2, 6; cf.: qui in Oratore tuo caves tibi per Brutum, Caes. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4:

quique aliis cavit, non cavet ipsi sibi,

Ov. A. A. 1, 84:

securitati,

Suet. Tit. 6:

concordiae publicae,

Vell. 2, 48, 5; Petr. 133; Sil. 8, 493.—

Affirmatively, to take care for, attend to a thing for a person, provide: Ba. Haec ita me orat sibi qui caveat aliquem ut hominem reperiam... Id, amabo te, huic caveas. Pi. Quid isti caveam? Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 8; 1, 1, 10; cf. I. C. 3. supra.—Hence, cautus, a, um, P. a.

Neutr., careful, circumspect, wary, cautious, provident (syn.: providus, prudens;

class. in prose and poetry): ut cautus est, ubi nihil opu'st,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 3:

parum cauti providique,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 117:

cauti in periculis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

in scribendo,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 3:

in credendo,

id. Att. 10, 9, 3:

in verbis serendis,

Hor. A. P. 46:

mensor,

Ov. M. 1, 136:

mariti,

id. ib. 9, 751:

lupus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 50:

vulpes,

id. ib. 1, 1, 73 et saep.:

quem certi homines monuerunt, ut cautior esset,

Cic. Sest. 18, 41:

dubium cautior an audentior,

Suet. Caes. 58.—Constr. with ad:

ad praesentius malum cautiores,

Liv. 24, 32, 3; Tib. 1, 9, 46; Quint. 6, 1, 20. —With adversus:

parum cautus adversus colloquii fraudem,

Liv. 38, 25, 7.—With erga:

erga bona sua satis cautus,

Curt. 10, 1, 40.—With contra:

contra quam (fortunam) non satis cauta mortalitas est,

Curt. 8, 4, 24.—With inf.:

cautum dignos assumere,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 51.—With gen.:

rei divinae,

Macr. S. 1, 15.—

Transf. to inanimate things:

consilium,

Cic. Phil. 13, 3, 6; Tac. A. 11, 29:

cautissima senectus,

id. H. 2, 76:

pectus,

Prop. 3 (4), 5, 8:

manus,

Ov. F. 2, 336:

terga,

id. Tr. 1, 9, 20:

arma,

Sil. 14, 188:

timor,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 65.— Subst.: cauta, ōrum, n.:

legum,

the provisions, Cassiod. Var. 5, 14.—

Pass. (acc. to I. B. 1., and II. B.), made safe, secured:

cautos nominibus rectis expendere nummos,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 105:

cautus ab incursu belli,

Luc. 4, 409: quo mulieri esset res cautior ( that her property might be made more secure), curavit, ut, etc., Cic. Caecin. 4, 11.—

Trop., safe, secure (rare):

in eam partem peccare, quae est cautior,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 56:

(civitates) murorum firmitate cautissimae,

Amm. 14, 8, 13.— Adv.: cau-tē.

(Acc. to caveo, I. A.) Cautiously:

caute et cogitate rem tractare,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 46:

pedetentimque dicere,

Cic. Clu. 42, 118:

et cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 2, 3 et saep. — Comp., Cic. Deiot. 6, 18; Quint. 2, 15, 21; 9, 2, 76; Hor. C. 1, 8, 10 al.— Sup., Cic. Att. 15, 26, 3.—

(Acc. to caveo, I. B. 1.) With security, cautiously, Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

aliter nec caute nec jure fieri potest,

id. Att. 15, 17, 1.

căvĕo, cāvi, cautum, (2 d pers. sing. scanned cavĕs, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 19; imper. cavĕ, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 61; id. Capt. 2, 3, 71; id. Most. 1, 4, 13 et saep.: Cat. 50, 19; Hor. S. 2, 3, 38; Prop. 1, 7, 25; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 435; old sup. CAVĬTVM, C. I. L. 1, 200, 6 sq.), 3, v. n. and a. [root SKOF- or KOF-, to be wary; whence Gr. thuoskoos, akouô, etc.; Lat. causa, cura; cf. also Germ. scheuen; Engl. shy], to be on one ' s guard, either for one's self or (more rarely) for another; hence,

In gen., with and without sibi, to be on one ' s guard, to take care, take heed, beware, guard against, avoid, = phulassomai, and the Fr. se garder, prendre garde, etc.; constr., absol., with ub, and in a course of action with ne or ut (also ellipt. with the simple subj.); or, as in Greek, with acc. (= phulassomai ti); hence also pass. and with inf., and once with cum.

Absol.:

qui consulte, docte, atque astute cavet,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 14:

faciet, nisi caveo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 8:

ego cavebo,

id. Ad. 4, 2, 12; 1, 1, 45:

erunt (molesti) nisi cavetis. Cautum est, inquit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; Quint. 8, 3, 47:

cum animum attendisset ad cavendum,

Nep. Alcib. 5, 2; Suet. Claud. 37:

metues, doctusque cavebis,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 68.—Esp. freq. in the warning cave, look out! be careful! Ter. And. 1, 2, 34; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 51; Hor. C. 1, 14, 16; Ov. M. 2, 89.—

With ab and abl.:

eo mi abs te caveo cautius,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 42; id. Ps. 1, 5, 59; 4, 7, 128:

si abs te modo uno caveo,

id. Most. 3, 3, 24; Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 44:

sibi ab eo,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 87:

navis Aps quă cavendum nobis sane censeo,

id. Men. 2, 2, 70:

pater a me petiit Ut mihi caverem a Pseudolo servo suo,

id. Ps. 3, 2, 108:

a crasso infortunio,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 53:

ille Pompeium monebat, ut meam domum metueret, atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133:

caveo ab homine impuro,

id. Phil. 12, 10, 25:

a Cassio,

Suet. Calig. 57:

a veneno,

Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64:

ab insidiis,

Sall. J. 108, 2:

monitum ut sibi ab insidiis Rufini caveret,

App. Mag. 87, p. 329, 16; id. M. 2, p. 117, 3.—

With the simple abl.:

caveo malo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 39:

infortunio,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 48: id. Cas. 2, 6, 59; id. Men. 1, 2, 13; id. Pers. 3, 1, 41:

ipsus sibi cavit loco,

i. e. got out of the way, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 12.—

With cum (rare):

Hercle, mihi tecum cavendum est,

with you, I must look out for myself, Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 21.—

With adversus, Quint. 9, 1, 20. —

Followed by a final clause.

With ne, to take heed that... not, to be on one ' s guard lest: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet;

cum etiam cavet, etiam cum cavisse ratus est, saepe is cautor captus est,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5 and 6:

caves, ne videat, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

ego me scio cavisse, ne ulla merito contumelia Fieri a nobis posset,

id. Hec. 3, 5, 20; Afran. ap. Non. p. 111, 14; Lucr. 4, 1141:

cavete, judices, ne nova... proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Div. 2, 40, 84; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4; 11, 21, 4; Sall. J. 55, 3; Suet. Tib. 37:

cave, ne,

Cat. 61, 152; Hor. C. 3, 7, 24; id. S. 2, 3, 177; id. Ep. 1, 6, 32; 1, 13, 19; Ov. M. 2, 89; 10, 685:

cave sis, ne,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 215:

caveto ne,

Cato, R. R. 5, 6:

caveas, ne,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 80:

caveant, ne,

id. A. P. 244:

cavendum est, ne,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 140; Quint. 4, 3, 8; 12, 11, 2; Suet. Tib. 67; Quint. 9, 4, 23; 5, 11, 27.—

With ut ne (rare):

quod ut ne accidat cavendum est,

Cic. Lael. 26, 99.—

With a simple subj.; so only imper.: cave or cavete (cf. age), beware of, take care not, etc.:

cave geras,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 79:

dixeris,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 12:

faxis cave,

id. And. 4, 4, 14; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 13; Hor. S. 2, 3, 38:

sis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 29:

contingas,

Lucr. 2, 755:

despuas,

Cat. 50, 19:

ignoscas,

Cic. Lig. 5, 14:

existimes,

id. Fam. 9, 24, 4:

putes,

id. ib. 10, 12, 1 al.—Rarely with 1 st pers.:

cave posthac, si me amas, umquam istuc verbum ex te audiam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 8; cf. id. ib. 5, 4, 9.—With 3 d pers.:

resciscat quisquam,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 37:

te fratrum misereatur,

Cic. Lig. 5, 14:

roget te,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 75:

cave quisquam flocci fecerit,

Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 5:

armis concurrant arma cavete,

Verg. A. 11, 293.—And like age, cave with a verb in plur.:

cave dirumpatis,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 117.—

With ut, to take care that:

cauto opu'st, Ut sobrie hoc agatur,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 29; cf.

D. 2, infra: tertium est, ut caveamus, ut ea, quae, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 141:

quaero quid sit, quod... tam accurate caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui dent, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

caverat sibi ille adulter omnium ut suorum scelerum socium te adjutoremque praebeas,

id. Pis. 12, 28; Liv. 3, 10, 14; Plin. Pan. 39, 1:

cavebitur ut, etc.,

Col. 2, 8, 3; cf. under II. A.—Very rarely with ut omitted, take care to, be sure to (late Lat.):

sed heus tu... cave regrediare cenā maturius,

App. M. 2, p. 122, 32; 2, p. 124, [p. 306] 35.—

As act.

With acc. of pers. or thing against which warning is given or beed taken, to guard against, to be aware of, to beware of, etc.:

profecto quid nunc primum caveam, nescio,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 104:

tu, quod cavere possis, stultum admittere'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 23; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 437, 23:

caveamus fulminis ictum,

Lucr. 6, 406: cave canem, Varr. ap. Non. p. 153, 1; Inscr. Orell. 4320;

v. canis: interventum alicujus,

Cic. Att. 16, 11, 1:

omnia,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

me,

id. Dom. 11, 28:

vallum caecum fossasque,

Caes. B. C. 1, 28:

quam sit bellum cavere malum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 247:

vim atque opes,

Tac. A. 11, 1; cf. Suet. Tib. 72:

male praecinctum puerum,

id. Caes. 456:

periculum,

id. ib. 81; id. Galb. 19:

insidias,

id. Caes. 86; Tac. A. 13, 13:

exitum,

Suet. Tib. 83:

annum,

id. Ner. 40:

maculas,

Hor. A. P. 353:

jurgia,

Ov. A. A. 1, 591:

hunc tu caveto,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 85:

proditorem,

Quint. 7, 1, 30:

hoc caverat mens provida Reguli,

had prevented, Hor. C. 3, 5, 13:

cave quicquam,

be a little careful, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 61.—

Pass.: quid cavendum tibi censere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 437, 22:

cavenda est etiam gloriae cupiditas,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

cetera, quae quidem consilio provideri poterunt, cavebuntur,

id. Att. 10, 16, 2; Quint. 8, 2, 2; 9, 4, 143; 11, 3, 27 (cf. id. 6, 5, 2):

in hoc pestifero bello cavendo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1:

quod multis rationibus caveri potest,

id. Off. 2, 24, 84; Sall. J. 67, 2:

prius quod cautum oportuit, Postquam comedit rem, post rationem putat,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 14:

ego tibi cautum volo,

id. Pers. 3, 1, 41:

satis cautum tibi ad defensionem fore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 35, § 88:

quid quisque vitet, nunquam homini satis Cautum est,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 14:

id modo simul orant ac monent, ut ipsis ab invidiā caveatur,

Liv. 3, 52, 11; cf.

B. 1. supra: cauto opus est,

care must be taken, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 64; id. Most. 4, 2, 21; id. Merc. 2, 3, 133.—

With inf.:

in quibus cave vereri ( = noli),

Cic. Att. 3, 17, 3:

caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod, etc.,

Sall. J. 64, 2:

caveto laedere,

Cat. 50, 21:

occursare capro caveto,

Verg. E. 9, 25:

commisisse cavet, quod, etc.,

Hor. A. P. 168:

cave Spem festinando praecipitare meam,

Ov. P. 3, 1, 139:

ut pedes omnino caveant tinguere,

Plin. 8, 42, 68, § 169.

Esp.

Law t. t., to take care for, provide, order something, legally, or (of private relations) to order, decree, dispose of in writing, by will, to stipulate, etc.:

cum ita caverent, si, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31:

duae sunt praeterea leges de sepulcris, quarum altera privatorum aedificiis, altera ipsis sepulcris cavet,

id. Leg. 2, 24, 61:

cautum est in Scipionis legibus ne plures essent, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cautum est lege XII. Tab., ut, etc.,

Plin. 16, 5, 6, § 15:

cavebatur ut, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 1;

so,

id. ib. 65; id. Tib. 75:

quae legibus cauta sunt,

Quint. 5, 10, 13:

aliā in lege cautum,

Cic. Inv. 2, 41, 119:

cautum est de numero,

Suet. Caes. 10; cf. id. Aug. 40:

heredi caveri,

Cic. Inv. 2, 41, 120; cf. id. Fam. 7, 6, 2:

si hoc, qui testamentum faciebat, cavere noluisset,

id. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

testamento cavere ut dies natalis ageretur,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; cf. Suet. Aug. 59; id. Dom. 9; id. Tib. 50:

sibi se privatim nihil cavere... militibus cavendum, quod apud patres semel plebi, iterum legionibus cautum sit ne fraudi secessio esset,

to make conditions, stipulate, Liv. 7, 41, 2.—

In the lang. of business.

Cavere ab aliquo, to make one ' s self secure, to procure bail or surety:

tibi ego, Brute, non solvam, nisi prius a te cavero, amplius, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 5, 18; id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 55; cf. infra 2.; and cautio, II.—So absol.:

quid ita Flavio sibi cavere non venit in mentem,

to take security, Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 35.—

To make one secure by bail or surety (either written or oral), to give security, to guarantee (cf. supra 1., and cautio;

syn.: spondeo, cautionem praesto),

Cic. Clu. 59, 162; cf. id. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 142:

pecunia, quam mihi Stichus Titii servus caverat,

Dig. 46, 3, 89:

cavere summam,

ib. 29, 2, 97:

chirographum,

ib. 46, 3, 89:

cautionem,

ib. 46, 8, 6:

civitates obsidibus de pecuniā cavent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 2:

quoniam de obsidibus inter se cavere non possent,

id. ib. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 9, 42; 24, 2:

cavere capite pro re aliquā,

Plin. 34, 7, 17, § 38:

jurejurando et chirographo de eā re,

Suet. Calig. 12:

cavere in duplum,

id. Aug. 41; Tac. A. 6, 17.—Rarely, cavere personae publicae, to give security before a public authority, Just. Inst. 1, 11, 3.—

In boxing, etc., to parry, to ward off a blow:

adversos ictus cavere ac propulsare,

Quint. 9, 1, 20; 5, 13, 54; cf. id. 9, 4, 8; 4, 2, 26.—

Cavere alicui.

To keep something from one, to protect, have a care for, make safe, take care of (cf.:

prohibeo, defendo, provideo): scabiem pecori et jumentis caveto,

Cato, R. R. 5, 7:

melius ei cavere volo, quam ipse aliis solet,

Cic. Fam. 3, 1, 3:

mihi meisque,

id. Top. 1, 4; id. Fam. 7, 6, 2:

veterani, quibus hic ordo diligentissime caverat,

id. Phil. 1, 2, 6; cf.: qui in Oratore tuo caves tibi per Brutum, Caes. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4:

quique aliis cavit, non cavet ipsi sibi,

Ov. A. A. 1, 84:

securitati,

Suet. Tit. 6:

concordiae publicae,

Vell. 2, 48, 5; Petr. 133; Sil. 8, 493.—

Affirmatively, to take care for, attend to a thing for a person, provide: Ba. Haec ita me orat sibi qui caveat aliquem ut hominem reperiam... Id, amabo te, huic caveas. Pi. Quid isti caveam? Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 8; 1, 1, 10; cf. I. C. 3. supra.—Hence, cautus, a, um, P. a.

Neutr., careful, circumspect, wary, cautious, provident (syn.: providus, prudens;

class. in prose and poetry): ut cautus est, ubi nihil opu'st,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 3:

parum cauti providique,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 117:

cauti in periculis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

in scribendo,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 3:

in credendo,

id. Att. 10, 9, 3:

in verbis serendis,

Hor. A. P. 46:

mensor,

Ov. M. 1, 136:

mariti,

id. ib. 9, 751:

lupus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 50:

vulpes,

id. ib. 1, 1, 73 et saep.:

quem certi homines monuerunt, ut cautior esset,

Cic. Sest. 18, 41:

dubium cautior an audentior,

Suet. Caes. 58.—Constr. with ad:

ad praesentius malum cautiores,

Liv. 24, 32, 3; Tib. 1, 9, 46; Quint. 6, 1, 20. —With adversus:

parum cautus adversus colloquii fraudem,

Liv. 38, 25, 7.—With erga:

erga bona sua satis cautus,

Curt. 10, 1, 40.—With contra:

contra quam (fortunam) non satis cauta mortalitas est,

Curt. 8, 4, 24.—With inf.:

cautum dignos assumere,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 51.—With gen.:

rei divinae,

Macr. S. 1, 15.—

Transf. to inanimate things:

consilium,

Cic. Phil. 13, 3, 6; Tac. A. 11, 29:

cautissima senectus,

id. H. 2, 76:

pectus,

Prop. 3 (4), 5, 8:

manus,

Ov. F. 2, 336:

terga,

id. Tr. 1, 9, 20:

arma,

Sil. 14, 188:

timor,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 65.— Subst.: cauta, ōrum, n.:

legum,

the provisions, Cassiod. Var. 5, 14.—

Pass. (acc. to I. B. 1., and II. B.), made safe, secured:

cautos nominibus rectis expendere nummos,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 105:

cautus ab incursu belli,

Luc. 4, 409: quo mulieri esset res cautior ( that her property might be made more secure), curavit, ut, etc., Cic. Caecin. 4, 11.—

Trop., safe, secure (rare):

in eam partem peccare, quae est cautior,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 56:

(civitates) murorum firmitate cautissimae,

Amm. 14, 8, 13.— Adv.: cau-tē.

(Acc. to caveo, I. A.) Cautiously:

caute et cogitate rem tractare,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 46:

pedetentimque dicere,

Cic. Clu. 42, 118:

et cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 2, 3 et saep. — Comp., Cic. Deiot. 6, 18; Quint. 2, 15, 21; 9, 2, 76; Hor. C. 1, 8, 10 al.— Sup., Cic. Att. 15, 26, 3.—

(Acc. to caveo, I. B. 1.) With security, cautiously, Cic. Leg. 2, 21, 53:

aliter nec caute nec jure fieri potest,

id. Att. 15, 17, 1.

rē-spondĕo, di, sum, 2, v. a.

Lit., to promise a thing in return for something else; to offer or present in return. So, only in a few examples, the phrase par pari (dat.) respondere, to return like for like: par pari respondes dicto, you return tit for tat with your tongue (syn. refero), Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 41; cf.: istuc serva; et verbum verbo par pari ut respondeas, Ter Phorm. 1, 4, 35; and:

paria paribus respondimus,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 23.— Pass.: provide, si cui quid debetur, ut sit, unde par pari respondeatur, i. e. that there be wherewithal to meet the demand, Atticus ap. Cic. Att. 16, 7, 6; cf. also under II. A. 1, the lusus verbb. with spondeo; and II. B. init. —

In a more general signification.

To answer, reply, respond (either to a question, or to any statement or remark, and either in a friendly or hostile signif.); constr. aliquid alicui, ad, adversus, contra aliquem ( aliquid).

In gen.

Lit.: Th. Aliud te rogo. Tr. Aliud ergo nunc tibi respondeo, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 70; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 73.— Absol.:

prius respondes, quam rogo,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 119:

eā legatione Papirius auditā... respondit,

Liv. 9, 14, 2; 27, 40, 8; 33, 38, 7; Nep. Milt. 1, 4:

ille appellatus respondit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 36; 5, 41; Cic. Leg. 3, 13, 30; id. Verr. 2, 4, 62, § 138; id. Fam. 3, 6, 2; 5, 2, 8; 7, 24, 2;

9, 14, 2. — So usu. of an oral answer: tibi non rescribam, sed respondeam,

Sen. Ep. 67, 2;

but also of writing: epistulae,

Cic. Att. 9, 9, 1 et saep.; v. infra:

ab his sermo oritur, respondet Laelius,

Cic. Lael. 1, 5; Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 28: olli respondit rex Albaï Longaï, Enn. ap. Fortun. p. 2691 P. (Ann. v. 34 Vahl.):

cui orationi Caepionis ore respondit Aelius,

Cic. Brut. 46, 169:

criminibus,

id. Planc. 2, 4:

supremae tuae paginae,

id. Att. 6, 2, 1:

cui opinioni,

Quint. 4, 4, 1:

tam aequae postulationi,

id. 7, 1, 47 al.:

summā constantiā ad ea, quae quaesita erant, respondebat,

Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; cf.:

arbitrabar me satis respondisse ad id quod quaesierat Laelius,

id. Rep. 2, 39, 65:

nec absurde adversus utrosque respondisse visus est,

Liv. 35, 50; 8, 32:

adversus haec imperator respondit,

id. 30, 31; 33, 35 fin. — With acc. of neutr. pron.:

illud respondere cogam,

to make answer to that, Cic. Cael. 28, 67; cf. id. Vatin. 7, 18; 17, 41:

multa contra patronos venuste testis saepe respondet,

Quint. 5, 7, 31; 5, 7, 24; cf.:

accipe, quid contra juvenis responderit,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 233.— With object-clause:

respondent, bello se et suos tutari posse,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 59; id. Curc. 2, 3, 54; id. Mil. 2, 2, 23; id. Merc. 5, 2. 102 al. —Introducing a direct answer:

cum dixisset, Quid agis, Grani? respondit, Immo vero tu, Druse, quid agis!

Cic. Planc. 14, 33; id. Att. 5, 21, 12; id. Inv. 1, 31, 51; id. Tusc. 5, 19, 56.— In impers. perf.:

postquam mihi responsum est, abeo, etc.,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 57; cf. id. Mil. 4, 2, 93: quid nunc renunciem abs te responsum? Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 18:

sic existimet: Responsum non dictum esse, quia laesit prior,

id. Eun. prol. 6.— In plur.:

multa ejus et in senatu et in foro vel provisa prudenter vel acta constanter vel responsa acute ferebantur,

Cic. Lael. 2, 6.— In the sup.:

(haec) quam brevia responsu,

Cic. Clu. 59 fin. — In a lusus verbb. with spondeo: Er. Sponden' tu istud? He. Spondeo. Er. At ego, tuum tibi advenisse filium, respondeo, and in return I promise you, i. e. assure you, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 119; cf.:

fideiussores, qui salvam rempublicam fore responderunt, etc.,

promised, gave assurance, Dig. 50, 1, 17 fin. —

Trop., to answer, respond, reply to, re-echo, resound, etc.:

saxa et solitudines voci respondent,

Cic. Arch. 8, 19;

respondent flebile ripae,

Ov. M. 11, 53; and:

respondentia tympana,

Stat. Achill. 2, 175: urbes coloniarum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus, will give an answer to, i. e. will prove a match for, Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24.—

In partic.

Of lawyers, priests, oracles, etc., to give an opinion, advice, decision, response:

quaeris, num juris consultus (sit)? quasi quisquam sit, qui sibi hunc falsum de jure respondisse dicat,

Cic. Planc. 25, 62; so,

de jure,

id. Brut. 30, 113; cf.:

de jure consulentibus respondere,

id. Mur. 4, 9;

in a like signif., also simply jus,

id. Leg. 1, 4, 12:

facultas respondendi juris,

id. ib. 2, 12, 29; id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Plin. Ep. 6, 15, 3 al.; cf.:

civica jura,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 24; and:

quae consuluntur, minimo periculo respondentur, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 13, 28; id. Brut. 89, 306. — Absol., Dig. 2, 14, 7; and so very freq. of the jurists in the Digests;

v. responsum: pater Roscii ad haruspices retulit: qui responderunt, nihil illo puero clarius fore,

Cic. Div. 1, 36, 79:

cum ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent,

Sall. C. 47, 2; Liv. 27, 37; 31, 5; 5, 54; Vell. 2, 24, 3:

responsum est,

Suet. Aug. 94, 97:

deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis se munirent,

gave advice, Nep. Them. 2, 6; cf. Just. 11, 11, § 11:

possumus seniores amici quiete respondere,

to give advice, Tac. A. 14, 54 fin. —

Of the answering of a person summoned when his name is called; hence, meton., to appear: citatus neque respondit neque excusatus est, Varr. ap. Gell. 11, 1, 4; cf.:

cives, qui ad nomina non respondissent,

Liv. 7, 4:

quia Romae non respondebant,

id. 39, 18; Val. Max. 6, 3, 4; Suet. Tib. 38; id. Ner. 44; Hor. S. 1, 9, 36 (vadato, dat., i.e. ei qui eum vadatus erat; v. vador); Dig. 3, 3, 35; 41, 1, 14 et saep.—

Esp., to appear before a tribunal, to answer an accusation, meet a charge, etc.:

perfectus in exsilium Tubulus est nec respondere ausus,

Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 54:

Verrem alterā actione responsurum non esse,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 1:

nemo Epaminondam responsurum putabat,

Nep. Epam. 8, 1.—

Transf., in gen., to appear, be present:

ipsi (sc. paeon et herous) se offerent et respondebunt non vocati,

Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 191:

verba (with res se ostendent),

Quint. 10, 3, 9:

ut ii, qui debent, non respondeant ad tempus,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 2; cf.:

podagra ad tempus (with venit ad horam),

Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 1:

sanguis per menstrua,

Cels. 4, 4, 5.—

To answer to; to meet, agree, accord, or correspond with a thing; constr. usually with dat. or absol.:

ut omnia omnibus paribus paria respondeant,

Cic. N. D. 1, 19, 50:

ut horum auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse videamur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 23, 68:

ut verba verbis quasi demensa et paria respondeant,

id. Or. 12, 38; and:

respondent extrema primis, media utrisque, omnia omnibus,

id. Fin. 5, 28, 83: (Aristoteles dicit) illam artem (sc. rhetoricam) quasi ex alterā parte respondere dialecticae, that it corresponds to, i. e. forms the counterpart of, id. Or. 32, 114:

aedificare alteram porticum quae Palatio responderet,

id. Har. Resp. 23, 49; cf.

of a locality: contra elata mari respondet Gnosia tellus,

i. e. lies opposite, Verg. A. 6, 23:

Pachyni pulsata Ionio respondent saxa profundo,

Sil. 14, 73:

est mihi magnae curae, ut ita erudiatur (Lucullus), ut et patri et Caepioni nostro et tibi tam propinquo respondeat,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8: satis Graecorum [p. 1582] gloriae responderunt, id. Tusc. 1, 2, 3:

tua virtus opinioni hominum,

id. Fam. 2, 5, 2; id. Lael. 16, 56:

fortuna meis optatis,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 2; cf.:

seges votis,

Verg. G. 1, 47:

arma Caesaris non responsura lacertis,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 48:

favor meritis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 9:

ne prior officio quisquam respondeat,

id. S. 2, 6, 24:

par fama labori,

id. ib. 2, 8, 66:

fructus labori,

Ov. F. 4, 641:

non mihi respondent veteres in carmine vires,

id. H. 15, 197 al.:

familiam nemo speciosiorem producet, sed hominibus non respondet,

he does not pay his debts, Sen. Ep. 87, 6:

amori amore respondere,

i. e. to return it, repay it, Cic. Fam. 15, 21, 4; cf.:

Quinti fratris liberalitati subsidiis amicorum,

id. Att. 4, 3, 6:

qui ex vico ortus est, eam patriam intellegitur habere, cui reipublicae vicus ille respondet,

to which it belongs, Dig. 50, 1, 30.—

In mal. part.: mulieribus,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 17.—With ad:

respondere ad parentum speciem,

resemble, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 9:

deformentur directiones, ut longitudines ad regulam et lineam, altitudines ad perpendiculum, anguli ad normam respondentes exigantur,

Vitr. 7, 3; cf.:

structuram ad perpendiculum respondere oportet,

Plin. 36, 22, 51, § 172:

quia non tota ad animum responderat (villa),

Suet. Caes. 48:

ad spem eventus respondit,

Liv. 28, 6.—With dat.:

Papirio quoque brevi ad spem eventus respondit,

Liv. 9, 15.— With ex:

quicquid non ex voluntate respondet, iram provocat,

Sen. Ep. 47, 19:

speculum quocumque obvertimus oris, Res sibi respondent simili formā atque colore,

i. e. correspond, are reflected, Lucr. 4, 167.— Absol.:

sidera respondent in aquā,

Lucr. 4, 213:

quia raro verba belle respondeant,

Quint. 6, 3, 48: medicus aliquid oportet inveniat, quod non ubique fortasse, sed saepius tamen etiam respondeat, may answer, be suitable, Cels. praef.—

To return, make a return, yield:

frumenta quando cum quarto responderint (sc. colono),

have returned, yielded, Col. 3, 3, 4; cf. with abl. and dat.:

humus cum est repetita cultu, magno fenore colono respondet,

id. 2, 1, 3:

vitis, nisi praepingui solo, non respondet,

id. 3, 2, 11; cf.:

metalla plenius responsura fodienti,

Sen. Ep. 23, 5.—Hence, rēspon-sum, i, n., an answer, reply, response (equally freq. in sing. and plur.).

In gen.:

suis postulatis responsa exspectare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5 fin.:

haec paucis diebus ex illius ad nostra responsa responsis intellegentur, quorsum evasura sint,

Cic. Att. 7, 17, 4:

responsum senatūs,

Liv. 7, 31:

sine responso legatos dimisit,

id. 9, 38:

nullo ab nostris dato responso,

Caes. B. G. 5, 58:

responsum dedisti tantis de rebus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 40; 2, 4, 39, § 85; so,

dare responsum,

Liv. 5, 32, 8; Val. Max. 9, 5, ext. 3; Curt. 3, 12, 9; Liv. 3, 50, 12:

reddere alicui,

Cic. Planc. 14, 34; cf.:

triste redditum,

Liv. 9, 16:

ferre (ab aliquo),

to receive, Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 19; Caes. B. G. 6, 4 fin.:

referre (ab aliquo),

to deliver, Cic. Att. 7, 17, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 23; Liv. 37, 6:

elicere,

Quint. 5, 7, 20:

petere,

Hor. C. S. 55:

responsum accipere,

Liv. 5, 36, 4; Just. 12, 2, 8:

responsum non fuit in eis,

Vulg. Jer. 5, 13.—

In partic. (acc. to II. A. 2.), an answer, reply of a lawyer, priest, oracle, etc.; an opinion, response, oracle:

cum responsumque ab eo (Crasso) verum magis, quam ad suam rem accommodatum abstulisset, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 56, 239:

res judicatae, decreta, responsa,

id. ib. 2, 27, 116; id. Mur. 13, 29.—

The responsa prudentium, or authoritative opinions of leading lawyers, were an important source of the Roman law,

Just. Inst. 1, 2, 8 Sandars ad loc.:

haruspicum responsa,

Cic. Cat. 3, 4, 9; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 30; Ov. M. 3, 340; 527:

legatus a Delphis Romam rediit, responsumque ex scripto recitavit,

Liv. 23, 11; cf. id. 1, 56; Quint. 3, 7, 11; 5, 7, 35; Tac. H. 1, 10; 4, 65 al.; Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 65; Ter. And. 4, 2, 15; Verg. A. 7, 86 et saep.—

In eccl. Lat.: responsum Dei, ab angelo, etc.,

Vulg. Mich. 3, 7; id. Luc. 2, 26; id. Act. 10, 22.

ămīcus (old form ămēcus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), a, um, adj. [amo], friendly, kind, amicable, favorable, inclined to, liking; constr. with dat., Zumpt, Gram. §

410: animo esse amico erga aliquem,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 29; Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 3:

tribuni sunt nobis amici,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2 fin.:

homo amicus nobis jam inde a puero,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 86:

Pompeium tibi valde amicum esse cognovi,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 5; id. Att. 9, 5:

amicus non magis tyranno quam tyrannidi,

Nep. Dion, 3, 2; id. Att. 9:

male numen amicum,

Verg. A. 2, 735; Ov. F. 3, 834:

(Fortuna) amica varietati constantiam respuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 16:

amica luto sus,

fond of, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 26.— Comp.:

mihi nemo est amicior Attico,

Cic. Att. 16, 16:

amicior Cilicum aerariis quam nostro,

id. ib. 7, 1, 6; id. Fam. 3, 2, 1.— Sup.:

Deiotarum, fidelissimum regem atque amicissimum rei publicae nostrae,

Cic. Att. 15, 2, 2:

cum summi viri, tum amicissimi,

id. Am. 2, 8:

amicissimi viri,

Suet. Caes. 1:

successor conjunctissimus et amicissimus,

Cic. Fam. 3, 3:

hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitiā scripsi,

id. Am. 1, 5; 23, 88 (but the comp. and sup. may sometimes be rendered as belonging to 2. amicus, a greater friend, the greatest friend, as in Cic. Att. 16, 16, and Am. 1, 5; so in Gr. basileus etc.).—

Of things, kindly, pleasing (mostly poet.;

so Cic. rarely): nihil homini amico est opportuno amicius,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 44:

secundum te nihil est mihi amicius solitudine,

Cic. Att. 12, 15:

portus intramus amicos,

Verg. A. 5, 57: fessos opibus solatur amicis, id. [p. 106] ib. 5, 416:

vento amico ferri,

Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 17:

per amica silentia lunae,

Verg. A. 2, 255:

amici imbres,

id. G. 4, 115:

sidus amicum,

Hor. Epod. 10, 9:

sol amicum tempus agens,

bringing the welcome hour, id. C. 3, 6, 43:

tempus fraudibus amicum,

Stat. S. 5, 2, 39:

brevitas postulatur, qui mihimet ipsi amicissima est,

Cic. Quinct. 34.—

Amicum est mihi (after the Gr. philon esti moi; in pure Lat., mihi cordi est, etc.); with inf., it pleases me, it accords with my feelings:

nec dis amicum est nec mihi te prius Obire,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 2.—Hence, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly, amicably.

Old form ămīcĭter, Pac. ap. Non. 510, 26; Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 3.—

Class. form ămīcē:

facis amice,

Cic. Am. 2, 9:

haec accipienda amice,

id. ib. 24, 88; id. Fin. 1, 10; id. Off. 1, 26. —

* Comp., Front. ad M. Caes. 1, 6.— Sup., Cic. Div. in Caecil. 9; Caes. B. C. 2, 17.

ămīcus, i, m. [from amo, as philos from phileô, and from ] ( gen. plur. amicūm, Ter. Heaut. prol. 24).

A friend; constr. with gen. or poss. adj.; v. Zumpt, Gram. §

410: est is (amicus) tamquam alter idem,

Cic. Am. 21, 80 (cf. id. ib. 25, 92; id. Off. 1, 17):

amicum qui intuetur, tamquam exemplar intuetur sui,

id. Am. 7, 23:

Non tam utilitas parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse delectat,

id. ib. 14, 51: Amicus certus in re incertā cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. ib. 17, 64:

boni improbis, improbi bonis amici esse non possunt,

Cic. ib. 20, 74:

ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut quattuor nominantur paria amicorum,

id. ib. 4, 15:

tu ex amicis certis mi es certissimus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 54 and 57:

vetus verbum hoc est, Communia esse amicorum inter se omnia,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 18:

Respicis antiquum lassis in rebus amicum,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 93:

Alba tuus antiquissimus non solum amicus, verum etiam amator,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63 fin.:

hospitis et amici mei M. Pacuvii fabula,

id. Am. 7, 24:

suis incommodis graviter angi non amicum sed se ipsum amantis est,

of one loving not his friend, but himself, id. ib. 3, 10:

ab amicis honesta petere, amicorum causā honesta facere,

id. ib. 13, 44:

paternus amicus ac pernecessarius,

id. Fl. 6, 14:

amicus novus,

id. Am. 19, 67:

vetus,

id. ib.; Verg. A. 3, 82; Hor. S. 2, 6, 81; Ov. P. 1, 6, 53:

amici ac familiares veteres,

Suet. Tib. 55:

aequaevus,

Verg. A. 5, 452:

ardens,

id. ib. 9, 198:

dulcis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69; Ov. P. 1, 8, 31:

carus,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 51; Ov. Tr. 3, 6, 7:

jucundus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 93:

amici jucundissimi et omnium horarum,

Suet. Tib. 42:

amicus propior,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5:

fidelis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 1; Vulg. Eccli. 6, 14:

fidus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 24:

verus,

Cic. Am. 21, 82; Vulg. Eccli. 25, 12:

mendax,

Hor. A. P. 425:

secernere blandum amicum a vero,

Cic. Am. 25, 95:

memor,

Ov. Tr. 5, 9, 33:

summus,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 1:

primus,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 10, 65:

amici tristes,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 24:

maesti,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 5:

dives,

Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 24:

inops,

id. S. 1, 2, 5:

inferioris ordinis amici,

Cic. Am. 19, 69:

communes amici,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2:

amice, salve!

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 12; so Cat. 55, 7; Verg. A. 6, 507; Hor. C. 2, 14, 6; and Vulg. Matt. 20, 13:

magnanimi veritatis amici,

Cic. Off. 1, 19:

amicos parare,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 39:

amicos parare optimam vitae, ut ita dicam, supellectilem,

Cic. Am. 15, 55:

minus amicorum habens,

Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 22:

me unum atque unicum amicum habuit,

Cat. 73, 6;

amicos habere,

Cic. Am. 11, 36; so Vulg. Prov. 22, 11:

nos sibi amicos junget,

Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 32; Hor. S. 1, 3, 54:

amicum servare,

id. ib.:

amicum servare per durum tempus,

Ov. P. 2, 6, 29:

aliquo uti amico,

to have one as a friend, Cic. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Hor. S. 1, 4, 96:

sibi amicum facere,

Vulg. Luc. 16, 9:

amicum diligere,

Verg. A. 9, 430; Vulg. Deut. 13, 6:

amico inservire,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 8:

amico parcere,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 35:

et monendi amici saepe sunt et objurgandi,

Cic. Am. 24, 88:

amico ignoscere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 110:

angorem pro amico capere,

Cic. Am. 13, 48:

amici jacentem animum excitare,

id. ib. 16, 59:

amicum consolari,

Ov. Tr. 5, 4, 41:

amico orbatus,

Cic. Am. 3, 10:

amicum offendere,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 73:

non paucis munitus amicis,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 25.—Also for patronus, patron, protector; so Horace of Mæcenas, Epod. 1, 2:

amicus potens,

powerful friend, id. C. 2, 18, 12; so,

magnus,

Juv. 3, 57; 6, 313: Suet. Aug. 56:

valentissimi,

id. ib. 35.—And for socius, companion:

trepido fugam exprobravit amico,

Ov. M. 13, 69.—

In polit. relations, a friend of the State (who was not always socius, an ally, but the socius was always amicus; cf.

amicitia): Deiotarus ex animo amicus, unus fidelis populo Romano,

Cic. Phil. 11, 13:

socio atque amico regi,

Liv. 37, 54; 7, 30 et saep.; Suet. Caes. 11.—

In and after the Aug. per., a counsellor, courtier, minister of a prince, Nep. Milt. 3, 2 Dähn.:

fuerunt multi reges ex amicis Alexandri Magni,

id. Reg. 3, 1; so Suet. Caes. 70, 72; 70, 79; id. Aug. 16; 17; 35; 56; 66; id. Calig. 19; id. Ner. 5; id. Galb. 7 al.; cf. Ernest. ad Suet. Excurs. XV.—Hence, ămī-ca, ae, f.

In bon. part., a female friend (very rare; cf. hetaira in Hom., Aristoph., Plato):

amicae, cognatae,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 16:

at haec amicae erunt, ubi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 24:

Me (laedit) soror et cum quae dormit amica simul,

Prop. 2, 6, 12:

ibit ad adfectam, quae non languebit, amicam Visere,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 21; cf. Juv. 3, 12; 6, 353; 6, 455; 6, 481; so Inscr. Grut. 865, 17; 891, 4. —

In mal. part., = meretrix, a concubine, mistress, courtesan (esp. freq. in the comic poets; so in Gr. hetaira com. in Att. usage): eum suus pater ab amicā abduxit, Naev. ap. Gell. 6, 8:

mulierem pejorem quam haec amica est Phaedromi non vidi,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 1, 3; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 25; 3, 4, 22; id. Cist. 2, 3, 28; id. Ep. 5, 2, 36; 5, 2, 39 al.:

sive ista uxor sive amica est,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 52; 1, 2, 15; 3, 3, 6; 4, 6, 15 et saep.; Cic. Att. 10, 10; Dig. 50, 16, 144.

ămīcus (old form ămēcus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), a, um, adj. [amo], friendly, kind, amicable, favorable, inclined to, liking; constr. with dat., Zumpt, Gram. §

410: animo esse amico erga aliquem,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 29; Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 3:

tribuni sunt nobis amici,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2 fin.:

homo amicus nobis jam inde a puero,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 86:

Pompeium tibi valde amicum esse cognovi,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 5; id. Att. 9, 5:

amicus non magis tyranno quam tyrannidi,

Nep. Dion, 3, 2; id. Att. 9:

male numen amicum,

Verg. A. 2, 735; Ov. F. 3, 834:

(Fortuna) amica varietati constantiam respuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 16:

amica luto sus,

fond of, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 26.— Comp.:

mihi nemo est amicior Attico,

Cic. Att. 16, 16:

amicior Cilicum aerariis quam nostro,

id. ib. 7, 1, 6; id. Fam. 3, 2, 1.— Sup.:

Deiotarum, fidelissimum regem atque amicissimum rei publicae nostrae,

Cic. Att. 15, 2, 2:

cum summi viri, tum amicissimi,

id. Am. 2, 8:

amicissimi viri,

Suet. Caes. 1:

successor conjunctissimus et amicissimus,

Cic. Fam. 3, 3:

hoc libro ad amicum amicissimus de amicitiā scripsi,

id. Am. 1, 5; 23, 88 (but the comp. and sup. may sometimes be rendered as belonging to 2. amicus, a greater friend, the greatest friend, as in Cic. Att. 16, 16, and Am. 1, 5; so in Gr. basileus etc.).—

Of things, kindly, pleasing (mostly poet.;

so Cic. rarely): nihil homini amico est opportuno amicius,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 44:

secundum te nihil est mihi amicius solitudine,

Cic. Att. 12, 15:

portus intramus amicos,

Verg. A. 5, 57: fessos opibus solatur amicis, id. [p. 106] ib. 5, 416:

vento amico ferri,

Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 17:

per amica silentia lunae,

Verg. A. 2, 255:

amici imbres,

id. G. 4, 115:

sidus amicum,

Hor. Epod. 10, 9:

sol amicum tempus agens,

bringing the welcome hour, id. C. 3, 6, 43:

tempus fraudibus amicum,

Stat. S. 5, 2, 39:

brevitas postulatur, qui mihimet ipsi amicissima est,

Cic. Quinct. 34.—

Amicum est mihi (after the Gr. philon esti moi; in pure Lat., mihi cordi est, etc.); with inf., it pleases me, it accords with my feelings:

nec dis amicum est nec mihi te prius Obire,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 2.—Hence, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly, amicably.

Old form ămīcĭter, Pac. ap. Non. 510, 26; Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 3.—

Class. form ămīcē:

facis amice,

Cic. Am. 2, 9:

haec accipienda amice,

id. ib. 24, 88; id. Fin. 1, 10; id. Off. 1, 26. —

* Comp., Front. ad M. Caes. 1, 6.— Sup., Cic. Div. in Caecil. 9; Caes. B. C. 2, 17.

ămīcus, i, m. [from amo, as philos from phileô, and from ] ( gen. plur. amicūm, Ter. Heaut. prol. 24).

A friend; constr. with gen. or poss. adj.; v. Zumpt, Gram. §

410: est is (amicus) tamquam alter idem,

Cic. Am. 21, 80 (cf. id. ib. 25, 92; id. Off. 1, 17):

amicum qui intuetur, tamquam exemplar intuetur sui,

id. Am. 7, 23:

Non tam utilitas parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse delectat,

id. ib. 14, 51: Amicus certus in re incertā cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. ib. 17, 64:

boni improbis, improbi bonis amici esse non possunt,

Cic. ib. 20, 74:

ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut quattuor nominantur paria amicorum,

id. ib. 4, 15:

tu ex amicis certis mi es certissimus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 54 and 57:

vetus verbum hoc est, Communia esse amicorum inter se omnia,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 18:

Respicis antiquum lassis in rebus amicum,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 93:

Alba tuus antiquissimus non solum amicus, verum etiam amator,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63 fin.:

hospitis et amici mei M. Pacuvii fabula,

id. Am. 7, 24:

suis incommodis graviter angi non amicum sed se ipsum amantis est,

of one loving not his friend, but himself, id. ib. 3, 10:

ab amicis honesta petere, amicorum causā honesta facere,

id. ib. 13, 44:

paternus amicus ac pernecessarius,

id. Fl. 6, 14:

amicus novus,

id. Am. 19, 67:

vetus,

id. ib.; Verg. A. 3, 82; Hor. S. 2, 6, 81; Ov. P. 1, 6, 53:

amici ac familiares veteres,

Suet. Tib. 55:

aequaevus,

Verg. A. 5, 452:

ardens,

id. ib. 9, 198:

dulcis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69; Ov. P. 1, 8, 31:

carus,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 51; Ov. Tr. 3, 6, 7:

jucundus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 93:

amici jucundissimi et omnium horarum,

Suet. Tib. 42:

amicus propior,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5:

fidelis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 1; Vulg. Eccli. 6, 14:

fidus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 24:

verus,

Cic. Am. 21, 82; Vulg. Eccli. 25, 12:

mendax,

Hor. A. P. 425:

secernere blandum amicum a vero,

Cic. Am. 25, 95:

memor,

Ov. Tr. 5, 9, 33:

summus,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 1:

primus,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 10, 65:

amici tristes,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 24:

maesti,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 5:

dives,

Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 24:

inops,

id. S. 1, 2, 5:

inferioris ordinis amici,

Cic. Am. 19, 69:

communes amici,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2:

amice, salve!

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 12; so Cat. 55, 7; Verg. A. 6, 507; Hor. C. 2, 14, 6; and Vulg. Matt. 20, 13:

magnanimi veritatis amici,

Cic. Off. 1, 19:

amicos parare,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 39:

amicos parare optimam vitae, ut ita dicam, supellectilem,

Cic. Am. 15, 55:

minus amicorum habens,

Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 22:

me unum atque unicum amicum habuit,

Cat. 73, 6;

amicos habere,

Cic. Am. 11, 36; so Vulg. Prov. 22, 11:

nos sibi amicos junget,

Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 32; Hor. S. 1, 3, 54:

amicum servare,

id. ib.:

amicum servare per durum tempus,

Ov. P. 2, 6, 29:

aliquo uti amico,

to have one as a friend, Cic. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Hor. S. 1, 4, 96:

sibi amicum facere,

Vulg. Luc. 16, 9:

amicum diligere,

Verg. A. 9, 430; Vulg. Deut. 13, 6:

amico inservire,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 8:

amico parcere,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 35:

et monendi amici saepe sunt et objurgandi,

Cic. Am. 24, 88:

amico ignoscere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 110:

angorem pro amico capere,

Cic. Am. 13, 48:

amici jacentem animum excitare,

id. ib. 16, 59:

amicum consolari,

Ov. Tr. 5, 4, 41:

amico orbatus,

Cic. Am. 3, 10:

amicum offendere,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 73:

non paucis munitus amicis,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 25.—Also for patronus, patron, protector; so Horace of Mæcenas, Epod. 1, 2:

amicus potens,

powerful friend, id. C. 2, 18, 12; so,

magnus,

Juv. 3, 57; 6, 313: Suet. Aug. 56:

valentissimi,

id. ib. 35.—And for socius, companion:

trepido fugam exprobravit amico,

Ov. M. 13, 69.—

In polit. relations, a friend of the State (who was not always socius, an ally, but the socius was always amicus; cf.

amicitia): Deiotarus ex animo amicus, unus fidelis populo Romano,

Cic. Phil. 11, 13:

socio atque amico regi,

Liv. 37, 54; 7, 30 et saep.; Suet. Caes. 11.—

In and after the Aug. per., a counsellor, courtier, minister of a prince, Nep. Milt. 3, 2 Dähn.:

fuerunt multi reges ex amicis Alexandri Magni,

id. Reg. 3, 1; so Suet. Caes. 70, 72; 70, 79; id. Aug. 16; 17; 35; 56; 66; id. Calig. 19; id. Ner. 5; id. Galb. 7 al.; cf. Ernest. ad Suet. Excurs. XV.—Hence, ămī-ca, ae, f.

In bon. part., a female friend (very rare; cf. hetaira in Hom., Aristoph., Plato):

amicae, cognatae,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 16:

at haec amicae erunt, ubi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 24:

Me (laedit) soror et cum quae dormit amica simul,

Prop. 2, 6, 12:

ibit ad adfectam, quae non languebit, amicam Visere,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 21; cf. Juv. 3, 12; 6, 353; 6, 455; 6, 481; so Inscr. Grut. 865, 17; 891, 4. —

In mal. part., = meretrix, a concubine, mistress, courtesan (esp. freq. in the comic poets; so in Gr. hetaira com. in Att. usage): eum suus pater ab amicā abduxit, Naev. ap. Gell. 6, 8:

mulierem pejorem quam haec amica est Phaedromi non vidi,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 1, 3; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 25; 3, 4, 22; id. Cist. 2, 3, 28; id. Ep. 5, 2, 36; 5, 2, 39 al.:

sive ista uxor sive amica est,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 52; 1, 2, 15; 3, 3, 6; 4, 6, 15 et saep.; Cic. Att. 10, 10; Dig. 50, 16, 144.

ex-specto ( expect-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to look out for a thing (syn.: prospecto, opperior, maneo, moror, praestolor).

Objectively, to await, expect something that is to come or to take place, to be waiting for, etc. (very freq. and class.). —Constr. with the acc., with rel.-clauses, with dum, si, ut, quin, or absol.; very rarely with object-clause.

In gen.

With acc.:

caritatem,

Cato, R. R. 3, 2:

alicujus mortem,

Plaut. As. 3, 1, 28:

cum ea Scipio dixisset silentioque omnium reliqua ejus exspectaretur oratio,

Cic. Rep. 2, 38:

injurias,

id. ib. 1, 5:

transitum tempestatis,

id. Att. 2, 21, 2:

adventum alicujus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 27, 2; 2, 16, 2:

eventum pugnae,

id. ib. 7, 49 fin.:

scilicet ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini est,

Ov. M. 3, 136:

cenantes haud animo aequo Exspectans comites,

i. e. waiting till they have done eating, Hor. S. 1, 5, 9 et saep.; cf.:

exspectandus erit annus,

I must wait a year, Juv. 16, 42. —

With relative and esp. interrogative clauses: exspectabat populus atque ora tenebat rebus, utri magni victoria sit data regni, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. s. 90, ed. Vahl.):

exspecto, quo pacto, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 1:

exspecto, quid ad ista,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 20, 46; id. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 92:

quid hostes consilii caperent, exspectabat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24, 1:

exspectante Antonio, quidnam esset actura,

Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 121:

ne utile quidem, quam mox judicium fiat, exspectare,

Cic. Inv. 2, 28, 85; so,

quid exspectas quam mox ego dicam, etc.,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

et, quam mox signis collatis dimicandum sit, in dies exspectet,

id. 34, 11, 4; 3, 37, 5:

exspectans, quando, etc.,

Quint. 11, 3, 159.—

With dum, si, ut, etc.:

ne exspectetis meas pugnas dum praedicem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 1:

ne exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur,

Cic. Lael. 13, 44:

exspectas fortasse, dum dicat, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 17:

exspectare, dum hostium copiae augerentur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13, 2:

nec dum repetatur, exspectat,

Quint. 4, 2, 45:

Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin.; cf.:

nec vero hoc loco exspectandum est, dum, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 42:

jam dudum exspecto, si tuum officium scias,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

exspecto si quid dicas,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 61:

hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9, 1; id. B. C. 2, 34, 1:

nisi exspectare vis ut eam sine dote frater conlocet,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 7:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat, erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

nisi forte exspectatis ut illa diluam, quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 29, 82:

neque exspectant, ut de eorum imperio ad populum feratur,

Caes. ib. 1, 6, 6:

quare nemo exspectet, ut, etc.,

Quint. 7, 10, 14; Liv. 23, 31, 7; 26, 18, 5; 35, 8, 5 al.— Pass. impers.:

nec ultra exspectato, quam dum Claudius Ostiam proficisceretur,

Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:

cum omnium voces audirentur, exspectari diutius non oportere, quin ad castra iretur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24 fin. —

Absol.:

comites ad portam exspectare dicunt,

Cic. Fam. 15, 17, 1:

diem ex die exspectabam, ut statuerem, quid esset faciendum,

id. Att. 7, 26, 3:

exspectent paullum et agi ordine sinant,

Quint. 4, 5, 19.—

With object-clause:

cum expectaret effusos omnibus portis Aetolos in fidem suam venturos,

Liv. 43, 22, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

venturum istum,

Aug. Conf. 5, 6.—

Transf., of an abstract subject, like maneo, to await:

seu me tranquilla senectus Exspectat seu, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 58.

To look for with hope, fear, desire, expectation, to hope for, long for, expect, desire; to fear, dread, anticipate, apprehend.

With acc.:

reliquum est, ut tuam profectionem amore prosequar, reditum spe exspectem,

Cic. Fam. 15, 21 fin.; cf.:

quod magna cum spe exspectamus,

id. Att. 16, 16 E. fin.:

ego jam aut rem aut ne spem quidem exspecto,

id. ib. 3, 22 fin.: magnum inceptas, si id exspectas, quod nusquam'st, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 56:

quam (rem) avidissime civitas exspectat,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1, 1:

longiores (epistolas) exspectabo vel potius exigam,

id. Fam. 15, 16, 1:

finem laborum omnium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 85, 4:

illum ut vivat, optant, meam autem mortem exspectant scilicet,

to wish, Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 20:

fama mortis meae non accepta solum sed etiam exspectata est,

Liv. 28, 27, 9; cf.

in the pun with I.: cum Proculeius quereretur de filio, quod is mortem suam exspectaret, et ille dixisset, se vero non exspectare: Immo, inquit, rogo exspectes,

Quint. 9, 3, 68 Spald.:

nescio quod magnum hoc nuntio exspecto malum,

dread, Ter. Ph. 1, 4, 16:

mortem,

id. Hec. 3, 4, 8:

multis de causis Caesar majorem Galliae motum exspectans,

Caes. B. G. 6, 1, 1: 7, 43 fin. —With a personal object:

pater exspectat aut me aut aliquem nuntium,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 22:

ite intro, filii vos exspectant intus,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 86:

hic ego mendacem usque puellam Ad mediam noctem exspecto,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 83; cf. Ov. M. 14, 418:

video jam, illum, quem exspectabam, virum, cui praeficias officio et muneri,

Cic. Rep. 2, 42.—

Aliquid ab (rarely ex) aliquo (a favorite expression of Cicero):

a te hoc civitas vel omnes potius gentes non exspectant solum, sed etiam postulant,

Cic. Fam. 11, 5, 3; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 1:

dixi Servilio, ut omnia a me majora exspectaret,

id. ib. 3, 12, 4:

alimenta a nobis,

id. Rep. 1, 4:

ab aliquo gloriam,

id. ib. 6, 19 fin.:

tristem censuram ab laeso,

Liv. 39, 41, 2:

ut ex iis (proletariis) quasi proles civitatis exspectari videretur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 40.—

Aliquid ab or ex aliqua re (rare):

aliquid ab liberalitate alicujus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 28, 3:

dedecus a philosopho,

id. Tusc. 2, 12, 28:

omnia ex sua amicitia,

id. ib. 3, 60, 1.—

Aliquid aliquem (very rare): ne quid exspectes amicos, quod tute agere possies, Enn. ap. Gell. 2, 29; Sat. v. 38 Vahl.—

With object-clause:

quid mihi hic adfers, quam ob rem exspectem aut sperem porro non fore?

Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 36:

exspecto cupioque te ita illud defendere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151.—With inf. alone (cf. cupio), Front. ad Ver. Imp. p. 137, ed. Rom.—

Absol. (very rare):

cum mihi nihil improviso, nec gravius quam exspectavissem pro tantis meis factis evenisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4:

aliquando ad verum, ubi minime exspectavimus, pervenimus,

Quint. 12, 8, 11.—

Poet. transf., of an abstr. subject, to have need of, require:

silvarumque aliae pressos propaginis arcus Exspectant,

Verg. G. 2, 27:

neque illae (oleae) procurvam exspectant falcem rastrosque tenaces,

id. ib. 2, 421; cf.:

lenta remedia et segnes medicos non exspectant tempora mea,

Curt. 3, 5, 13.—Hence, exspectātus ( expect-), a, um, P. a. (acc. to II.), anxiously expected, longed for, desired, welcome (class.):

carus omnibus exspectatusque venies,

Cic. Fam. 16, 7; cf.:

venies exspectatus omnibus,

id. ib. 4, 10, 1; Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 11:

quibus Hector ab oris exspectate venis?

Verg. A. 2, 282:

sensi ego in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus tuis,

who were expected to arrive at the highest dignities of the state, Cic. de Sen. 19, 68:

ubi te exspectatum ejecisset foras,

i. e. whose death is waited, longed for, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 29 Ruhnk.— Comp.:

nimis ille potuit exspectatior venire,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 12.— Sup.:

adventus suavissimus exspectatissimusque,

Cic. Att. 4, 4 a:

litterae,

id. Fam. 10, 5, 1:

triumphus,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51 fin. —

In the neutr. absol.:

quis non diversa praesentibus contrariaque exspectatis aut speret aut timeat?

Vell. 2, 75, 2:

hosti Ante exspectatum positis stat in agmine castris,

before it was expected, Verg. G. 3, 348; so,

ante exspectatum,

Ov. M. 4, 790; 8, 5; Sen. Ep. 114:

ille ad patrem patriae exspectato revolavit maturius,

than was expected, Vell. 2, 123, 1.

consĭlĭum, ii, n. [from con and root sal-; Sanscr. sar-; cf. consul], deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel (cf. concilium; very freq. in all periods and species of composition).

Prop.:

consulta sunt consilia,

are finished, at an end, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 7:

quid in consilio consuluistis?

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 6 Ritschl:

consilium volo capere unā tecum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 66:

neque pol consili locum habeo neque ad auxilium copiam,

id. And. 2, 1, 20:

cum aliquo consilia conferre,

Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 38 (v. confero, I. B.):

saepe in senatu consilia versata sunt,

Quint. 12, 2, 21; 7, 4, 2:

quasi vero consilii sit res, et non necesse sit, etc.,

as if the matter were yet open for deliberation, Caes. B. G. 7, 38; cf. Nep. Con. 4, 2:

quid efficere possis, tui consilii est,

is for you to consider, Cic. Fam. 3, 2, 2:

vestrum jam consilium est. non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1: quid aetati credendum sit, quid nomini, magni consilii est, id. Att. 15, 12, 2; cf.:

nihil mihi adhuc accidit, quod majoris consilii esset,

id. ib. 10, 1, 3:

in consilio habere,

Quint. 8, 2, 23:

fit publici consilii particeps,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 3, 1; 3, 8, 4:

nocturna,

Sall. C. 42, 2:

arcanis ut interesset,

Liv. 35, 18, 2 et saep.—

Meton.

In abstr.

A conclusion made with consideration, a determination, resolution, measure, plan, purpose, intention, Quint. 6, 5, 3; cf.:

consilium est aliquid faciendi aut non faciendi excogitata ratio,

Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 36; 2, 9, 31:

certum,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 16:

callidum,

id. ib. 3, 4, 10:

ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia,

Caes. B. G. 3, 8:

aliquid communi consilio agere,

id. ib.:

consilium communicaverunt perfeceruntque,

Suet. Calig. 56:

aedificandi consilium abicere,

Cic. Att. 5, 11, 6; Liv. 33, 41, 5; Tac. A. 4, 4:

deponere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 103.—And of the purpose. as opp. to the act, etc.:

quod initio scripsi, totius facti tui judicium non tam ex consilio tuo quam ex eventu homines esse facturos,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5:

quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia, legibus vindicentur,

id. Mil. 7, 19:

mentem peccare, non corpus, et unde consilium afuerit culpam abesse,

Liv. 1, 58, 9. —Often with epithets characterizing the person who forms the purpose, etc.:

amentissimum,

Cic. Att. 7, 10 init.:

audax,

Liv. 25, 38, 18; 35, 32, 13:

fortissima cousilia,

id. 25, 38, 18:

fidele,

Cic. Agr. 2, 3, 5; Curt. 6, 4, 8:

providens,

Gell. 3, 7, 8:

malum,

id. 4, 5, 5:

temerarium,

Vell. 2, 120, 2:

incautum,

Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3:

lene,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 41:

praeceps,

Suet. Aug. 8:

repudio quod consilium primum intenderam,

Ter. And. 4, 3, 18:

eo consilio, uti frumento Caesarem intercluderet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 2, 9; Cic. Fin. 1, 21, 72 fin.; Sall. C. 57, 1:

quo consilio huc imus?

Ter. Eun. 5, 7, 1;

also: hoc consilio ut,

Nep. Milt. 5, 3: privato consilio, on one's own account (opp. publico consilio, in the name or behalf of the state):

qui contra consulem privato consilio exercitus comparaverunt,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; Caes. B. C. 3, 14; Nep. Pelop. 1, 2.—Sometimes absol. consilio adverbially, intentionally, designedly:

casu potius quam consilio,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 8:

consul, seu forte, seu consilio, Venusiam perfugit,

Liv. 22, 49, 14; 35, 14, 4; Verg. A. 7, 216.—

Esp. in the phrases,

Consilium capere, to form a purpose or plan, to resolve, decide, determine:

neque, quid nunc consili capiam, scio, De virgine istac,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 27: consilium capere with a gen. gerund., Caes. B. G. 3, 2; 5, 29; Cic. Att. 5, 11, 6; Liv. 39, 51, 3; 43, 3, 7; 35, 34, 4; 10, 38, 6; Sall. C. 16, 4; Curt. 8, 6, 8; 8, 7, 1; Tac. A. 6, 26; Suet. Vesp. 6; Quint. 11, 3, 180; Just. 2, 13, 5; 34, 4, 1; cf. with gen.:

profectionis et reversionis meae,

Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 1.—With inf., Cic. Quint. 16, 53 fin.; Caes. B. G. 7, 71; Nep. Lys. 3, 1; Liv. 44, 11, 6 al.—With ut:

capio consilium, ut senatum congerronum convocem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 8:

consilium ceperunt plenum sceleris, ut nomen hujus deferrent,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; id. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 140:

consilium cepi, ut antequam luceret exirem,

id. Att. 7. 10; id. Tull. 14, 34; Liv. 25, 34, 7.—And with inf.:

consilium cepit... iter in urbem patefacere,

Liv. 44, 11, 7:

hominis fortunas evertere,

Cic. Quint. 16, 53:

Heraclius capit consilium... non adesse ad judicium,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 41:

ex oppido profugere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 26; 7, 71; Just. 35, 1, 3.—

In the same sense, inire consilium, with similar construction:

inita sunt consilia urbis delendae,

Cic. Mur. 37, 80; 38, 81:

regni occupandi consilium inire,

Liv. 2, 8, 2; 6, 17, 7; 7, 38, 5:

jus gentium cujus violandi causā consilium initum erat,

id. 38, 25, 8; 4, 11, 4:

sceleris conandi consilia inierat,

Vell. 2, 35, 5; 2, 80, 6:

Graeci consilium ineunt interrumpendi pontis,

Just. 2, 13, 5; Suet. Calig. 48:

iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere,

Nep. Lys. 3, 1:

consilia inibat, quemadmodum, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43:

de bello consilia inire incipiunt,

id. ib. 7, 1:

cum de recuperandā libertate consilium initum videretur,

id. ib. 5, 27:

consilia inita de regno,

Liv. 4, 15, 4:

atrox consilium init, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 41.—

Freq. consilium est, with and without inf., I purpose:

ita facere,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 73; Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 44; Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1; Sall. C. 4, 1; 53, 6; Liv. 21, 63, 2; Sall. H. Fragm. 4, 61, 16 Dietsch. —Rarely with ut:

ut filius Cum illà habitet... hoc nostrum consilium fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 41:

ea uti acceptā mercede deseram, non est consilium,

Sall. J. 85, 8; and absol.:

quid sui consilii sit, ostendit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21.—Hence,

In partic., in milit. lang., a warlike measure, device, stratagem: consilium imperatorium quod Graeci stratêgêma appellant, Cic. N. D. 3, 6, 15; so Caes. B. G. 7, 22; Nep. Dat. 6, 8; id. Iphicr. 1, 2; cf.:

opportunus consiliis locus (= insidiis),

Quint. 5, 10, 37.—

With special reference to the person for whose advantage a measure is devised, counsel, advice:

tu quidem antehac aliis solebas dare consilia mutua,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 98; so,

dare,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9:

quid das consili?

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 93:

Cethegum minus ei fidele consilium dedisse,

Cic. Clu. 31, 85:

vos lene consilium datis,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 41; 3, 5, 45 et saep.:

juvabo aut re aut operā aut consilio bono,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 17;

imitated by Ter.: aut consolando aut consilio aut re juvero,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 34 (quoted ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 10, 4); cf. Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 29; Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 2; 15, 2, 2; id. Att. 13, 31, 3:

te hortor ut omnia moderere prudentiā tuā, ne te auferant aliorum consilia,

id. Fam. 2, 7, 1:

sin aliquid impertivit tibi sui consilii,

id. ib. 5, 2, 9:

consiliis, non curribus utere nostris,

Ov. M. 2, 146:

facile ratio tam salubris consilii accepta est,

Curt. 3, 7, 10:

saniora consilia pati,

id. 4, 1, 9.—

As a mental quality, understanding, judgment, wisdom, sense, penetration, prudence:

et dominari in corpore toto Consilium quod nos animum mentemque vocamus,

Lucr. 3, 139; 3, 450:

acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili,

Cic. Att. 14, 21, 3; cf. id. Caecin. 7, 18:

ut popularis cupiditas a consilio principum dissideret,

id. Sest. 49, 103:

majore studio quam consilio ad bellum proficisci,

Sall. H. 2, 96, 4 Dietsch:

res forte quam consilio melius gestae,

id. J. 92, 6:

quae quanto consilio gerantur, nullo consilio adsequi possumus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

simul consilium cum re amisisti?

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 10; cf.:

miseros prudentia prima relinquit, Et sensus cum re consiliumque fugit,

Ov. P. 4, 12, 48:

mulieres omnes propter infirmitatem consilii majores in tutorum potestate esse voluerunt,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27:

vir et consilii magni et virtutis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

cum plus in illo senili animo non consilii modo sed etiam virtutis esse dicerent,

Liv. 4, 13, 13; so,

tam iners, tam nulli consili Sum,

Ter. And. 3, 5, 2:

est hoc principium improbi animi, miseri ingenii, nulli consilii,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 16, 48:

omnes gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consilii aut dignitatis fuit,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. Ov. M. 6, 40:

misce stultitiam consiliis brevem,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 27:

quae res in se neque consilium neque modum Habet ullum, eam consilio regere non potes,

Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 13. —

Poet., transf., of inanim. things:

consilii inopes ignes,

indiscreet, Ov. M. 9, 746:

vis consili expers,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 65; id. S. 2, 3, 266.—

In concr., the persons who deliberate, a council; of the Roman senate:

senatum, id est orbis terrae consilium, delere gestit,

Cic. Phil. 4, 6, 14; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; id. de Or. 2, 82, 333; id. Sest. 65, 137:

summum consilium orbis terrae,

id. Phil. 7, 7, 19; Liv. 1, 8, 7; 23, 22, 2; Vell. 1, 8, 6:

di prohibeant, ut hoc, quod majores consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum existimetur,

i. e. a court of justice, Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151; cf.:

qui ex civitate in senatum propter dignitatem, ex senatu in hoc consilium delecti estis propter severitatem,

id. ib. 3, 8.—Of the division of the centumviri, who sat for ordinary cases in four consilia:

sedebant centum et octoginta judices, tot enim quattuor consiliis colliguntur,

Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 2:

omnibus non solum consiliis sed etiam sententiis superior discessit,

Val. Max. 7, 7, 1:

Galba consilio celeriter convocato sententias exquirere coepit,

a council of war, Caes. B. G. 3, 3; cf.:

consilio advocato,

Liv. 25, 31, 3; 43, 22, 9 al.:

castrense,

id. 44, 35, 4:

mittunt (Carthaginienses) triginta seniorum principes: id erat sanctius apud illos consilium,

id. 30, 16, 3; cf. id. 35, 34, 2:

consilium Jovis,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 6:

bonorum atque sapientium,

Quint. 3, 8, 2 al. —

Facetiously:

paulisper tace, Dum ego mihi consilia in animum convoco, et dum consulo,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 44.—

(Acc. to II. A. [p. 433] 1. c.) A counsellor:

ille ferox hortator pugnae consiliumque fuit,

Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 32:

Clymene, Aethraque, Quae mihi sunt comites consiliumque duae,

id. H. 16 (17), 268; id. F. 3, 276.

con-trăho, xi, ctum, 3, v. a., to draw or bring several objects together, to collect, assemble (freq. and class.).

In gen.

Lit. (syn. colligo;

opp. dissipo): quae in rerum naturā constarent quaeque moverentur, ea contrahere amicitiam, dissipare discordiam,

Cic. Lael. 7, 24:

cohortes ex finitimis regionibus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15:

exercitum in unum locum,

id. B. G. 1, 34; cf.:

omnes copias Luceriam,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2; and:

omnia in unum locum,

id. ib. 8, 11, B, 3:

omnes copias eo,

Nep. Ages. 3, 1:

navibus circiter LXXX. coactis, contractisque,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22; cf.:

magnam classem,

Nep. Con. 4, 4:

naves,

Suet. Calig. 19:

agrestes,

Ov. F. 4, 811:

captivos,

Liv. 37, 44, 3:

utrumque ad colloquium,

id. 28, 18, 2:

undique libros,

Suet. Aug. 31; cf.

exemplaria,

id. Gram. 24:

muscas in manu,

Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 122; cf.

serpentes,

id. 28, 9, 42, § 151: ii, qui in idem (collegium) contracti fuerint, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 34 (43), 1—

Trop.

To bring about, carry into effect, accomplish, execute, get, contract, occasion, cause, produce, make, etc. (very freq.):

amicitiam,

Cic. Lael. 14, 48:

vinculum amicitiae,

Val. Max. 4, 7 init.:

aliquid litigii,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 31; cf.

lites,

id. Capt. prol. 63: qui hoc [p. 458] mihi contraxit, id. Cas. 3, 2, 21; cf.:

negotium mihi,

Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 9; and:

numinis iram mihi (arte),

Ov. M. 2, 660:

bellum Saguntinis,

Liv. 24, 42, 11:

aliquid damni,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 91:

molestias,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5; cf. Sall. H. 2, 41, 8 Dietsch:

aes alienum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 25:

causam certaminis,

Liv. 22, 28, 4; cf.

certamen,

id. 23, 26, 11; 25, 34, 10 al.:

necessitates ad bellum,

id. 44, 27, 12:

culpam,

to incur, Cic. Att. 11, 24, 1 al.:

cruditatem,

Quint. 7, 3, 38; cf. id. 2, 10, 6:

morbum,

Plin. 30, 8, 21, § 65:

pestilentiam,

id. 36, 27, 69, § 202:

saginam corporis,

Just. 21, 2:

causam valetudinis ex profluvio alvi,

Suet. Aug. 97 fin. et saep.: porca contracta, owed, due, sc. for the expiation of a crime, Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57 fin. —

In the lang. of business, t. t., to make a contract, conclude a bargain, to contract:

rationem, rem cum illo,

Cic. Clu. 14, 41; cf. id. Off. 1, 17, 53; id. Sull. 20, 56; id. Att. 7, 7, 7:

in tribuendo suum cuique et rerum contractarum fide,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14:

ex rebus contrahendis,

id. ib. 3, 15, 61:

in contrahendis negotiis,

id. ib. 2, 11, 40:

adfinitas inter Caesarem et Pompeium contracta nuptiis,

Vell. 2, 44, 3 et saep.—

Transf. beyond the sphere of business:

cum aliquo,

to have intercourse with, to associate with, Cic. Off. 1, 2, 4:

nihil cum populo,

id. Tusc. 5, 36, 105.—

In partic., with the prevailing idea of shortening or diminishing by drawing together (cf.: cogo, colligo, etc.), to draw close or together, to draw in, contract, shorten, narrow, lessen, abridge, diminish (freq. and class.; opp. porrigo, dilato, tendo).

Lit.:

animal omne membra quocumque volt flectit, contorquet, porrigit, contrahit,

Cic. Div. 1, 53, 120:

pulmones tum se contrahunt adspirantes, tum intrante spiritu dilatant,

id. N. D. 2, 55, 136:

contractum aliquo morbo bovis cor,

id. Div. 2, 16, 37; cf.:

se millepeda tactu,

Plin. 29, 6, 39, § 136:

bina cornua (opp. protendere),

id. 9, 32, 51, § 101: collum. Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 41;

opp. tendere,

Quint. 11, 3, 82:

frontem,

to wrinkle, contract, Cic. Clu. 26, 72; Hor. S. 2, 2, 125:

supercilia (opp. deducere),

Quint. 11, 3, 79:

medium digitum in pollicem,

id. 11, 3, 92; cf.:

contractum genibus tangas caput,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 61:

gravissimo frigore solus atque contractus vigilabit in lectulo,

Hier. Ep. 53:

castra,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

vela,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 23; Quint. 12, prooem. § 4; cf. Cic. Att. 1, 16, 2:

orbem (lunae),

Ov. M. 15, 198:

umbras,

id. ib. 3, 144:

orationem (with summittere),

Quint. 11, 1, 45; cf. id. 12, 11, 16:

tempora dicendi,

id. 6, 5, 4 et saep.:

lac,

to curdle, coagulate, Plin. 23, 7, 63, § 117.—Of bees:

contracto frigore pigrae ( = contractae frigore pigro),

Verg. G. 4, 259; cf.:

pigrum est enim contractumque frigus,

Sen. Ira, 2, 19, 2:

horrida tempestas contraxit caelum,

narrows, Hor. Epod. 13, 1:

vulnera,

Plin. 24, 8, 33, § 48; cf.

cicatrices,

id. 12, 17, 38, § 77:

ventrem,

to stop, check, Cels. 4, 19; cf.

alvum,

id. ib.:

vomitiones,

Plin. 20, 2, 6, § 11.—

Esp., archit. t. t., to narrow, make smaller or tapering:

columnam,

Vitr. 4, 3, 4; cf. id. 3, 3, 12; 4, 7, 2:

pyramis XXIV. gradibus in metae cacumen se contrahens,

Plin. 36, 5, 4, § 31.—

Trop., to draw in, lessen, check, restrain ( = certis limitibus quasi coartare et circumscribere;

opp. remittere, diffundere): cui non animus formidine divum contrahitur?

Lucr. 5, 1219; cf.:

te rogo, ne contrahas ac demittas animum,

do not suffer your spirits to droop, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4; and:

animos varietas sonorum (opp. remittere),

id. Leg. 2, 15, 38: terram quasi tristitiā (sol;

opp. laetificas),

id. N. D. 2, 40, 102:

ut et bonis amici quasi diffundantur et incommodis contrahantur,

are made sad, id. Lael. 13, 48 (cf. id. Tusc. 4, 6, 14):

ex quibus intellegitur, appetitus omnes contrahendos sedandosque,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.

cupidmem,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 39 et saep. —Hence, contractus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II.), drawn together into a narrow space, i. e. compressed, contracted, close, short, narrow, abridged, restricted, limited, etc.

Lit.:

tanto contractioribus ultimis digitis,

Quint. 11, 3, 95:

nares contractiores habent introitus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 145:

contractior ignis,

smaller, Lucr. 5, 569:

aequora,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 33; cf.

freta,

Ov. F. 6, 495:

locus (with exiguus),

Verg. G. 4, 295:

Nilus contractior et exilior,

Plin. Pan. 30, 3: contractiora spatia ordinum, Col. 5, 5, 3.—

Trop.

Of language, etc.:

et brevis ambitus verborum,

Cic. Brut. 44, 162; cf.:

contractior oratio,

id. ib. 31, 120:

propositum dicendi (opp. uberius),

Quint. 11, 1, 32:

summissā atque contractā voce (opp. erectā et concitatā),

id. 11, 3, 175; so,

vox,

id. 11, 3, 64: parvum opusculum lucubratum his jam contractioribus noctibus, Cic. Par. prooem. § 5.—

In gen.:

quae studia in his jam aetatibus nostris contractiora esse debent,

Cic. Cael. 31, 76:

paupertas,

stinted, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 20 (cf.:

angusta pauperies,

id. C. 3, 2, 1);

in the same sense transf. to the person: ad mare descendet vates tuus et sibi parcet Contractusque leget,

retired, solitary, id. ib. 1, 7, 12; cf.

homo,

Verg. M. 78.— Adv.: contractē, on a contracted scale; only in comp.:

assuescamus. servis paucioribus serviri, habitare contractius,

Sen. Tranq. 9, 3; Lact. 2, 8, 39 al.

dis-sĕro, sēvi (serui, poet. ap. Macr. S. 2, 14, 12), sĭtum, 3, v. a., to scatter seed, to sow here and there, to sow (rare):

Caeciliana (lactuca) mense Januario recte disseritur,

Col. 11, 3, 26:

semina in areolas,

id. 11, 2, 30; cf.:

res in arcas (olitor),

Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Müll.:

dissita pars animae per totum corpus,

Lucr. 3, 143; cf. id. ib. 377; 4, 888.—

To fix in the earth at intervals, to plant here and there:

taleae mediocribus intermissis spatiis disserebantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73 fin.

dis-sĕro, rŭi, rtum ( part. perf. disserta, first in Hier. in Isa. 4, 11; class. form dĭsertus, as a P. a., is very freq.; v. under P. a.), 3, v. a.— Lit., to set forth in order, arrange distinctly; hence, to examine, argue, discuss; or (more freq.) to speak, discourse, treat of a thing (good prose and very freq., esp. in Cic. and Quint.—cf.: disputo, discepto).

With acc. (so in Cic., and usually only with pronouns, but in Tac. also freq. with nominal subjects):

idonea mihi Laelii persona visa est, quae de amicitia ea ipsa dissereret, quae disputata ab eo meminisset Scaevola,

Cic. Lael. 1, 4; cf. id. de Sen. 21, 78:

nihil de ea re,

Tac. A. 1, 6:

seditiosa de aliqua re,

id. ib. 3, 40:

permulta de eloquentia cum Antonio,

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13; cf.:

haec cum ipsis philosophis,

id. ib. 1, 13, 57:

quae inter me et Scipionem de amicitia disserebantur,

id. Lael. 10, 33:

qui haec nuper disserere coeperunt, cum corporibus simul animos interire,

id. ib. 4, 13:

haec subtilius,

id. ib. 5, 18:

aliquid pluribus verbis in senatu,

id. Fam. 12, 7; cf. Sall. J. 30 fin.:

ea, quae disputavi,

Cic. N. D. 3, 40, 95; cf. id. Fat. 5; id. Tusc. 1, 11, 23:

ea lege, qua credo omnibus in rebus disserendis utendum esse,

id. Rep. 1, 24:

pauci bona libertatis incassum disserere,

Tac. A. 1, 4; cf. id. ib. 6, 34; id. H. 3, 81:

cujus negotii initium, ordinem, finem curatius disseram,

id. A. 2, 27; cf. id. H. 2, 2 fin.:

paucis instituta majorum domi militiaeque, quomodo rem publicam habuerint, etc., disserere,

Sall. C. 5 fin. Kritz.; for the latter constr. with a rel. clause, cf. Quint. praef. § 22, and 1, 10, 22; and with acc. and inf.:

malunt disserere, nihil esse in auspiciis, quam quid sit ediscere,

Cic. Div. 1, 47, 105; id. Fin. 4, 1, 2 al.—

With de:

Scipio triduum disseruit de re publica,

Cic. Lael. 4, 14; so id. Rep. 1, 23 fin. et saep.; cf.

also: consuetudo de omnibus rebus in contrarias partes disserendi,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 9:

de Scripturis,

Vulg. Act. 17, 2 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

ut inter quos disseritur, conveniat, quid sit id, de quo disseratur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 1 fin. —Less freq. for de, super aliqua re, Gell. 19, 1, 19.—

Absol.:

ut memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum et cum Scipione disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; so,

cum aliquo,

id. Rep. 1, 21:

ita disseruit: duas esse vias, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 30:

in disserendo rudes,

id. Rep. 1, 8; cf. id. ib. 3, 16; Quint. 12, 1, 35; 12, 2, 25 al.:

causa disserendi,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 3 fin.:

ratio disserendi,

id. Fat. 1; cf. id. Fin. 1, 7; id. Ac. 1, 8, 30; and:

ars bene disserendi,

id. de Or. 2, 38:

adhibita disserendi elegantia,

id. ib. 2, 2 fin.; cf.:

disserendi subtilitas,

id. de Or. 1, 15, 68 et saep. —Hence, dĭsertus, a, um (for dissertus. Cf.:

difficultas laborque discendi disertam negligentiam reddidit. Malunt enim disserere, nihil esse in auspiciis, quam quid sit ediscere,

Cic. Div. 1, 47, 105; and: disertus a disserendo dictus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 72, 15), P. a., skilful in speaking on a subject; clear, methodical in speaking; well-spoken, fluent (less than eloquens, eloquent:

disertos cognosse me nonnullos, eloquentem adhuc neminem, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 21; and id. Or. 5, 18; cf. also: facundus, loquax, dicax).

Prop.:

disertorum oratione delenitus... utilitates non a sapientibus et fortibus viris sed a disertis et ornate dicentibus esse constitutae,

Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 36; cf. id. Phil. 2, 39 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 3; Quint. 2, 3, 7 et saep.; Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 19; id. A. P. 370; Ov. M. 13, 228; id. Tr. 3, 11, 21; Mart. 9, 12, 16 et saep.—Cf. also, ora, Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 20; and poet., Arpi, because within its limits Cicero was born, Mart. 4, 55:

leporum disertus puer,

Cat. 12, 9:

callidus et disertus homo,

i. e. sagacious, shrewd, Ter. Eun. 5, 7, 10.— Comp., Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129 (with eloquentior).— Sup., Cic. Phil. 2, 43, 111; id. de Or. 1, 54, 231; id. Brut. 91, 315; Cat. 49, 1.—

Transf., of discourse:

illam orationem disertam sibi et oratoriam videri, fortem et virilem non videri,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231; cf.

historia,

id. Brut. 26:

epilogus,

id. Att. 4, 15, 4:

verba,

Ov. Pont. 3, 5, 8 al.; Quint. 1, 8, 4; cf. id. 2, 11, 5; 8 prooem. § 24; 8, 2, 21.— Comp.:

sententia,

Sen. Ep. 21.— Sup.:

litterae,

Cic. Att. 7, 2 fin.—Adv., clearly, expressly, distinctly; eloquently.

dĭserte, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 31; Afran. ap. Non. 509, 23; Liv. 21, 19 Fabri ad loc.; id. 42, 25, 4 al.; Cic. de Or. 1, 10 fin.; id. Tusc. 5, 9, 24; id. Att. 4, 1, 6; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 10; Quint. 12, 1, 30; [p. 595] Tac. Or. 9, 26.—

dĭsertim, Liv. Andr., Att. Trag. v. 350 Rib. (ap. Non. 509, 25 sq.); Titin. Com. v. 150 Rib. (ap. Non. ib.); Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 87.—

Comp., Mart. 3, 38.—

Sup., Liv. 39, 28; Quint. 6, 2, 26.

ex-ercĕo, ŭi, itum, 2, v. a. [arceo], to drive on, keep busy, keep at work; to oversee, superintend; with an inanimate object, to work, work at, employ one's self about a thing.

Lit. (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose):

quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae, Si sumas in illis (servis) exercendis, plus agas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 22; cf.:

homines qui agrum colunt, et qui eos exercent praepositive sunt his, quorum in numero sunt vilici et monitores,

who oversee them, Dig. 33, 7, 8:

exercete, viri, tauros,

Verg. G. 1, 210:

i sane, ego te exercebo hodie, ut dignus es,

keep agoing, exercise, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 48:

corpora assiduo varioque exercita motu, etc.,

driven, impelled, Lucr. 2, 97; cf. id. 4, 862; 2, 120; and:

exercita cursu Flumina (with fontes liquidi),

Verg. G. 3, 529 Wagn.:

(Maeandros) Incertas exercet aquas,

Ov. M. 8, 165:

exercere feras,

to drive, hunt, Dig. 7, 1, 62: Mi. Gestiunt pugni mihi. So. Si in me exercituru's, quaeso in parietem ut primum domes, to let loose, set them at me, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:

litus arant Rutulosque exercent vomere colles,

work, till, Verg. A. 7, 798:

solum presso sub vomere,

id. G. 2, 356:

rura bubus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 3:

humum in messem,

Verg. G. 1, 219:

vineas, arbusta, campos (with curare),

Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 16:

agrum multis arationibus,

Pall. Jan. 13, 2:

pinguia culta,

Verg. A. 10, 142:

ferrum vasto in antro (Cyclopes),

id. ib. 8, 424:

telas (aranea),

Ov. M. 6, 145 al.; cf.: neque arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, quibus exercendis reservemur, Tac. Agr. 31.— Poet.:

ut possint (aratores), sole reducto, Exercere diem,

i. e. employ the day in labor, perform their day's work, Verg. A. 10, 808.

Trop. (freq. and class.).

To engage busily, to occupy, employ, exercise a person or thing in some action.

Aliquem or aliquid ( in aliqua re, ad aliquid, aliqua re, etc.):

me adolescentem multos annos in studio ejusdem laudis (Hortensius) exercuit,

Cic. Brut. 64, 230:

quod genus belli esse potest, in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

a Diodoto studiosissime in dialectica exercebar,

id. Brut. 90, 309; cf. id. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

hanc (animi vim) tu exerce in optimis rebus,

id. Rep. 6, 26:

haec aetas (juvenum) exercenda in labore patientiaque et animi et corporis,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

animos in armis,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 41:

in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,

Verg. A. 6, 642:

vocem et vires in hoc,

Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149 et saep.:

Aristoteles adolescentes... ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem exercuit,

id. Or. 14, 46:

ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit,

id. Cat. 1, 10, 25:

facultatem dicendi his exercuerunt,

Quint. 2, 4, 41:

ingenium multiplici variaque materia,

id. 2, 4, 20:

linguas litibus,

Ov. M. 6, 375 et saep.—With simple acc.:

quid te exercuit Pammenes?

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

Induciomarus copias cogere, exercere coepit,

to exercise, drill, Caes. B. G. 5, 55, 3:

juventutis exercendae causa,

id. ib. 6, 23, 6:

ingenium nostrum,

Auct. Her. 3, 21, 34:

corpus,

Cic. de Off. 1, 23, 79:

exercendae memoriae gratia,

id. de Sen. 11, 38:

exercendi stili,

Quint. 10, 5, 15:

exercendus est spiritus,

id. 11, 3, 54 et saep.—