conditional+assertion

1) Linguistics: provisoed assertion

2) Information technology: conditional statement

3) Programming: conditional assertion

tum, adv. demonstr., of time [pronom. demonstr. stems to-, ta-; Gr. to, seen in ita, tam, etc.; cf. quom or cum], then.

Referring to a time previously specified.

To a definite past time.

To a period of time in which something was or happened (opp. later periods) = illis temporibus:

is dictu'st ollis popularibus olim Qui tum vivebant homines,

Enn. Ann. v. 308 Vahl.:

quod tum erat res in pecore et locorum possessionibus, i. e. Romuli temporibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 16:

cum illi male dicerent, quod tum fieri licebat, i. e. Periclis temporibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 138:

erat omnino tum mos ut faciles essent in suum cuique tribuendo,

id. Brut. 21, 85; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 46, 111:

vastae tum in his locis solitudines erant,

Liv. 1, 4, 6; 2, 6, 8; 3, 29, 3; 4, 6, 12; 42, 62, 11;

44, 9, 4: ut tum erant tempora,

Nep. Att. 1, 2; 12, 3; Liv. 1, 3, 3; 1, 8, 4; 2, 7, 4; 2, 9, 8; 2, 50, 2; 2, 63, 6;

39, 6, 7 and 9.—With illis temporibus: nam jam tum illis temporibus fortius... loquebantur quam pugnabant,

Nep. Thras. 2, 4.—

Referring to a point of time, then, at that time:

insigneita fere tum milia militum octo Duxit,

Enn. Ann. v. 336 Vahl.: ut jacui exsurgo;

ardere censui aedis: ita tum confulgebant,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 15:

jam duo restabant fata tum,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 35; id. Cist. 1, 3, 14: quot eras annos gnatus tum, quom, etc.? Me Septuennis, nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum, id. Men. 5, 9, 56; id. Merc. prol. 66; id. Most. 1, 2, 49; id. Am. 2, 1, 56; Ter. And. 1, 1, 82: sic igitur tum se levis ac diffusilis aether... undique flexit. Lucr. 5, 467; 5, 837; 5, 911; 5, 432;

5, 942: atque huic anno proximus Sulla consule et Pompejo fuit. Tum P. Sulpicii in tribunatu, cottidie contionantis, totum genus dicendi cognovimus,

Cic. Brut. 89, 306; id. Ac. 2, 22, 69:

scribit Eudemum Pheras venisse, quae erat urbs in Thessalia tum admodum nobilis,

id. Div. 1, 25, 53; id. Rep. 2, 37, 63:

hi tum in Asia rhetorum principes,

id. Brut. 91, 316; id. Sest. 11, 26; id. Planc. 37, 90; id. Quint. 61, 170; id. Fam. 9, 21, 2:

hoc tum veritus Caesar Pharum prehendit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

eodem anno a Campanis Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur,

Liv. 4, 44, 13; 1, 7, 14; 2, 9, 5;

2, 37, 7: praetores tum duos Latium habebat,

id. 8, 3, 9:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant, dictatorem dixit,

id. 8, 12, 13; 5, 8, 4; 22, 46, 6;

1, 7, 12: tum Athenis perpetui archontes esse desierunt,

Vell. 1, 8, 3:

tum Cimbri et Teutoni transcendere Rhenum,

id. 2, 8, 3; Val. Max. 1, 5, 3; Tac. H. 4, 49; 3, 57:

non timido, non ignavo cessare tum licuit,

Curt. 3, 11, 5:

Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis obtinebat,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2; id. Phoc. 3, 3.—With in eo tempore: eum quem virile secus tum in eo tempore habebat, Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 5.—Repeated by anaphora:

quae nox omnium temporum conjurationis acerrima fuit. Tum Catilinae dies exeundi, tum ceteris manendi condicio, tum descriptio... constituta est, tum tuus pater, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52; cf. Lucr. 5, 1377; 5, 1399.—

Esp., referring to a former state, implying that it no longer exists:

quaesivit ex lege illa Cornelia quae tum erat,

Cic. Clu. 20, 55:

cum sententias Oppianicus, quae tum erat potestas, palam ferri velle dixisset,

id. ib. 27, 75:

Caere, opulento tum oppido,

Liv. 1, 2, 3; 3, 52, 3:

praetores aerarii (nam tum a praetoribus tractabatur aerarium), etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 9.—

Expressly opposed to present time (hodie, nunc, hoc tempore, etc.; class. and very freq.; but in post-Aug. writers tunc is regularly used): prius non is eras qui eras;

nunc is factu's qui tum non eras,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 138:

tu nunc tibi Id laudi ducis quod tum fecisti inopia?

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 25; id. Hec. 3, 3, 48:

quae tabula, tum imperio tuo revulsa, nunc a me tamen reportata est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 112:

tum imperator populi Romani deos patrios reportabat, nunc praetor ejusdem populi eosdem illos deos... auferebat,

id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 77; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 35, § 78; 2, 5, 20, § 51; id. Clu. 31, 86; id. Planc. 9, 22; id. Quint. 22, 71; id. Phil. 14, 8, 21; id. Leg. 2, 22, 57; Caes. B. C. 3, 17; Liv. 5, 3, 5; 6, 15, 11; 10, 9, 6.—

Opposed to another time specified:

itaque tum eos exire jussit. Post autem e provincia litteras ad conlegium misit, se, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

itaque ut tum carere rege, sic pulso Tarquinio nomen regis audire non poterat,

id. Rep. 2, 30, 53; id. Mil. 21, 55:

sicut legatorum antea, ita tum novorum colonorum caede imbutis armis,

Liv. 4, 31, 7; 39, 22, 10; 9, 36, 1; 2, 52, 7; 4, 2, 10; 4, 57, 11;

21, 17, 1: et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ide,

Ov. M. 2, 218; Verg. A. 11, 33; Nep. Arist. 2, 3; id. Ham. 11, 7.—

In the historians in applying general statements or truths to the state of affairs spoken of: communi enim fit vitio naturae ut invisis atque incognitis rebus... vehementius exterreamur;

ut tum accidit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 4; 3, 68; id. B. G. 7, 3; 2, 6; id. B. C. 1, 80:

foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt. Tum ita factum accepimus,

Liv. 1, 24, 4; 1, 32, 14; 21, 31, 12.—

Denoting coincidence or inner connection with an action before mentioned = a temporal clause (tum = cum hoc fieret), then, on that occasion:

quis tum non ingemuit?

Cic. Vatin. 13, 31:

ne tum quidem hominum venustatem et facetias perspicere potuisti? i. e. cum coronam auream imponebant,

id. Fl. 31, 76: apud imperitos tum illa dicta sunt;

nunc agendum est subtilius,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 74:

itaque tum Stajenus condemnatus est,

i. e. in that trial, id. Clu. 36, 101; id. Sen. 7, 22:

M. Porcius Cato qui, asper ingenio, tum lenem mitemque senatorem egit,

Liv. 45, 25; Val. Max. 8, 3, 3:

sed tum supplicia dis... decernuntur,

Tac. A. 3, 64; 3, 72:

Graecia tum potuit Priamo quoque flenda videri,

Ov. M. 14, 474.—

With the occasion referred to specified in the same clause: Manlius... ex petulanti scurra in discordiis civitatis ad eam columnam tum suffragiis populi pervenerat,

Cic. Clu. 13, 39:

emisti tum in naufragio hujus urbis... tum, inquam, emisti ut, etc.,

id. Prov. Cons. 4, 7.—Repeated by anaphora: et Capitolinis injecit sedibus ignes. Tum statua Nattae, tum simulacra deorum, Romulusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti conciderunt, Cic. Div. 2, 20, 45;

so repeated seven times,

id. Rep. 1, 40, 62.—

Redundant, the time of the action being clear without it (esp. in Cic.):

atque hoc tum judicio facto... tamen Avitus Oppianicum reum statim non facit,

Cic. Clu. 20, 56:

itaque tum ille inopia et necessitate coactus ad Caepasios confugit,

id. ib. 20, 57; id. Brut. 23, 90; 39, 145; 43, 161; cf. id. Sull. 18, 51, where tum redundant occurs six times successively.—

In oblique discourse, referring to the time of the speaker, = nunc in direct discourse:

quando autem se, si tum non sint, pares hostibus fore?

if they were not now so, Liv. 3, 62, 1:

(dixit Sempronius)... nec tum agrum plebi, sed sibi invidiam quaeri,

id. 4, 44, 9; 4, 57, 4:

moenia eos tum transcendere non Italiae modo, sed etiam urbis Romanae,

id. 21, 35, 9; 5, 21, 7 (in this use nunc is also freq.).—

Referring to indefinite time.

Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc., at such a season:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo (after Lyra rises),

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12; 1, 35 fin.; Col. 11, 2, 87.—

With the force of an indefinite temporal clause, at such a time, in such circumstances, i. e. when such a thing happens as has happened:

qui (porci) a partu decimo die habentur puri, ab eo appellantur sacres, quod tum ad sacrificium idonei habentur primum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 16; 2, 7, 13:

deinde cibum sequitur somnus... quia plurima tum se corpora conturbant (i. e. cum cibum ceperunt),

Lucr. 4, 957; 3, 599; 4, 892; 4, 919;

4, 1030: quam regionem cum superavit animus... finem altius se efferendi facit. Tum enim sui similem et levitatem et calorem adeptus... nullam in partem movetur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43; 1, 31, 75; 3, 23, 55; 4, 24, 54; Tac. Dial. 7.—

With the force of a conditional clause, then, in this instance, if so: immo res omnis relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Ph. Tum tu igitur, qua causa missus es ad portum, id expedi (i. e. si ita est), Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 39; id. Most. 5, 1, 55; id. As. 1, 1, 93; 2, 2, 64; 3, 3, 36; id. Aul. 3, 6, 31; id. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 2, 78: non potitus essem;

fuisset tum illos mi aegre aliquot dies,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 7; id. Eun. 2, 2, 50; 5, 1, 23; id. Hec. 3, 5, 12:

ego C. Caesaris laudibus desim, quas, etc.? Tum hercule me confitear non judicium aliquod habuisse,

Cic. Planc. 39, 93: scribant aliquid Isocrateo more...;

tum illos existimabo non desperatione formidavisse genus hoc,

id. Or. 70, 235; id. Font. 21, 49 (17, 39); id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85; id. Fam. 9, 8, 2; Ov. H. 18 (19), 81: vellem tam ferax saeculum haberemus...;

tum ego te primus hortarer, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 8.—

Referring to future time.

To a definite time before mentioned:

ut sit satius perdere Quam aut nunc manere tam diu, aut tum persequi,

i. e. after my future return, Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 27:

jam nunc mente prospicio quae tum studia hominum, qui concursus futuri sint,

Cic. Div. in Caecin. 13, 42; id. Verr. 1, 13, 37; 1, 10, 30; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 17; id. Marcell. 9, 30:

tum meae... Vocis accedet bona pars,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 45.—

With the force of a conditional clause (cf. 3. b, supra), then, in this instance, if so: specta, tum scies. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 100; cf.:

quom videbis, tum scies,

id. ib. 1, 2, 37: tuom incendes genus;

Tum igitur aquae erit tibi cupido, etc.,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 50; id. Curc. 2, 3, 17:

confer sudantes, ructantes, refertos epulis... tum intelleges, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100; id. Planc. 18, 45; id. Phil. 2, 45, 115:

agedum, dictatorem creemus... Pulset tum mihi lictorem qui sciet, etc.,

Liv. 2, 29, 12; Cic. Phil. 10, 3, 6; id. Or. 23, 78; 71, 235; Liv. 4, 22, 11; 5, 16, 10; 9, 11, 4.—

Referring to a time subsequent to a time mentioned, then, thereupon.

Simple sequence in time.

Time proper (only of an immediate sequence;

otherwise deinde, postea, etc., are used): tum cum corde suo divum pater atque hominum rex Effatur, etc.,

Enn. Ann. 179:

dico ei quo pactod eam viderim erilem nostram filiam sustollere. Extimuit tum illa,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 29; id. As. 4, 1, 58: tum ille egens forte adplicat Primum ad Chrysidis patrem se. Ter. And. 5, 4, 21; id. Eun. 3, 1, 17; Cato, R. R. 48 (49); 135 (136); so id. ib. 112 (113): equos quinto anno... amittere binos (dentes);

tum renascentes eis sexto anno impleri,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2 sq.: collo [p. 1909] cari jussit hominem in aureo lecto, abacosque complures ornavit... Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros jussit consistere, eosque, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 61:

dixerat hoc ille, cum puer nuntiavit venire ad eum Laelium... Tum Scipio e cubiculo est egressus, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Div. 2, 66, 135; id. Clu. 14, 40; id. Cat. 3, 5, 10; id. Ac. 2, 5, 13; id. Div. 1, 35, 77:

hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 26; cf. id. ib. 7, 64; 5, 43 fin.;

5, 48: adsurgentem ibi regem cuspide ad terram adfixit. Tum spolia caputque abscisum spiculo gerens... hostes fudit,

Liv. 4, 19, 5; 5, 21, 1; 1, 26, 9; 1, 18, 10; 1, 20, 1; 1, 22, 6; 1, 28, 4; 1, 28, 9; 2, 24, 4;

3, 8, 11, etc.: tum Caesar cum exercitu Thessaliam petit,

Vell. 2, 52, 1; Val. Max. 5, 1, 3; Curt. 4, 3, 7; Tac. A. 3, 28; 11, 35; id. H. 4, 84; Ov. M. 2, 122; 4, 80; 7, 121; 10, 481; 14, 386; Flor. 1, 13, 12; Gell. 1, 19, 5; 1, 23, 5.—

In partic., foll. by an abl. absol.:

tum, prope jam perculsis aliis tribunis, A. Verginius Caesoni capitis diem dicit,

Liv. 3, 11, 9; 8, 32, 1; 10, 29, 12:

tum omni spe perdita, Meherdates dolo ejus vincitur, traditurque victori,

Tac. A. 12, 15; 12, 16:

tum, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est,

Nep. Epam. 9, 4.—

Implying a connection between two events, hence, under these circumstances, accordingly, thereupon:

at pater omnipotens ira tum percitus acri... Phaethonta... Deturbavit in terram,

Lucr. 5, 399:

madefactum iri Graeciam sanguine... tum neque te ipsum non esse commotum, Marcumque Varronem et M. Catonem... vehementer esse perterritos,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 76; Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf. id. ib. 5, 49; 5, 51;

7, 59: quippe quibus nec domi spes prolis, nec cum finitimis conubia essent. Tum ex consilio patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit,

Liv. 1, 9, 2; 3, 26, 1; 3, 31, 7; 4, 45, 7.—

Enumeration of a series of events; the co-ordinate clauses introduced by tum... tum, or primum (primo)... deinde... tum, etc.

Succession of time proper:

ducem Hannibali unum e concilio datum (a Jove), tum ei ducem illum praecepisse ne respiceret, illum autem respexisse, tum visam beluam vastam, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; 1, 27, 57; 2, 28, 58 sq.:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 50; 5, 23, 65; id. Tusc. 5, 2, 5:

primum... deinde... tum... postremo,

id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; 3, 3, 6: primum colonos inde Romanos expulit: inde in Latinam viam transgressus, etc., inde Lavinium recepit; tum deinceps Corbionem, Vitelliam;

postremum, etc.,

Liv. 2, 39, 4:

primi consules sub jugum missi, tum ut quisque gradu proximus erat, tum deinceps singulae legiones,

id. 9, 6, 1:

primo... deinde... tum... tum,

id. 21, 22, 8; id. praef. 9; 3, 28, 8: 5, 39, 7;

23, 23, 6: deinde... deinde... Tum... post quas, etc.,

Curt. 3, 3, 24: primum... deinde... deinde... tum... postea, Masur. Gabin. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 5; Gai. Inst. 4, 60.—

So in partic.: tum (also hic, et;

not deinde or postea), to denote the succession of speakers in dialogue: immo duas dabo, inquit adulescens... Tum senex ille: Si vis, inquit, quattuor sane dato,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 46 dub.:

tum Piso... inquit, etc. Tum Quintus... inquit, etc. Hic ego... inquam, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Piso... inquit, etc. Et ille ridens... inquit, etc. Tum Piso exorsus est, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2 sqq.:

tum Atticus... inquit, etc. Tum ille... inquit, etc. Tum Brutus, etc. Tum ille, etc. Tum Atticus, etc. Tum Pomponius... inquit, etc.,

id. Brut. 3, 11 sqq., and through the whole treatise; cf. id. Ac. 1, 2, 4; 1, 3, 9; 1, 4, 13; 1, 12, 43 and 44; 2, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 15 sqq.; id. Rep. 1, 13, 19 sqq.; Liv. 7, 10, 2 sqq.; 23, 12, 8; Tac. Dial. 3; 15; 25; 42; Gell. 3, 1, 11 sqq.; 18, 1, 9 sqq.; Ov. M. 14, 594.—

Transf., of sequence or succession of thought, passing into mere co-ordination (v. C. 2. b, g), then... again... furthermore:

qui mi in cursu obstiterit, faxo vitae is obstiterit suae. Prius edico ne quis, etc. Tum pistores scrofipasci qui, etc. Tum piscatores.... Tum lanii autem qui, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 28; 4, 2, 34; 4, 2, 39: (res familiaris) primum bene parta sit, tum quam plurimis se utilem praebeat, deinde augeatur ratione, diligentia, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146; id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68 sq.; 5, 40, 117; id. Ac. 2, 10, 30; id. de Or. 1, 42, 190; id. Cat. 4, 3, 5; id. Agr. 1, 2, 5; id. Clu. 2, 6; Liv. 3, 26, 11.—

Hence, as co-ordinating conjunction, introducing an additional assertion, or thought.

Alone, = praeterea, and then, besides, also, moreover, on the other hand (freq. in ante-class. style and in Cic.;

rare in Livy and post-Aug. prose): argenti aurique advexit multum, lanam purpuramque multam... tum Babylonica peristromata, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 3, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 10; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 71; 4, 8, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 78; id. Aul. 1, 2, 6; 1, 3, 16; id. Men. 5, 5, 41; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 1, 3, 15; 4, 2, 3; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; 1, 2, 21; 2, 3, 7; id. Eun. prol. 4; 5, 6, 15; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 16; Lucr. 4, 680; cf. id. 1, 494; 4, 1152:

magnum ingenium L. Luculli, magnumque optimarum artium studium, tum omnis ab eo percepta doctrina... caruit omnino rebus urbanis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1; 2, 14, 43; id. Div. 1, 24, 50; 1, 42, 94; id. de Or. 1, 46, 201; id. Off. 1, 6, 19; id. Fin. 1, 6, 21; 2, 16, 53; id. Leg. 1, 5, 17; 1, 9, 26; id. Rab. Post. 14, 40; id. Phil. 13, 12, 26:

altera ex parte Bellovaci instabant, alteram Camulogenus tenebat: tum legiones a praesidio interclusas maximum flumen distinebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59; id. B. C. 3, 49: naves convenerunt duae Punicae quinqueremes;

duae ab Heraclea triremes... tum quinque Rhodiae quadriremes,

Liv. 42, 56, 6; 1, 40, 4; Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 4; Just. 5, 10, 3.—Sometimes connecting two terms of the same clause, with the force of cum... tum (v. infra, 3. d.):

quot me censes homines jam deverberasse, hospites tum civis?

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 14:

faciendum est igitur nobis ut... veteranorum, tum legionis Martiae quartaeque consensus... confirmetur,

Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 7; Liv. 28, 43, 1 (in co-ordination often with etiam, autem, and sometimes with praeterea and porro; v. III. infra).—

Tum as correlative of a preceding tum.

With an added assertion or thought: ita est haec hominum natio: voluptarii atque potatores, Tum sycophantae... plurimi In urbe habitant;

tum meretrices mulieres Nusquam perhibentur blandiores gentium,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 35; id. Ep. 2, 2, 28; id. Mil. 3, 1, 100; 3, 1, 102.—

Tum... tum = nunc... nunc (modo... modo), sometimes... sometimes, now... now, at one time... at another (freq. in Cic., not in Caes., rare in Liv., and very rare in postAug. writers):

tum huc, tum illuc inretitos impedit piscis,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17:

tum hoc mihi probabilius, tum illud videtur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 134:

mihi... tum hoc tum illud probabilius videtur,

id. Off. 3, 7, 33; so id. Am. 4, 13; id. Sen. 13, 45; id. Top. 7, 31; id. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

(alvus) tum restringitur, tum relaxatur,

id. ib. 2, 54, 136; id. Rep. 3, 13 (14), 23; id. Leg. 2, 7, 16; id. Or. 63, 212; id. Sen. 3, 7; id. Inv. 1, 37, 66:

dictator tum appellare tum adhortari milites,

Liv. 8, 39, 4; Suet. Ner. 1; Gell. 1, 11, 15.—Tum may be repeated several times:

plerique propter voluptatem tum in morbos graves, tum in damna, tum in dedecora incurrunt,

Cic. Fin. 1, 14, 47; 3, 7, 26;

so three times,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 29; 1, 14, 37; 1, 15, 39; id. Inv. 1, 52, 98; id. Or. 3, 45, 177; id. Off. 1, 7, 22; id. Leg. 2, 17, 43; id. Top. 25, 96;

four times,

id. N. D. 1, 43, 120; 2, 20, 52; 2, 39, 101; id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 75;

five times,

id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Inv. 1, 13, 17; 1, 41, 76; id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94;

six times,

id. ib. 1, 53, 120;

seven times,

Quint. 9, 4, 133;

nine times,

Cic. N. D. 2, 50, 51.—And in chronological order (to be distinguished from the instances B. 2. a and g):

Atheniensium (rem publicam constituerunt) tum Theseus, tum Draco, tum Solo, tum Clisthenes, tum multi alii,

at different times, successively, Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 2.—

Preceded or followed by other co-ordinate words (alias, modo, aliquando, aut... aut, nunc... nunc):

ex quo intellegitur qualis ille sit quem tum moderatum, alias modestum, tum temperantem, alias constantem continentemque dicimus,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 36:

tum... tum... aliquando,

id. Div. 2, 2, 6:

tum... tum... aut... aut,

id. Or. 61, 204:

modo... tum autem,

id. N. D. 2, 40, 142:

nunc... nunc... tum... tum,

Flor. 1, 17, 5.—

Tum... tum = et... et, both... and, not only... but also, partly... partly, without regard to time, the second term being frequently strengthened by etiam (mostly post-Aug.):

Milo Compsam oppugnans, ictusque lapide tum Clodio, tum patriae, quam armis petebat, poenas dedit,

Vell. 2, 68, 3:

Muciam et Fulviam, tum a patre, tum a viro utramque inclitam,

Val. Max. 9, 1, 8:

Caesar Pompejo tum proprias, tum etiam filiae lacrimas reddidit,

id. 5, 1, 10; Quint. 7, 3, 18; Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 28; id. Clem. 1, 19, 2; Front. Aquaed. 1; Tac. A. 12, 33; Suet. Tit. 3; Nep. praef. 8;

and with etiam,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8; 5, 9, 1; 7, 6 prooem.; Nep. Them. 2, 3.—

As correlative with a preceding cum, introducing particular after a universal or a stronger or more important assertion after a weaker or less important.

Connecting complete sentences with different predicates, cum... tum = as... so, while... (tum being not translated; ante-class. cum always with indic.; class. with subj. or indic.):

quom antehac te amavi, et mihi amicam esse crevi... tum id mihi hodie aperuisti,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 2; id. Truc. 4, 1, 6:

quom id mihi placebat, tum uno ore omnes omnia Bona dicere,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:

quae cum res tota ficta sit pueriliter, tum ne efficit quidem quod vult,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19; id. Tusc. 5, 39, 13; id. Fam. 13, 16, 1; and so with subj., id. N. D. 1, 1, 1; id. Off. 3, 2, 5; id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Brut. 39, 145; 11, 250:

cum omnium rerum simulatio est vitiosa, tum amicitiae repugnat maxime,

id. Lael. 25, 91; id. Div. 2, 27, 58; and so with indic., id. Planc. 33, 80; id. Tull. 4, 8; id. Div. in Caecil. 20, 65; id. Sest. 1, 2; id. Fam. 16, 4, 4:

haec cum merito ejus fieri intellegebat, tum magni interesse arbitrabatur, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 4; 3, 16; id. B. C. 1, 58; Liv. 3, 34, 1; 4, 53, 4.—

Clauses with the same predicate, which is placed after the first clause (always with indic.):

nam mihi, cum multa eximie divineque videntur Athenae tuae peperisse, tum nihil melius illis mysteriis quibus, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 36; id. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; id. Phil. 2, 5, 12; Liv. 4, 46, 10; 6, 38, 10.—

Clauses with a common predicate placed before both co-ordinate terms, cum... tum = not only, but also; as... so especially:

visa est Arcesilae cum vera sententia, tum honesta et digna sapiente,

Cic. Ac. 2, 24, 77; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; 2, 35, 119; 3, 1, 3:

movit patres conscriptos cum causa tum auctor,

Liv. 9, 10, 1; 4, 57, 2; Suet. Ner. 46 init. —

With a common predicate after both co-ordinate terms:

quom virum tum uxorem, di vos perdant,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 103:

luxuria cum omni aetati turpis tum senectuti foedissima est,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 123; id. Clu. 59, 161; id. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 86; id. N. D. 1, 21, 57; id. Deiot. 9, 26; id. Clu. 16, 46:

concitatos animos flecti quam frangi putabat cum tutius tum facilius esse,

Liv. 2, 23, 15; 6, 9, 8; 1, 57, 1; 10, 26, 13; Tac. Dial. 5.—With tum several times repeated:

quem pater moriens cum tutoribus et propinquis, tum legibus, tum aequitati magistratuum, tum judiciis vestris commendatum putavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 151; cf. esp. id. Planc. 40, 95. —

Tum, in this construction, is freq. strengthened,

By vero:

cum haec sunt videnda, tum vero illud est hominis magni, etc.,

in particular, Cic. Clu. 58, 159; id. Mur. 27, 55; id. Phil. 3, 5, 12; 7, 3, 9; cf. id. Or. 1, 23, 106; 3, 16, 60; Liv. 34, 39, 9; Quint. 12, 1, 25.—

By maxime, above all, most of all, especially, chiefly:

cum omnibus in rebus temeritas in adsentando turpis est, tum in eo loco maxime in quo ju dicandum est quantum, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 4, 7; id. Tusc. 4, 1, 1; 5, 12, 36; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 69:

cum infamia atque indignitas rei impediebat, tum maxime quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56; Sall. J. 43, 5; Liv. 1, 8, 2; Suet. Claud. 30; Quint. 6, 1, 29.—

By praecipue, especially, chiefly, above all:

cum omnium sociorum provinciarumque rationem diligenter habere debetis, tum praecipue Siciliae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2; id. Fam. 13, 11, 3:

fortuna quae plurimum potest cum in reliquis rebus, tum praecipue in bello,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68; Liv. 22, 43, 11; 1, 40, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 29; 1, 10, 13; 5, 10, 106; Plin. Ep. 4, 3, 2.—

By inprimis, chiefly, principally:

cum multa non probo, tum illud inprimis quod, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 18; id. Fam. 12, 22, 3.—

By cumprimis, chiefly, principally: quapropter bene cum superis de rebus habenda Nobis est ratio... tum cumprimis Unde anima atque animi constet [p. 1910] natura videndum, Lucr. 1, 131.—

By certe, especially, at least, assuredly:

at cum de plurimis eadem dicit, tum certe de maximis,

Cic. Fin. 4, 5, 13; id. Fam. 7, 4; cf. Quint. 2, 1, 10.—

By nimirum, assuredly, undoubtedly:

cum plurimas... commoditates amicitia contineat, tum illa nimirum praestat omnibus quod, etc.,

Cic. Am. 7, 23. —

By etiam, besides, as well:

cum omnes omnibus ex terris homines improbos audacesque collegerat, tum etiam multos fortes viros et bonos... tenebat,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14; id. Ac. 2, 10, 31; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:

quos tu cum memoriter, tum etiam erga nos amice et benevole collegisti,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:

cum sua virtute, tum etiam alienis vitiis,

id. Leg. 23, 67; id. Fin. 2, 12, 38; id. N. D. 2, 37, 95; id. de Or. 3, 60, 225; Liv. 1, 21, 2; 7, 23, 6; 7, 32, 10; Val. Max. 7, 2, 3; 3, 2, 10; 9, 6, 3; Quint. 9, 1, 20; 9, 4, 143.—

By quoque, also, besides, as well:

cum potestas major, tum vir quoque potestati par hostes trans Anienem submovere,

Liv. 4, 17, 11; 1, 22, 2; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 72.—

By et, also, besides, too:

cujus mortem cum luctus civitatis, tum et dictaturae undecim insignem fecere,

Just. 19, 1, 7.—

By praeterea, moreover, besides:

dicimus C. Verrem cum multa libidinose fecerit, tum praeterea quadringentiens sestertium ex Sicilia abstulisse,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56.

Tum as correlative of dependent clauses (freq. in ante - class. writings and Cic., rare in post-Aug. writings).

With temporal clauses, introduced by cum, = at the time when, at a time when.

Referring to definite past time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

jam tum cum primum jussit me ad se arcessier, Roget quis, Quid tibi cum illa?

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 4; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21:

qui (Hercules) tum dolore frangebatur cum immortalitatem ipsa morte quaerebat,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 8, 20:

bene apud majores nostros senatus tum cum florebat imperium decrevit ut, etc.,

id. Div. 1, 41, 91; id. Phil. 2, 44, 114; id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; id. Clu. 33, 89; id. Verr. 1, 2, 5; id. Brut. 2, 7; 23, 89; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Agr. 2, 24, 64; id. Phil. 2, 39, 100; 3, 4, 11:

tum mittendos legatos fuisse cum Perseus Graecas urbes obsideret,

Liv. 45, 3, 7:

tum cum Vipereos sparsi... dentes,

Ov. M. 4, 572; id. H. 3, 23; Val. Max. 6, 1, 12.—After pluperf.:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant scimus Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19; Val. Max. 3, 6, 1; 2, 8, 15 fin. —Tum inserted in the temporal clause:

cum Davo egomet vidi jurgantem ancillam... quom ibi me adesse neuter tum praesenserat,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 20.—

Tum, introducing the apodosis of the temporal clause (generally not transl. in Engl.).

Of coincident events, cum... tum = while: quom genui tum morituros scivi, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. Rel. v. 361 Vahl.); Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 18:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Cael. 26, 63; id. Phil. 3, 5, 13:

cum pavida mulier nullam opem videret, tum Tarquinius fateri amorem, orare, etc.,

Liv. 1, 58, 3; 5, 11, 4. —

Tum = deinde, usu. after a pluperf.:

id cum Sulla fecisset, tum ante oppidum Nolam Samnitium castra cepit,

Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72; id. Brut. 92, 319; id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; 2, 3, 15; id. Fin. 1, 8, 26; id. Tusc. 4, 20, 45; id. Div. 1, 25, 53; 2, 2, 7; id. Rep. 2, 25, 47; Liv. 21, 11, 8; cf. id. 1, 26, 7; 23, 22, 4.—Inserted in the apodosis:

cum jam humanae opes egestae a Veis essent, amoliri tum deum dona,

Liv. 5, 22, 3.—

Referring to definite present time:

quem esse negas, eundem esse dicis. Cum enim miserum esse dicis, tum eum qui non sit, dicis esse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 12.—

Referring to indefinite time.

As antecedent of the clause, = at the time when, at a time when, whenever: hominum inmortalis est infamia;

etiam tum vivit quom esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28; id. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7; Cato, R. R. 31:

nec sibi enim quisquam tum se vitamque requirit Cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt,

Lucr. 3, 919; 4, 444; 4, 455;

4, 1166: omnis praedictio mali tum probatur cum ad praedictionem cautio adjungitur,

Cic. Div. 2, 25, 54; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104; id. N. D. 2, 3, 9: tum cum sine pondere suci Mobilibus ventis arida facta volant, Ov. H. 5, 109; Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44; 2, 27, 88; id. Fin. 4, 8, 20; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 20; 5, 26, 73; id. N. D. 1, 4, 9; id. Off. 1, 27, 93.—Tum maxime... cum plurimum = eo magis quo magis:

eam (partem animi) tum maxime vigere cum plurimum absit a corpore,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 70; so, cum maxime... tum maxime; v. b. a foll.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

As coincident:

quom amamus, tum perimus,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 94:

ulmus, cum folia cadunt, tum iterum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; so id. ib. 155 (156):

cum ea quae quasi involuta fuerunt, aperti sunt, tum inventa dicuntur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 26; id. Fin. 5, 10, 29; 1, 17, 57; id. N. D. 2, 52, 129; 1, 19, 49; id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 15.—Cum maxime... tum maxime = quo magis eo magis:

nam quom pugnabant maxume, ego tum fugiebam maxume,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 45:

quamobrem omnes, cum secundae res sunt maxume, tum maxume Meditari secum oportet, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 30 poet. —

As subsequent:

ad legionem quom itum, adminiculum eis danunt tum jam aliquem cognatum suum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 47:

eo cum accessit ratio argumentique conclusio... tum et perceptio eorum omnium apparet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 10, 30; 2, 41, 128; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24; 1, 20, 69; 5, 15, 41; id. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 1, 24, 58; 3, 2, 3; id. N. D. 2, 48, 123; id. Div. 2, 19, 44.—

Referring to future time.

Tum as antecedent of cum:

quom mi haec dicentur dicta, tum tu, furcifer, quasi mus in medio pariete vorsabere,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 51; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:

non committam ut tum haec res judicetur cum haec frequentia Roma discesserit,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54; id. Agr. 2, 17, 44; 2, 25, 67; id. Fin. 4, 22, 62; id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46; Liv. 23, 13, 4; 41, 10, 7; Ov. M. 2, 651; id. H. 15, 293; Nep. Them. 6, 5.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

quom videbis, tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; 4, 6, 30:

de quo cum perpauca dixero, tum ad jus civile veniam,

Cic. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Clu. 2, 6; 4, 9; Liv. 3, 56, 10.—

With temporal clause, introduced by ubi.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

vitem novellam resecare tum erit tempus ubi valebit,

Cato, R. R. 33:

tum tu igitur demum id adulescenti aurum dabis, ubi erit locata virgo in matrimonium?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 52.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Referring to definite past time (tum always = deinde):

ubi eorum dolorem majorem quam ceterorum cognovi, tum meum animum in illos, tum mei consilii causam proposui, tum eos hortatus sum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140; Sall. J. 94, 3:

ubi illuxit, et Romanis Punica et Gallica arma cognita, tum dubitationem exemere,

Liv. 25, 10, 5; 1, 9, 10; 4, 57, 3; 9, 43, 16; 21, 25, 12; 23, 11, 4.—

Referring to indefinite time:

post ubi tempust promissa jam perfici, Tum coacti necessario se aperiunt,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 8: Cato, R. R. 3 init.; 17:

ubi jam morbi se flexit causa... Tum quasi vaccillans primum consurgit,

Lucr. 3, 503; 6, 129; 6, 526.—

Referring to future time:

otium ubi erit, tum tibi operam ludo et deliciae dabo,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 13; id. Stich. 4, 2, 14:

ubi tu voles, Ubi tempus erit, sat habet si tum recipitur,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 32; Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 18; id. Bacch. 4, 3, 72; id. Pers. 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 3, 2, 27:

ut ubi id interrogando argumentis firmavero, tum testes ad crimen accommodem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55:

ubi haerere jam aciem videris, tum terrorem equestrem infer,

Liv. 6, 12, 10; 22, 55, 8.—

With a temporal clause introduced by postquam.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

Flaminius qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus erat, tum vero postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, etc.,

Liv. 22, 3, 7; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 (v. infra, III. A. 2. a. b).—

Tum introducing the apodosis (always = deinde).

Referring to definite past time:

posteaquam e portu piratae exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 100; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40 (al. tunc):

postquam satis virium collectum videbat, tum ex suis unum sciscitatum Romam ad patrem misit,

Liv. 1, 54, 5; 3, 66, 5; 6, 13, 4; 22, 48, 4; 25, 10, 6; Gell. 5, 3, 6.—

Referring to indefinite time: postquam vero commoditas quaedam... dicendi copiam consecuta est, tum ingenio freta malitia pervertere urbes adsuevit, Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 3.—

With a temporal clause introduced by ut.

Tum as antecedent of the clause (very rare):

tum vero ingentem gemitum dat Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici... conspexit,

Verg. A. 1, 485; cf. id. ib. 12, 218.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of definite past time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi, puto, prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46:

sed ut intellectum est quantam vim haberet accurata... oratio, tum etiam magistri dicendi multi subito exstiterunt,

Cic. Brut. 8, 30; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; Liv. 24, 44, 10; id. 21, 54, 9; 23, 34, 6.—

Referring to future time:

neque ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum, si eam Romanus rite emisisset, victoriam de Vejentibus dari (= si quando),

Liv. 5, 15, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.—

With a temporal clause introduced by quando.

Tum as antecedent of the clause.

Of definite past time:

auctoritatem senatus exstare sentio, tum, quando Alexandro mortuo, legatos Tyrum misimus,

Cic. Agr. 2, 16, 41.—

Of future time:

at scire tum memento quando id quod voles habebis,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 41; id. Mil. 3, 1, 213; id. Most. 3, 1, 136; id. Men. 5, 7, 57:

utinam tum essem natus quando Romani dona accipere coepissent,

Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75.—

Tum introducing the apodosis.

Of indefinite time (quando = whenever):

quando esurio tum crepant (intestina),

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 27; id. Truc. 1, 1, 15; id. Ps. 4, 7, 85:

quando mulier dotem marito dabat, tum quae ex suis bonis retinebat reciperare dicebatur,

Gell. 17, 6, 6; 7 (6), 14, 4.—

Of future time:

at tu, quando habebis, tum dato,

Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 23:

quando ab eadem parte sol eodemque tempore iterum defecerit, tum signis omnibus ad principium revocatis, expletum annum habeto,

Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

quando mihi usus venerit, tum quaeram ex te atque discam,

Gell. 6 (7), 17, 4.—

In the apodosis after simul ac:

an simul ac nubes successere, ipse in eas tum Descendit (Juppiter), prope ut hinc teli determinet ictus?

Lucr. 6, 402.—

With a temporal clause introduced by dum.

Tum as antecedent:

sanctius visum est nomen Augusti, ut scilicet jam tum dum colit terras, ipso numine ac titulo consecretur,

Flor. 2, 33, 66 (4, 12, 66).—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

dum habeat, tum amet,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 23:

dum se glomerant... tum pondere turris Procubuit,

Verg. A. 9, 540.—

As antecedent of quamdiu:

qui cum tibi amicus non modo tum fuerit quamdiu tecum in provincia fuerit, verum etiam nunc sit cum, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 24, § 58.—

Denoting a logical consequence after quando and cum:

quando ergo erga te benignus fui... tum te mihi benigne itidem addecet... referre gratiam,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 35:

cum magnus numerus deesset, tum iste homo nefarius in eorum locum... substituere coepit cives Romanos,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72.—

After relative clauses denoting time: qua tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis junxit nuptiis, Ego tum gravida expletis jam fere ad pariendum mensibus, Poet. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 219 (Trag. Rel. p. 246 Rib.).—

With conditional clauses.

With a conditional clause introduced by si, sin, ni (not nisi).

Tum as antecedent of clause:

tum pol ego interii, homo si ille abiit,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 6; id. Men. 2, 2, 71; Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 40:

si tenuis causa est, tum etiam argumentandi tenue filum,

Cic. Or. 36, 124; id. Rep. 1, 40, 62; 2, 9, 15; id. Fin. 1, 19, 63; id. N. D. 1, 6, 13; id. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

tum vero ego nequiquam Capitolium servaverim si civem in servitutem duci videam,

Liv. 6, 14, 4; 3, 9, 11; 6, 14, 4; 7, 34, 14; Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14; Gell. 2, 12, 1 sq.; 4, 13, 1; 14, 2, 21.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si triduum hoc hic erimus, tum arbores in te cadent,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 30; id. Rud. 5, 2, 59; 3, 4, 49; id. As. 1, 3, 89; id. Rud. 1, 3, 13; id. Ps. 4, 1, 1; 4, 1, 48 (39); Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 64; 3, 1, 17; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 19; Cato, R. R. 26; cf. id. ib. 27:

quod si, ut spero, cepero, tum vero litteras publice mittam,

Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 3; id. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf. id. Ac. 2, 10, 32; id. Fin. 2, 4, 79; id. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Rep. 1, 43, 66: id. [p. 1911] Rosc. Am. 49, 142:

si dimicandum erit, tum tu in novissimos te recipito,

Liv. 7, 40, 13; 8, 10, 12; Hor. S. 1, 2, 97; Ov. M. 7, 32.—

Esp., denoting the consequences of perjury in ancient formulas of oaths: si ego injuste illos homines dedier mihi exposco, tum patriae compotem me numquam siris esse,

Liv. 1, 32, 7; 1, 24, 8; 22, 53, 11; hence, quid si falles? Me. Tum Mercurius Sosiae iratus siet, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 239; 3, 2, 52; id. Aul. 4, 10, 50; cf. also Liv. 3, 64, 10.—

With a condition contrary to fact.

Tum, antecedent of clause:

tum esset ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,

Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

tum id audirem si tibi soli viveres,

id. Marcell. 8, 25; id. Fin. 4, 13, 33; id. Div. 2, 35, 73.—

Tum introducing the apodosis:

si quidem me amaret, tum istuc prodesset,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 56:

quodsi omnia nobis quae ad victum pertinent. suppeditarentur, tum optimo quisque ingenio, totum se in cognitione et scientia collocaret,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 158. —

After an abl. absol.

With perfect participles (= postquam or cum... tum), mostly with denique, vero, demum.

Referring to definite past time:

ut morte ejus nuntiata tum denique bellum confectum arbitraretur,

Cic. Mur. 16, 34:

sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres quanta vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae,

Sall. C. 61, 1:

ita rebus divinis peractis tum de bello deque republica dictator rettulit,

Liv. 22, 11, 1; 2, 29, 1; 2, 29, 3; 3, 56, 1; 5, 50, 8; Plin. 11, 20, 22, § 68.—

Referring to indefinite time:

hisce omnibus rebus consideratis, tum denique id quod primum est dicendum, postremum soleo cogitare, quo utar exordio,

Cic. Or. 2, 77, 315.—

Referring to future time (the abl. absol. = a fut. perf.):

ita prope XL. diebus interpositis tum denique se responsuros esse arbitrantur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 31; 1, 18, 54; id. Fin. 4, 13, 32; id. Scaur. Fragm. 10, 22.—

With pres. participles (post-class.):

tacentibus cunctis, tum ipse (dixit), etc.,

Just. 12, 15, 6.

Particular connections.

With other particles of time.

Jam tum, already at that time, i. e. earlier than might be anticipated:

jam tum erat suspitio Dolo malo haec fieri,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8; cf. id. ib. 4, 4, 58; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 34:

quippe etenim jam tum divom mortalia saecla Egregias animo facies vigilante videbant,

Lucr. 5, 1169; 5, 1037:

ut mihi jam tum divinasse ille (Romulus) videatur hanc urbem sedem aliquando summo esse imperio praebituram,

Cic. Rep. 2, 5, 10; 2, 7, 12; id. Div. 2, 57, 118; id. Tusc. 4, 2, 4:

jam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludicrum ferunt,

Liv. 1, 5, 1; 1, 7, 16; 1, 41, 7; 10, 21, 14;

24, 49, 1: ut jam tum qualis futurus esset ostenderet,

Suet. Dom. 1; Curt. 4, 6, 29.—

Tum demum and tum denique, then only, then at length, then at last, not till then, i. e. later than might be expected, implying delayed action.

Tum demum.

In gen.:

adversisque in rebus noscere qui sit. Nam verae voces tum demum pectore ab imo Eiciuntur,

Lucr. 3, 58:

tum demum Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat proponit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 17; 5, 33; Sall. J. 46, 1:

nec ante in campum degressi sunt quam, etc. Tum demum castra Etruscorum pro moenibus Fidenarum posita,

Liv. 4, 17, 12; 45, 12, 6; 2, 20, 11; 5, 39, 2; 23, 19, 15 et saep.; Val. Max. 1, 6, 10; 1, 7, 4; Curt. 3, 12, 12; Tac. A. 3, 18; 3, 47.—

In partic., referring to clauses introduced by cum, ubi, si, or abl. absol. (v. II. A. B. L. M.), denoting absolute restriction to the terms of the clause:

imo etiam ubi expolivero, magis hoc tum demum dices,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 60:

tum demum mihi procax Academia videbitur si aut consenserint omnes, aut, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 13:

cum is Casilini eo die mansurum dixisset, tum demum cognitus est error,

Liv. 22, 13, 8; Vell. 2, 115, 4; Val. Max. 3, 8, 1 fin.; 7, 2, 4; Curt. 3, 11, 6; Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 7.—

Sometimes = nunc demum (anteclass.): victus es, Chaline. St. Tum nos demum vivere. Olympio. Gaudeo, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 65.—

Tum denique.

In gen.:

tum denique tauros in gregem redigo,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5:

injecta glaeba tumulus is (locus) ubi humatus est vocatur, ac tum denique multa religiosa jura complectitur,

Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57; id. Fin. 3, 22, 76; id. Tusc. 3, 26, 61: nequiquam temptati ut tum denique desisterent impediendo bello, Liv. 4, 55, 5; Ov. M. 4, 519; 7, 857; 10, 664.—

Referring to clauses with cum, etc. (v. II. A. B. L. M.):

tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona quom quae in potestate habuimus ea amisimus,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 33:

quo cum venerimus, tum denique vivemus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75; 3, 31, 75; id. Leg. 2, 4, 10; id. Rep. 1, 6, 11; so,

tum denique si,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 10, § 29; id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 1:

indicandum primum fuisse, dein petendum praesidium, postremo ni impetraretur, tum denique querendum,

Liv. 23, 43, 2; Cato ap. Plin. 17, 18, 29, § 126 (for tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9, v. II. D. 2. a).—

Tum primum (rarely primo), then for the first time:

tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit,

Lucr. 5, 1014:

ludorum gratia quos tum primum anniversarios in circo facere constituisset,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 12; id. Sen. 21, 78; Caes. B. G. 7, 11:

ponte sublicio tum primum in Tiberi facto,

Liv. 1, 33, 6; 2, 41, 3; 39, 22, 2; 2, 20, 6; 39, 49, 4; Vell. 2, 37, 5; Tac. A. 2, 27; id. H. 4, 57; Curt. 3, 12, 26. —

With deinde, hic, postea, with consecutive force emphatic.

Deinde tum (very rare):

primum ea quae sumus acturi cogitare debemus, deinde tum dicere ac facere,

Varr. L. L. 6, 6, 62.—

Tum deinde.

= tum demum or tum denique, then at length, not till then, then only:

nonne optime patronus occurrat prius conviciis luxuriae, etc., tum deinde narret de bonis Pallae? etc.,

Quint. 4, 2, 27; 12, 10, 11:

emam, aedificabo, credam, exigam, honores geram: tum deinde lassam senectutem in otium referam,

Sen. Ep. 101, 4; Plin. 16, 44, 95, § 251.—So corresp. with cum:

quas cum solus pertulisset, tum deinde comitia collegae subrogando habuit,

Liv. 2, 8, 3 (Weissenb. demum, by conj.); Col. R. R. 1, 6, 13. —

= an emphatic deinde: nam praetermisit quod in prima parte sumere debuit;

tum deinde eodem ipso quod omiserat quasi proposito ad confirmandum aliud utitur,

Gell. 2, 8, 3; 13, 24 (23), 1; Just. 2, 1, 19.—

With hic:

hic tum repente Pacilius quidam accedit, ait, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94:

hic ego tum ad respondendum surrexi,

id. Clu. 18, 51; 27, 73:

hic tum injectus est hominibus scrupulus,

id. ib. 28, 76; id. Sest. 11, 25.—

Tum postea:

tum postea complorantibus nostris, dies quidem tandem inluxit,

Gell. 19, 1, 3; so id. 14, 3, 10 (for quid tum postea, v. D. 1.).—

With interim:

unum, alterum, tertium annum Sassia quiescebat... Tum interim, Q. Hortensio, Q. Metello coss.... despondet ei filiam suam,

Cic. Clu. 64, 179.—

With particles of emphasis.

Tum vero (sometimes tum enimvero or enimvero tum), then indeed, at that crisis, then if not before, etc., or merely = emphatic then, denoting either coincidence or sequence of action.

In gen.:

discedit a Melino Cluentia. Tum vero illa egregia mater palam exsultare... coepit,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14; 22, 61; id. Agr. 1, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:

semper equidem magno cum metu incipio dicere... tum vero ita sum perturbatus ut, etc.,

id. Clu. 18, 51:

tum vero dubitandum non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8; 5, 37; id. B. C. 1, 82; 2, 42:

Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia minor... junguntur nuptiis. Tum vero in dies infestior Tulli senectus... coepit esse,

Liv. 1, 47, 1; 2, 22, 6; 4, 49, 13; 10, 19, 12; 21, 45, 9; 21, 58, 5; Ov. M. 2, 227; 7, 685; Curt. 4, 13, 1; 3, 11, 5; Tac. Agr. 37.—And in enumerations:

deinde... post autem... tum vero ipsam veterem Karthaginem vendunt,

Cic. Agr. 1, 2, 5.—

As correlative of temporal or conditional clauses, and after abl. absol.:

quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit ne tum vero sustineri nec in urbe seditio, nec in castris posset,

Liv. 5, 7, 4; Sall. J. 94, 3:

tum vero... si,

Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 63; Liv. 6, 14, 4 (v. II. M. 1. a, b).—With cum, Liv. 32, 12, 1:

quae postquam frustra temptata rogumque parari... vidit, Tum vero gemitus... Edidit,

Ov. M. 2, 621; Sall. J. 106, 6; 84, 1; id. Cat. 51, 40; v. C. 1. b. (so, tum vero denique after ut, Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; v. II. D. 2. and M. 1.).—

Tum quidem, at that time, thereupon, then at least (usu. opposed to a later time): dixit sibi in somnis visum esse, etc. Et tum quidem incolumis exercitum liberavit; post triennium autem devovit se, etc., Cic. Div. 1, 24, 51; so,

actum quidem,

id. Fl. 25, 59; id. Lael. 11, 39:

et tum quidem ab Dio Perseus in interiora regni recepit se... post dies paucos, etc.,

Liv. 42, 39, 1; 1, 57, 10; 3, 2, 10;

7, 17, 3.—Often in resuming the narrative after a digression: ac tum quidem regem... filium appellat,

Curt. 4, 7, 25.—Merely emphatic:

Duillio Cornelioque coss. etiam mari congredi ausus est. Tum quidem ipsa velocitas classis comparatae victoriae auspicium fuit,

Flor. 1, 18 (2, 2), 7; so id. 1, 22 (2, 6), 20; 1, 40 (3, 5), 12.—With cum, Tac. Dial. 11.—

Ne tum quidem, not even then:

num quis horum miser hodie? Ne tum quidem, post spiritum extremum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 37, 89; id. Div. 1, 26, 55; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, § 98:

ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50; 7, 53; Tac. H. 5, 21; Curt. 3, 2, 18.—With cum:

ille vere ne tum quidem miser cum ab Oroete in crucem actus est,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92; so id. Tusc. 5, 20, 57; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; Liv. praef. 12; 39, 39, 11.—

Tum maxime (sometimes tum cummaxime).

Especially at that time, chiefly then: illi sumposia, nos convivia quod tum maxime simul vivitur, Cic. Fam. 9, 24, 35; id. Leg. 2, 11, 26.—With cum:

quae quidem vis tum maxime cognita est cum... M. Cato, legem suadens, in Galbam multa dixit,

Cic. Brut. 23, 89; id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Par. 4, 1, 29.—

Just then, just at that moment (not ante-Aug.):

regi, tum maxime captivos ex Illyrico vendenti,

Liv. 43, 20, 3; 1, 10, 1:

per totam aciem vulgatum est, castra amissa esse, et tum cummaxime ardere,

id. 40, 32, 1; so,

tum cummaxime,

id. 43, 7, 8:

corpus enim suum a caupone trucidatum tum maxime plaustro ad portam ferri,

Val. Max. 1, 7, ext. 10; 2, 10, 2; 3, 2, 2 fin.; Curt. 3, 4, 14; 6, 6, 10; Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154; Quint. 2, 15, 30; 2, 61, 31; Suet. Caes. 65; id. Calig. 53.—So with cum:

et quod tum maxime Abydum oppugnaret cum rex ab Attalo et Rhodiis ultro se bello lacessitum diceret,

Liv. 31, 18, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 15, 2.—

Strengthening the co-ordinate tum after cum, so especially; v. I. C. 3. e. b (for cum maxime... tum maxime and tum maxime... cum plurimum, v. II. A. 3. a. b.).—

Tum potissimum = tum maxime, just then (rare):

C. Caesar... tum potissimum acie commissa impeditos religione hostes vicit,

Front. Strat. 2, 1, 16.—

Etiam tum.

Even then:

etiam tum vivit cum esse credas mortuam,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 28:

totum se Servilio etiam tum tradidit,

even then, at so late a time, Cic. Sest. 62, 130:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit,

id. Rosc. Am. 20, 57.— So with cum, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; id. Dom. 13, 23; id. Sest. 38, 81.—

Still, as yet (also as one word; cf. etiamtum, and v. the foll. additional passages), Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 19, § 41; id. Fin. 3, 14, 48; id. Rep. 2, 12, 24; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; id. Brut. 20, 80; id. Off. 2, 14, 47; Caes. B. C. 3, 93; Liv. 5, 40, 10; Val. Max. 9, 6, 3; Tac. A. 3, 72; Suet. Claud. 27 fin.; id. Dom. 22.—

And with a negation, = nondum: ipsa ego non longos etiam tum scissa capillos,

not yet long, Ov. H. 8, 79.—

Tum etiam.

Followed by si or cum, even if, even when:

atque equidem filium Tum etiam si nolit, cogam,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 65:

qui tum etiam cum... circumfusi erant caligine,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 45.—

Then also, then too, besides:

tum etiam illud cogitatote, sic vivere Cornelium ut, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 28, 65; id. N. D. 1, 16, 43; so id. Leg. 1, 13, 35; id. Fin. 2, 16, 53; Col. 12 praef.—

Tum quoque.

Also then, then likewise, then as before, then as on another occasion mentioned before: ceu lapidem si Percutiat lapis aut ferrum;

nam tum quoque lumen Exsilit,

Lucr. 6, 162:

tum quoque homini plus tribui quam nescio cui necessitati,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 11, 28:

tum quoque multis milibus Latinorum in civitatem acceptis,

Liv. 1, 33, 5; 2, 52, 2; 21, 22, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 37; Ov. M. 14, 369.—

Even then, = etiam tum (rare):

et tamen tum quoque se absentes triumphare credunt,

Liv. 45, 38, 13; 39, 41, 3; 39, 47, 11; Ov. H. 17 (18), 190.—

In orat. obliq. (v. I. A. 2.), even now:

quod si Romani tum quoque aequa aspernarentur,

Liv. 42, 62, 7. —

= sic quoque, even under the circumstances, even as it was, etc. (v. sic, V. 3.): ut si effugium patuisset in publicum, impleturae urbem tumultu fuerint. Tum quoque [p. 1912] aliquotiens integro corpore evaserunt, Liv. 24, 26, 13; 40, 16, 6; 43, 4, 1;

9, 13, 9: tum quoque, amputata dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit,

Just. 2, 9, 18.—

Tum ipsum = eo ipso tempore, at the very time, just then, even then (only in Cic. in four passages; cf.:

nunc ipsum): tota igitur ratio talium largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum... moderanda est,

Cic. Off. 2, 17, 60:

quem quidem cum sua voluntate ex patria Karthaginem revertisset, tum ipsum cum vigiliis et fame cruciaretur, clamat virtus beatiorem fuisse quam Thorium,

id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv. ad loc.:

tum ipsum cum immolare velis extorum fieri mutatio potest,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

ita (oratores), non injuria, quotienscunque dicerent, id quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,

id. Or. 1, 27, 123.—

Tum with co-ordinating particles.

Tum autem.

= praeterea, and then, besides (v. I. C. 1.): turpilucricupidum te vocant cives tui;

tum autem sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

oves scabrae sunt... Tum autem Surorum nemo exstat qui ibi sex menses vixerit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 141; id. Mil. 4, 2, 13; id. Pers. 4, 2, 3; id. Poen. 5, 5, 34; 5, 7, 22; Ter. And. 1, 5, 34; id. Eun. 5, 9, 7; id. Hec. 2, 1, 14; 3, 2, 10:

tum autem qui non ipso honesto movemur... callidi sumus, non boni,

Cic. Leg. 1, 14, 41; id. Or. 1, 58, 247; 2, 19, 80.—

= tum... tum:

visne igitur inter hos populos inambulantes, tum autem residentes quaeramus eisdem de rebus?

Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 15.—

= eo tempore, with autem as connective:

tum illic autem Lemnius... uxorem duxit, etc.,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 25:

tum autem ex omnibus montibus nives proluit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 48.—

But in this instance:

uxori emunda ancilla'st: tum autem pluscula Supellectile opus est,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 60; 5, 7, 25 sq.—

For tum etiam, v. B. 7. b.—

Tum praeterea:

nam tui similis est probe. Tum praeterea talem, nisi tu, nulla pareret filium,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 20; so id. Ad. 3, 2, 47; id. Phorm. 3, 2, 33; Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56 (v. I. C. 3. e. l).—

Tum porro:

tum porro venti magnam quoque tollere partem Umoris possunt,

Lucr. 6, 623; 4, 829 (827).—

Quid tum?

In dialogue, what then? what next? what further? novi ego hos pugnos meos. Ca. Quid tum? Th. Quid tum? Rogitas? Hisce ego, si tu me inritaveris, placidum te hodie reddam, Plaut. Curc. 5, 3, 49; so id. As. 2, 2, 83; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47; 3, 5, 66; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 8.—And strengthened:

quid tum postea?

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; id. As. 2, 2, 68; 2, 2, 79; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 78; 4, 2, 9; 4, 7, 23; id. Ad. 4, 5, 15; id. Hec. 4, 1, 36: videsne abundare me otio? A. Quid tum? Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 26.—

In imitation of a dialogue:

at mulctantur bonis exsules. Quid tum? Parumne multa de toleranda paupertate dicuntur?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 37, 107; so id. Quint. 22, 72; 27, 84; id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 132; id. Dom. 47, 123; id. Dejot. 7, 22; id. Phil. 1, 10, 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 230.—

As emphatic co-ordinative in quoting the different items of a document, law, etc.: quive in senatu sententiam dixit, dixerit. Quid tum? Qui eorum coiit, coierit, etc., what next? i. e. and then, listen! Cic. Clu. 54, 148; so id. Agr. 1, 5, 16; 3, 3, 11; id. Mur. 12, 26; id. Fl. 23, 55.—

Tum temporis = eo tempore (post class. and rare; cf.:

tunc temporis): postera die civitas principem suum, ac tum temporis consulem in foro expectabat,

Just. 31, 2, 6.

ἄν (A), [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ep., Lyr., [dialect] Ion., Arc., [dialect] Att.; also κεν) [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Aeol., Thess., κᾱ [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Boeot., El.; the two combined in [dialect] Ep. (infr. D. 11.2) and Arc.,

A

εἰκ ἄν IG5(2).6.2

, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε ([etym.] ν) with the relative.

A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come.

I WITH INDICATIVE:

1 with historical tenses, generally [tense] impf. and [tense] aor., less freq. [tense] plpf., never [tense] pf., v. infr.,

a most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The [tense] impf. with ἄν refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perh.

καί κε θάμ' ἐνθάδ' ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ' Od.4

. 178; later also in [tense] pres. time, first in Thgn.905; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, Pl.R. 489a; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, Th.1.9. The [tense] aor. strictly refers only to past time, Pi.N.11.24, etc.; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, D.4.5, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said,

εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν S.Ant. 755

, cf. Pl.Smp. 199d, Euthphr. 12d, etc.: the [tense] plpf. refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt.., ib. 14c;

εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει Antipho 4.2.3

.

b the protasis is freq. understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), Il.4.421; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), Th.1.11; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, Pl.R. 374d; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), D.18.43.

c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, Od.4.546; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, Ar. Ra. 1022; esp. with τάχα, q. v., ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, S.OT 523; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (sc. διέβησαν ) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, Th.6.2, cf. Pl.Phdr. 265b.

d ἄν is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sts. for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, E.Hec. 1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.

2 with [tense] fut. ind.:

a frequently in [dialect] Ep., usu. with κεν, rarely ἄν, Il.9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι and he will likely be angry to whom- soever I shall come, ib.1.139; καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει and in that case men will say, 4.176;

ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω Od.3.80

; so in Lyr.,

μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ Pi.N.7.68

, cf. I.6(5).59.

b rarely in codd. of [dialect] Att. Prose writers,

σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε Th.1.140

;

οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο Pl.R. 615d

, cf. Ap. 29c, X.An.2.5.13; dub. in Hp.Mul.2.174: in later Prose, Philostr. V A2.21, S E.M.9.225: also in Poetry, E.El. 484, Ar.Av. 1313;

οὐκ ἂν προδώσω Herod.6.36

(corr. - δοίην):— for ἄν with [tense] fut. inf. and part. v. infr.

II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in [dialect] Ep., the meaning being the same as with the [tense] fut. ind. (1.2a), freq. with [ per.] 1st pers., as εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι in that case I will take her myself, Il.1.324; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, 14.235 (the subj. is always introduced by δέ in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future,

οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις 3.54

, al.

III WITH OPTATIVE (never [tense] fut., rarely [tense] pf. πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; X.Smp.3.6):

a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a [tense] fut. condition:

ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28

;

οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; Pl.Phd. 68b

:—in Hom. [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. opt. with κε or ἄν are sts. used like [tense] impf. and [tense] aor. ind. with ἄν in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., Il.5.311, cf. 5.388, 17.70; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., ib.23.274: so rarely in Trag., οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος (for εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) E.Med. 568.

b with protasis in [tense] pres. or [tense] fut., the opt. with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, Th.1.142, cf. 2.60, Pl.Ap. 25b, R. 333e;

ἢν οὖν μάθῃς.. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην Ar.Nu. 116

, cf. D.1.26, al.

c with protasis understood:

φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ Od.10.269

; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, X. Cyr.8.2.21; τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε.. ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, Il.12.447;

οὐδ' ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι S.Ant. 240

, cf. D.2.8: in Hom. sts. with ref. to past time,

Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη Il.5.85

.

d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, D.20.129; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like , Lat. velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν; which way then can we turn? Pl.Euthd. 290a; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, Ar.Ra. 830; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, Th.1.9; εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, Hdt.1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη, i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), Pl.R. 333e.

e in questions, expressing a wish:

τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοίη; S.OC 1100

, cf.A.Ag. 1448;

πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; S.Aj. 389

: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty,

τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν Il.4.94

; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), S.Ant. 444; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, El. 1491; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε hear me now, Phoebus, ib. 637; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, Pl.Phlb. 23c, 48b.

f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, Id.Prt. 329b; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), D.4.18, cf. X.Mem.1.5.3, Plot.6.4.16.

g rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis:

ῥεῖα θεός γ' ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι Od.3.231

, cf. 14.123, Il.5.303; also in Trag.,

θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις E.Hipp. 1186

;

τεὰν δύνασιν τίς.. κατάσχοι; S.Ant. 605

.

h ἄν c. [tense] fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. 1.2b), as τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι ( ἐπαινέσαι Bekk.) Pl.Lg. 719e; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο ( οὐδένα Bekk.) Lys.1.22.

IV WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part.,

τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι Pl.R. 577b

) representing ind. or opt.:

1 [tense] pres. inf. or part.:

a representing [tense] impf. ind., οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν; do you think he would not have kept them safe? ([etym.] οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), D.49.35; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, Th.1.73, cf. 4.40.

b representing [tense] pres. opt., πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ' ἄν)

ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω D. 18.258

, cf. X.An.2.3.18: with Art.,

τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον Pl.Smp. 174b

.

2 [tense] aor. inf. or part.:

a representing [tense] aor. ind., οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν; do you not think he would even have run thither? ([etym.] καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), D.27.56; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, Th.1.76, cf. 3.89; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, X.Mem.4.4.4.

b representing [tense] aor. opt., οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land ([etym.] οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), Th.6.37, cf. 2.20; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν ([etym.] ληφθείη ἄν) Id.7.42; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen ([etym.] ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), Id.6.38.

3 [tense] pf. inf. or part. representing:

a [tense] plpf. ind., πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι ([etym.] φήσειεν ἄν ) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians ([etym.] ἑαλώκη ἄν), D.19.312.

b [tense] pf. opt., οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered ([etym.] δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., Lys.27.9.

4 [tense] fut. inf.or part., never in [dialect] Ep., and prob. always corrupt in [dialect] Att., νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (leg. - ῆσαι) Th.5.82, cf. 6.66, 8.25,71; part. is still more exceptional,

ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα Pl.Ap. 30c

(codd.), cf. D.19.342 (v. l.); both are found in later Gk.,

νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα Plb.8.30.8

, cf. Plu.Marc.15, Arr.An.2.2.3; with part., Epicur. Nat.14.1, Luc.Asin.26, Lib.Or.62.21, dub. l. in Arr.An.6.6.5.

B IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES.

I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν ([etym.] ᾱ) (q. v.): Hom. has generally εἴ κε (or αἴ κε), sts. ἤν, once

εἰ δ' ἄν Il.3.288

, twice

εἴπερ ἄν 5.224

, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of [tense] fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς .. if thus thou shalt do.., ib.2.364; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., E.Alc. 671.

2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, cf. ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν ([dialect] Ion. ἐπεάν) , ἐπειδάν: Hom. has ὅτε κε (sts. ὅτ' ἄν) , ὁππότε κε (sts. ὁπότ' ἄν or ὁππότ' ἄν) , ἐπεί κε (

ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412

), ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν; v. also εἰσόκε ([etym.] εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., Il.9.397; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., S.Ant.91; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ who ever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, Il.9.312, cf. D.4.6, Th.1.21. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (1 and 2 ) without ἄν; also Trag. and Com., S.Aj. 496, Ar.Eq. 805; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subj. without ἄν in prose, e.g. Th.1.137,4.16 ([etym.] μέχρι οὗ), Pl.Phd. 62c, Aeschin.3.60.

3 in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), freq. in [dialect] Ep.,

σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il.1.32

;

ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ Od.3.359

;

ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ.. φράσω A.Pr. 824

;

ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος Pl.Smp. 198e

;

μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ Grg. 481a

(where ὅπως with [tense] fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after ὡς in Hdt., Trag., X.An.2.5.16, al., once in Th.6.91 (but [tense] fut. ind. is regular in [dialect] Att.); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε exc.

ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν Od.12.156

( ἵνα = where in S.OC 405). μή, = lest, takes ἄν only with opt. in apodosis, as S.Tr. 631, Th.2.93.

II in [dialect] Ep. sts. with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε ([etym.] ν), exc.

εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν Il.2.597

),

εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο Od.8.353

; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please, ib.2.54: so in Hdt. in final clauses, 1.75,99:—in Od.23.135 ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν belongs to Verb in apod., as in

ὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο X.Cyr.7.5.81

.

2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relat. or temp. word retains an ἄν which it would have with subj. in direct form, S.Tr. 687, X.Mem.1.2.6, Isoc.17.15;

ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην D.30.6

:—similarly after a preceding opt.,

οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο Pl.Phd. 101d

.

III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in [dialect] Ep.:

1 with [tense] fut. ind. as with subj.:

αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται Il.15.213

:—so with relat.,

οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175

.

2 with εἰ and a past tense of ind., once in Hom.,

εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος Il.23.526

; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο Orac. ap. Hdt.1.174, cf. Ar.Lys. 1099 (cod. R), A.R.1.197.

IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as

ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο Ev.Marc.6.56

;

ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε PFay. 136

(iv A. D.);

ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι Phlp. in Ph.436.19

; cf. ἐάν, ὅταν.

C with [tense] impf. and more rarely [tense] aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119;

εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν S.Ph. 295

; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, Th.7.71;

διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Pl.Ap. 22b

: inf. representing [tense] impf. of this constr., ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire ([etym.] ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), D.9.48.

D GENERAL REMARKS:

I POSITION OF ἄν.

1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, ga/r, kai/, νυ, περ, etc.; as

εἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε Il.3.281

-4; rarely by τις, as

ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ D.2.14

:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, as

εἴ περ γάρ κεν Od.8.355

, cf. Il.2.123; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, Hes.Op. 280, 357; rarely in Prose,

ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν D.4.45

;

ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν Ar.Ra. 1420

: also

ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν Pl.Lg. 647e

, cf. 850a;

ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται 739c

.

2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? ([etym.] εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), D.6.20.

3 ἄν is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει .. ; freq. in Pl., Grg. 486d, al.; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, X.Cyr.8.7.25;

οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι Aeschin.3.2

; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) D. 18.225:—in the phrase οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ, or οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν belongs not to οἶδα, but to the Verb which follows, οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, for οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, E.Med. 941, cf. Alc.48;

οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην Pl. Ti. 26b

;

οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην X.Cyr.5.4.12

.

4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause,

ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar. Pax

<*>37.

II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words,

ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν S.El. 333

, cf. Ant.69, A.Ag. 340, Th.1.76 (fin.), 2.41, Pl.Ap. 31a, Lys.20.15;

ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν E.Tr. 1244

, cf. S.Fr. 739; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ .. Id.OT 1438.

2 ἄν is coupled with κε ([etym.] ν ) a few times in Hom., as Il.11.187, 202, Od.5.361, al.; cf. ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν v.l. ib.18.318.

III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only εἰμί, as τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής (sc. ᾖ) Il.5.481; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (sc. ἔρρεγκον) Ar.Nu.5; τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. πρᾶξαι)

, εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; A.Ag. 935

:—so in phrases like πῶς γὰρ ἄν; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (sc. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) Pl.Grg. 479a; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (sc. ἐφρόνησαν)

εἰ.. Isoc.10.48

:—so also when κἂν εἰ ( = καὶ ἂν εἰ) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which ἄν cannot belong, Pl.R. 477a, Men. 72c; cf. κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) D.2.14; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (sc. ἴητε) X.An.1.3.6.

IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others:

πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως A.Ag. 1049

: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, Pl.R. 352e, cf. 439b codd.: but ἄν is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. 398a, cf. D.19.156 (where an opt. is implied with the third ὡς): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, τοῦτον ἂν.. θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν (i. e. καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι) S.Ant. 669.

------------------------------------

ἄν (B), [pron. full] [ᾱ], [dialect] Att.,

A = ἐάν, ἤν, Th.4.46 codd., al.; freq. in Pl.,

ἂν σωφρονῇ Phd. 61b

; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ ib. 80d, cf. D.4.50;

ἄν τ'.. ἄν τε Arist. Ath.48.4

: not common in earlier [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, SIG1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), PPetr.2p.47 (iii B. C.), PPar.32.19 (ii B. C.), PTeb.110.8 (i B. C.), Ev.Jo.20.23, etc.

------------------------------------

ἄν (C) or [full] ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, q. v.

------------------------------------

ἄν (D), shortened from ἄνα, v. sub ἀνά G.

γε, [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Boeot. [full] γα, enclitic Particle, giving emphasis to the word or words which it follows.

I with single words, at least, at any rate, but often only to be rendered by italics in writing, or emphasis in pronunciation: τὸ γὰρ.. σιδήρου γε κράτος ἐστίν such is the power of iron, Od.9.393; εἴ που πτωχῶν γε θεοὶ.. εἰσίν if the poor have any gods to care for them, 17.475;

μάλιστά γε 4.366

; ὅ γ' ἐνθάδε λεώς at any rate the people here, S.OC42, etc.: with negs., οὐ δύο γε not even two, Il.5.303, 20.286; οὔκουν φθόγγος γε not the least sound, E.IA9.

2 with Pronouns: with Pron. of [ per.] 1st Pers. so closely joined, that the accent is changed, in ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (also ἔγωγα [dialect] Lacon., but ἐγώνγα, ἰώνγα [dialect] Boeot.): in Hom. freq. with Art. used as Pron., v. ὅ γε: with demonstr. Pronouns, κεῖνός γε, τοῦτό γε, etc.: in Com. coalescing with -ί final,

αὑτηγί Ar.Ach. 784

; τουτογί, ταυταγί, etc., Id.V. 781, Pax 1057, etc. (but

ἐνγεταυθί Th. 646

): after possess. Pronouns,

ἐμόν γε θυμόν Il.20.425

, etc.: freq. after relat. Pronouns, ὅς γε, οἵ γε, etc.,

οἵ γέ σου καθύβρισαν S.Ph. 1364

;

ὅς γ' ἐξέλυσας δασμόν Id.OT35

, etc.; ὅσον γε χρῄζεις even as much as.., ib. 365;

οἷόν γέ μοι φαίνεται Pl.R. 329a

: rarely with interrog. Pronouns,

τίνα γε.. εἶπας

;

E.Tr. 241

;

ποίου γε τούτου πλήν γ' Ὀδυσσέως ἐρεῖς

;

S.Ph. 441

.

3 after Conjunctions, to emphasize the modification or condition introduced by the subjoined clause, πρίν γε, before at least, sts. repeated,

οὐ μὲν.. ὀΐω πρίν γ' ἀποπαύσεσθαι, πρίν γε.. αἵματος ἆσαι Ἀρῆα Il.5.288

, cf. Od.2.127; πρὶν ἄν γε or πρίν γ' ἄν, Ar.Eq. 961, Ra.78, etc.;

ὅτε γε Pl.Phd. 84e

;

ὁπότε γε S.OC 1699

;

ἐπεί γε X.An.1.3.9

;

ἐπειδή γε Th.6.18

;

ὅπου γε X.Cyr.2.3.11

; εἴ γε, ἐάν γε, if that is to say, if really, Th.6.18, Pl.Phdr.25<*>c; also simply to lay stress on the condition, κἄν γε μὴ λέγω and if I do not.., Ar.Ach. 317; εἴπερ γε if at any rate, Hdt.7.16.γ, 143, etc.; ὥστε γε (v.l. ὥς γε), with inf., so far at least as to.., Pl.Phdr. 230b;

ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801

; ὥς γε or ὥσπερ γε as at least, S.Ant. 570, OT 715, etc.:—γε may follow τε, when τε is closely attached to the preceding word,

ὡς οἷόν τέ γε μάλιστα X.Mem.4.5.2

, Pl.R. 412b;

ἐάντε γε Id.Plt. 293d

;

οἵ τέ γε Id.Grg. 454e

:—for its use in opposed or disjunctive clauses, v. infr. 11.3.

4 after other Particles, καὶ μὴν.. γε, οὐ μὴν.. γε, with words intervening, X.Mem.1.4.12, E.Alc. 518, etc.; after ἄν in apodosi, when preceded by οὐ or καί, Id.Ph. 1215, Or. 784; ἄταρ.. γε but yet, Ar.Ach. 448; καίτοι γε, v. καί τοι; ἀλλά γε (without intervening words) is f.l. in Pl.Hp.Ma. 287b (leg. ἀλλ' ἄγε), R. 331b ( ἀλλά γε ἕν codd.,

ἀλλὰ ἕν γε Stob.

); ἀλλά γε δή dub. in Id.Phdr.262a; later, Plu.2.394c, Ael.NA10.49 codd.: but,

5 when preceding other Particles, γε commonly refers to the preceding word, while the Particle retains its own force: but sts. modifies the sense of the following Particle, γε μήν nevertheless,

πάντως γε μήν Ar.Eq. 232

, cf. E.El. 754, X., etc.; [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

γε μέν Il.2.703

, Od.4.195, Hdt.7.152;

γε μὲν δή A.Ag. 661

, S.Tr. 484;

γε μέντοι Pl.Tht. 164a

, X.An.2.3.9, etc.: γε δή freq. strengthens an assertion, A.Pr.42, Th.2.62, etc.;

οἰόμεθά γε δή Pl.Euthd. 275a

(cf. also 11.1); γέ τοι, implying that the assertion is the least that one can say, Ar.V. 934, Pl. 424, 1041, etc.;

γέ τοι Pl. Grg. 447b

;

γέ τοι δή S.OT 1171

, Pl.Phdr. 264b;

γέ τοί που Id.Lg. 888e

;

γε δήπου Id.Phd. 94a

, etc.; γέ που at all events, any how, Ar. Ach. 896, Pl.R. 607d, 478a, etc.; for γε οὖν, v. γοῦν.

II exercising an influence over the whole clause:

1 epexegetic, namely, that is, Διός γε διδόντος that is if God grant it, Od.1.390; κλῦθι, Ποσείδαον.., εἰ ἐτεόν γε σός εἰμι if indeed I am really thine, 9.529: hence to limit, strengthen or amplify a general assertion, ἀνὴρ.. ὅστις πινυτός γε any man— at least any wise man, 1.229; freq. preceded by καί, usu. with words intervening, ἦ μὴν κελεύσω κἀπιθωΰξω γε πρός ay and besi <*>es that.., A.Pr.73; παρῆσάν τινες καὶ πολλοί γε some, ay and a great many, Pl.Phd. 58d;

καὶ γελοίως γε Id.R. 531a

; freq. with the last term in an enumeration,

ταύτῃ ἄρα.. πρακτέον καὶ γυμναστέον καὶ ἐδεστέον γε καὶ ποτέον Id.Cri. 47b

;

ὄψεις τε καὶ ἀκοαὶ καὶ.. καὶ ἡδοναί γε δή Id.Tht. 156b

; repeated,

συνήγαγόν μοι καί γε ἀργύριον καί γε χρυσίον LXX Ec.2.8

; rarely without intervening words,

καί γε ὁ θάνατος διὰ τὴν μοίρην ἔλαχεν Hp.Septim.9

, cf. Lys.11.7 codd.;

καί γε.. ἐκχεῶ Act.Ap.2.18

: hence,

2 in dialogue, in answers where something is added to the statement of the previous speaker, as ἔπεμψέ τίς σοι.. κρέα; Answ. καλῶς γε ποιῶν yes and quite right too, Ar.Ach. 1049; κενὸν τόδ' ἄγγος, ἢ στέγει τι; Answ. σά γ' ἔνδυτα .. yes indeed, your clothes, E. Ion 1412; οὕτω γὰρ ἂν μάλιστα δηχθείη πόσις. Answ. σὺ δ' ἂν γένοιο γ' ἀθλιωτάτη γυνή yes truly, and you.., Id.Med. 817, cf. S.OT 680, etc.; πάνυ γε yes certainly, Pl.Euthphr.8e, etc.; οὕτω γέ πως yes somehowso, Id.Tht. 165c; sts. preceded by καί, καὶ οὐδέν γ' ἄτοπον yes and no wonder, ib. 142b, cf. d, 147e; sts. ironically,

εὖ γε κηδεύεις πόλιν E.IT 1212

.

3 to heighten a contrast or opposition,

a after conditional clauses, εἰ μὲν δὴ σύ γ'.., τῷ κε Ποσειδάων γε .. if you do so, then at all events Poseidon will.., Il.15.49 sq.; ἐπεὶ πρὸς τοῦτο σιωπᾶν ἥδιόν σοι.. τόδε γε εἰπέ at any rate tell me this, X.Cyr. 5.5.20;

εἰ μὴ τὸ ὅλον, μέρος γ' ἐπιβάλλει D.18.272

:—sts. in the protasis, εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἑκόντες γε.. ἀλλ' ἀέκοντας .. Hdt.4.120.

b in disjunctive sentences to emphasize an alternative, ἤτοι κεῖνόν γε.. δεῖ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἢ σέ .. Id.1.11;

ἤτοι κρίνομέν γε ἢ ἐνθυμούμεθα ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα Th.2.40

;

πατὴρ δ' ἐμός.. ζώει ὅ γ' ἢ τέθνηκε Od.2.131

, cf. Il.10.504: also in the second clause,

εἰπέ μοι, ἠὲ ἑκὼν ὑποδάμνασαι ἤ σέ γε λαοὶ ἐχθαίρουσι Od.3.214

, cf. Hdt.7.10.θ, S.OT 1098 sq.

4 in exclamations, etc., ὥς γε μή ποτ' ὤφελον λαβεῖν dub. in E.IA70, cf. S.OC 977, Ph. 1003, Ar.Ach.93, 836, etc.; in oaths, οὔτοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρά γ' v.l. in Ar.Eq. 698;

μὰ τὸν Ποσειδῶ γ' οὐδέποτ' Id.Ec. 748

;

καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία γε X.Ap.20

;

καὶ νὴ Δία γε Ar.Eq. 1350

, D.Chr.17.4, Luc. Merc.Cond.28, Lib.Or.11.59, etc.: with words intervening, καὶ νὴ Δί', ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ἕτεροί γε .. D.13.16;

νὴ Δία, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὥρα γε ὑμῖν X.HG7.1.37

; merely in strong assertions, τίς ἂν φιλέοντι μάχοιτο; ἄφρων δὴ κεῖνός γέ .. Od.8.209, etc.

5 implying concession, εἶμί γε well then I will go (in apodosi), E.HF 861;

δρᾶ γ' εἴ τι δράσεις Id.IA 817

, cf. Andr. 239.

III γε freq. repeated in protasis and apodosis, as πρίν γε.., πρίν γε, v. supr.1.3;

εἰ μή γε.. τινὶ μείζονι, τῇ γε παρούσῃ ἀτιμίᾳ Lys.31.29

; even in the same clause,

οὐδέν γ' ἄλλο πλήν γε καρκίνους Ar.V. 1507

, cf. Hdt.1.187, E.Ph. 554, Pl.R. 335b, Grg. 502a.

IV POSITION: γε normally follows the word which it limits; but is freq. placed immediately after the Article, as

ὅ γε πόλεμος Th.1.66

, etc.; or the Prep.,

κατά γε τὸν σὸν λόγον X.Cyr.3.1.15

;

ἔν γε ταῖς Θήβαις S.OT 1380

; or

δέ, νῦν δέ γε Pl.Tht. 144e

; τὸ δέ γε ib. 164b;

δοῖμεν δέ γέ που ἄν Id.R. 607d

, cf. Phd. 94a, etc.; freq. in retorts, ἁμές ποκ' ἦμες ἄλκιμοι νεανίαι. Answ.

ἁμὲς δέ γ' εἰμές Carm.Pop.18

; οὐκ οἶδ' ὅτι λέγεις. Answ.

ἡ γραῦς δέ γε οἶδ', ὡς ἐγῷμαι Men.Epit. 577

, cf. A.Th. 1031, etc.

ut or ŭtī (old form ŭtei, C. I. L. 1, 196, 4 sq.; 1, 198, 8 et saep.), adv. and conj. [for quoti or cuti, from pronom. stem ka-, Lat. quo-, whence qui, etc., and locat. ending -ti of stem to-, whence tum, etc.].

As adv. of manner.

Interrog. = quomodo, how, in what way or manner.

In independent questions (colloq.; rare in class. prose; not in Cic.): De. Quid? ut videtur mulier? Ch. Non, edepol, mala. De. Ut morata'st? Ch. Nullam vidi melius mea sententia, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 56 sq.:

salve! ut valuisti? quid parentes mei? Valent?

id. ib. 5, 2, 107; id. Pers. 2, 5, 8:

ut vales?

id. Most. 2, 19, 29; 3, 2, 28; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 26:

ut sese in Samnio res habent?

Liv. 10, 18, 11:

ut valet? ut meminit nostri?

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12; id. S. 2, 8, 1.—

In exclamatory sentences (in all periods of the language): ut omnia in me conglomerat mala! Enn. ap. Non. p. 90, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 408 Vahl.):

ut corripuit se repente atque abiit! Hei misero mihi!

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 76:

ut dissimulat malus!

id. ib. 5, 4, 13:

ut volupe est homini si cluet victoria!

id. Poen. 5, 5, 15: ut multa verba feci;

ut lenta materies fuit!

id. Mil. 4, 5, 4:

ut scelestus nunc iste te ludos facit!

id. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

ut saepe summa ingenia in occulto latent,

id. ib. 1, 2, 61; id. Rud. 1, 2, 75; 2, 3, 33 sq.:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 42:

heia! ut elegans est!

id. Heaut. 5, 5, 19:

fortuna ut numquam perpetua est bona!

id. Hec. 3, 3, 46; cf. id. Phorm. 5, 8, 52:

Gnaeus autem noster... ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

quae ut sustinuit! ut contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit!

id. Mil. 24, 64:

qui tum dicit testimonium ex nostris hominibus, ut se ipse sustentat! ut omnia verba moderatur, ut timet ne quid cupide... dicat!

id. Fl. 5, 12:

quod cum facis, ut ego tuum amorem et dolorem desidero!

id. Att. 3, 11, 2:

quanta studia decertantium sunt! ut illi efferuntur laetitia cum vicerint! ut pudet victos! ut se accusari nolunt! etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 61:

ut vidi, ut perii! ut me malus abstulit error!

Verg. E. 8, 41:

ut melius quidquid erit pati!

Hor. C. 1, 11, 3:

ut tu Semper eris derisor!

id. S. 2, 6, 53:

o superbia magnae fortunae! ut a te nihil accipere juvat! ut omne beneficium in injuriam convertis! ut te omnia nimia delectant! ut to omnia dedecent!

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. 11.—

In dependent questions.

With indic. (ante-class. and poet.): divi hoc audite parumper ut pro Romano populo... animam de corpore mitto, Enn. ap. Non. p. 150, 6 (Ann. v. 215 Vahl.): edoce eum uti res se habet, Plaut. [p. 1940] Trin. 3, 3, 21:

hoc sis vide ut avariter merum in se ingurgitat,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 33:

hoc vide ut dormiunt pessuli,

id. ib. 1, 2, 66:

illud vide os ut sibi distorsit carnufex,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 3:

vide ut otiosus it, si dis placet,

id. ib. 5, 3, 10:

illud vide, Ut in ipso articulo oppressit,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 21; 3, 5, 3:

viden ut faces Splendidas quatiunt comas?

Cat. 61, 77:

viden ut perniciter exiluere?

id. 62, 8:

adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata requirunt,

id. 62, 12:

aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo! (= omnia laetantia),

Verg. E. 4, 52 Forbig. ad loc.:

nonne vides, croceos ut Tmolus odores, India mittit ebur,

id. G. 1, 56; id. E. 5, 6; id. A. 6, 779. —

With subj. (class.):

nescis ut res sit, Phoenicium,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 4, 1:

oppido Mihi illud videri mirum, ut una illaec capra Uxoris dotem simiae ambadederit,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 16:

nam ego vos novisse credo jam ut sit meus pater,

id. Am. prol. 104:

narratque ut virgo ab se integra etiam tum siet,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 70:

tute scis quam intimum Habeam te, et mea consilia ut tibi credam omnia,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 48:

videtis ut omnes despiciat, ut hominem prae se neminem putet, ut se solum beatum se solum potentem putet?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 46, 135:

videtisne ut Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet?

id. Sen. 10, 31; id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

credo te audisse ut me circumsteterint, ut aperte jugula sua pro meo capite P. Clodio ostentarint,

id. Att. 1, 16, 4:

videte ut hoc iste correxerit,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115:

docebat ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

veniat in mentem, ut trepidos quondam majores vestros... defenderimus,

Liv. 23, 5, 8:

aspice quo submittat humus formosa colores,

Prop. 1, 2, 9:

infinitum est enumerare ut Cottae detraxerit auctoritatem, ut pro Ligario se opposuerit,

Quint. 6, 5, 10:

vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 1:

nonne vides, ut... latus et malus Antennaeque gemant,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3 Orell. ad loc.:

audis... positas ut glaciet nives Puro numine Juppiter,

id. ib. 3, 10, 7; id. S. 1, 8, 42; 2, 3, 315; Verg. A. 2, 4; Tib. 2, 1, 26; Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 57:

mirum est ut animus agitatione motuque corporis excitetur,

Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2.—

Relative adverb of manner = eo modo quo, as.

Without demonstr. as correlatives: ut aiunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 101 Mull. (fr inc. l. 10 Vahl.):

ego emero matri tuae Ancillam... forma mala, ut matrem addecet familias,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 79:

apparatus sum ut videtis,

id. ib. 5, 2, 10:

verum postremo impetravi ut volui,

id. Mil. 4, 5, 5:

ero ut me voles esse,

id. Capt. 2, 1, 32:

faciam ut tu voles,

id. Men. 5, 9, 90: ut vales? Tox. Ut queo, id. Pers. 1, 1, 16:

ut potero feram,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 27:

faciam ut mones,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 97:

Ciceronem et ut rogas amo, et ut meretur et ut debeo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 9:

cupiditates quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator objecit, ruri semper habitarit?

id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39:

ut ex propinquis ejus audio, non tu in isto artificio callidior es, quam hic in suo,

id. ib. 17, 49:

homo demens, ut isti putant,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:

cumulate munus hoc, ut opinio mea fert, effecero,

id. ib. 1, 46, 70:

non ut clim solebat, sed ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti,

id. Fam. 9, 16, 7:

Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum, ne proelium committeret nisi, etc., monte occupato nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

cuncta ut gesta erant exposuit,

Liv. 3, 50, 4:

(Postumius) fugerat in legatione, ut fama ferebat, populi judicium,

id. 10, 46, 16:

sed, ut plerumque fit, major pars meliorem vicit,

id. 21, 4, 1:

nec temere, et ut libet conlocatur argentum, sed perite servitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 2:

servus, ut placet Chrysippo, perpetuus mercenarius est,

id. Ben. 3, 22, 1.—Esp. parenthet., to denote that the facts accord with an assumption or supposition made in the principal sentence (= sicut):

si virtus digna est gloriatione, ut est,

Cic. Fin. 4, 18, 51:

quorum etiamsi amplecterer virtutem, ut facio, tamen, etc.,

id. Phil. 10, 9, 18:

quamvis fuerit acutus, ut fuit,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 69; cf.:

incumbite in causam, Quirites, ut facitis,

id. Phil. 4, 5, 12:

tu modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis sustenta, ut facis,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 5:

satis enim erat, probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 37.—

With the correlative ita or sic: VTI LEGASSIT SVPER PECVNIA TVTELAVE SVAE REI, ITA IVS ESTO, Leg. XII. Tab. 5, fr. 3: alii, ut esse in suam rem ducunt, ita sint;

ego ita ero ut me esse oportet,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 24 sq.:

sic sum ut vides,

id. Am. 2, 1, 57:

omnes posthabui mihi res, ita uti par fuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 15:

ut viro forti ac sapienti dignum fuit, ita calumniam ejus obtrivit,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 18.—In partic. with a superlative belonging to the principal sentence, attracted to the relative clause:

haec ut brevissime dici potuerunt, ita a me dicta sunt (= ita breviter dicta sunt ut dici potuerunt),

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174.—So ut qui, with sup.:

te enim semper sic colam et tuebor ut quem diligentissime,

Cic. Fam. 12, 62 fin.; without sic or ita:

causas ut honorificentissimis verbis consequi potero, complectar,

id. Phil. 14, 11, 29:

sed exigenda est ut optime possumus,

Quint. 12, 10, 38.—And with comp.:

eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis,

Nep. Epam. 2, 1; cf.:

ad unguem Factus homo, non ut magis alter, amicus,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 33:

cocto Chium sic convenit, ut non Hoc magis ullum aliud,

id. ib. 2, 8, 48.—

Doubled ut ut, as indefinite relative, = utcumque, in whatever manner, howsoever (mostly ante-class.; only with indic.):

gaudeo, ut ut erga me est merita,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 52:

age jam, utut est, etsi'st dedecori, patiar,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 85:

utut est, mihi quidem profecto cum istis dictis mortuo'st,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 76:

utut res sese habet, pergam, etc.,

id. Most. 3, 1, 14:

non potis est pietati opsisti huic, ututi res sunt ceterae,

id. Ps. 1, 3, 36; id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

sed ut ut haec sunt, tamen hoc faciam,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 46; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 4; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 26; id. Ad. 2, 2, 40; 4, 4, 22:

ut ut est res, casus consilium nostri itineris judicabit,

Cic. Att. 15, 25 B. and K. (dub.;

v. Orell. ad loc.): sed ut ut est, indulge valetudini tuae,

id. Fam. 16, 18, 1 dub. (al. ut est).—

Causal, as, = prout, pro eo ut.

Introducing a general statement, in correspondence with the particular assertion of the principal clause, ut = as, considering... that, in accordance with:

atque, ut nunc sunt maledicentes homines, uxori meae mihique objectent, lenociniam facere,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 75:

ut aetas mea est, atque ut huic usus facto est,

id. Men. 5, 2, 1:

haud scio hercle ut homo'st, an mutet animum,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 9:

praesertim, ut nunc sunt mores,

id. ib. 1, 2, 5:

atque ille, ut semper fuit apertissimus, non se purgavit, sed, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 25, 51:

permulta alia colligit Chrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus,

id. Tusc. 1, 45, 108:

magnifice et ornate, ut erat in primis inter suos copiosus, convivium comparat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

Kal. Sextilibus, ut tunc principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt,

Liv. 3, 6, 1:

tribuni, ut fere semper reguntur a multitudine magis quam regunt, dedere plebi, etc.,

id. 3, 71, 5:

transire pontem non potuerunt, ut extrema resoluta erant, etc.,

id. 21, 47, 3.—Ellipt.:

mortales multi, ut ad ludos, convenerant (ut fit, si ludi sunt),

Plaut. Men. prol. 30:

Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi,

as was natural, he being a Sicilian, Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 15; so,

Diogenes, liberius, ut Cynicus... inquit,

id. ib. 5, 33, 92:

ceterum haec, ut in secundis rebus, segniter otioseque gesta,

Liv. 23, 14, 1.—

Reflecting the assertion to particular circumstances, etc., ut = for, as, considering:

hic Geta ut captus est servorum, non malus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 34:

ut est captus hominum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; Caes. B. G. 4, 3: Themistocles ut apud nos perantiquus, ut apud Athenienses non ita sane vetus, in regard to us, etc., Cic. Brut. 10, 41:

Caelius Antipater, scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus,

for those times, id. ib. 26, 102:

nonnihil, ut in tantis malis est profectum,

considering the unfortunate state of affairs, id. Fam. 12, 2, 2:

(orationis genus) ut in oratore exile,

for an orator, id. Or. 3, 18, 66:

multae (erant in Fabio) ut in homine Romano, litterae,

id. Sen. 4, 12:

consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat,

Liv. 1, 18, 1:

florentem jam ut tum res erant,

id. 1, 3, 3:

Apollonides orationem salutarem, ut in tali tempore, habuit,

id. 24, 28, 1:

Sp. Maelius, ut illis temporibus praedives,

id. 4, 13, 1: insigni, ut illorum temporum habitus erat, triumpho, id. 10, 46, 2:

Ardeam Rutuli habebant, gens ut in ea regione atque in ea aetate divitiis praepollens,

id. 1, 57, 1:

vir, ut inter Aetolos, facundus,

id. 32, 33, 9:

Meneclidas, satis exercitatus in dicendo, ut Thebanus scilicet,

Nep. Epam. 5, 2:

ad magnam deinde, ut in ea regione, urbem pervenit,

Curt. 9, 1, 14:

multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis ac sollertiae,

Tac. G. 30. —

Ut before relatives, with subj., as it is natural for persons who, like one who, since he, since they, etc.; seeing that they, etc. (not in Cic.):

non demutabo ut quod certo sciam,

seeing that I know it for certain, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 153:

prima luce sic ab castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo consilium datum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31, 6:

facile persuadent (Lucumoni) ut cupido honorum, et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset,

Liv. 1, 34, 6:

inde consul, ut qui jam ad hostes perventum cerneret, explorato, etc., procedebat,

id. 38, 18, 7:

Philippus, ut cui de summa rerum adesset certamen, adhortandos milites ratus, etc.,

id. 33, 4, 11:

Tarquinius ad jus regni nihil praeter vim habebat, ut qui neque populi jussu, neque auctoribus patribus regnaret,

id. 1, 49, 3; 25, 23, 3:

Aequorum exercitus, ut qui permultos annos imbelles egissent, sine ducibus certis, sine imperio,

id. 9, 45, 10:

igitur pro se quisque inermes, ut quibus nihil hostile suspectum esset, in agmen Romanum ruebant,

id. 30, 6, 3; 23, 15, 4; 23, 29, 12:

omnia nova offendit, ut qui solus didicerit quod inter multos faciendum est,

as is natural in one who, since he, Quint. 1, 2, 19:

in omni autem speciali inest generalis, ut quae sit prior,

id. 3, 5, 9:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas erret necesse est, ut quae vel multos vel falsos duces habeat,

id. 12, 2, 20; 5, 14, 28; 11, 3, 53.—Rarely with participle:

ne Volsci et Aequi... ad urbem ut ex parte captam venirent,

Liv. 3, 16, 2:

gens ferox cum procul visis Romanorum signis, ut extemplo proelium initura, explicuisset aciem, etc.,

id. 7, 23, 6.—

With perinde or pro eo, with reference to several alternatives or degrees to be determined by circumstances, as, according as, to the extent that, in the measure that, etc.:

perinde ut opinio est de cujusque moribus, ita quid ab eo factum et non factum sit, existimari potest,

Cic. Clu. 25, 70:

in exspectatione civitas erat, perinde ut evenisset res, ita communicatos honores habitura,

Liv. 7, 6, 8: pro eo ut temporis difficultas aratorumque penuria tulit, Metell. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 126.—

Transf. of local relations, like Gr. hina, where (very rare):

in eopse astas lapide, ut praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17:

flumen uti adque ipso divortio (aquae sunt),

Lucil. 8, 18 Mull.:

in extremos Indos, Litus ut longe resonante Eoa Tunditur unda,

Cat. 11, 2 sqq.; 17, 10; cf. Verg. A. 5, 329; Lucr. 6, 550 Munro ad loc.

Introducing comparative clauses of manner, = eodem modo quo, as, like.

In gen.

With sic as correlative:

haec res sic est ut narro tibi,

Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 40:

quae si ut animis sic oculis videre possemus, nemo de divina ratione dubitaret,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

Pomponium Atticum sic amo ut alterum fratrem,

id. Fam. 13, 1, 5:

si sic ageres ut de eis egisti qui jam mortui sunt... ne tu in multos Autronios incurreres,

id. Brut. 72, 251:

sic, Scipio, ut avus hic tuus, ut ego, justitiam cole,

id. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

ut dicere alia aliis magis concessum est, sic etiam facere,

id. Quint. 11, 3, 150 (for ut... sic, in similes, v. sic, IV. 1. a.).—

With ita as correlative:

ut sementem feceris, ita metes,

Cic. Or. 2, 65, 261:

quamobrem, ut ille solebat, ita nunc mea repetat oratio populi origines,

id. Rep. 2, 1. 3:

non ut injustus in pace rex ita dux belli pravus fuit,

Liv. 1, 53, 1:

ut haec in unum congeruntur, ita contra illa dispersa sunt,

Quint. 9, 3, 39.—

With other correlatives:

in balteo tracta ex caseo ad eundem modum facito ut placentum sine melle,

Cato, R. R. 78:

encytum ad eundem modum facito uti globos,

id. ib. 80:

cum animi inaniter moveantur eodem modo rebus his quae nulla sint ut iis quae sint,

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

disputationem exponimus, eisdem fere verbis, ut disputatumque est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9: scelerum caput, ut tute es item omnis censes esse' [p. 1941] Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 55:

ut filium bonum patri esse oportet, item ego sum patri,

id. Am. 3, 4, 9:

fecisti item ut praedones solent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 21:

item ut illo edicto de quo ante dixi... edixit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 45, § 117;

so with item,

id. Or. 60, 202:

is reliquit filium Pariter moratum ut pater eius fuit,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 21.—With atque:

nec fallaciam astutiorem ullus fecit Poeta atque ut haec est fabrefacta a nobis,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7.—And after aliter = than:

si aliter ut dixi accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7.—

Without correlative:

rem omnem uti acta erat cognovit,

Sall. J. 71, 5:

quare perge ut instituisti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 11, 22:

apud me, ut apud bonum judicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

miscent enim illas et interponunt vitae, ut ludum jocumque inter seria,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 2:

comitetur voluptas, et circa corpus ut umbra versetur,

id. ib. 13, 5:

ut in animum ejus oratio, ut sol in oculos, incurrat,

Quint. 8, 2, 23.—

In partic.

Ut... ita or ut... sic; co-ordinate, introducing contrasted clauses.

= cum... tum, as... so, as on the one hand... so on the other, both and:

ut errare potuisti, sic decipi te non potuisse, quis non videt?

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2:

ut Poeni ad moenia urbis Romanae nullo prohibente se pervenisse in gloria ponebant, ita pigebat irriti incepti,

Liv. 26, 37, 6:

Dolabellam ut Tarsenses ita Laodiceni ultra arcessierunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 4:

fert sortem suam quisque ut in ceteris rebus ita in amicitiis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 3.—

Concessive, = etsi... tamen, although... yet:

consul, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter in praesens certamen, respondit, etc.,

Liv. 4, 6, 2:

Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant per aliquot dies, ita non cessaverant ab opere,

id. 21, 11, 5:

ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum nihil cessatum,

id. 21, 8, 1:

haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta,

id. 3, 55, 15:

in agrum Nolanum exercitum traducit, ut non hostiliter statim, ita... nihil praetermissurus,

id. 23, 14, 6; 23, 34, 12:

uti longe a luxuria, ita famae propior,

Tac. Agr. 6:

ut multo infirmior, ita aliquatenus lucidior,

Quint. 10, 1, 74:

ut est utilis saepe... ita obstabit melioribus,

id. 12, 2, 12:

quod, ut optimum est, ita longe quidem, sed sequitur tamen,

id. 5, 12, 9; cf. id. 10, 1, 62.—With certe in place of ita:

ut non demens, crudelis certe videtur,

Quint. 9, 2, 91.—

Ita... ut;

in oaths or strong asseverations: ita me di amabunt ut ego hunc ausculto lubens,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 22:

ita me di ament ut ego nunc non tam meapte causa Laetor quam illius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 8:

ita me di amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem Miseret me,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1:

ita vivo ut maximos sumptus facio,

Cic. Att. 5, 15, 2.—So with sic:

sic me di amabunt ut me tuarum miseritum'st fortunarum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 54.—

In exemplifications.

In gen., as for example, for instance:

nam aut ipsa cognitio rei perquiritur, ut: virtus suam ne, etc., aut agendi consilium exquiritur, ut: sitne sapienti, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 29, 112:

sunt bestiae in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, ut in leonibus, ut in canibus, in equis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

in libero populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium qui, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 31, 47:

qui rem publicam constituissent, ut Cretum Minos, Lacedaemoniorum Lycurgus, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2; id. Ac. 2, 24, 76; id. Inv. 2, 52, 157:

est aliquid quod dominus praestare servo debeat, ut cibaria, ut vestiarium,

Sen. Ben. 3, 21, 2:

est etiam amarum quiddam... et aere, ut illud Crassi Ego te consulem putem? etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 89; 4, 3, 12.—Where several instances are adduced, if each of them singly is made prominent, ut is repeated with each;

if they are taken in a group, ut occurs but once, e. g. quod erant, qui aut in re publica, propter sapientiam florerent, ut Themistocles, ut Pericles, ut Theramenes, aut, qui.. sapientiae doctores essent, ut Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59.—

Ut si, if for instance; for example, if, etc.; with subj.:

ut si accusetur is qui P. Sulpicium se fateatur occidisse,

Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25:

ut si quis hoc velit ostendere, eum qui parentem necarit, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 15, 48:

ut si qui docilem faciat auditorem, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 26:

ut si qui in foro cantet,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145:

ut si quis ei quem urgeat fames venenum ponat,

Liv. 6, 40, 12; cf. Auct. Her. 2, 26, 4; 2, 27, 43; 3, 2, 2; Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92:

ut si obsessi de facienda ad hostem deditione deliberent,

Quint. 3, 8, 23:

ut si des arma timidis et imbellibus,

id. 12, 5, 2; 5, 10, 34; 2, 4, 18; 9, 2, 79 et saep.—So with cum:

ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus,

Quint. 9, 3, 63; 1, 6, 22; 3, 8, 30; 9, 1, 3.—

Before an appositive noun, as, the same as, like:

qui canem et felem ut deos colunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 32:

ut militiae Africanum ut deum coleret Laelius,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52:

habuit (ei) honorem ut proditori, non ut amico fidem,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 38:

Hannibalem, non ut prudentem tantum virum, sed ut vatem omnium quae tum evenirent admirari,

Liv. 36, 15, 2: (Dionysium) dimisi a me ut magistrum Ciceronum non lubenter;

ut hominem ingratum non invitus,

in his capacity of, Cic. Att. 8, 10:

qui ante captas Syracusas non desciverant... ut socii fideles accepti, quos metus post captas Syracusas dediderat, ut victi a victore leges acceperunt,

Liv. 25, 40, 4:

qui et ipsum, ut ambiguae fidei virum, suspectum jam pridem habebat,

id. 24, 45, 12:

Cicero ea quae nunc eveniunt cecinit ut vates,

Nep. Att. 16:

et ipsam (virtutem) ut deos, et professores ejus ut antistites colite,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 7:

hunc ut deum homines intuebuntur,

Quint. 12, 10, 65:

id ut crimen ingens expavescendum est,

id. 9, 3, 35.—

Ut si = quasi, velut si, tamquam si, as if, just as if:

mater coepit studiose... educere ita uti si esset filia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37:

Rufio tuus ita desiderabatur ut si esset unus e nobis,

Cic. Fam. 7, 20, 1:

ejus negotium sic velim suscipias ut si esset res mea,

id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

ita se gerant in istis Asiaticis itineribus ut si iter Appia via faceres,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6:

qui aliis nocent ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt injustitia ut si in suam rem aliena convertant,

id. Off. 1, 14, 42; id. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

similes sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant,

like men who should say, Cic. Sen. 6, 17: similiter facere eos... ut si nautae certarent, etc., they act like sailors who, etc., id. Off. 1, 25, 87.—

Ut quisque... ita (sic), with superlatives (= eo magis... quo magis, with indefinite subjects): ut quisque est vir optimus, ita difficillime alios improbos suspicatur, the better a man is, the more difficult it is for him to, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 12:

ut quaeque res est turpissima, sic maxime et maturissime vindicanda est,

id. Caecin. 2, 7:

ut quisque (morbus) est difficillimus, ita medicus nobilissimus quaeritur,

id. Clu. 21, 57:

ut quisque te maxime cognatione... attingebat, ita maxime manus tua putabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 27; id. Off. 1, 16, 50; 1, 19, 64:

nam ut quaeque forma perfectissima ita capacissima est,

Quint. 1, 10, 40.—This construction is variously modified,

With ita understood:

facillime ad res injustas impellitur ut quisque altissimo animo est,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 65. —

With virtual superlatives:

ut quisque in fuga postremus ita in periculo princeps erat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 90:

ut quisque optime institutus est, esse omnino nolit in vita, si, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57.—

The superlatives omitted in either clause:

ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet,

Cic. Sen. 18, 64:

ut quisque aetate et honore antecedebat, ita sententiam dixit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 143:

pro se quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum loquebatur,

id. ib. 2, 1, 27, §

68: ut quisque gradu proximus erat, ita ignominiae objectus,

Liv. 9, 6, 1:

ut quisque maxime laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat, aut aliquos mittebat,

id. 34, 38, 6.—And with tum = ita:

nec prodesse tantum, sed etiam amari potest, tum... ut quisque erit Ciceroni simillimus,

in proportion to his resemblance, Quint. 2, 5, 20.—

With a comparative in one of the terms:

major autem (societas est) ut quisque proxime accederet,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19.—

Without superlative, as, according as:

de captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum supplicium est,

Liv. 3, 18, 10 (for ut quisque... ita, in temporal clauses, v. B. 3. g infra).—

Introducing a temporal clause, the principal predicate being an immediate sequence; orig. = quo tempore.

With perf. indic.

In gen., as soon as:

principio ut illo advenimus... continuo Amphitruo delegit viros, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49:

ut hinc te intro ire jussi, opportune hic fit mi obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 11:

ut abii abs te fit forte obviam Mihi Phormio,

id. Phorm. 4, 3, 12:

ut modo argentum tibi dedimus apud forum, recta domum Sumus profecti,

id. ib. 5, 6, 19; id. Hec. 3, 3, 5; 5, 1, 26; id. Eun. 4, 7, 12:

qui ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

eumque ut salutavit, amicissime apprehendit,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 7:

qui ut huc venit... hominesque Romanos bellicis studiis ut vidit incensos, existimavit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 13, 25; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Brut. 8, 30:

ut vero aquam ingressi sunt... tum utique egressis rigere omnibus corpora,

Liv. 21, 54, 9:

ut haec dicta in senatu sunt, dilectus edicitur,

id. 3, 10, 9; 23, 34, 6; 24, 44, 10.—

In oblique discourse:

Ariovistum, ut semel Gallorum copias vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31.—

With primum, when first, as soon as ever:

atque ego, ut primum fletu represso loqui posse coepi, Quaeso inquam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

Siculi, ut primum videre volgari morbos, in suas quisque urbes dilapsi sunt,

Liv. 25, 26, 13: ut primum lingua coepit esse in quaestu, curam morum qui diserti habebantur reliquerunt, Quint. prooem. 13.—

Rarely of coincidence in time:

nam ut dudum adcurrimus ad Alcesimarchum... tum mi puto prae timore hic excidisse Cistellam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 46.—

Ut = ex quo tempore. since:

ut Brundusio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,

Cic. Att. 1, 15, 2.—

With imperf. indic.

In gen.: Fabii oratio fuit qualis biennio ante;

deinde, ut vincebatur consensu, versa ad P. Decium collegam poscendum,

Liv. 10, 22, 2:

deinde ut nulla vi perculsos sustinere poterat, Quid ultra moror, inquit, etc.,

id. 10, 28, 20:

Marcellus, ut tanta vis ingruebat mali, traduxerat in urbem suos,

id. 25, 26, 15:

ut vero... exurebatur amoenissimus Italiae ager, villaeque passim incendiis fumabant... tum prope de integro seditione accensi,

id. 22, 14, 1.— And with perf. and imperf. in co-ordinate clauses:

consules, ut ventum ad Cannas est, et in conspectu Poenum habebant,

Liv. 22, 44, 1:

ut in extrema juga ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant,

id. 22, 14, 3:

ut Poenus apparuit in collibus, et pauci... adferebant, etc.,

id. 24, 1, 6.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4.—

With plupf.

= postquam (rare):

ut hinc forte ea ad obstetricem erat missa,

Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 10:

ut ad mare nostrae cohortes excubuerant, accessere subito prima luce Pompejani,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63.—

In epistolary style = the Engl. perf.:

litteras scripsi... statim ut tuas legeram (= litteras nunc scribo, ut tuas legi),

Cic. Att. 2, 12, 4:

ut Athenas a. d. VII. Kal. Quinct. veneram, exspectabam ibi jam quartum diem Pomptinium (= ut veni, exspecto),

id. ib. 5, 10, 1.—

Of repeated past actions, whenever:

ut cujusque sors exciderat... alacer arma capiebat,

Liv. 21, 42, 3 dub.:

ut quisque istius animum offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 143:

ut quidque ego apprehenderam, statim accusator extorquebat e manibus,

id. Clu. 19, 52:

ut cuique erat locus attributus, ad munitiones accedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81; cf.:

ut quisque arma ceperat... inordinati in proelium ruunt,

Liv. 23, 27, 5.—With ita as correl.:

ut enim quisque contra voluntatem ejus dixerat, ita in eum judicium de professione jugerum postulabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 39.—

With fut. perf., or, in oblique discourse, plupf. subj.:

neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos debemus,

Cic. Or. 2, 34, 146:

traditum esse ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum... victoriam de Veientibus dari,

Liv. 5, 15, 11 (for ut after simul, v. simul, VI.).—

Introducing substantive clauses, that; always with subj. (cf. ut as interrog. adverb in dependent clauses, I. A. 3. supra).

In object clauses.

In clauses which, if independent, would take the imperative mood, often rendered by the Engl. infinitive.

After verbs denoting [p. 1942] to wish, request, pray, demand, or invite:

malim istuc aliis ita videatur quam uti tu, soror, te collaudes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 18:

equidem mallem ut ires,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8:

equidem vellem ut pedes haberent (res tuae),

id. Fam. 7, 31, 2:

volo uti mihi respondeas num quis, etc.,

id. Vatin. 7, 17:

precor (deos) ut his infinitis nostris malis contenti sint,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 9:

postulo ut ne quid praejudicati afferatis,

id. Clu. 2, 5:

petebant uti equites praemitterent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

tibi instat Hortensius ut eas in consilium,

Cic. Quint. 10, 34:

hoc ut aliquando fieret, instabat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 2:

illum Dolabellae dixisse (= eum rogasse) ut ad me scriberet (= me rogaret), ut in Italiam quam primum venirem,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 2:

cupio ut quod nunc natura et impetus est, fiat judicium,

Sen. Clem. 2, 2, 2:

senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant,

Cic. Lael. 2, 4:

exigo a me, non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 17, 3.—With ut ne = ne:

Trebatio mandavi, ut, si quid te eum velles ad me mittere, ne recusaret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Tac. H. 4, 58 fin. —Also without verb, like utinam, to express a wish;

esp. in imprecations (ante-class.): ut te cum tua Monstratione magnus perdat Juppiter,

Ter. Ad. 4, 6, 2:

ut illum di deaeque perdant,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 10; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 6.—

After verbs expressing or implying advice, suggestion, or exhortation:

ego vos hortari tantum possum ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod suades ut ad Quinctium scribam, etc.,

id. Att. 11, 16, 4:

tibi auctor sum ut eum tibi ordinem reconcilies,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 26:

censeo ut iter reliquum conficere pergas,

I propose, id. Or. 2, 71, 200; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; Liv. 30, 40, 4:

dixeram a principio ut sileremus,

I had advised, Cic. Brut. 42, 157:

Pompejum monebat ut meam domum metueret,

id. Sest. 64, 133:

equidem suasi ut Romam pergeret,

id. Att. 16, 8, 2:

M. Messalae et ipsi Attico dixit ut sine cura essent,

exhorted, id. ib. 16, 16, A, 5.—

After verbs expressing resolution or agreement to do something:

rus ut irem jam heri constitiveram,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 136:

decrevistis ut de praemiis militum primo quoque tempore referretur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

constitueram ut pridie Idus Aquini manerem,

id. Att. 16, 10, 1:

statuunt ut decem millia hominum in oppidum submittantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

Hasdrubal paciscitur cum Celtiberorum principibus ut copias inde abducant,

Liv. 25, 33, 3:

illos induxisse in animum, ut superbo quondam regi, tum infesto exuli proderent (patriam),

id. 2, 5, 7; 27, 9, 9; 42, 25, 11:

ut ne plebi cum patribus essent conubia sanxerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 27, 63:

servitia urbem ut incenderent conjurarunt,

Liv. 4, 45, 1.—

After verbs of command or prohibition:

imperat Laelio ut per collis circumducat equites,

Liv. 28, 33, 11:

illud praecipiendum fuit ut... diligentiam adhiberemus,

Cic. Lael. 16, 60:

M. Aemilio senatus negotium dat ut Patavinorum seditionem comprimeret,

Liv. 41, 27, 3:

consul edicere est ausus ut senatus ad vestitum rediret,

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

jubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 50:

hic tibi in mentem non venit jubere ut haec quoque referret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 28.—With ne:

iis praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitteret, quam ipse esset remissus,

Nep. Them. 7, 3.—

Verbs expressing permission:

atque ille legem mihi de XII. tabulis recitavit quae permittit ut furem noctu liceat occidere,

Cic. Tull. 20, 47:

concedo tibi ut ea praetereas quae, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

dabis mihi hanc veniam ut eorum... auctoritatem Graecis anteponam,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 23:

ille tibi potestatem facturus est ut eligas utrum velis,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

illud natura non patitur ut aliorum spoliis nostras facultates augeamus,

id. Off. 3, 5, 22.—

In dependent clauses implying an aim or end.

After verbs denoting direction and inclination of the mind, care, purpose, intention, or striving:

ut plurimis prosimus enitimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

facilior erit ut albam esse nivem probet quam erat Anaxagoras,

he will be more inclined, disposed, id. ib. 2, 36, 117: ne ille longe aberit ut argumento credat philosophorum, far remote from believing = not inclined, id. ib. 2, 47, 144: qui sibi hoc sumpsit ut conrigat mores aliorum, quis huic ignoscat si, who undertakes to correct, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 2:

navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis,

care, id. Fam. 16, 1, 2:

ille intellexit id agi atque id parari ut filiae suae vis afferretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 67:

pater potuit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret,

id. Rosc. Am. 19, 53:

cum senatus temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam,

id. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

equidem ut honore dignus essem, maxime semper laboravi,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

omni contentione pugnatum est ut lis haec capitis existimaretur,

id. Clu. 41, 116:

omnis spes ad id versa ut totis viribus terra adgrederentur,

Liv. 24, 34, 12:

omnis cura solet in hoc versari, semper ut boni aliquid efficiam dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 75, 306:

se miliens morituros potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur,

Liv. 4, 2, 8; 2, 34, 11.—

Verbs of effecting:

nec potui tamen Propitiam Venerem facere uti esset mihi,

Plaut. Poen. 2, 6:

prior pars orationis tuae faciebat ut mori cuperem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 47, 112:

caritas annonae faciebat ut istuc... tempore magnum videretur,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215:

sol efficit ut omnia floreant,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

potest praestare ut ea causa melior esse videatur,

id. Or. 1, 10, 44:

non committam ut tibi ipse insanire videar,

id. Fam. 5, 5, 3:

di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc praesidium sectorum existimetur,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

effecisti ut viverem et morerer ingratus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 1:

quibus nihil aliud actum est quam ut pudor hominibus peccandi demeretur,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 6.—

Verbs of obtaining:

Dumnorix a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

quid assequitur, nisi hoc ut arent qui... in agris remanserunt,

what does he gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 55, § 128:

facile tenuit ut (Chalcidis) portae sibi aperirentur,

Liv. 35, 51, 6:

vicerunt tribuni ut legem perferrent,

id. 4, 25, 13.—

Verbs of inducing and compelling:

nec ut omnia quae praescripta sunt defendamus necessitate ulla cogimur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis exirent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2:

exspectatione promissi tui moveor ut admoneam te,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

Parhedrum excita ut hortum ipse conducat,

id. ib. 16, 18, 2:

ille adduci non potest ut... ne lucem quoque hanc eripere cupiat, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 52, 150:

impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia ut levem auditionem pro re comperta habeant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42:

ut de clementia scriberem, Nero Caesar, una me vox tua maxime compulit,

Sen. Clem. 2, 1, 1.—

After verbs implying duty, right, rule, condition, or possibility:

cum mihi ne ut dubitem quidem relinquatur,

not even the possibility of doubt, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 119:

obsides inter se dent, Sequani ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetii ut sine maleficio transeant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

se ita a majoribus didicisse ut magis virtute quam dolo contenderent,

id. ib. 1, 13:

mea lenitas hoc exspectavit ut id quod latebat erumperet,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

(natura) nobis insculpsit in mentibus, ut eos (deos) aeternos et beatos haberemus,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

hoc mihi Metellus non eripuit, hoc etiam addidit ut quererer hoc sociis imperari,

he gave the additional right, id. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:

ut vero conloqui cum Orpheo, Musaeo, Homero liceat, quanti tandem aestimatis?

the privilege of conversing, id. Tusc. 1, 41, 98:

respondet Socrates sese meruisse ut amplissimis honoribus decoraretur,

id. Or. 1, 54, 272:

meruit ut suspendatur,

Sen. Ep. 7, 5:

quia enim non sum dignus prae te ut figam palum in parietem,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4.—So after dignus, Liv. 24, 16, 19; Quint. 8, 5, 12.—

After verbs of fearing, where ut implies a wish contrary to the fear; that not:

rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se dicebant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

vereor ut satis diligenter actum sit in senatu de litteris meis,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 2:

verebar ut redderentur,

id. Fam. 12, 19, 1:

sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit,

id. ib. 14, 14, 1:

veretur Hiempsal ut foedus satis firmum sit,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 58:

timeo ut sustineas,

id. Fam. 14, 2, 3:

o puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus Frigore te feriat,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 60.— So sometimes after video, with weakened force: vide ut sit, nearly = perhaps it is not (cf. Roby, Gr. 2, p. 280): considerabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae;

si enim non sunt, videndum est, ut honeste vos esse possitis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 1.—Very rarely ut stands for ne after verbs of fearing:

quia nihil minus, quam ut egredi obsessi moenibus auderent, timeri poterat,

Liv. 28, 22, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut ferula caedas meritum... non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 120 Jan. and Orell. ad loc. —

In interrogative clauses represented as untrue, rejecting a supposition or thought with indignation (nearly = fierine potest ut):

me ut quisquam norit, nisi ille qui praebet cibum?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 52:

te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut umquam te corrigas?

Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

egone ut te interpellem?

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 42:

pater ut in judicio capitis obesse filio debeat?

id. Planc. 13, 31:

egone ut prolis meae fundam cruorem?

Sen. Med. 927.—

In subject clauses, with impersonal predicates.

With a predicate adjective.

With the idea of rule, duty, etc.:

id arbitror Adprime in vita utile esse, ut ne quid nimis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 34:

reliquum est ut de Catuli sententia dicendum videatur,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 59:

praeclarum est et verum ut eos qui nobis carissimi esse debeant, aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus,

id. Tusc. 3, 29, 73:

ergo hoc sit primum ut demonstremus quem imitetur,

id. de Or. 2, 22, 90:

proximum est ut doceam, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73:

extremum est ut te orem, etc.,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

ei (Dionysio) ne integrum quidem erat ut ad justitiam remigraret,

permission, id. Tusc. 5, 21, 62. —With predicates, aequum est, par (anteclass. and rare):

aequom videtur tibi ut ego alienum quod est Meum esse dicam?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 4:

non par videtur... praesente ibus una paedagogus ut siet,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—

In clauses expressing result and consequence:

magnificum illud etiam et gloriosum ut Graecis de philosophia litteris non egeant, illud,

that result of my labors, Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

consentaneum est huic naturae ut sapiens velit gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68. —

In clauses represented as real, true, false, certain, or probable (where the acc. and inf. might be used):

concedetur verum esse ut bonos boni diligant,

Cic. Lael. 14, 50: sin autem illa veriora ut idem interitus animorum et corporum, etc., id. ib 4, 14; cf.:

concedant ut hi viri boni fuerin (= concedant vere factum esse ut, etc.),

id. ib. 5, 18:

si verum est ut populus Romanus omnis gentes virtute superarit, etc.,

Nep. Hann. 1, 1:

de ipso Roscio potest illud quidem esse falsum ut circumligatus fuerit, angui,

Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66:

non est verisimile ut Chrysogonus horum litteras adamarit aut humanitatem,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 121:

deos verisimile est ut alios indulgentius tractent propter parentis, alios propter futuram posterorum indolem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 32, 1; so,

rarum est ut,

Quint. 3, 19, 3:

quid tam inusitatum quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 21, 62.—And after potius:

multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur... se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt,

Liv. 4, 12, 11.—

With predicate nouns.

Expressing the idea of a verb which would require an object clause, with ut:

quoniam ut aliter facias non est copia,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 30:

Romano in hostico morandi causa erat ut hostem ad certamen eliceret,

Liv. 6, 31, 7:

vetus est lex amicitiae ut idem amici semper velint,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5:

consensus fuit senatus ut mature proficisceremur (= decretum est a senatu),

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

fuit hoc sive meum, sive rei publicae fatum ut in me unum omnis illa inclinatio temporum incumberet,

ordained by fate, id. Balb. 26, 58:

tempus est ut eamus ad forum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 72:

dicasque tempus maximum esse ut eat,

id. ib. 4, 3, 9:

primum est officium ut homo se conservet in naturae statu,

Cic. Fin. 3, 6, 20:

ejus culturae hoc munus est ut efficiat, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 14, 38:

caput illud est ut Lyconem recipias in necessitudinem tuam,

duty, id. Fam. 13, 19, 3; so,

caput est ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87:

fuit hoc quoddam inter Scipionem et Laelium jus ut Scipio Laelium observaret parentis loco,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

mea ratio in dicendo haec esse solet ut boni quod habeat id amplectar,

id. de Or. 2, 72, 292; so,

ratio est ut,

id. Verr. 1, 11, 34: est mos hominum ut [p. 1943] nolint eundem pluribus excellere, id. Brut. 21, 84:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—

Expressing result and consequence:

est hoc commune vitium in magnis liberisque civitatibus ut invidia gloriae comes sit,

Nep. Chabr. 3, 3.—

With impersonal verbs.

Including the idea of a verb requiring an object clause, with ut:

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio, urbem, agrum... seque uti dederent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

mihi cum Dejotaro convenit ut ille in meis castris esset,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 14:

placitum est ut in aprico loco considerent,

id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

postea mihi placuit ut, etc.,

id. Or. 1, 34, 155:

ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset,

id. Sen. 6, 16.—So after fit, it happens:

fit ut natura ipsa ad ornatius dicendi genus incitemur,

Cic. Or. 2, 83, 338:

potest fieri ut res verbosior haec fuerit, illa verior,

it may be that, id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—

So with accidit, evenit, contigit: accidit... ut illo itinere veniret Lampsacum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63; so id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25:

sed tamen hoc evenit ut in vulgus insipientium opinio valeat,

id. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset optimo cuique carissimus,

id. Phil. 5, 18, 49.—

Denoting consequence:

ex quo efficitur ut quidquid honestum sit, idem sit utile,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 10:

sequitur ut dicamus quae beneficia danda sint et quemadmodum,

Sen. Ben. 1, 11, 1:

sequitur ut causa ponatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 81, 331.—

Est, in the meaning fit, or causa est:

est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi,

it is a fact that, Cic. Or. 2, 36, 152:

non est igitur ut mirandum sit ea praesentiri,

there is no reason for wondering, id. Div. 1, 56, 128:

quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48; so, in eo est ut, prope est ut, to be on the point of, to be near to:

jam in eo rem fore ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

Liv. 8, 27, 3:

cum jam in eo esset ut comprehenderetur,

Nep. Paus. 5, 1; id. Milt. 7, 3:

jam prope erat ut ne consulum quidem majestas coerceret iras hominum,

Liv. 2, 23, 14:

prope est ut lamentationem exigat,

Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 4.— Here belongs the circumlocution of the periphrastic future by futurum esse or fore, with ut; generally in the inf.:

arbitrabar fore ut lex de pecuniis repetundis tolleretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 14, 41.—Very rarely in the indic.:

futurum est ut sapiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 29.—

In attributive clauses, dependent on nouns not belonging to the predicate.

With the idea of resolve, etc.:

vicit sententia ut mitterentur coloni,

Liv. 9, 26, 4:

sententiam dixit (= censuit) ut judicum comitia haberentur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2; id. Fam. 4, 4, 5; id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; id. Leg. 3, 15, 33.—

Of agreement:

fide accepta ut remitterent eum,

Liv. 24, 48, 8. —

Of law, rule, etc.:

praetores rogationem promulgarunt ut omnes regiae stirpis interficerentur,

Liv. 24, 25, 10:

senatus consultum factum est ut M. Fulvius litteras extemplo ad consulem mitteret,

id. 35, 24, 2:

haec ei est proposita condicio ut aut juste accusaret aut acerbe moreretur,

Cic. Clu. 14, 42:

Suevi in eam se consuetudinem induxerunt ut locis frigidissimis lavarentur in fluminibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1.—

Of duty:

jusjurandum poscit ut quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent,

Caes. B. G. 8, 6. —

Of purpose, inclination, etc.:

vobis dent di mentem oportet ut prohibeatis, etc.,

make you inclined, Liv. 6, 18, 9:

causa mihi fuit huc veniendi ut quosdam hinc libros promerem,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 8:

confectio tabularum hanc habet vim (= efficit) ut quidquid fingatur aut non constet, appareat,

id. Font. 2, 3.—

Of effect, result, etc.:

fuit ista quondam virtus ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam hostem everterent,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

habet hoc virtus ut viros fortis species ejus et pulchritudo etiam in hoste posita delectet,

id. Pis. 32, 81:

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4.—

In clauses of manner, that, so that.

With ita, sic, adeo, tantus, talis, or tam as antecedent (v. hh. vv.;

anteclass. ut qui = ut): Adeon' me fungum fuisse ut qui illi crederem?

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.—

With is or hic as antecedent: eos deduxi testes et eas litteras deportavi ut de istius facto dubium esse nemini possit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42, § 91:

ejusmodi res publica debet esse ut inimicus neque deesse nocenti possit, neque obesse innocenti (ejusmodi = talis),

id. ib. 2, 3, 69, §

162: eo perducam servum ut in multa liber sit,

Sen. Ben. 3, 19, 2:

non eo loco res humanae sunt ut vobis tantum otii supersit,

id. Vit. Beat. 27, 6:

haec aequitas in tuo imperio fuit, haec praetoris dignitas ut servos Siculorum dominos esse velles,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 38, § 87:

hoc jure sunt socii ut eis ne deplorare quidem de suis incommodis liceat,

id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 65.—

Without antecedents, so that:

cujus aures clausae veritati sunt ut ab amico verum audire nequeat, hujus salus desperanda est,

Cic. Lael. 24, 90:

in virtute multi sunt ascensus, ut is maxima gloria excellat qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

mons altissimus impendebat ut perpauci prohibere possent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

accessit quod Domitius Heraclea iter fecerat, ut ipsa fortuna illum obicere Pompejo videretur,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditis omnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim veluti relegatus viveret,

Liv. 3, 13, 10:

fama Gallici belli pro tumultu valuit ut et dictatorem dici placeret,

id. 8, 17, 6:

nihilo minus... magnas percipiendum voluptates, ut fatendum sit, etc.,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 12, 1.—

Idiomat. with non.

Ut non, when the principal sentence is negative, without: non possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortunam amittere ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem, without dragging, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

flaminem Quirinalem neque mittere a sacris neque retinere possumus ut non deum aut belli deseramus curam,

Liv. 24, 8, 10:

non ita fracti animi civitatis erant ut non sentirent, etc.,

id. 45, 25, 12:

nusquam oculi ejus flectentur ut non quod indignentur inveniant,

Sen. Ira, 2, 7, 2:

ajunt, nec honeste quemquam vivere ut non jucunde vivat, nec jucunde ut non honeste quoque,

id. Vit. Beat. 6, 3:

nemo in eo quod daturus es gratiam suam facere potest ut non tuam minuat,

id. Ben. 2, 4, 3; cf. also: ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius;

neque enim est conferenda (= ut omittam conferre),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 20, § 45.—

Non ut, followed by sed quod, causal (= non quod, sed quod;

rare): earum exempla tibi misi non ut deliberarem reddendaene essent, sed quod non dubito, etc.,

not that... but because, Cic. Att. 14, 17, 4:

haec ad te scribo non ut queas tu demere solitudinem, sed, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 15, 3.—Followed by sed ut:

benigne accipe (beneficium): rettulisti gratiam, non ut solvisse te putes, sed ut securior debeas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 5; and in reversed order: quorsum haec praeterita? Quia sequitur illud, etc.;

non ut eas res causam adferrent amoris,

Cic. Fat. 15, 35.—Rarely nedum ut, in the sense of nedum alone, much less that, not to mention that (mostly post-class.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 573): ne voce quidem incommoda, nedum ut illa vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo mansuefecerant plebem,

Liv. 3, 14, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quando enim... fama in totam urbem penetrat? nedum ut per tot provincias innotescat,

Tac. Or. 10.—

Conditional or concessive.

Granting that ( for argument's sake):

quod ut ita sit—nihil enim pugno—quid habet ista res aut laetabile aut gloriosum?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

sed ut haec concedantur, reliqua qui tandem intellegi possunt?

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

ut tibi concedam hoc indignum esse, tu mihi concedas necesse est, etc.,

id. Clu. 53, 146:

quae, ut essent vera, conjungi debuerunt,

id. Fin. 4, 15, 40:

quae natura ut uno consensu juncta sit et continens... quid habere mundus potest cum thesauri inventione conjunctum?

id. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nihil est prudentia dulcius, quam, ut cetera auferat, adfert certe senectus,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—

Even if, although:

qui (exercitus) si pacis... nomen audiverit, ut non referat pedem, insistet certe,

Cic. Phil. 12, 3, 8:

ut ea pars defensionis relinquatur, quid impediet actionem? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

ut quaeras omnia, quomodo Graeci ineptum appellant non reperies,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die a Milone prodi flaminem,

id. Mil. 17, 46: verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, id. Att. 2, 15; id. Leg. 1, 8, 23; id. Fat. 5, 9; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151; 2, 1, 45, § 117; id. Planc. 25, 62:

qui, ut non omnis peritissimus sim belli, cum Romanis certe bellare didici,

Liv. 36, 7, 20:

neque equites armis equisque salvis tantum vim fluminis superasse verisimile est, ut jam Hispanos omnes inflati travexerint utres,

id. 21, 47, 5:

at enim, ut jam ita sint haec, quid ad vos, Romani?

id. 34, 32, 13:

ut jam Macedonia deficiat,

id. 42, 12, 10:

cum jam ut virtus vestra transire alio possit, fortuna certe loci hujus transferri non possit,

id. 5, 54, 6; 22, 50, 2; cf.:

ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,

Caes. B. G. 3, 9:

ut desint vires tamen est laudanda voluntas,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 79:

ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est,

Quint. 3, 8, 25; 6, prooem. 15.—Ut maxime = si maxime:

quaere rationem cur ita videatur: quam ut maxime inveneris... non tu verum testem habere, sed eum non sine causa falsum testimonium dicere ostenderis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81.—With nihilominus:

quae (res) nihilominus, ut ego absim, confici poterunt,

Cic. Fam. 10, 2, 2.—

Provided that:

ambulatiuncula, ut tantum faciamus quantum in Tusculano fecimus, prope dimidio minoris constabit isto loco,

Cic. Att. 13, 39, 2: dabo egenti, sed ut ipse non egeam;

succurram perituro, sed ut ipse non peream,

Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 1.—

In clauses of purpose (final clauses; distinguished from object clauses with ut; v. C. 1., in which the verb itself contains the idea of purpose, the clause completing the idea of the verb), in order that, so that, so as to.

In gen.:

quin voco, ut me audiat, nomine illam suo?

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 17:

haec acta res est uti nobiles restituerentur in civitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

intellego, tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse ut odio... totum ordinem liberetis,

id. Verr. 1, 15, 43:

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52.—And with ut ne, instead of ne, lest:

id ut ne fiat, haec res sola est remedio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 49; v. 1. ne, I. B. 4. a.—Very rarely, ut non for ne, expressing a negative purpose:

ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem quantum valeat (= ut praeteream),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. d. a fin. supra.—

Esp., after certain antecedents.

After id, for the purpose (ante-class.):

id huc reverti uti me purgarem tibi,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 28.—

After idcirco:

idcirco amicitiae comparantur ut commune commodum mutuis officiis gubernetur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

legum idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus,

id. Clu. 53, 146; id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137.—

After ideo and eo:

non ideo Rhenum insedimus ut Italiam tueremur, sed ne quis, etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 73:

Marionem ad te eo misi ut aut tecum ad me quam primum veniret, aut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 1, 1.—

After ad eam rem, ad hoc, in hoc:

ad eam rem vos delecti estis ut eos condemnaretis quos sectores jugulare non potuissent?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

praebere se facilem ad hoc ut quem obligavit etiam exsolvi velit?

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 6:

homo natus in hoc ut mores liberae civitatis Persica servitute mutaret,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2.—

After ea mente, hac mente:

navis onerarias Dolabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret,

Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 1:

hac mente laborem Sese ferre senes ut in otia tuta recedant Ajunt,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 30.—

After potius quam:

potius ad delendam memoriam dedecoris, quam ut timorem faciat,

Liv. 6, 28, 8:

potius quodcumque casus ferat passuros, quam ut sprevisse Tarentinos videantur,

id. 9, 14, 8.—

Idiomat.

With the principal predicate, referring to the conception of the writer, understood; mostly parenthet. = the Engl. inf.: ut in pauca conferam, testamento facto mulier moritur, to be brief, etc., Cic. Caecin. 6, 17:

ecquid tibi videtur, ut ad fabulas veniamus, senex ille Caecilianus minoris facere filium rusticum?

to come to the drama, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

reliquum judicium de judicibus, et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est,

to tell the truth, id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177:

Murena, si nemini, ut levissime dicam, odio fuit,

to say the least, id. Mur. 40, 87: ut nihil de illo tempore, nihil de calamitate rei publicae [p. 1944] querar, hoc tibi respondeo, etc., not to complain of that time, etc., id. Caecin. 33, 95: quae cum se disposuit, et partibus suis consensit, et, ut ita dicam concinuit, summum bonum tetigit, and, so to speak, chimes in, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5:

ecce— ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur —Hernici nuntiant Volscos et Aequos reficere, etc.,

Liv. 3, 10, 8.—

Satis ut, enough to (lit. enough for the purpose of):

satis esse magna incommoda accepta ut reliquos casus timerent,

disasters large enough to make them afraid, Caes. B. C. 3, 10.—

Quam ut after comparatives, too much to:

quod praeceptum, quia major erat quam ut ab homine videretur, idcirco adsignatum est deo,

too great to come from man, Cic. Fin. 5, 16, 44:

quis non intellegit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

id. Brut. 18, 70:

clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset,

too clear to be covered up, Liv. 26, 51, 11:

potentius jam id malum apparuit quam ut minores per magistratus sedaretur,

id. 25, 1, 11:

est tamen aliquis minor quam ut in sinu ejus condenda sit civitas,

Sen. Ben. 2, 16, 2.